1
|
Atienza CM, Sánchez L. Increasing Dimensionality in Self-Assembly: Toward Two-Dimensional Supramolecular Polymers. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400379. [PMID: 38525912 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Different approaches to achieve 2D supramolecular polymers, as an alternative to the covalent bottom-up approaches reported for the preparation of 2D materials, are reviewed. The significance of the operation of weak non-covalent forces to induce a lateral growth of a number of self-assembling units is collected. The examples of both thermodynamically and kinetically controlled formation of 2D supramolecular polymers showed in this review demonstrate the utility of this strategy to achieve new 2D materials with biased morphologies (nanosheets, scrolls, porous surfaces) and showing elegant applications like chiral recognition, enantioselective uptake or asymmetric organic transformations. Furthermore, elaborated techniques like seeded or living supramolecular polymerizations have been demonstrated to give rise to complex 2D nanostructures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen M Atienza
- Departmento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, -Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Sánchez
- Departmento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, -Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sala J, Capdevila L, Berga C, de Aquino A, Rodríguez L, Simon S, Ribas X. Luminescent Chiral Furanol-PAHs via Straightforward Ni-Catalysed C sp2 -F Functionalization: Mechanistic Insights into the Scholl Reaction. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303200. [PMID: 37903141 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Here we report the stepwise synthesis of new nanographenes (NGs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) obtained via Scholl ring fusion applied at aromatic homologation compounds, which are obtained through one-step Ni-catalysed Csp2 -F functionalization. The latter are rapidly accessed valid precursors for the Scholl reaction, and screening of experimental conditions allowed us to describe for the first time furanol-bearing PAHs. Mechanistic insights are obtained by DFT to rationalize the formation of the furanol PAHs under moderately acidic conditions. All PAHs and NGs synthesized show moderate/weak fluorescent properties, and all PAHs crystallized show some degree of curvature and are obtained as racemic mixtures. Enantiomeric separation by chiral HPLC of one furanol-bearing PAH allowed the study of their chiroptical CD properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judith Sala
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and, Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Lorena Capdevila
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and, Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Cristina Berga
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and, Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Araceli de Aquino
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Química Inorgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona (Spain), Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Laura Rodríguez
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció de Química Inorgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona (Spain), Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sílvia Simon
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and, Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Xavi Ribas
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and, Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Khalid MI, Salem MSH, Takizawa S. Synthesis and Structural and Optical Behavior of Dehydrohelicene-Containing Polycyclic Compounds. Molecules 2024; 29:296. [PMID: 38257209 PMCID: PMC10819569 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Dehydrohelicene-based molecules stand out as highly promising scaffolds and captivating chiroptical materials, characterized by their unique chirality. Their quasi-helical π-conjugated molecular architecture, featuring successively ortho-annulated aromatic rings, endows them with remarkable thermal stability and optical properties. Over the past decade, diverse approaches have emerged for synthesizing these scaffolds, reinvigorating this field, with anticipated increased attention in the coming years. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the historical evolution of dehydrohelicene chemistry since the pioneering work of Zander and Franke in 1969 and highlights recent advancements in the synthesis of various molecules incorporating dehydrohelicene motifs. We elucidate the intriguing structural features and optical merits of these molecules, occasionally drawing comparisons with their helicene or circulene analogs to underscore the significance of the bond between the helical termini.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md. Imrul Khalid
- SANKEN, Osaka University, Mihogaoka, Ibaraki-shi 567-0047, Osaka, Japan; (M.I.K.); (M.S.H.S.)
- Organic and Carbon Nanomaterials Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Mohamed S. H. Salem
- SANKEN, Osaka University, Mihogaoka, Ibaraki-shi 567-0047, Osaka, Japan; (M.I.K.); (M.S.H.S.)
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Shinobu Takizawa
- SANKEN, Osaka University, Mihogaoka, Ibaraki-shi 567-0047, Osaka, Japan; (M.I.K.); (M.S.H.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Oró A, Romeo-Gella F, Perles J, Fernández-García JM, Corral I, Martín N. Tetrahedraphene: A Csp 3 -centered 3D Molecular Nanographene Showing Aggregation-Induced Emission. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202312314. [PMID: 37846849 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
The bottom-up synthesis of 3D tetrakis(hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronenyl)methane, "tetrahedraphene", is reported. This molecular nanographene constituted by four hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene (HBC) units attached to a central sp3 carbon atom, shows a highly symmetric arrangement of the HBC units disposed in the apex of a tetrahedron. The X-ray crystal structure reveals a tetrahedral symmetry of the molecule and the packing in the crystal is achieved mostly by CH⋅⋅⋅π interactions since the interstitial solvent molecules prevent the π⋅⋅⋅π interactions. In solution, tetrahedraphene shows the same electrochemical and photophysical properties as the hexa-t Bu-substituted HBC (t Bu-HBC) molecule. However, upon water addition, it undergoes a fluorescence change in solution and in the precipitated solid, showing an aggregation induced emission (AIE) process, probably derived from the restriction in the rotation and/or vibration of the HBCs. Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory (TDDFT) calculations reveal that upon aggregation, the high energy region of the emission band decreases in intensity, whereas the intensity of the red edge emission signal increases and presents a smoother decay, compared to the non-aggregated molecule. All in all, the excellent correlation between our simulations and the experimental findings allows explaining the colour change observed in the different solutions upon increasing the water fraction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Oró
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avd. Complutense S/N, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Romeo-Gella
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Josefina Perles
- Laboratorio de Difracción de Rayos X de Monocristal, SIdI, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Francisco Tomás y Valiente, 7. Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús M Fernández-García
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avd. Complutense S/N, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés Corral
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nazario Martín
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avd. Complutense S/N, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA-Nanociencia, C/Faraday, 9. Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fthenakis ZG. A Generalized Nomenclature Scheme for Graphene Pores, Flakes, and Edges, and an Algorithm for Their Generation and Numbering. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2343. [PMID: 37630928 PMCID: PMC10459746 DOI: 10.3390/nano13162343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we generalize our recently proposed nomenclature scheme for porous graphene structures to include graphene flakes and (periodic) edges, i.e., nanographenes and graphene nanoribbons. The proposed nomenclature scheme is a complete scheme that similarly treats all these structures. Beyond this generalization, we study the geometric features of graphene flakes and edges based on ideas from the graph theory, as well as the pore-flake duality. Based on this study, we propose an algorithm for the systematic generation, identification, and numbering of graphene pores, flakes, and edges. The algorithm and the nomenclature scheme can also be used for flakes and edges of similar honeycomb systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zacharias G. Fthenakis
- Istituto Nanoscienze, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 56127 Pisa, Italy; or
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635 Athens, Greece
- National Enterprise for nanoScience and nanoTechnology (NEST), Scuola Normale Superiore, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li R, Wang D, Li S, An P. Construction of hexabenzocoronene-based chiral nanographenes. Beilstein J Org Chem 2023; 19:736-751. [PMID: 37284588 PMCID: PMC10241098 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.19.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The past decade witnessed remarkable success in synthetic molecular nanographenes. Encouraged by the widespread application of chiral nanomaterials, the design, and construction of chiral nanographenes is a hot topic recently. As a classic nanographene unit, hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene generally serves as the building block for nanographene synthesis. This review summarizes the representative examples of hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene-based chiral nanographenes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ranran Li
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Di Wang
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Shengtao Li
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Peng An
- School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Izquierdo-García P, Fernández-García JM, Medina Rivero S, Šámal M, Rybáček J, Bednárová L, Ramírez-Barroso S, Ramírez FJ, Rodríguez R, Perles J, García-Fresnadillo D, Crassous J, Casado J, Stará IG, Martín N. Helical Bilayer Nanographenes: Impact of the Helicene Length on the Structural, Electrochemical, Photophysical, and Chiroptical Properties. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:11599-11610. [PMID: 37129470 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Helical bilayer nanographenes (HBNGs) are chiral π-extended aromatic compounds consisting of two π-π stacked hexabenzocoronenes (HBCs) joined by a helicene, thus resembling van der Waals layered 2D materials. Herein, we compare [9]HBNG, [10]HBNG, and [11]HBNG helical bilayers endowed with [9], [10], and [11]helicenes embedded in their structure, respectively. Interestingly, the helicene length defines the overlapping degree between the two HBCs (number of benzene rings involved in π-π interactions between the two layers), being 26, 14, and 10 benzene rings, respectively, according to the X-ray analysis. Unexpectedly, the electrochemical study shows that the lesser π-extended system [9]HBNG shows the strongest electron donor character, in part by interlayer exchange resonance, and more red-shifted values of emission. Furthermore, [9]HBNG also shows exceptional chiroptical properties with the biggest values of gabs and glum (3.6 × 10-2) when compared to [10]HBNG and [11]HBNG owing to the fine alignment in the configuration of [9]HBNG between its electric and magnetic dipole transition moments. Furthermore, spectroelectrochemical studies as well as the fluorescence spectroscopy support the aforementioned experimental findings, thus confirming the strong impact of the helicene length on the properties of this new family of bilayer nanographenes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Izquierdo-García
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús M Fernández-García
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Samara Medina Rivero
- Departament of Physical Chemistry, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Sheffield, S3 7RH Sheffield, U.K
| | - Michal Šámal
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Rybáček
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Bednárová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Sergio Ramírez-Barroso
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J Ramírez
- Departament of Physical Chemistry, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Rafael Rodríguez
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (ISCR), UMR 6226 CNRS─Univ Rennes, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Josefina Perles
- Laboratorio DRX Monocristal, SIdI, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - David García-Fresnadillo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jeanne Crassous
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (ISCR), UMR 6226 CNRS─Univ Rennes, 35000 Rennes, France
| | - Juan Casado
- Departament of Physical Chemistry, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Irena G Stará
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Nazario Martín
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA-Nanociencia, C/Faraday, 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang Y, Zhao R, Ackermann L. Electrochemical Syntheses of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2300760. [PMID: 36965124 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have surfaced as increasingly viable components in optoelectronics and material sciences. The development of highly efficient and atom-economic tools to prepare PAHs under exceedingly mild conditions constitutes a long-term goal. Traditional syntheses of PAHs have largely relied on multistep approaches or the conventional Scholl reaction. However, Scholl reactions are largely inefficient with electron-deficient substrates, require stoichiometric chemical oxidants, and typically occur in the presence of strong acid. In sharp contrast, electrochemistry has gained considerable momentum during the past decade as an alternative for the facile and straightforward PAHs assembly, generally via electro-oxidative dehydrogenative annulation, releasing molecular hydrogen as the sole stoichiometric byproduct by the hydrogen evolution reaction. This review provides an overview on the recent and significant advances in the field of electrochemical syntheses of various PAHs until January 2023.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yulei Wang
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammanstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rong Zhao
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammanstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammanstraße 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|