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Hsu CM, Lin HB, Hou XZ, Tapales RVPP, Shih CK, Miñoza S, Tsai YS, Tsai ZN, Chan CL, Liao HH. Azetidines with All-Carbon Quaternary Centers: Merging Relay Catalysis with Strain Release Functionalization. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:19049-19059. [PMID: 37589099 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Given the importance and beneficial characteristics of decorated azetidines in medicinal chemistry, efficient strategies for their synthesis are highly sought after. Herein, we report a facile synthesis of the elusive all-carbon quaternary-center-bearing azetidines. By adopting a well-orchestrated polar-radical relay strategy, ring strain release of bench-stable benzoylated 1-azabicyclo[1.1.0]butane (ABB) can be harnessed for nickel-catalyzed Suzuki Csp2-Csp3 cross-coupling with commercially available boronic acids in broad scope (>50 examples), excellent functional group tolerance, and gram-scale utility. Preliminary mechanistic studies provided insights into the underlying mechanism, wherein the ring opening of ABB with a catalytic quantity of bromide accounts for the conversion of ABB into a redox-active azetidine, which subsequently engages in the cross-coupling reaction through a radical pathway. The synergistic bromide and nickel catalysis could intriguingly be derived from a single nickel source (NiBr2). Application of the method to modify natural products, biologically relevant molecules, and pharmaceuticals has been successfully achieved as well as the synthesis of melanocortin-1 receptor (MC-1R) agonist and vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) inhibitor analogues through bioisosteric replacements of piperidine with azetidine moieties, highlighting the potential of the method in drug optimization studies. Aside from the synthesis of azetidines, we demonstrate the ancillary utility of our nickel catalytic system toward the restricted Suzuki cross-coupling of tertiary alkyl bromides with aryl boronic acids to construct all-carbon quaternary centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Ming Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Heng-Bo Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Xin-Zhi Hou
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | | | - Chen-Kuei Shih
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Shinje Miñoza
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Yu-Syuan Tsai
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Zong-Nan Tsai
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Cheng-Lin Chan
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Hsuan-Hung Liao
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
- Green Hydrogen Research Center, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
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Tyler JL, Aggarwal VK. Synthesis and Applications of Bicyclo[1.1.0]butyl and Azabicyclo[1.1.0]butyl Organometallics. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202300008. [PMID: 36786481 PMCID: PMC10947034 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202300008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
The use of metalated (aza)bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes in synthesis is currently experiencing a renaissance, as evidenced by the numerous reports in the last 5 years that have relied on such intermediates to undergo unique transformations or generate novel fragments. Since their discovery, these species have been demonstrated to participate in a wide range of reactions with carbon and heteroatom electrophiles, as well as metal complexes, to facilitate the rapid diversification of (aza)bicyclo[1.1.0]butane-containing compounds. Key to this is the relative acidity of the bridgehead C-H bonds which promotes facile deprotonation and subsequent functionalization of an unsubstituted position on the carbon framework via the intermediacy of a metalated (aza)bicyclo[1.1.0]butane. Additionally, the late-stage incorporation of deuterium atoms in strained fragments has led to the elucidation of numerous reaction mechanisms that involve strained bicycles. The continued investigation into the inimitable reactivity of metalated bicycles will cement their importance within the field of organometallic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper L. Tyler
- School of ChemistryUniversity of BristolCantock's CloseBristolBS8 1TSUK
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Wölfl B, Winter N, Li J, Noble A, Aggarwal VK. Strain-Release Driven Epoxidation and Aziridination of Bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes via Palladium Catalyzed σ-Bond Nucleopalladation. ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 135:e202217064. [PMID: 38516047 PMCID: PMC10952369 DOI: 10.1002/ange.202217064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The development of preparative methods for the synthesis of four-membered carbocycles is gaining increasing importance due to the widespread utility of cyclic compounds in medicinal chemistry. Herein, we report the development of a new methodology for the production of spirocyclic epoxides and aziridines containing a cyclobutane motif. In a two-step one-pot process, a bicyclo[1.1.0]butyl sulfoxide is lithiated and added to a ketone, aldehyde or imine, and the resulting intermediate is cross-coupled with an aryl triflate through C-C σ-bond alkoxy- or aminopalladation with concomitant epoxide or aziridine formation. After careful optimization, a remarkably efficient reaction was conceived that tolerated a broad variety of both aromatic and aliphatic substrates. Lastly, through several high yielding ring-opening reactions, we demonstrated the excellent applicability of the products as modular building blocks for the introduction of three-dimensional structures into target molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Wölfl
- School of ChemistryUniversity of BristolCantock's CloseBristolBS8 1TSUK
| | - Nils Winter
- School of ChemistryUniversity of BristolCantock's CloseBristolBS8 1TSUK
| | - Jiajing Li
- School of ChemistryUniversity of BristolCantock's CloseBristolBS8 1TSUK
| | - Adam Noble
- School of ChemistryUniversity of BristolCantock's CloseBristolBS8 1TSUK
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Wölfl B, Winter N, Li J, Noble A, Aggarwal VK. Strain-Release Driven Epoxidation and Aziridination of Bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes via Palladium Catalyzed σ-Bond Nucleopalladation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202217064. [PMID: 36507714 PMCID: PMC10107310 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202217064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The development of preparative methods for the synthesis of four-membered carbocycles is gaining increasing importance due to the widespread utility of cyclic compounds in medicinal chemistry. Herein, we report the development of a new methodology for the production of spirocyclic epoxides and aziridines containing a cyclobutane motif. In a two-step one-pot process, a bicyclo[1.1.0]butyl sulfoxide is lithiated and added to a ketone, aldehyde or imine, and the resulting intermediate is cross-coupled with an aryl triflate through C-C σ-bond alkoxy- or aminopalladation with concomitant epoxide or aziridine formation. After careful optimization, a remarkably efficient reaction was conceived that tolerated a broad variety of both aromatic and aliphatic substrates. Lastly, through several high yielding ring-opening reactions, we demonstrated the excellent applicability of the products as modular building blocks for the introduction of three-dimensional structures into target molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Wölfl
- School of ChemistryUniversity of BristolCantock's CloseBristolBS8 1TSUK
| | - Nils Winter
- School of ChemistryUniversity of BristolCantock's CloseBristolBS8 1TSUK
| | - Jiajing Li
- School of ChemistryUniversity of BristolCantock's CloseBristolBS8 1TSUK
| | - Adam Noble
- School of ChemistryUniversity of BristolCantock's CloseBristolBS8 1TSUK
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Tyler JL, Noble A, Aggarwal VK. Four-Component Strain-Release-Driven Synthesis of Functionalized Azetidines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202214049. [PMID: 36300572 PMCID: PMC10099845 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Despite the favorable properties that azetidine rings can engender on drug-compounds, methods for the diversity-oriented synthesis of azetidine-based structures are significantly underdeveloped. Herein, we report the successful realization of a multicomponent [1,2]-Brook rearrangement/strain-release-driven anion relay sequence and its application to the modular synthesis of substituted azetidines. The rapidity of the reaction, as confirmed by in situ infra-red spectroscopy, leverages the strain-release ring-opening of azabicyclo[1.1.0]butane to drive the equilibrium of the Brook rearrangement. The three electrophilic coupling partners, added sequentially to azabicyclo[1.1.0]butyl-lithium, could be individually varied to access a diverse compound library. The utility of this methodology was demonstrated in a 4-step synthesis of the EP2 receptor antagonist PF-04418948.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper L Tyler
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Adam Noble
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Varinder K Aggarwal
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
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Musci P, Colella M, Andresini M, Aramini A, Degennaro L, Luisi R. Flow technology enabled preparation of C3-heterosubstituted 1-azabicyclo[1.1.0]butanes and azetidines: accessing unexplored chemical space in strained heterocyclic chemistry. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:6356-6359. [PMID: 35536561 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc01641a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of flow technology as an enabling tool for accessing 1-azabicyclo[1.1.0]butanes bearing strained 3-, 4-, and 5-membered O-heterocycles with C3(N-het)-C2(O-het) connectivity is reported. Reactivity and chemoselectivity (N-ring vs. O-ring) were also evaluated. New chemical space has been explored and new structural motifs such as ABB-aziridines or spiro azetidine-oxazetidines are also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pantaleo Musci
- FLAME-Lab, Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "A. Moro" Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy.
| | - Marco Colella
- FLAME-Lab, Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "A. Moro" Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy.
| | - Michael Andresini
- FLAME-Lab, Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "A. Moro" Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy.
| | - Andrea Aramini
- Department of Discovery, Dompé Farmaceutici S.p.A., Via Campo di Pile, L'Aquila, 67100, Italy
| | - Leonardo Degennaro
- FLAME-Lab, Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "A. Moro" Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy.
| | - Renzo Luisi
- FLAME-Lab, Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "A. Moro" Via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy.
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7
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Yu. Rulev
- A. E. Favorsky Institute of Chemistry Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences Irkutsk 664033 Russia
| | - Ilya A. Tyumentsev
- A. E. Favorsky Institute of Chemistry Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences Irkutsk 664033 Russia
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