1
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Widmalm G. Glycan Shape, Motions, and Interactions Explored by NMR Spectroscopy. JACS AU 2024; 4:20-39. [PMID: 38274261 PMCID: PMC10807006 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Glycans in the form of oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, and glycoconjugates are ubiquitous in nature, and their structures range from linear assemblies to highly branched and decorated constructs. Solution state NMR spectroscopy facilitates elucidation of preferred conformations and shapes of the saccharides, motions, and dynamic aspects related to processes over time as well as the study of transient interactions with proteins. Identification of intermolecular networks at the atomic level of detail in recognition events by carbohydrate-binding proteins known as lectins, unraveling interactions with antibodies, and revealing substrate scope and action of glycosyl transferases employed for synthesis of oligo- and polysaccharides may efficiently be analyzed by NMR spectroscopy. By utilizing NMR active nuclei present in glycans and derivatives thereof, including isotopically enriched compounds, highly detailed information can be obtained by the experiments. Subsequent analysis may be aided by quantum chemical calculations of NMR parameters, machine learning-based methodologies and artificial intelligence. Interpretation of the results from NMR experiments can be complemented by extensive molecular dynamics simulations to obtain three-dimensional dynamic models, thereby clarifying molecular recognition processes involving the glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Göran Widmalm
- Department of Organic Chemistry,
Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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2
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Lim SJ, Muhd Noor ND, Sabri S, Mohamad Ali MS, Salleh AB, Oslan SN. Features of the rare pathogen Meyerozyma guilliermondii strain SO and comprehensive in silico analyses of its adherence-contributing virulence factor agglutinin-like sequences. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024:1-21. [PMID: 38189364 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2300757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Meyerozyma guilliermondii is a rare yeast pathogen contributing to the deadly invasive candidiasis. M. guilliermondii strain SO, as a promising protein expression host, showed 99% proteome similarity with the clinically isolated ATCC 6260 (type strain) in a recent comparative genomic analysis. However, their in vitro virulence features and in vivo pathogenicity were uncharacterized. This study aimed to characterize the in vitro and in vivo pathogenicity of M. guilliermondii strain SO and analyze its Als proteins (MgAls) via comprehensive bioinformatics approaches. M. guilliermondii strain SO showed lower and higher sensitivity towards β-mercaptoethanol and lithium, respectively than the avirulent S. cerevisiae but exhibited the same tolerance towards cell wall-perturbing Congo Red with C. albicans. With 7.5× higher biofilm mass, M. guilliermondii strain SO also demonstrated 75% higher mortality rate in the zebrafish embryos with a thicker biofilm layer on the chorion compared to the avirulent S. cerevisiae. Being one of the most important Candida adhesins, sequence and structural analyses of four statistically identified MgAls showed that MgAls1056 was predicted to exhibit the most conserved amyloid-forming regions, tandem repeat domain and peptide binding cavity (PBC) compared to C. albicans Als3. Favoured from the predicted largest ligand binding site and druggable pockets, it showed the highest affinity towards hepta-threonine. Non-PBC druggable pockets in the most potent virulence contributing MgAls1056 provide new insights into developing antifungal drugs targeting non-albicans Candida spp. Virtual screening of available synthetic or natural bioactive compounds and MgAls1056 deletion from the fungal genome should be further performed and validated experimentally.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Jie Lim
- Enzyme Technology and X-ray Crystallography Laboratory, VacBio 5, Institute of Bioscience Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology (EMTech) Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Noor Dina Muhd Noor
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology (EMTech) Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Suriana Sabri
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology (EMTech) Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Shukuri Mohamad Ali
- Enzyme Technology and X-ray Crystallography Laboratory, VacBio 5, Institute of Bioscience Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology (EMTech) Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abu Bakar Salleh
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology (EMTech) Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Nurbaya Oslan
- Enzyme Technology and X-ray Crystallography Laboratory, VacBio 5, Institute of Bioscience Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Enzyme and Microbial Technology (EMTech) Research Centre, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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3
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Bousch C, Vreulz B, Kansal K, El-Husseini A, Cecioni S. Fluorogenic Photo-Crosslinking of Glycan-Binding Protein Recognition Using a Fluorinated Azido-Coumarin Fucoside. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202314248. [PMID: 37847865 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Glycan recognition by glycan-binding proteins is central to the biology of all living organisms. The efficient capture and characterization of relatively weak non-covalent interactions remains an important challenge in various fields of research. Photoaffinity labeling strategies can create covalent bonds between interacting partners, and photoactive scaffolds such as benzophenone, diazirines and aryl azides have proved widely useful. Since their first introduction, relatively few improvements have been advanced and products of photoaffinity labeling remain difficult to detect. We report a fluorinated azido-coumarin scaffold which enables photolabeling under fast and mild activation, and which can leave a fluorescent tag on crosslinked species. Coupling this scaffold to an α-fucoside, we demonstrate fluorogenic photolabeling of glycan-protein interactions over a wide range of affinities. We expect this strategy to be broadly applicable to other chromophores and we envision that such "fluoro-crosslinkers" could become important tools for the traceable capture of non-covalent binding events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Bousch
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Station Downtown, Montréal, Québec H3 C 3 J7, Canada
| | - Brandon Vreulz
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Station Downtown, Montréal, Québec H3 C 3 J7, Canada
| | - Kartikey Kansal
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Station Downtown, Montréal, Québec H3 C 3 J7, Canada
| | - Ali El-Husseini
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Station Downtown, Montréal, Québec H3 C 3 J7, Canada
| | - Samy Cecioni
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Station Downtown, Montréal, Québec H3 C 3 J7, Canada
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4
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Wang N, Zhu S, Lv D, Wang Y, Khawar MB, Sun H. Allosteric modulation of SHP2: Quest from known to unknown. Drug Dev Res 2023; 84:1395-1410. [PMID: 37583266 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.22100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Src homology-2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase-2 (SHP2) is a key regulatory factor in the cell cycle and its activating mutations play an important role in the development of various cancers, making it an important target for antitumor drugs. Due to the highly conserved amino acid sequence and positively charged nature of the active site of SHP2, it is difficult to discover inhibitors with high affinity for the catalytic site of SHP2 and sufficient cell permeability, making it considered an "undruggable" target. However, the discovery of allosteric regulation mechanisms provides new opportunities for transforming undruggable targets into druggable ones. Given the limitations of orthosteric inhibitors, SHP2 allosteric inhibitors have become a more selective and safer research direction. In this review, we elucidate the oncogenic mechanism of SHP2 and summarize the discovery methods of SHP2 allosteric inhibitors, providing new strategies for the design and improvement of SHP2 allosteric inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-coding RNA Research, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shilin Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Haian Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Haian, China
| | - Dan Lv
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-coding RNA Research, Yangzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences, Anqing Normal University, Anqing, China
| | - Yajun Wang
- Department of Oncology, Haian Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Haian, China
| | - Muhammad B Khawar
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-coding RNA Research, Yangzhou, China
- Applied Molecular Biology and Biomedicine Lab, Department of Zoology, University of Narowal, Narowal, Pakistan
| | - Haibo Sun
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Experimental & Translational Non-coding RNA Research, Yangzhou, China
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5
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Leusmann S, Ménová P, Shanin E, Titz A, Rademacher C. Glycomimetics for the inhibition and modulation of lectins. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:3663-3740. [PMID: 37232696 PMCID: PMC10243309 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00954d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrates are essential mediators of many processes in health and disease. They regulate self-/non-self- discrimination, are key elements of cellular communication, cancer, infection and inflammation, and determine protein folding, function and life-times. Moreover, they are integral to the cellular envelope for microorganisms and participate in biofilm formation. These diverse functions of carbohydrates are mediated by carbohydrate-binding proteins, lectins, and the more the knowledge about the biology of these proteins is advancing, the more interfering with carbohydrate recognition becomes a viable option for the development of novel therapeutics. In this respect, small molecules mimicking this recognition process become more and more available either as tools for fostering our basic understanding of glycobiology or as therapeutics. In this review, we outline the general design principles of glycomimetic inhibitors (Section 2). This section is then followed by highlighting three approaches to interfere with lectin function, i.e. with carbohydrate-derived glycomimetics (Section 3.1), novel glycomimetic scaffolds (Section 3.2) and allosteric modulators (Section 3.3). We summarize recent advances in design and application of glycomimetics for various classes of lectins of mammalian, viral and bacterial origin. Besides highlighting design principles in general, we showcase defined cases in which glycomimetics have been advanced to clinical trials or marketed. Additionally, emerging applications of glycomimetics for targeted protein degradation and targeted delivery purposes are reviewed in Section 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Leusmann
- Chemical Biology of Carbohydrates (CBCH), Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
- Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF), Standort Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Petra Ménová
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Elena Shanin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Biocenter 5, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Titz
- Chemical Biology of Carbohydrates (CBCH), Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
- Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF), Standort Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Christoph Rademacher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Biocenter 5, 1030 Vienna, Austria
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6
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Fragment-Based Lead Discovery Strategies in Antimicrobial Drug Discovery. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12020315. [PMID: 36830226 PMCID: PMC9951956 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12020315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fragment-based lead discovery (FBLD) is a powerful application for developing ligands as modulators of disease targets. This approach strategy involves identification of interactions between low-molecular weight compounds (100-300 Da) and their putative targets, often with low affinity (KD ~0.1-1 mM) interactions. The focus of this screening methodology is to optimize and streamline identification of fragments with higher ligand efficiency (LE) than typical high-throughput screening. The focus of this review is on the last half decade of fragment-based drug discovery strategies that have been used for antimicrobial drug discovery.
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7
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Yu W, Weber DJ, MacKerell AD. Computer-Aided Drug Design: An Update. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2601:123-152. [PMID: 36445582 PMCID: PMC9838881 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2855-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Computer-aided drug design (CADD) approaches are playing an increasingly important role in understanding the fundamentals of ligand-receptor interactions and helping medicinal chemists design therapeutics. About 5 years ago, we presented a chapter devoted to an overview of CADD methods and covered typical CADD protocols including structure-based drug design (SBDD) and ligand-based drug design (LBDD) approaches that were frequently used in the antibiotic drug design process. Advances in computational hardware and algorithms and emerging CADD methods are enhancing the accuracy and ability of CADD in drug design and development. In this chapter, an update to our previous chapter is provided with a focus on new CADD approaches from our laboratory and other peers that can be employed to facilitate the development of antibiotic therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Computer-Aided Drug Design Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research (IBBR), Rockville, MD, USA.
- Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics (CBT), School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - David J Weber
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research (IBBR), Rockville, MD, USA
- Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics (CBT), School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alexander D MacKerell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Computer-Aided Drug Design Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research (IBBR), Rockville, MD, USA.
- Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics (CBT), School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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8
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Shanina E, Kuhaudomlarp S, Siebs E, Fuchsberger FF, Denis M, da Silva Figueiredo Celestino Gomes P, Clausen MH, Seeberger PH, Rognan D, Titz A, Imberty A, Rademacher C. Targeting undruggable carbohydrate recognition sites through focused fragment library design. Commun Chem 2022; 5:64. [PMID: 36697615 PMCID: PMC9814205 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-022-00679-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrate-protein interactions are key for cell-cell and host-pathogen recognition and thus, emerged as viable therapeutic targets. However, their hydrophilic nature poses major limitations to the conventional development of drug-like inhibitors. To address this shortcoming, four fragment libraries were screened to identify metal-binding pharmacophores (MBPs) as novel scaffolds for inhibition of Ca2+-dependent carbohydrate-protein interactions. Here, we show the effect of MBPs on the clinically relevant lectins DC-SIGN, Langerin, LecA and LecB. Detailed structural and biochemical investigations revealed the specificity of MBPs for different Ca2+-dependent lectins. Exploring the structure-activity relationships of several fragments uncovered the functional groups in the MBPs suitable for modification to further improve lectin binding and selectivity. Selected inhibitors bound efficiently to DC-SIGN-expressing cells. Altogether, the discovery of MBPs as a promising class of Ca2+-dependent lectin inhibitors creates a foundation for fragment-based ligand design for future drug discovery campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Shanina
- grid.419564.b0000 0004 0491 9719Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomolecular Systems, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14424 Potsdam, Germany ,grid.14095.390000 0000 9116 4836Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sakonwan Kuhaudomlarp
- grid.450307.50000 0001 0944 2786University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, Grenoble, France ,grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 10400 Bangkok, Thailand ,grid.10223.320000 0004 1937 0490Center for Excellence in Protein and Enzyme Technology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 10400 Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Eike Siebs
- grid.461899.bChemical Biology of Carbohydrates (CBCH), Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany ,grid.11749.3a0000 0001 2167 7588Saarland University, Department of Chemistry, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany ,grid.452463.2German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Felix F. Fuchsberger
- grid.419564.b0000 0004 0491 9719Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomolecular Systems, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14424 Potsdam, Germany ,grid.14095.390000 0000 9116 4836Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany ,grid.10420.370000 0001 2286 1424University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria ,grid.10420.370000 0001 2286 1424University of Vienna, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Max F. Berutz Labs, Biocenter 5, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Maxime Denis
- grid.10420.370000 0001 2286 1424University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria ,grid.10420.370000 0001 2286 1424University of Vienna, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Max F. Berutz Labs, Biocenter 5, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Priscila da Silva Figueiredo Celestino Gomes
- grid.503326.10000 0004 0367 4780Laboratoire d’Innovation Thérapeutique, UMR 7200 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France ,grid.252546.20000 0001 2297 8753Department of Physics, College of Sciences and Mathematics, Auburn University, 36849 Auburn, AL USA
| | - Mads H. Clausen
- grid.5170.30000 0001 2181 8870Technical University of Denmark, Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Department of Chemistry, Kemitorvet 207, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Peter H. Seeberger
- grid.419564.b0000 0004 0491 9719Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomolecular Systems, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14424 Potsdam, Germany ,grid.14095.390000 0000 9116 4836Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Didier Rognan
- grid.503326.10000 0004 0367 4780Laboratoire d’Innovation Thérapeutique, UMR 7200 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Alexander Titz
- grid.461899.bChemical Biology of Carbohydrates (CBCH), Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany ,grid.11749.3a0000 0001 2167 7588Saarland University, Department of Chemistry, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany ,grid.452463.2German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Anne Imberty
- grid.450307.50000 0001 0944 2786University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, Grenoble, France
| | - Christoph Rademacher
- grid.419564.b0000 0004 0491 9719Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomolecular Systems, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14424 Potsdam, Germany ,grid.14095.390000 0000 9116 4836Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany ,grid.10420.370000 0001 2286 1424University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria ,grid.10420.370000 0001 2286 1424University of Vienna, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Max F. Berutz Labs, Biocenter 5, 1030 Vienna, Austria
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