1
|
Yao Z, Zhu K, Gu T, Schmitz OJ, Li D. An active derivatization detection method for inline monitoring the isolation of carbohydrates by preparative liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1719:464730. [PMID: 38367394 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Polysaccharides have unique physio-chemical properties and various biological functions and have rapidly expanded interest over the last two decades. The purification of polysaccharides and their degraded oligosaccharides is challenging because carbohydrates have no chromophore and need a proper detector to monitor the chromatographic elution process. This study proposed an active derivatization detection (ADD) method based on active splitting from post-column flow, a microchannel reactor for efficient derivatization of polysaccharide reducing sugars with p-hydroxybenzoic acid hydrazide, and in-line detection by the UV detector of liquid chromatography system. The method and device were validated by the use of 11 monosaccharides, sulfated oligosaccharides (from degraded carrageenan), and polysaccharides (from Zizania latifolia). It has shown much better performance than the traditional phenol-sulfuric acid method (gold standard). Moreover, the ADD module presumes an add-in to the original preparative LC system, independent of the scale of the purification process and type of system. The developed method is versatile for chromatographic separation of carbohydrates and lays the foundation for their subsequent studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yao
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Kehan Zhu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Tianyi Gu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Oliver J Schmitz
- Applied Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5-7, Essen 45141, Germany
| | - Duxin Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gaudry A, Pagni M, Mehl F, Moretti S, Quiros-Guerrero LM, Cappelletti L, Rutz A, Kaiser M, Marcourt L, Queiroz EF, Ioset JR, Grondin A, David B, Wolfender JL, Allard PM. A Sample-Centric and Knowledge-Driven Computational Framework for Natural Products Drug Discovery. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2024; 10:494-510. [PMID: 38559298 PMCID: PMC10979503 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.3c00800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The ENPKG framework organizes large heterogeneous metabolomics data sets as a knowledge graph, offering exciting opportunities for drug discovery and chemodiversity characterization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Gaudry
- Institute of Pharmaceutical
Sciences of Western Switzerland, University
of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University
of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Marco Pagni
- Vital-IT, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Florence Mehl
- Vital-IT, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sébastien Moretti
- Vital-IT, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Luis-Manuel Quiros-Guerrero
- Institute of Pharmaceutical
Sciences of Western Switzerland, University
of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University
of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Luca Cappelletti
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Adriano Rutz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical
Sciences of Western Switzerland, University
of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University
of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Kaiser
- Department of Medical
and Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
- Faculty of Science, University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Laurence Marcourt
- Institute of Pharmaceutical
Sciences of Western Switzerland, University
of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University
of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Emerson Ferreira Queiroz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical
Sciences of Western Switzerland, University
of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University
of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Robert Ioset
- Drugs
for Neglected Diseases Initiative (DNDi), 1202 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Antonio Grondin
- Green Mission Pierre Fabre, Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, 31562 Toulouse, France
| | - Bruno David
- Green Mission Pierre Fabre, Institut de Recherche Pierre Fabre, 31562 Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Luc Wolfender
- Institute of Pharmaceutical
Sciences of Western Switzerland, University
of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University
of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Pierre-Marie Allard
- Institute of Pharmaceutical
Sciences of Western Switzerland, University
of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University
of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hu H, Singh AN, Lehnherr D, Mdluli V, Chun SW, Makarewicz AM, Gouker JR, Ukaegbu O, Li S, Wen X, McLaren DG, Velasquez JE, Moore JC, Galanie S, Appiah-Amponsah E, Regalado EL. Accelerating Pharmaceutical Process Development with an Acoustic Droplet Ejection-Multiple Reaction Monitoring-Mass Spectrometry Workflow. Anal Chem 2024; 96:1138-1146. [PMID: 38165811 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Fast-paced pharmaceutical process developments (e.g., high-throughput experimentation, directed evolution, and machine learning) involve the introduction of fast, sensitive, and accurate analytical assays using limited sample volumes. In recent years, acoustic droplet ejection (ADE) coupled with an open port interface has been invented as a sampling technology for mass spectrometry, providing high-throughput nanoliter analytical measurements directly from the standard microplates. Herein, we introduce an ADE-multiple reaction monitoring-mass spectrometry (ADE-MRM-MS) workflow to accelerate pharmaceutical process research and development (PR&D). This systematic workflow outlines the selection of MRM transitions and optimization of assay parameters in a data-driven manner using rapid measurements (1 sample/s). The synergy between ADE sampling and MRM analysis enables analytical assays with excellent sensitivity, selectivity, and speed for PR&D reaction screenings. This workflow was utilized to develop new ADE-MRM-MS assays guiding a variety of industrial processes, including (1) screening of Ni-based catalysts for C-N cross-coupling reaction at 1 Hz and (2) high-throughput regioisomer analysis-enabled enzyme library screening for peptide ligation reaction. ADE-MRM-MS assays were demonstrated to deliver accurate results that are comparable to conventional liquid chromatography (LC) experiments while providing >100-fold throughput enhancement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hang Hu
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Andrew N Singh
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Dan Lehnherr
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Velabo Mdluli
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Stephanie W Chun
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Amanda M Makarewicz
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Joseph R Gouker
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Ophelia Ukaegbu
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Shasha Li
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Xiujuan Wen
- Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - David G McLaren
- Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Juan E Velasquez
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jeffrey C Moore
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Stephanie Galanie
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | | | - Erik L Regalado
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dunn ZD, Bohman P, Quinteros A, Sauerborn B, Milman F, Patel M, Kargupta R, Wu S, Hornshaw M, Barrientos R, Bones J, Tayi VS, Abaroa N, Patel B, Appiah-Amponsah E, Regalado EL. Automated Online-Sampling Multidimensional Liquid Chromatography with Feedback-Control Capability as a Framework for Real-Time Monitoring of mAb Critical Quality Attributes in Multiple Bioreactors. Anal Chem 2023; 95:18130-18138. [PMID: 38015205 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Real-time monitoring of biopharmaceutical reactors is becoming increasingly important as the processes become more complex. During the continuous manufacturing of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), the desired mAb product is continually created and collected over a 30 day process, where there can be changes in quality over that time. Liquid chromatography (LC) is the workhorse instrumentation capable of measuring mAb concentration as well as quality attributes such as aggregation, charge variants, oxidation, etc. However, traditional offline sampling is too infrequent to fully characterize bioprocesses, and the typical time from sample generation to data analysis and reporting can take weeks. To circumvent these limitations, an automated online sampling multidimensional workflow was developed to enable streamlined measurements of mAb concentration, aggregation, and charge variants. This analytical framework also facilitates automated data export for real-time analysis of up to six bioreactors, including feedback-controlling capability using readily available LC technology. This workflow increases the data points per bioreactor, improving the understanding of each experiment while also reducing the data turnaround time from weeks to hours. Examples of effective real-time analyses of mAb critical quality attributes are illustrated, showing substantial throughput improvements and accurate results while minimizing labor and manual intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary D Dunn
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Patrick Bohman
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, 168 Third Avenue, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Alexis Quinteros
- Process Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Brian Sauerborn
- Engineering, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Felix Milman
- Engineering, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Misaal Patel
- Process Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Roli Kargupta
- Process Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Suyang Wu
- Process Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Martin Hornshaw
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, 168 Third Avenue, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Rodell Barrientos
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jonathan Bones
- The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co., Dublin A94 X099, Ireland
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4 D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Venkata S Tayi
- Process Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Nicholas Abaroa
- Engineering, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Bhumit Patel
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Emmanuel Appiah-Amponsah
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Erik L Regalado
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lin Z, Wang Q, Zhou Y, Shackman JG. Trapping mode two-dimensional liquid chromatography for quantitative low-level impurity enrichment in pharmaceutical development. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1700:464043. [PMID: 37172541 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Trapping mode two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) has recently found applications in pharmaceutical analysis to clean, refocus, and enrich analytes. Given its enrichment capability, 2D-LC with multiple trappings is appealing for low-level impurity monitoring that cannot be solved by single dimensional LC (1D-LC) or unenriched 2D-LC analysis. However, the quantitative features of multi-trapping 2D-LC remain largely unknown at impurity levels from parts-per-million (ppm) to 0.15% (w/w). We present a simple heart-cutting trapping mode 2D-LC workflow using only common components and software found in typical off-the-shelf 1D-LC instruments. This robust, turn-key system's quantitative capabilities were evaluated using a variety of standard markers, demonstrating linear enrichment for up to 20 trapping cycles and achieving a recovery of over 97.0%. Next, the trapping system was applied to several real-world low-level impurity pharmaceutical case studies including (1) the identification of two unknown impurities at sub-ppm levels resulting in material discoloration, (2) the discovery of a new impurity at 0.05% (w/w) co-eluted with a known impurity, making the undesired summation above the target specification, and (3) the quantification of a potential mutagenic impurity at 10-ppm level in a poorly soluble substrate. The recovery in all studies was better than 97.0% with RSD lower than 3.0%, demonstrating accuracy and precision of the 2D-LC trapping workflow. As no specialized equipment or software is required, we envision that the system could be used to develop low-impurity monitoring methods suitable for validation and potential execution in quality-control laboratories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziqing Lin
- Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Chemical Process Development, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA.
| | - Qinggang Wang
- Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Chemical Process Development, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Yiyang Zhou
- Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Chemical Process Development, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Jonathan G Shackman
- Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Chemical Process Development, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhai Y, Li G, Peng K, Ge Z, Zhang W, Li D. Less Configuration and More Dimensionality: Preparative Heart-Cut Multidimensional Liquid Chromatography Based on Trapping Arrays. Anal Chem 2022; 94:16997-17002. [PMID: 36453024 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The resolving power of multiple dimensional liquid chromatography (mD-LC) is multiplicative as it adds dimensions. However, the issue in creating a preparative mD-LC system is that the higher the dimensionality, the more complicated the system configuration. Thus, we presented a new configuration of preparative mD-LC using one set of LC modules and trapping array-based multiple heart-cut interfaces. A preparative two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) separation of herbal medicine formulation produced 40 compounds with a purity of >90%. During the separation process, the interface stores the fractions and allocates positions for the fractions from a different dimension; LC draws the fraction from the interface, makes nD separation, and sends isolated fractions to the interface. By repeating this process, we achieved variable dimensionality of LC separations. We also presented a preparative 3D-LC separation of herbal medicines to validate the principle of "less configuration and more dimensionality". Thus, we can explore the higher dimensional preparative separations. The developed preparative mD-LC displayed exceptional power in the isolation of various compounds and has great potential in the application of natural products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Zhai
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoli Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Peng
- Soochow High Tech Chromatography Co., Ltd., Suzhou 2151213, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaosong Ge
- Soochow High Tech Chromatography Co., Ltd., Suzhou 2151213, People's Republic of China
| | - Weibing Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, People's Republic of China
| | - Duxin Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China.,Soochow High Tech Chromatography Co., Ltd., Suzhou 2151213, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Losacco GL, Cohen RD, DaSilva JO, Haidar Ahmad IA, Sherer EC, Mangion I, Regalado EL. Deuterated Modifiers in Sub/Supercritical Fluid Chromatography for Streamlined NMR Structure Elucidation. Anal Chem 2022; 94:12176-12184. [PMID: 36001377 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Isolation and chemical characterization of target components in fast-paced pharmaceutical laboratories can often be challenging, especially when dealing with mixtures of closely related, possibly unstable species. Traditionally, this process involves intense labor and manual intervention including chromatographic method development and optimization, fraction collection, and drying processes prior to NMR analyses for unambiguous structure elucidation. To circumvent these challenges, a foundational framework for the proper utilization of supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) and deuterated modifiers (CD3OD) in sub/supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) is herein introduced. This facilitates a streamlined multicomponent isolation with minimized protic residues, further enabling immediate NMR analysis. In addition to bypassing tedious drying processes and minimizing analyte degradation, this approach (complementary to traditional reversed-phase liquid chromatography, RPLC) delivers highly efficient separations and automated fraction collection using readily available analytical/midscale SFC instrumentation. A series of diverse analytes across a wide spectrum of chemical properties (acid, basic, and neutral), combined with different stationary-phase columns in SFC are investigated using both a protic organic modifier (CH3OH) and its deuterated counterpart (CD3OD). The power of this framework is demonstrated with pharmaceutically relevant applications in the context of target characterization and analysis of complex multicomponent reaction mixtures from modern synthetic chemistry, demonstrating high isolation yields while reducing both the environmental footprint and manual intervention. This workflow enables unambiguous fast-paced structure elucidation on the analytical scale, providing results that are comparable to traditional, but time-consuming, RPLC purification approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gioacchino Luca Losacco
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Ryan D Cohen
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jimmy O DaSilva
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Imad A Haidar Ahmad
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Edward C Sherer
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Ian Mangion
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Erik L Regalado
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Haidar Ahmad IA, Kiffer A, Barrientos RC, Losacco GL, Singh A, Shchurik V, Wang H, Mangion I, Regalado EL. In Silico Method Development of Achiral and Chiral Tandem Column Reversed-phase Liquid Chromatography for Multicomponent Pharmaceutical Mixtures. Anal Chem 2022; 94:4065-4071. [PMID: 35199987 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c05551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tandem column liquid chromatography (LC) is a convenient, cost-effective approach to resolve multicomponent mixtures by serially coupling columns on readily available one-dimensional separation systems without specialized user training. Yet, adoption of this technique remains limited, mainly due to the difficulty in identifying optimal selectivity out of many possible tandem column combinations. At this point, method development and optimization require laborious "hit-or-miss" experimentation and "blind" screening when investigating different column selectivity without standard analytes. As a result, many chromatography practitioners end up combining two columns of similar selectivity, limiting the scope and potential of tandem column LC as a mainstay for industrial applications. To circumvent this challenge, we herein introduce a straightforward in silico multifactorial approach as a framework to expediently map the separation landscape across multiple tandem columns (achiral and chiral) and eluent combinations (isocratic and gradient elution) under reversed-phase LC conditions. Retention models were built using commercially available LC simulator software showcasing less than 2% difference between experimental and simulated retention times for analytes of interest in multicomponent pharmaceutical mixtures (e.g., metabolites and cyclic peptides).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Imad A Haidar Ahmad
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Alaina Kiffer
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Rodell C Barrientos
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Gioacchino Luca Losacco
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Andrew Singh
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Vladimir Shchurik
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Heather Wang
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Ian Mangion
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Erik L Regalado
- Analytical Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| |
Collapse
|