1
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Lei H, Wang B, Yang Y, Fan S, Wang S, Wei X. Ball-Milling-Enabled Nickel-Catalyzed Reductive 1,4-Alkylarylation of 1,3-Enynes under an Air Atmosphere. Org Lett 2024; 26:7688-7694. [PMID: 39207781 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
A ball-mill-enabled nickel-catalyzed 1,4-alkylarylation of 1,3-enynes with organic bromides has been developed, offering a versatile method for assembling tetrasubstituted allenes. This approach, the first of ball-milling-based remote radical coupling, overcomes the limitations of traditional solution-phase methods, such as the need for air- and moisture-sensitive reagents, the use of bulk solvents, and prolonged reaction times. Given the outstanding performance of ball-milling-based radical reduction coupling reactions, we anticipate further advancements in sustainable and efficient synthetic methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Lei
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Bobo Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Yufang Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Shu Fan
- Center for Gut Microbiome Research, Med-X Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Siyuan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
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2
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Bolt RRA, Smallman HR, Leitch JA, Bluck GW, Barreteau F, Iosub AV, Constable D, Dapremont O, Richardson P, Browne DL. Solvent Minimized Synthesis of Amides by Reactive Extrusion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202408315. [PMID: 39248684 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202408315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we report on the translation of a small scale ball-milled amidation protocol into a large scale continuous reactive extrusion process. Critical components to the successful translation were: a) understanding how the different operating parameters of a twin-screw extruder should be harnessed to control prolonged continuous operation, and b) consideration of the physical form of the input materials. The amidation reaction is applied to 36 amides spanning a variety of physical form combinations (liquid-liquid, solid-liquid and solid-solid). Following this learning process, we have developed an understanding for the translation of each physical form combination and demonstrated a 7-hour reactive extrusion process for the synthesis of an amide on 500 gram scale (1.3 mols of product).
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert R A Bolt
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, University College London (UCL), School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, London, WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Harry R Smallman
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, University College London (UCL), School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, London, WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie A Leitch
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, University College London (UCL), School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, London, WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin W Bluck
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schaffauserstrasse, 4332, Stein, Switzerland
| | - Fabien Barreteau
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schaffauserstrasse, 4332, Stein, Switzerland
| | - Andrei V Iosub
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schaffauserstrasse, 4332, Stein, Switzerland
| | - David Constable
- ACS, Green Chemistry Institute, retired (formally 1155 Sixteenth Street, NW, Washington, DC-20036, USA
| | | | - Paul Richardson
- Medicine Design, Pfizer, 10770 Science Center Drive, La Jolla, California, 92121
| | - Duncan L Browne
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, University College London (UCL), School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, London, WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
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3
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Xing H, Yaylayan V. Mechanochemistry in Glycation Research. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024. [PMID: 39241158 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c05591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2024]
Abstract
Mechanochemistry by milling has recently attracted considerable interest for its ability to drive solvent-free chemical transformations exclusively through mechanical energy and at ambient temperatures. Despite its popularity and expanding applications in different fields of chemistry, its impact on Food Science remains limited. This review aims to demonstrate the specific benefits that mechanochemistry can provide in performing controlled glycation, and in "activating" sugar and amino acid mixtures, thereby allowing for continued generation of colors and aromas even after termination of milling. The generated mechanical energy can be tuned under specific conditions either to form only the corresponding Schiff bases and Amadori compounds or to generate their degradation products, as a function of the frequency of the oscillations in combination with the reactivity of the selected substrates. Similarly, its ability to initiate the Strecker degradation and generate pyrazines and Strecker aldehydes was also demonstrated when proteogenic amino acids were milled with glyoxal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Xing
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Varoujan Yaylayan
- Department of Food Science & Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore, Ste Anne de Bellevue, Québec H9X 3 V9, Canada
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4
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Davison N, Hemingway JM, Wills C, Stolar T, Waddell PG, Dixon CM, Barron L, Dawson JA, Lu E. Mechanochemical Synthesis of a Sodium Anion Complex [Na +(2,2,2-cryptand)Na -] and Studies of Its Reactivity: Two-Electron and One-Electron Reductions. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:15247-15258. [PMID: 39069662 PMCID: PMC11323275 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c02914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Group 1 metal molecular chemistry is dominated by a +1 oxidation state, while a 0 oxidation state is widespread in the metals. A more exotic, yet still available, oxidation state of group 1 metal is -1, i.e., alkalide. Reported as early as the 1970s, the alkalides appear in every modern inorganic chemistry textbook as an iconic chemical curiosity, yet their reactivity remains unexplored. This is due to their synthetic hurdles. In this work, we report the first facile synthesis of the archetypical alkalide complex, [Na+(2,2,2-cryptand)Na-], which allows us to unveil a versatile reactivity profile of this once exotic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Davison
- School
of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
- Chemistry,
School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle
upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K.
| | - Jack M. Hemingway
- Chemistry,
School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle
upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K.
| | - Corinne Wills
- Chemistry,
School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle
upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K.
| | - Tomislav Stolar
- Federal
Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Paul G. Waddell
- Chemistry,
School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle
upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K.
| | - Casey M. Dixon
- Chemistry,
School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle
upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K.
| | - Luke Barron
- Chemistry,
School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle
upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K.
| | - James A. Dawson
- Chemistry,
School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle
upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K.
| | - Erli Lu
- School
of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
- Chemistry,
School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle
upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K.
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5
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Gao P, Li Y, Zhang D, Zhang G, Gao L, Chen F. Mechanochemical Synthesis of Silylcyclopentenes via Ball Milling. Chemistry 2024:e202400963. [PMID: 38923685 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The development of innovative methods for synthesizing silylcyclopentene compounds is particularly important for enriching and improving the synthetical toolbox of organosilicon compounds. Herein, a facile approach has been developed for the synthesis of silylcyclopentenes promoted by mechanochemically generated organolithium species as silicon nucleophiles under ball milling conditions, avoiding the requirement of large amounts of bulk solvent. This operationally simple method demonstrates good functional group compatibility, which provides a great opportunity for further exploration of the synthetic applications of silylcyclopentenes. Density functional theory calculations indicated that the transient lithiosilole intermediates undergo a stepwise nucleophilic addition process, which governs this mechanic-force-promoted [4+1] cycloaddition reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Siwangting Road 180, 225002, Yangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yicheng Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Siwangting Road 180, 225002, Yangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Duo Zhang
- Medicine Centre, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liushi Road 257, Liuzhou, Guangxi, 545006, P. R. China
| | - Guodong Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Siwangting Road 180, 225002, Yangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Liuzhou Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Siwangting Road 180, 225002, Yangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Feng Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Siwangting Road 180, 225002, Yangzhou, P. R. China
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6
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Geib R, Colacino E, Gremaud L. Sustainable Beckmann Rearrangement using Bead-Milling Technology: The Route to Paracetamol. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202301921. [PMID: 38353034 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
To address the growing demand for more sustainable and greener chemistry, mechanochemical methodologies are emerging as key players. However, to date there has been little data highlighting the benefits of these rising mechanochemical technologies with regard to process scale-up activities or implementation in commercial production scale. Herein, we report the first application of bead-mill technology (Dyno®-mill) for the sustainable mechanochemical synthesis of Acetaminophen, known under the brand name Paracetamol. Using the Beckmann rearrangement, the optimized solvent-free methodology delivered a final product on a scale of several tens of grams. In comparison to current production solvent-based process, the proposed process achieves a higher yield while also allowing the removal of solvents in the chemical reaction, hereby reducing one of the extensive drivers to waste generation. The mechanochemical approach was compared to solvent-based process using a combination of green metrics and EcoScale score. The mechanochemical synthesis of paracetamol scores the highest for all the metrics over currently used solution-based processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Geib
- School of Engineering and Architecture of Fribourg, Department of Chemistry -, Institute of Chemical Technology, HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Boulevard de Pérolles, 80, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | | - Ludovic Gremaud
- School of Engineering and Architecture of Fribourg, Department of Chemistry -, Institute of Chemical Technology, HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Boulevard de Pérolles, 80, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
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7
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Ardila-Fierro KJ, Hernández JG. Intermediates in Mechanochemical Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317638. [PMID: 38179857 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Mechanochemical reactions offer methodological and environmental advantages for chemical synthesis, constantly attracting attention within the scientific community. Besides unmistakable sustainability advantages, the conditions under which mechanochemical reactions occur, namely solventless conditions, sometimes facilitate the isolation of otherwise labile or inaccessible products. Despite these advantages, limited knowledge exists regarding the mechanisms of these reactions and the types of intermediates involved. Nevertheless, in an expanding number of cases, ex situ and in situ monitoring techniques have allowed for the observation, characterization, and isolation of reaction intermediates in mechanochemical transformations. In this Minireview, we present a series of examples in which reactive intermediates have been detected in mechanochemical reactions spanning organic, organometallic, inorganic, and materials chemistry. Many of these intermediates were stabilized by non-covalent interactions, which played a pivotal role in guiding the chemical transformations. We believe that by uncovering and understanding such instances, the growing mechanochemistry community could find novel opportunities in catalysis and discover new mechanochemical reactions while achieving simplification in chemical reaction design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J Ardila-Fierro
- Grupo Ciencia de los Materiales, Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - José G Hernández
- Grupo Ciencia de los Materiales, Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
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8
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Bodach A, Portet A, Winkelmann F, Herrmann B, Gallou F, Ponnusamy E, Virieux D, Colacino E, Felderhoff M. Scalability of Pharmaceutical Co-Crystal Formation by Mechanochemistry in Batch. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202301220. [PMID: 37975728 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The development of mechanochemistry is considerably growing. Benign by design, this technology complies with several principles of green chemistry, contributing to the achievement of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs) and the European Green Deal objectives. Herein, we report the use of mechanochemical processes in batch to prepare kilogram-scale of the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API): Ibuprofen-Nicotinamide (rac-IBP:NCT) co-crystal in an industrial eccentric vibration mill. This scenario shows a sustainable approach to the industrial up-scaling of pharmaceutical co-crystals by a solvent-free mechanochemical process in batch. The quantitative assessment of the greenness of the mechanochemical process against the Twelve Principles of Green Chemistry was performed using the DOZN 2.0 Green Chemistry Evaluator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Bodach
- Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis, Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Anaïs Portet
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Frederik Winkelmann
- Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis, Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Bastian Herrmann
- Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis, Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | | | - Ettigounder Ponnusamy
- Merck, SIGMA-ALDRICH Production GmbH, Industriestrasse 25, CH-9471, Buchs, Switzerland
| | - David Virieux
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Michael Felderhoff
- Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis, Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, D-45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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9
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Wenger LE, Hanusa TP. Synthesis without solvent: consequences for mechanochemical reactivity. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:14210-14222. [PMID: 37953718 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04929a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Solvents are so nearly omnipresent in synthetic chemistry that a classic question for their use has been: "What is the best solvent for this reaction?" The increasing use of mechanochemical approaches to synthesis-by grinding, milling, extrusion, or other means-and usually with no, or only limited, amounts of solvent, has raised an alternative question for the synthetic chemist: "What happens if there is no solvent?" This review focuses on a three-part answer to that question: when there is little change ("solvent-optional" reactions); when solvent needs to be present in some form, even if only in the amounts provided by liquid-assisted (LAG) or solvate-assisted grinding; and those cases in which mechanochemistry allows access to compounds that cannot be obtained from solution-based routes. The emphasis here is on inorganic and organometallic systems, including selected examples of mechanosynthesis and mechanocatalysis. Issues of mechanochemical depictions and the adequacy of LAG descriptions are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Wenger
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, 37235, USA.
| | - Timothy P Hanusa
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, 37235, USA.
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10
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Cabeza JA, Reynes JF, García F, García-Álvarez P, García-Soriano R. Fast and scalable solvent-free access to Lappert's heavier tetrylenes E{N(SiMe 3) 2} 2 (E = Ge, Sn, Pb) and ECl{N(SiMe 3) 2} (E = Ge, Sn). Chem Sci 2023; 14:12477-12483. [PMID: 38020393 PMCID: PMC10646885 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02709k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Iconic Lappert's heavier tetrylenes E{N(SiMe3)2}2 (E = Ge (1), Sn (2), Pb (3)) have been efficiently prepared from GeCl2·(1,4-dioxane), SnCl2 or PbCl2 and Li{N(SiMe3)2} via a completely solvent-free one-pot mechanochemical route followed by sublimation. This fast, high-yielding and scalable approach (2 has been prepared in a 100 mmol scale), which involves a small environmental footprint, represents a remarkable improvement over any synthetic route reported over the last five decades, being a so far rare example of the use of mechanochemistry in the realm of main group chemistry. This solventless route has been successfully extended to the preparation of other heavier tetrylenes, such as ECl{N(SiMe3)2} (E = Ge (4), Sn (5)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier A Cabeza
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica-IUQOEM, Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA) Universidad de Oviedo 33071 Oviedo Spain
| | - Javier F Reynes
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica-IUQOEM, Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA) Universidad de Oviedo 33071 Oviedo Spain
| | - Felipe García
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica-IUQOEM, Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA) Universidad de Oviedo 33071 Oviedo Spain
- School of Chemistry, Monash University Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - Pablo García-Álvarez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica-IUQOEM, Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA) Universidad de Oviedo 33071 Oviedo Spain
| | - Rubén García-Soriano
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica-IUQOEM, Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA) Universidad de Oviedo 33071 Oviedo Spain
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11
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Celestino MF, Lima LR, Fontes M, Batista ITS, Mulinari DR, Dametto A, Rattes RA, Amaral AC, Assunção RMN, Ribeiro CA, Castro GR, Barud HS. 3D Filaments Based on Polyhydroxy Butyrate-Micronized Bacterial Cellulose for Tissue Engineering Applications. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:464. [PMID: 37754878 PMCID: PMC10531805 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14090464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, scaffolds based on poly(hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and micronized bacterial cellulose (BC) were produced through 3D printing. Filaments for the printing were obtained by varying the percentage of micronized BC (0.25, 0.50, 1.00, and 2.00%) inserted in relation to the PHB matrix. Despite the varying concentrations of BC, the biocomposite filaments predominantly contained PHB functional groups, as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) demonstrated. Thermogravimetric analyses (i.e., TG and DTG) of the filaments showed that the peak temperature (Tpeak) of PHB degradation decreased as the concentration of BC increased, with the lowest being 248 °C, referring to the biocomposite filament PHB/2.0% BC, which has the highest concentration of BC. Although there was a variation in the thermal behavior of the filaments, it was not significant enough to make printing impossible, considering that the PHB melting temperature was 170 °C. Biological assays indicated the non-cytotoxicity of scaffolds and the provision of cell anchorage sites. The results obtained in this research open up new paths for the application of this innovation in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus F. Celestino
- Biopolymers and Biomaterials Group, Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, University of Araraquara (UNIARA), Araraquara 14801-320, SP, Brazil (I.T.S.B.); (A.C.A.)
| | - Lais R. Lima
- Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo (USP), São Carlos 13566-590, SP, Brazil;
| | - Marina Fontes
- Biopolymers and Biomaterials Group, Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, University of Araraquara (UNIARA), Araraquara 14801-320, SP, Brazil (I.T.S.B.); (A.C.A.)
- Biosmart Nanotechnology LTDA, Araraquara 14808-162, SP, Brazil
| | - Igor T. S. Batista
- Biopolymers and Biomaterials Group, Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, University of Araraquara (UNIARA), Araraquara 14801-320, SP, Brazil (I.T.S.B.); (A.C.A.)
| | - Daniella R. Mulinari
- Department of Mechanics and Energy, State University of Rio de Janeiro (UEJR), Rio de Janeiro 20550-900, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Raphael A. Rattes
- Biopolymers and Biomaterials Group, Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, University of Araraquara (UNIARA), Araraquara 14801-320, SP, Brazil (I.T.S.B.); (A.C.A.)
| | - André C. Amaral
- Biopolymers and Biomaterials Group, Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, University of Araraquara (UNIARA), Araraquara 14801-320, SP, Brazil (I.T.S.B.); (A.C.A.)
| | - Rosana M. N. Assunção
- Faculty of Integrated Sciences of Pontal (FACIP), Federal University of Uberlandia (UFU), Pontal Campus, Ituiutaba 38304-402, MG, Brazil
| | - Clovis A. Ribeiro
- Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Guillermo R. Castro
- Nanomedicine Research Unit (Nanomed), Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Santo André 09210-580, SP, Brazil
| | - Hernane S. Barud
- Biopolymers and Biomaterials Group, Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, University of Araraquara (UNIARA), Araraquara 14801-320, SP, Brazil (I.T.S.B.); (A.C.A.)
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