1
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Huang L, Wang Q, Fu P, Sun Y, Xu J, Browne DL, Huang J. Extended Quinolizinium-Fused Corannulene Derivatives: Synthesis and Properties. JACS Au 2024; 4:1623-1631. [PMID: 38665663 PMCID: PMC11040561 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.4c00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Reported here is the design and synthesis of a novel class of extended quinolizinium-fused corannulene derivatives with curved geometry. These intriguing molecules were synthesized through a rationally designed synthetic strategy, utilizing double Skraup-Doebner-Von Miller quinoline synthesis and a rhodium-catalyzed C-H activation/annulation (CHAA) as the key steps. Single-crystal X-ray analysis revealed a bowl depth of 1.28-1.50 Å and a unique "windmill-like" shape packing of 12a(2PF6-) due to the curvature and incorporation of two aminium ions. All of the newly reported curved salts exhibit green to orange fluorescence with enhanced quantum yields (Φf = 9-13%) and improved dispersibility compared to the pristine corannulene (Φf = 1%). The reduced optical energy gap and lower energy frontier orbital found by doping extended corannulene systems with nitrogen cations was investigated by UV-vis, fluorescence, and theoretical calculations. Electrochemical measurements reveal a greater electron-accepting behavior compared with that of their pyridine analogues. The successful synthesis, isolation, and evaluation of these curved salts provide a fresh perspective and opportunity for the design of cationic nitrogen-doped curved aromatic hydrocarbon-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Huang
- School
of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
- Tianjin
Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School
of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Qing Wang
- School
of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
- National
Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, No. 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science
Park, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Peng Fu
- School
of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
- Tianjin
Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School
of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yuzhu Sun
- School
of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
- Tianjin
Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School
of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Jun Xu
- School
of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Duncan L. Browne
- Department
of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University College London (UCL), 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, London WC1N
1AX, U.K.
| | - Jianhui Huang
- School
of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
- Tianjin
Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School
of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
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2
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Patel C, André-Joyaux E, Leitch JA, de Irujo-Labalde XM, Ibba F, Struijs J, Ellwanger MA, Paton R, Browne DL, Pupo G, Aldridge S, Hayward MA, Gouverneur V. Fluorochemicals from fluorspar via a phosphate-enabled mechanochemical process that bypasses HF. Science 2023; 381:302-306. [PMID: 37471551 DOI: 10.1126/science.adi1557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
All fluorochemicals-including elemental fluorine and nucleophilic, electrophilic, and radical fluorinating reagents-are prepared from hydrogen fluoride (HF). This highly toxic and corrosive gas is produced by the reaction of acid-grade fluorspar (>97% CaF2) with sulfuric acid under harsh conditions. The use of fluorspar to produce fluorochemicals via a process that bypasses HF is highly desirable but remains an unsolved problem because of the prohibitive insolubility of CaF2. Inspired by calcium phosphate biomineralization, we herein disclose a protocol of treating acid-grade fluorspar with dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (K2HPO4) under mechanochemical conditions. The process affords a solid composed of crystalline K3(HPO4)F and K2-xCay(PO3F)a(PO4)b, which is found suitable for forging sulfur-fluorine and carbon-fluorine bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calum Patel
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Emy André-Joyaux
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Jamie A Leitch
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, University College London School of Pharmacy, London W1CN 1AX, UK
- FluoRok Ltd., Begbroke Science Park, Begbroke Hill, Woodstock Road, Begbroke OX5 1PF, UK
| | | | - Francesco Ibba
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
- FluoRok Ltd., Begbroke Science Park, Begbroke Hill, Woodstock Road, Begbroke OX5 1PF, UK
| | - Job Struijs
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | | | - Robert Paton
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80528, USA
| | - Duncan L Browne
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, University College London School of Pharmacy, London W1CN 1AX, UK
| | - Gabriele Pupo
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
- FluoRok Ltd., Begbroke Science Park, Begbroke Hill, Woodstock Road, Begbroke OX5 1PF, UK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Michael A Hayward
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QR, UK
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3
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Priestley I, Battilocchio C, Iosub A, Barreteau F, Bluck GW, Ling KB, Ingram K, Ciaccia M, Leitch JA, Browne DL. Correction to "Safety Considerations and Proposed Workflow for Laboratory Scale Chemical Synthesis by Ball Milling". Org Process Res Dev 2023; 27:1154. [PMID: 37342801 PMCID: PMC10278168 DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.3c00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00226.].
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4
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Leitch JA, Richardson P, Browne DL. Evolution of Solid Processing Methods in Continuous Flow Technology: Reactive Extrusion. Chimia (Aarau) 2023; 77:339-345. [PMID: 38047830 DOI: 10.2533/chimia.2023.339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The frustrations of precipitation, fouling and blockages of liquid-based flow reactors is familiar to all researchers that have worked with continuous flow equipment. There have been many innovative solutions to try and circumvent this issue. This short review will highlight the emerging technique of mechanochemistry and reactive extrusion as a continuous process that can directly work on solid (and liquid) materials and elicit chemical transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A Leitch
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL, School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, London, WC1N 1AX
| | | | - Duncan L Browne
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL, School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, London, WC1N 1AX.
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5
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Priestley I, Battilocchio C, Iosub AV, Barreteau F, Bluck GW, Ling KB, Ingram K, Ciaccia M, Leitch JA, Browne DL. Safety Considerations and Proposed Workflow for Laboratory-Scale Chemical Synthesis by Ball Milling. Org Process Res Dev 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian Priestley
- Huddersfield Manufacturing Centre, Syngenta Ltd, Huddersfield HD2 1FF, United Kingdom
| | | | - Andrei V. Iosub
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schaffauserstrasse, 4332 Stein, Switzerland
| | - Fabien Barreteau
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schaffauserstrasse, 4332 Stein, Switzerland
| | - Gavin W. Bluck
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schaffauserstrasse, 4332 Stein, Switzerland
| | - Kenneth B. Ling
- Jealott’s Hill International Research Centre, Syngenta Ltd., Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, United Kingdom
| | - Katharine Ingram
- Jealott’s Hill International Research Centre, Syngenta Ltd., Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Ciaccia
- Jealott’s Hill International Research Centre, Syngenta Ltd., Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie A. Leitch
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University College London (UCL), 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan L. Browne
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University College London (UCL), 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
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6
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Angerhofer A, Auvray T, Balema V, Baláž M, Batteas JD, Blair RG, Boldyreva E, Bolm C, Borchardt L, Borchers TH, Braunschweig AB, Browne DL, Carpick RW, Ciaccia M, Craig S, Emmerling F, Ferguson M, Fiore C, Friščić T, Grätz S, Halasz I, Hamzehpoor E, Ito H, James S, Kim JG, Lamaty F, Lampronti GI, Laurencin D, Leitch J, Lu E, Lukin S, Mack J, Maini L, Martini A, Mazzeo PP, Michalchuk AAL, Mittelette S, Mohamed S, Moores A, Mortera-Carbonell ADJ, Nagapudi K, Niidu A, Puccetti F, Stahorský M, Vugrin L. Kinetics and basic understanding: general discussion. Faraday Discuss 2023; 241:306-340. [PMID: 36519575 DOI: 10.1039/d2fd90082c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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7
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Angerhofer A, Baláž M, Balema V, Belenguer AM, Blair RG, Boldyreva E, Bolm C, Borchardt L, Braunschweig AB, Browne DL, Craig S, El Wenni L, Emmerling F, Ferguson M, Fiore C, Friščić T, Fukushima K, García F, Gonnet L, Grätz S, Hernandez R RA, Ito H, James SL, Karabiyikli D, Kim JG, Kubota K, Lamaty F, Lampronti GI, Leitch J, Lukin S, Mack J, Maini L, Mohamed S, Moores A, Nagapudi K, Puccetti F, Tian M, Yu Q. Advances in synthesis: general discussion. Faraday Discuss 2023; 241:150-177. [PMID: 36519224 DOI: 10.1039/d2fd90081e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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8
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Jones AC, Williams MTJ, Morrill LC, Browne DL. Mechanical Activation of Zero-Valent Metal Reductants for Nickel-Catalyzed Cross-Electrophile Coupling. ACS Catal 2022; 12:13681-13689. [PMID: 36366760 PMCID: PMC9638985 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The cross-electrophile coupling of either twisted-amides
or heteroaryl
halides with alkyl halides, enabled by ball-milling, is herein described.
The operationally simple nickel-catalyzed process has no requirement
for inert atmosphere or dry solvents and delivers the corresponding
acylated or heteroarylated products across a broad range of substrates.
Key to negating the necessity of inert reaction conditions is the
mechanical activation of the raw metal terminal reductant: manganese
in the case of twisted amides and zinc for heteroaryl halides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C. Jones
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, U.K
| | - Matthew T. J. Williams
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, U.K
| | - Louis C. Morrill
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, U.K
| | - Duncan L. Browne
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, London, WC1N 1AX, U.K
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9
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Del Vecchio A, Smallman HR, Morvan J, McBride T, Browne DL, Mauduit M. Challenges Arising from Continuous Flow Olefin Metathesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202209564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Del Vecchio
- CNRS: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Institut des Sciences Chimique de Rennes FRANCE
| | - Harry R Smallman
- University College London School of Pharmacy Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Jennifer Morvan
- CNRS: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes FRANCE
| | - Tom McBride
- Cardiff University School of Chemistry UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Duncan L Browne
- University College London School of Pharmacy Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Marc Mauduit
- Ecole nationale superieure de chimie de Rennes ISCR 11 allée de BeaulieuCS 80837 35708 RENNES FRANCE
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10
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Bolt RRA, Raby‐Buck SE, Ingram K, Leitch JA, Browne DL. Temperature‐Controlled Mechanochemistry for the Nickel‐Catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura‐Type Coupling of Aryl Sulfamates via Ball Milling and Twin‐Screw Extrusion. **. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202210508. [PMID: 36082766 PMCID: PMC9828252 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202210508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The nickel catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura-type coupling of aryl sulfamates and boronic acid derivatives enabled by temperature-controlled mechanochemistry via the development of a programmable PID-controlled jar heater is reported. This base-metal-catalyzed, solvent-free, all-under-air protocol was also scaled 200-fold using twin-screw extrusion technology affording decagram quantities of material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert R. A. Bolt
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological ChemistryUniversity College London (UCL)School of Pharmacy29-39 Brunswick Square, BloomsburyLondonWC1N 1AXUK
| | - Sarah E. Raby‐Buck
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological ChemistryUniversity College London (UCL)School of Pharmacy29-39 Brunswick Square, BloomsburyLondonWC1N 1AXUK
| | - Katharine Ingram
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research CentreBracknell, BerkshireRG42 6EYUK
| | - Jamie A. Leitch
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological ChemistryUniversity College London (UCL)School of Pharmacy29-39 Brunswick Square, BloomsburyLondonWC1N 1AXUK
| | - Duncan L. Browne
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological ChemistryUniversity College London (UCL)School of Pharmacy29-39 Brunswick Square, BloomsburyLondonWC1N 1AXUK
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11
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Smallman HR, Brancaglion GA, Pastre JC, Browne DL. Continuous Flow Generation of Acylketene Intermediates via Nitrogen Extrusion. J Org Chem 2022; 87:12297-12305. [PMID: 36047721 PMCID: PMC9486939 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
A flow chemistry
process for the generation and use of acylketene
precursors through extrusion of nitrogen gas is reported. Key to the
development of a suitable continuous protocol is the balance of reaction
concentration against pressure in the flow reactor. The resulting
process enables access to intercepted acylketene scaffolds using volatile
amine nucleophiles and has been demonstrated on the gram scale. Thermal
gravimetric analysis was used to guide the temperature set point of
the reactor coils for a variety of acyl ketene precursors. The simultaneous
generation and reaction of two reactive intermediates (both derived
from nitrogen extrusion) is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry R Smallman
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, London WC1N 1AX, U.K
| | - Guilherme A Brancaglion
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Rua Monteiro Lobato 270, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Julio C Pastre
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Rua Monteiro Lobato 270, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Duncan L Browne
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, London WC1N 1AX, U.K
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12
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Hareram MD, El Gehani AAMA, Harnedy J, Seastram AC, Jones AC, Burns M, Wirth T, Browne DL, Morrill LC. Electrochemical Deconstructive Functionalization of Cycloalkanols via Alkoxy Radicals Enabled by Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer. Org Lett 2022; 24:3890-3895. [PMID: 35604008 PMCID: PMC9171832 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
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Herein, we report
a new electrochemical method for alkoxy radical
generation from alcohols using a proton-coupled electron transfer
(PCET) approach, showcased via the deconstructive functionalization
of cycloalkanols. The electrochemical method is applicable across
a diverse array of substituted cycloalkanols, accessing a broad range
of synthetically useful distally functionalized ketones. The orthogonal
derivatization of the products has been demonstrated through chemoselective
transformations, and the electrochemical process has been performed
on a gram scale in continuous single-pass flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mishra Deepak Hareram
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Albara A. M. A. El Gehani
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - James Harnedy
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Alex C. Seastram
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew C. Jones
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Burns
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Wirth
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan L. Browne
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, University College London, School of Pharmacy, London, W1CN 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Louis C. Morrill
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
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13
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Bolt RRA, Leitch JA, Jones AC, Nicholson WI, Browne DL. Continuous flow mechanochemistry: reactive extrusion as an enabling technology in organic synthesis. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:4243-4260. [PMID: 35506866 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00657f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Rapid and wide-ranging developments have established mechanochemistry as a powerful avenue in sustainable organic synthesis. This is primarily due to unique opportunities which have been offered in solvent-free - or highly solvent-minimised - reaction systems. Nevertheless, despite elegant advances in ball-milling technology, limitations in scale-up still remain. This tutorial review covers the first reports into the translation from "batch-mode" ball-milling to "flow-mode" reactive extrusion, using twin-screw extrusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert R A Bolt
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL, School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, London, WC1N 1AX, UK.
| | - Jamie A Leitch
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL, School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, London, WC1N 1AX, UK.
| | - Andrew C Jones
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - William I Nicholson
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Duncan L Browne
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL, School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, London, WC1N 1AX, UK.
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14
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Williams MTJ, Morrill LC, Browne DL. Mechanochemical Organocatalysis: Do High Enantioselectivities Contradict What We Might Expect? ChemSusChem 2022; 15:e202102157. [PMID: 34767693 PMCID: PMC9300213 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Ball mills input energy to samples by pulverising the contents of the jar. Each impact on the sample or wall of the jar results in an instantaneous transmission of energy in the form of a temperature and pressure increase (volume reduction). Conversely, enantioselective organocatalytic reactions proceed through perceived delicate and well-organised transition states. Does there exist a dichotomy in the idea of enantioselective mechanochemical organocatalysis? This Review provides a survey of the literature reporting the combination of organocatalytic reactions with mechanochemical ball milling conditions. Where possible, direct comparisons of stirred in solution, stirred neat and ball milled processes are drawn with a particular focus on control of stereoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T. J. Williams
- Cardiff Catalysis InstituteSchool of ChemistryCardiff UniversityPark PlaceCardiffCF10 3ATUK
| | - Louis C. Morrill
- Cardiff Catalysis InstituteSchool of ChemistryCardiff UniversityPark PlaceCardiffCF10 3ATUK
| | - Duncan L. Browne
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological ChemistrySchool of PharmacyUniversity College London29–39 Brunswick Square, BloomsburyLondonWC1N 1AXUK
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15
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Nicholson WI, Howard JL, Magri G, Seastram AC, Khan A, Bolt RRA, Morrill LC, Richards E, Browne DL. Ball-Milling-Enabled Reactivity of Manganese Metal*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:23128-23133. [PMID: 34405513 PMCID: PMC8596600 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202108752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Efforts to generate organomanganese reagents under ball-milling conditions have led to the serendipitous discovery that manganese metal can mediate the reductive dimerization of arylidene malonates. The newly uncovered process has been optimized and its mechanism explored using CV measurements, radical trapping experiments, EPR spectroscopy, and solution control reactions. This unique reactivity can also be translated to solution whereupon pre-milling of the manganese is required.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph L. Howard
- School of ChemistryCardiff UniversityMain Building, Park PlaceCardiffCF10 3ATUK
| | - Giuseppina Magri
- School of ChemistryCardiff UniversityMain Building, Park PlaceCardiffCF10 3ATUK
| | - Alex C. Seastram
- School of ChemistryCardiff UniversityMain Building, Park PlaceCardiffCF10 3ATUK
| | - Adam Khan
- School of ChemistryCardiff UniversityMain Building, Park PlaceCardiffCF10 3ATUK
| | - Robert R. A. Bolt
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological ChemistryUniversity College London (UCL)School of Pharmacy29–39 Brunswick SquareLondonWC1N 1AXUK
| | - Louis C. Morrill
- School of ChemistryCardiff UniversityMain Building, Park PlaceCardiffCF10 3ATUK
| | - Emma Richards
- School of ChemistryCardiff UniversityMain Building, Park PlaceCardiffCF10 3ATUK
| | - Duncan L. Browne
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological ChemistryUniversity College London (UCL)School of Pharmacy29–39 Brunswick SquareLondonWC1N 1AXUK
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16
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Nicholson WI, Howard JL, Magri G, Seastram AC, Khan A, Bolt RRA, Morrill LC, Richards E, Browne DL. Ball‐Milling‐Enabled Reactivity of Manganese Metal**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202108752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William I. Nicholson
- School of Chemistry Cardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Joseph L. Howard
- School of Chemistry Cardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Giuseppina Magri
- School of Chemistry Cardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Alex C. Seastram
- School of Chemistry Cardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Adam Khan
- School of Chemistry Cardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Robert R. A. Bolt
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry University College London (UCL) School of Pharmacy 29–39 Brunswick Square London WC1N 1AX UK
| | - Louis C. Morrill
- School of Chemistry Cardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Emma Richards
- School of Chemistry Cardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Duncan L. Browne
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry University College London (UCL) School of Pharmacy 29–39 Brunswick Square London WC1N 1AX UK
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17
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Abstract
The mechanochemical synthesis of 2,4,5,6-tetra(9H-carbazol-9-yl)isophthalonitrile and related organic fluorophores/photocatalysts via a solvent-minimized four-fold SNAr pathway is herein described. Employing sodium tert-butoxide as base, and negating the need for any air/moisture-sensitive reaction set-ups, a selection of organic dyes was synthesized in just 1 h using this ball-milling technique. Furthermore, the transformation was then showcased on a multigram scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A Leitch
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, University College London School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, London W1CN 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Harry R Smallman
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, University College London School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, London W1CN 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan L Browne
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, University College London School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, London W1CN 1AX, United Kingdom
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18
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Nicholson WI, Barreteau F, Leitch JA, Payne R, Priestley I, Godineau E, Battilocchio C, Browne DL. Direct Amidation of Esters by Ball Milling**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202106412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William I. Nicholson
- School of Chemistry Cardiff University Park Place, Main Building Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Fabien Barreteau
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG Schaffauserstrasse 101 4332 Stein Switzerland
| | - Jamie A. Leitch
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry University College London (UCL) School of Pharmacy 29–39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury London WC1N 1AX UK
| | - Riley Payne
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry University College London (UCL) School of Pharmacy 29–39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury London WC1N 1AX UK
| | - Ian Priestley
- Syngenta Ltd. Huddersfield Manufacturing Centre Huddersfield HD2 1FF UK
| | - Edouard Godineau
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG Schaffauserstrasse 101 4332 Stein Switzerland
| | | | - Duncan L. Browne
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry University College London (UCL) School of Pharmacy 29–39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury London WC1N 1AX UK
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19
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Abstract
The nickel-catalyzed cross-electrophile coupling of aryl halides and alkyl halides enabled by ball-milling is herein described. Under a mechanochemical manifold, the reductive C-C bond formation was achieved in the absence of bulk solvent and air/moisture sensitive setups, in reaction times of 2 h. The mechanical action provided by ball milling permits the use of a range of zinc sources to turnover the nickel catalytic cycle, enabling the synthesis of 28 cross-electrophile coupled products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Jones
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - William I Nicholson
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie A Leitch
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, London, WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan L Browne
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, London, WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
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20
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Nicholson WI, Barreteau F, Leitch JA, Payne R, Priestley I, Godineau E, Battilocchio C, Browne DL. Direct Amidation of Esters by Ball Milling*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:21868-21874. [PMID: 34357668 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202106412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The direct mechanochemical amidation of esters by ball milling is described. The operationally simple procedure requires an ester, an amine, and substoichiometric KOtBu and was used to prepare a large and diverse library of 78 amide structures with modest to excellent efficiency. Heteroaromatic and heterocyclic components are specifically shown to be amenable to this mechanochemical protocol. This direct synthesis platform has been applied to the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and agrochemicals as well as the gram-scale synthesis of an active pharmaceutical, all in the absence of a reaction solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- William I Nicholson
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Main Building, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Fabien Barreteau
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schaffauserstrasse 101, 4332, Stein, Switzerland
| | - Jamie A Leitch
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, University College London (UCL), School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Riley Payne
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, University College London (UCL), School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Ian Priestley
- Syngenta Ltd., Huddersfield Manufacturing Centre, Huddersfield, HD2 1FF, UK
| | - Edouard Godineau
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schaffauserstrasse 101, 4332, Stein, Switzerland
| | | | - Duncan L Browne
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, University College London (UCL), School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
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21
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Morvan J, McBride T, Curbet I, Colombel-Rouen S, Roisnel T, Crévisy C, Browne DL, Mauduit M. Continuous Flow Z-Stereoselective Olefin Metathesis: Development and Applications in the Synthesis of Pheromones and Macrocyclic Odorant Molecules*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:19685-19690. [PMID: 34184375 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202106410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The first continuous flow Z-selective olefin metathesis process is reported. Key to realizing this process was the adequate choice of stereoselective catalysts combined with the design of an appropriate continuous reactor setup. The designed continuous process permits various self-, cross- and macro-ring-closing-metathesis reactions, delivering products in high selectivity and short residence times. This technique is exemplified by direct application to the preparation of a range of pheromones and macrocyclic odorant molecules and culminates in a telescoped Z-selective cross-metathesis/ Dieckmann cyclisation sequence to access (Z)-Civetone, incorporating a serial array of continually stirred tank reactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Morvan
- Univ Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR UMR 6226, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Tom McBride
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Idriss Curbet
- Univ Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR UMR 6226, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Sophie Colombel-Rouen
- Univ Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR UMR 6226, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Thierry Roisnel
- Univ Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR UMR 6226, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Christophe Crévisy
- Univ Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR UMR 6226, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Duncan L Browne
- UCL School of Pharmacy (Room 210), 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1 1AX, UK
| | - Marc Mauduit
- Univ Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR UMR 6226, 35000, Rennes, France
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22
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Morvan J, McBride T, Curbet I, Colombel‐Rouen S, Roisnel T, Crévisy C, Browne DL, Mauduit M. Continuous Flow
Z
‐Stereoselective Olefin Metathesis: Development and Applications in the Synthesis of Pheromones and Macrocyclic Odorant Molecules**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202106410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Morvan
- Univ Rennes Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes CNRS, ISCR UMR 6226 35000 Rennes France
| | - Tom McBride
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute School of Chemistry Cardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Idriss Curbet
- Univ Rennes Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes CNRS, ISCR UMR 6226 35000 Rennes France
| | - Sophie Colombel‐Rouen
- Univ Rennes Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes CNRS, ISCR UMR 6226 35000 Rennes France
| | - Thierry Roisnel
- Univ Rennes Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes CNRS, ISCR UMR 6226 35000 Rennes France
| | - Christophe Crévisy
- Univ Rennes Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes CNRS, ISCR UMR 6226 35000 Rennes France
| | - Duncan L. Browne
- UCL School of Pharmacy (Room 210) 29–39 Brunswick Square London WC1 1AX UK
| | - Marc Mauduit
- Univ Rennes Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes CNRS, ISCR UMR 6226 35000 Rennes France
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23
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Riley W, Jones AC, Singh K, Browne DL, Stuart AM. Accessing novel fluorinated heterocycles with the hypervalent fluoroiodane reagent by solution and mechanochemical synthesis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:7406-7409. [PMID: 34231584 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02587b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new and efficient strategy for the rapid formation of novel fluorinated tetrahydropyridazines and dihydrooxazines has been developed by fluorocyclisation of β,γ-unsaturated hydrazones and oximes with the fluoroiodane reagent. Mechanochemical synthesis delivered fluorinated tetrahydropyridazines in similar excellent yields to conventional solution synthesis, whereas fluorinated dihydrooxazines were prepared in much better yields by ball-milling.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Riley
- School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK.
| | - Andrew C Jones
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Kuldip Singh
- School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK.
| | | | - Alison M Stuart
- School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK.
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24
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Abstract
Recent research endeavors have established that the mechanochemical activation of piezoelectric materials can open new avenues in redox chemistry. Impact forces, such as those imparted by a ball mill, have been shown to transform piezoelectric materials such as barium titanate (BaTiO3) into a highly polarized state, which can then donate an electron to a suitable oxidant and receive an electron from a suitable reductant, mimicking established photoredox catalytic cycles. Proof‐of‐concept studies have elucidated that mechanoredox chemistry holds great potential in sustainable and efficient radical‐based synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A Leitch
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, WC1N 1AX, London, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan L Browne
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, WC1N 1AX, London, United Kingdom
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25
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Leitch JA, Browne DL. Frontispiece: Mechanoredox Chemistry as an Emerging Strategy in Synthesis. Chemistry 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202183861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A. Leitch
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry UCL School of Pharmacy 29–39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury WC1N 1AX London United Kingdom
| | - Duncan L. Browne
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry UCL School of Pharmacy 29–39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury WC1N 1AX London United Kingdom
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26
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Smallman HR, Leitch JA, McBride T, Ley SV, Browne DL. Formation and utility of reactive ketene intermediates under continuous flow conditions. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.132305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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27
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Allen BDW, Hareram MD, Seastram AC, McBride T, Wirth T, Browne DL, Morrill LC. Correction to "Manganese-Catalyzed Electrochemical Deconstructive Chlorination of Cycloalkanols via Alkoxy Radicals". Org Lett 2021; 23:1152. [PMID: 33400879 PMCID: PMC8504797 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c04217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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28
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Williams MJ, Morrill LC, Browne DL. Expedient Organocatalytic Aza-Morita-Baylis-Hillman Reaction through Ball-Milling. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 2020; 8:17876-17881. [PMID: 33614300 PMCID: PMC7885690 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c07320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A ball-milling enabled tertiary amine catalyzed aza-Morita-Baylis-Hillman reaction is reported. The reaction process does not require solvent, has significantly shorter reaction times than previous methods and is reported on a range of imines and acrylate Michael acceptors across than 26 examples. A 12-fold scaled-up example is also reported as well as experimental comparisons to solution-based experiments and neat-stirred reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew
T. J. Williams
- Cardiff
Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Louis C. Morrill
- Cardiff
Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
- E-mail:
| | - Duncan L. Browne
- School
of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
- E-mail:
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29
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Jones AC, Nicholson WI, Smallman HR, Browne DL. Correction to “A Robust Pd-Catalyzed C–S Cross-Coupling Process Enabled by Ball-Milling”. Org Lett 2020; 22:8746. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C. Jones
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K
| | - William I. Nicholson
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K
| | - Harry R. Smallman
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K
- School of Pharmacy, UCL, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1X 1AX, U.K
| | - Duncan L. Browne
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K
- School of Pharmacy, UCL, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1X 1AX, U.K
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31
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Pastre JC, Murray PRD, Browne DL, Brancaglion GA, Galaverna RS, Pilli RA, Ley SV. Integrated Batch and Continuous Flow Process for the Synthesis of Goniothalamin. ACS Omega 2020; 5:18472-18483. [PMID: 32743225 PMCID: PMC7391960 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
An integrated batch and continuous flow process has been developed for the gram-scale synthesis of goniothalamin. The synthetic route hinges upon a telescoped continuous flow Grignard addition followed by an acylation reaction capable of delivering a racemic goniothalamin precursor (16) (20.9 g prepared over 3 h), with a productivity of 7 g·h-1. An asymmetric Brown allylation protocol was also evaluated under continuous flow conditions. This approach employing (-)-Ipc2B(allyl) provided an (S)-goniothalamin intermediate in 98% yield and 91.5% enantiomeric excess (ee) with a productivity of 1.8 g·h-1. For the final step, a ring-closing metathesis reaction was explored under several conditions in both batch and flow regimes. In a batch operation, the Grubbs second-generation was shown to be effective and highly selective for the desired ring closure product over those arising from other modes of reactivity, and the reaction was complete in 1.5 h. In a flow operation, reactivity and selectivity were attenuated relative to the batch mode; however, after further optimization, the residence time could be reduced to 16 min with good selectivity and good yield of the target product. A tube-in-tube reactor was investigated for in-situ ethylene removal to favor ring-closing over cross-metathesis, in this context. These results provide further evidence of the utility of flow chemistry for organometallic processing and reaction telescoping. Using the developed integrated batch and flow methods, a total of 7.75 g of goniothalamin (1) was synthesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio C. Pastre
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Campinas—UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
- . Phone: +55 (19)
3521 3143
| | - Philip R. D. Murray
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Duncan L. Browne
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Guilherme A. Brancaglion
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Campinas—UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Renan S. Galaverna
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Campinas—UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo A. Pilli
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Campinas—UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
- . Phone: +55 (19) 3521 3422
| | - Steven V. Ley
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
- . Phone: +44 (0) 1223 336398
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32
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Schotten C, Leprevost SK, Yong LM, Hughes CE, Harris KDM, Browne DL. Comparison of the Thermal Stabilities of Diazonium Salts and Their Corresponding Triazenes. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Schotten
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Wales, U.K
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, England, U.K
| | - Samy K. Leprevost
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Wales, U.K
| | - Low Ming Yong
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Wales, U.K
| | - Colan E. Hughes
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Wales, U.K
| | - Kenneth D. M. Harris
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Wales, U.K
| | - Duncan L. Browne
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Wales, U.K
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, England, U.K
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33
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Nicholson WI, Seastram AC, Iqbal SA, Reed‐Berendt BG, Morrill LC, Browne DL. N-Heterocyclic Carbene Acyl Anion Organocatalysis by Ball-Milling. ChemSusChem 2020; 13:131-135. [PMID: 31774627 PMCID: PMC6972762 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201902346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The ability to conduct N-heterocyclic carbene-catalysed acyl anion chemistry under ball-milling conditions is reported for the first time. This process has been exemplified through applications to intermolecular-benzoin, intramolecular-benzoin, intermolecular-Stetter and intramolecular-Stetter reactions including asymmetric examples and demonstrates that this mode of mechanistically complex organocatalytic reaction can operate under solvent-minimised conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- William I. Nicholson
- Cardiff Catalysis InstituteSchool of ChemistryCardiff UniversityPark PlaceCardiffCF10 3ATUnited Kingdom
| | - Alex C. Seastram
- Cardiff Catalysis InstituteSchool of ChemistryCardiff UniversityPark PlaceCardiffCF10 3ATUnited Kingdom
| | - Saqib A. Iqbal
- Cardiff Catalysis InstituteSchool of ChemistryCardiff UniversityPark PlaceCardiffCF10 3ATUnited Kingdom
| | - Benjamin G. Reed‐Berendt
- Cardiff Catalysis InstituteSchool of ChemistryCardiff UniversityPark PlaceCardiffCF10 3ATUnited Kingdom
| | - Louis C. Morrill
- Cardiff Catalysis InstituteSchool of ChemistryCardiff UniversityPark PlaceCardiffCF10 3ATUnited Kingdom
| | - Duncan L. Browne
- Cardiff Catalysis InstituteSchool of ChemistryCardiff UniversityPark PlaceCardiffCF10 3ATUnited Kingdom
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34
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Yin J, Stark RT, Fallis IA, Browne DL. A Mechanochemical Zinc-Mediated Barbier-Type Allylation Reaction under Ball-Milling Conditions. J Org Chem 2020; 85:2347-2354. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- JieXiang Yin
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K
| | - Roderick T. Stark
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K
| | - Ian A. Fallis
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K
| | - Duncan L. Browne
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, U.K
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35
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Allen BDW, Hareram MD, Seastram AC, McBride T, Wirth T, Browne DL, Morrill LC. Manganese-Catalyzed Electrochemical Deconstructive Chlorination of Cycloalkanols via Alkoxy Radicals. Org Lett 2019; 21:9241-9246. [PMID: 31687826 PMCID: PMC7007279 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b03652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
![]()
A manganese-catalyzed
electrochemical deconstructive chlorination
of cycloalkanols has been developed. This electrochemical method provides
access to alkoxy radicals from alcohols and exhibits a broad substrate
scope, with various cyclopropanols and cyclobutanols converted into
synthetically useful β- and γ-chlorinated ketones (40
examples). Furthermore, the combination of recirculating flow electrochemistry
and continuous inline purification was employed to access products
on a gram scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D W Allen
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute , School of Chemistry, Cardiff University , Main Building, Park Place , Cardiff CF10 3AT , U.K
| | - Mishra Deepak Hareram
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute , School of Chemistry, Cardiff University , Main Building, Park Place , Cardiff CF10 3AT , U.K
| | - Alex C Seastram
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute , School of Chemistry, Cardiff University , Main Building, Park Place , Cardiff CF10 3AT , U.K
| | - Tom McBride
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute , School of Chemistry, Cardiff University , Main Building, Park Place , Cardiff CF10 3AT , U.K
| | - Thomas Wirth
- School of Chemistry , Cardiff University , Main Building, Park Place , Cardiff CF10 3AT , U.K
| | - Duncan L Browne
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute , School of Chemistry, Cardiff University , Main Building, Park Place , Cardiff CF10 3AT , U.K
| | - Louis C Morrill
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute , School of Chemistry, Cardiff University , Main Building, Park Place , Cardiff CF10 3AT , U.K
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36
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Abstract
An operationally simple one-jar one-step mechanochemical Reformatsky reaction using in situ generated organozinc intermediates under neat grinding conditions has been developed. Notable features of this reaction protocol are that it requires no solvent, no inert gases, and no pre-activation of the bulk zinc source. The developed process is demonstrated to have good substrate scope (39-82 % yield) and is effective irrespective of the initial morphology of the zinc source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Cao
- School of ChemistryCardiff UniversityMain Building, Park PlaceCardiffCF10 3ATUK
| | - Roderick T. Stark
- School of ChemistryCardiff UniversityMain Building, Park PlaceCardiffCF10 3ATUK
| | - Ian A. Fallis
- School of ChemistryCardiff UniversityMain Building, Park PlaceCardiffCF10 3ATUK
| | - Duncan L. Browne
- School of ChemistryCardiff UniversityMain Building, Park PlaceCardiffCF10 3ATUK
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37
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Laudadio G, Barmpoutsis E, Schotten C, Struik L, Govaerts S, Browne DL, Noël T. Sulfonamide Synthesis through Electrochemical Oxidative Coupling of Amines and Thiols. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:5664-5668. [PMID: 30905146 PMCID: PMC6581424 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b02266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
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Sulfonamides are
key motifs in pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals,
spurring the continuous development of novel and efficient synthetic
methods to access these functional groups. Herein, we report an environmentally
benign electrochemical method which enables the oxidative coupling
between thiols and amines, two readily available and inexpensive commodity
chemicals. The transformation is completely driven by electricity,
does not require any sacrificial reagent or additional catalysts and
can be carried out in only 5 min. Hydrogen is formed as a benign byproduct
at the counter electrode. Owing to the mild reaction conditions, the
reaction displays a broad substrate scope and functional group compatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Laudadio
- Micro Flow Chemistry and Synthetic Methodology, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry , Eindhoven University of Technology , Het Kranenveld, Bldg 14 - Helix , 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| | - Efstathios Barmpoutsis
- Micro Flow Chemistry and Synthetic Methodology, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry , Eindhoven University of Technology , Het Kranenveld, Bldg 14 - Helix , 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| | - Christiane Schotten
- Micro Flow Chemistry and Synthetic Methodology, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry , Eindhoven University of Technology , Het Kranenveld, Bldg 14 - Helix , 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands.,School of Chemistry , Cardiff University , Main Building, Park Place , Cardiff CF10 3 AT , United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Struik
- Micro Flow Chemistry and Synthetic Methodology, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry , Eindhoven University of Technology , Het Kranenveld, Bldg 14 - Helix , 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Govaerts
- Micro Flow Chemistry and Synthetic Methodology, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry , Eindhoven University of Technology , Het Kranenveld, Bldg 14 - Helix , 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| | - Duncan L Browne
- School of Chemistry , Cardiff University , Main Building, Park Place , Cardiff CF10 3 AT , United Kingdom
| | - Timothy Noël
- Micro Flow Chemistry and Synthetic Methodology, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry , Eindhoven University of Technology , Het Kranenveld, Bldg 14 - Helix , 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands
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38
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Abstract
An operationally simple mechanochemical method for the Pd catalysed Buchwald-Hartwig amination of arylhalides with secondary amines has been developed using a Pd PEPPSI catalyst system. The system is demonstrated on 30 substrates and applied in the context of a target synthesis. Furthermore, the performance of the reaction under aerobic conditions has been probed under traditional solution and mechanochemical conditions, the observations are discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Cao
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3EQ, UK.
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39
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Abstract
The generation and use of acyl ketenes under continuous flow reaction conditions is reported. Several reaction classes of these reactive intermediates have been studied. Under zero headspace conditions, a ketone exchange process is possible between volatile ketones. The process can be readily scaled to deliver gram quantities of product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan Galaverna
- School of Chemistry
- Cardiff University
- Cardiff CF10 3AT
- UK
- Institute of Chemistry
| | - Tom McBride
- School of Chemistry
- Cardiff University
- Cardiff CF10 3AT
- UK
| | - Julio C. Pastre
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of Campinas - UNICAMP
- Campinas
- Brazil
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40
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Galaverna R, Fernandes LP, Browne DL, Pastre JC. Continuous flow processing as a tool for the generation of terpene-derived monomer libraries. REACT CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8re00237a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A Diels–Alder reaction employing terpenes for rapid synthesis of monomer libraries under flow conditions is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan Galaverna
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of Campinas – UNICAMP
- Campinas
- Brazil
| | | | | | - Julio C. Pastre
- Institute of Chemistry
- University of Campinas – UNICAMP
- Campinas
- Brazil
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41
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Carden JL, Gierlichs LJ, Wass DF, Browne DL, Melen RL. Unlocking the catalytic potential of tris(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)borane with microwave irradiation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:318-321. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc09459d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The catalytic activity of tris(3,4,5-trifluorophenyl)borane has been explored in the 1,2-hydroboration reactions of unsaturated substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L. Carden
- School of Chemistry
- Cardiff University
- Main Building
- Park Place
- Cardiff
| | | | - Duncan F. Wass
- School of Chemistry
- Cardiff University
- Main Building
- Park Place
- Cardiff
| | - Duncan L. Browne
- School of Chemistry
- Cardiff University
- Main Building
- Park Place
- Cardiff
| | - Rebecca L. Melen
- School of Chemistry
- Cardiff University
- Main Building
- Park Place
- Cardiff
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42
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Abstract
A reaction manifold has been discovered in which the chemoselectivity can be altered by switching between neat milling and liquid assisted grinding (LAG) with polar additives. After investigation of the reaction mechanism, it has been established that this switching in reaction pathway is due to the neat mechanochemical conditions exhibiting different kinetics for a key step in the transformation. This proof of concept study demonstrates that mechanochemistry can be used to trap the kinetic product of a reaction. It is envisaged that, if this concept can be successfully applied to other transformations, novel synthetic processes could be discovered and known reaction pathways perturbed or diverted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L Howard
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3EQ, UK
| | - Michael C Brand
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3EQ, UK
| | - Duncan L Browne
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3EQ, UK
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43
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L. Howard
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3EQ UK
| | - Michael C. Brand
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3EQ UK
| | - Duncan L. Browne
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3EQ UK
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44
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Schotten C, Howard JL, Jenkins RL, Codina A, Browne DL. A continuous flow-batch hybrid reactor for commodity chemical synthesis enabled by inline NMR and temperature monitoring. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.05.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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45
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Abstract
A form independent activation of zinc, concomitant generation of organozinc species and engagement in a Negishi cross-coupling reaction via mechanochemical methods is reported. The reported method exhibits a broad substrate scope for both C(sp3 )-C(sp2 ) and C(sp2 )-C(sp2 ) couplings and is tolerant to many important functional groups. The method may offer broad reaching opportunities for the in situ generation organometallic compounds from base metals and their concomitant engagement in synthetic reactions via mechanochemical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Cao
- School of ChemistryCardiff UniversityMain Building, Park PlaceCardiffCF10 3EQUK
| | - Joseph L. Howard
- School of ChemistryCardiff UniversityMain Building, Park PlaceCardiffCF10 3EQUK
| | - Emilie Wheatley
- School of ChemistryCardiff UniversityMain Building, Park PlaceCardiffCF10 3EQUK
| | - Duncan L. Browne
- School of ChemistryCardiff UniversityMain Building, Park PlaceCardiffCF10 3EQUK
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46
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Cao
- School of Chemistry; Cardiff University; Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3EQ UK
| | - Joseph L. Howard
- School of Chemistry; Cardiff University; Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3EQ UK
| | - Emilie Wheatley
- School of Chemistry; Cardiff University; Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3EQ UK
| | - Duncan L. Browne
- School of Chemistry; Cardiff University; Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3EQ UK
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47
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48
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Howard JL, Cao Q, Browne DL. Mechanochemistry as an emerging tool for molecular synthesis: what can it offer? Chem Sci 2018; 9:3080-3094. [PMID: 29780455 PMCID: PMC5933221 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc05371a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 386] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanochemistry is becoming more widespread as a technique for molecular synthesis with new mechanochemical reactions being discovered at increasing frequency. Whilst mechanochemical methods are solvent free and can therefore lead to improved sustainability metrics, it is more likely that the significant differences between reaction outcomes, reaction selectivities and reduced reaction times will make it a technique of interest to synthetic chemists. Herein, we provide an overview of mechanochemistry reaction examples, with 'direct' comparators to solvent based reactions, which collectively seemingly show that solid state grinding can lead to reduced reaction times, different reaction outcomes in product selectivity and in some instances different reaction products, including products not accessible in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L Howard
- School of Chemistry , Cardiff University , Main Building, Park Place , Cardiff , CF10 3AT , UK .
| | - Qun Cao
- School of Chemistry , Cardiff University , Main Building, Park Place , Cardiff , CF10 3AT , UK .
| | - Duncan L Browne
- School of Chemistry , Cardiff University , Main Building, Park Place , Cardiff , CF10 3AT , UK .
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49
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Schotten C, Leist LGT, Semrau AL, Browne DL. A machine-assisted approach for the preparation of follow-on pharmaceutical compound libraries. REACT CHEM ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8re00010g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Coupling of a continuous flow process to a robotic microwave device has led to a simple platform for the preparation of compound libraries, specifically the anti-migraine compound Zolmitriptan and several unknown analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - A. Lisa Semrau
- School of Chemistry
- Cardiff University Main Building
- Cardiff
- UK
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50
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Jürgens S, Scalcon V, Estrada-Ortiz N, Folda A, Tonolo F, Jandl C, Browne DL, Rigobello MP, Kühn FE, Casini A. Exploring the C^N^C theme: Synthesis and biological properties of tridentate cyclometalated gold(III) complexes. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:5452-5460. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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