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Sarkar D, Vasko P, Roper AF, Crumpton AE, Roy MMD, Griffin LP, Bogle C, Aldridge S. Reversible [4 + 1] Cycloaddition of Arenes by a "Naked" Acyclic Aluminyl Compound. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 38626444 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
The large steric profile of the N-heterocyclic boryloxy ligand, -OB(NDippCH)2, and its ability to stabilize the metal-centered HOMO, are exploited in the synthesis of the first example of a "naked" acyclic aluminyl complex, [K(2.2.2-crypt)][Al{OB(NDippCH)2}2]. This system, which is formed by substitution at AlI (rather than reduction of AlIII), represents the first O-ligated aluminyl compound and is shown to be capable of hitherto unprecedented reversible single-site [4 + 1] cycloaddition of benzene. This chemistry and the unusual regioselectivity of the related cycloaddition of anthracene are shown to be highly dependent on the availability (or otherwise) of the K+ countercation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debotra Sarkar
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Petra Vasko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A.I. Virtasen Aukio 1, P.O. Box 55, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Aisling F Roper
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Agamemnon E Crumpton
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Matthew M D Roy
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Liam P Griffin
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Charlotte Bogle
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
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Griffin LP, Ellwanger MA, Crumpton AE, Roy MMD, Heilmann A, Aldridge S. Mercury-Group 13 Metal Covalent Bonds: A Systematic Comparison of Aluminyl, Gallyl and Indyl Metallo-ligands. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202404527. [PMID: 38545953 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Bimetallic compounds containing direct metal-group 13 element bonds have been shown to display unprecedented patterns of cooperative reactivity towards small molecules, which can be influenced by the identity of the group 13 element. In this context, we present here a systematic appraisal of group 13 metallo-ligands of the type [(NON)E]- (NON=4,5-bis(2,6-diisopropylanilido)-2,7-di-tert-butyl-9,9-dimethylxanthene) for E=Al, Ga and In, through a comparison of structural and spectroscopic parameters associated with the trans L or X ligands in linear d10 complexes of the types LM{E(NON)} and XM'{E(NON)}. These studies are facilitated by convenient syntheses (from the In(I) precursor, InCp) of the potassium indyl species [{K(NON)In}⋅KCp]n (1) and [(18-crown-6)2K2Cp] [(NON)In] (1'), and lead to the first structural characterisation of Ag-In and Hg-E (E=Al, In) covalent bonds. The resulting structural, spectroscopic and quantum chemical probes of Ag/Hg complexes are consistent with markedly stronger σ-donor capabilities of the aluminyl ligand, [(NON)Al]-, over its gallium and indium counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam P Griffin
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Mathias A Ellwanger
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Agamemnon E Crumpton
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Matthew M D Roy
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Andreas Heilmann
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
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Griffin LP, Ellwanger MA, Clark J, Myers WK, Roper AF, Heilmann A, Aldridge S. Bis(Aluminyl)Magnesium: a Source of Nucleophilic or Radical Aluminium-Centred Reactivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202405053. [PMID: 38536728 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202405053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
The homoleptic magnesium bis(aluminyl) compound Mg[Al(NON)]2 (NON=4,5-bis(2,6-diisopropylanilido)-2,7-di-tert-butyl-9,9-dimethylxanthene) can be accessed from K2[Al(NON)]2 and MgI2 and shown to possess a non-linear geometry (∠Al-Mg-Al=164.8(1)°) primarily due to the influence of dispersion interactions. This compound acts a four-electron reservoir in the reductive de-fluorination of SF6, and reacts thermally with polar substrates such as MeI via nucleophilic attack through aluminium, consistent with the QT-AIM charges calculated for the metal centres, and a formal description as a Al(I)-Mg(II)-Al(I) trimetallic. On the other hand, under photolytic activation, the reaction with 1,5-cyclooctadiene leads to the stereo-selective generation of transannular cycloaddition products consistent with radical based chemistry, emphasizing the covalent nature of the Mg-Al bonds and a description as a Al(II)-Mg(0)-Al(II) synthon. Consistently, photolysis of Mg[Al(NON)]2 in hexane in the absence of COD generates [Al(NON)]2 together with magnesium metal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam P Griffin
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Mathias A Ellwanger
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Jonathon Clark
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - William K Myers
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Aisling F Roper
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Andreas Heilmann
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
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Wang Y, Crumpton AE, Ellwanger MA, McManus C, Aldridge S. Boryl Ancillary Ligands: Influencing Stability and Reactivity of Amidinato-Silanone and Germanone Systems in Ammonia Activation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202402795. [PMID: 38465783 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202402795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
While the nucleophilic addition of ammonia to ketones is an archetypal reaction in classical organic chemistry, the reactivity of heavier group 14 carbonyl analogues (R2E=O; E=Si, Ge, Sn, or Pb) with NH3 remains sparsely investigated, primarily due to the synthetic difficulties in accessing heavier ketone congeners. Herein, we present a room-temperature stable boryl-substituted amidinato-silanone {(HCDippN)2B}{PhC(tBuN)2}Si=O (Dipp=2,6-iPr2C6H3) (together with its germanone analogue), formed from the corresponding silylene under a N2O atmosphere. This system reacts cleanly with ammonia in 1,2-fashion to give an isolable sila-hemiaminal complex {(HCDippN)2B}{PhC(tBuN)2}Si(OH)(NH2). Quantum chemical calculations reveal that the formation of this sila-hemiaminal is crucially dependent on the nature of the ancillary ligand scaffold. It is facilitated thermodynamically by the hemi-lability of the amidinate ligand (which allows for the formation of an energetically critical intramolecular N⋅⋅⋅HO hydrogen bond within the product) and is enabled mech-anistically by a process in which the silanone initially acts in umpolung fashion as a base (rather than an acid), due to the strongly electron-releasing and sterically bulky nature of the ancillary boryl ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwen Wang
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou, 310024, P. R. China
| | - Agamemnon E Crumpton
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Mathias A Ellwanger
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Caitilín McManus
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
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Heilmann A, Saddington AM, Goicoechea JM, Aldridge S. Aluminium and Gallium Silylimides as Nitride Sources. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302512. [PMID: 37604785 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Terminal aluminium and gallium imides of the type K[(NON)M(NR)], bearing heteroatom substituents at R, have been synthesised via reactions of anionic aluminium(I) and gallium(I) reagents with silyl and boryl azides (NON=4,5-bis(2,6-diisopropyl-anilido)-2,7-di-tert-butyl-9,9-dimethyl-xanthene). These systems vary significantly in their lability in solution: the N(Sii Pr3 ) and N(Boryl) complexes are very labile, on account of the high basicity at nitrogen. Phenylsilylimido derivatives provide greater stabilization through the π-acceptor capabilities of the SiR3 group. K[(NON)AlN(Sit BuPh2 )] offers a workable compromise between stability and solubility, and has been completely characterized by spectroscopic, analytical and crystallographic methods. The silylimide species examined feature minimal π-bonding between the imide ligand and aluminium/gallium, with the HOMO and HOMO-1 orbitals effectively comprising orthogonal lone pairs centred at N. Reactivity-wise, both aluminium and gallium silylimides can act as viable sources of nitride, [N]3- , with systems derived from either metal reacting with CO to afford cyanide complexes. By contrast, only the gallium system K[(NON)Ga{N(SiPh3 )}] is capable of effecting a similar transformation with N2 O to yield azide, N3 - , via formal oxide/nitride metathesis. The aluminium systems instead generate RN3 via transfer of the imide fragment [RN]2- .
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Heilmann
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Artemis M Saddington
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Jose M Goicoechea
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
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Zheng X, Crumpton AE, Ellwanger MA, Aldridge S. A planar per-borylated digermene. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:16591-16595. [PMID: 37961827 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03416j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
A tetraboryl digermene synthesized by the reaction between a dianionic digermanide nucleophile and a boron halide electrophile is dimeric both in the solid state and in hydrocarbon solution. It features both a planar 'alkene-like' geometry for the Ge2B4 core, and an exceptionally short GeGe double bond. These structural features are consistent with the known electronic properties of the boryl group, and with lowest energy (in silico) fragmentation into two triplet bis(boryl)germylene fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongfei Zheng
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
| | - Agamemnon E Crumpton
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
| | - Mathias A Ellwanger
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
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7
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Patel C, André-Joyaux E, Leitch JA, de Irujo-Labalde XM, Ibba F, Struijs J, Ellwanger MA, Paton R, Browne DL, Pupo G, Aldridge S, Hayward MA, Gouverneur V. Fluorochemicals from fluorspar via a phosphate-enabled mechanochemical process that bypasses HF. Science 2023; 381:302-306. [PMID: 37471551 DOI: 10.1126/science.adi1557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
All fluorochemicals-including elemental fluorine and nucleophilic, electrophilic, and radical fluorinating reagents-are prepared from hydrogen fluoride (HF). This highly toxic and corrosive gas is produced by the reaction of acid-grade fluorspar (>97% CaF2) with sulfuric acid under harsh conditions. The use of fluorspar to produce fluorochemicals via a process that bypasses HF is highly desirable but remains an unsolved problem because of the prohibitive insolubility of CaF2. Inspired by calcium phosphate biomineralization, we herein disclose a protocol of treating acid-grade fluorspar with dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (K2HPO4) under mechanochemical conditions. The process affords a solid composed of crystalline K3(HPO4)F and K2-xCay(PO3F)a(PO4)b, which is found suitable for forging sulfur-fluorine and carbon-fluorine bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calum Patel
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Emy André-Joyaux
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Jamie A Leitch
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, University College London School of Pharmacy, London W1CN 1AX, UK
- FluoRok Ltd., Begbroke Science Park, Begbroke Hill, Woodstock Road, Begbroke OX5 1PF, UK
| | | | - Francesco Ibba
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
- FluoRok Ltd., Begbroke Science Park, Begbroke Hill, Woodstock Road, Begbroke OX5 1PF, UK
| | - Job Struijs
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | | | - Robert Paton
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80528, USA
| | - Duncan L Browne
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, University College London School of Pharmacy, London W1CN 1AX, UK
| | - Gabriele Pupo
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
- FluoRok Ltd., Begbroke Science Park, Begbroke Hill, Woodstock Road, Begbroke OX5 1PF, UK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Michael A Hayward
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QR, UK
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Boronski JT, Crumpton AE, Wales LL, Aldridge S. Diberyllocene, a stable compound of Be(I) with a Be-Be bond. Science 2023; 380:1147-1149. [PMID: 37319227 DOI: 10.1126/science.adh4419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The complex diberyllocene, CpBeBeCp (Cp, cyclopentadienyl anion), has been the subject of numerous chemical investigations over the past five decades yet has eluded experimental characterization. We report the preparation and isolation of the compound by the reduction of beryllocene (BeCp2) with a dimeric magnesium(I) complex and determination of its structure in the solid state by means of x-ray crystallography. Diberyllocene acts as a reductant in reactions that form beryllium-aluminum and beryllium-zinc bonds. Quantum chemical calculations indicate parallels between the electronic structure of diberyllocene and the simple homodiatomic species diberyllium (Be2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef T Boronski
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | | | - Lewis L Wales
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
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Caise A, Hicks J, Heilmann A, Aldridge S. Redox flexibility in a germanium hydride manifold: hydrogen shuttling via oxidative addition and reductive elimination. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023. [PMID: 37222547 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc01411h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of a trimetallic mixed-valence Ge(I)/Ge(II)/Ge(III) trihydride, which presents a structural novel motif among systems of the type (XMH)n (M = group 14 metal). In terms of reactivity (ArNiPr2)GeGe(ArNiPr2)(H)Ge(ArNiPr2)(H)2 can act as a source of both the Ge(II) and Ge(IV) hydrides via Ge-H reductive elimination from the central metal centre involving two different regiochemistries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Caise
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
| | - Jamie Hicks
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
| | - Andreas Heilmann
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
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Zheng X, Crumpton AE, Protchenko AV, Ellwanger MA, Heilmann A, Aldridge S. Synthesis of Homo-Metallic Heavier Analogues of Cyclobutene and the Cyclobutadiene Dianion. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202300006. [PMID: 36594576 PMCID: PMC10947146 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202300006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The reduction of the boryl-substituted SnII bromide {(HCDippN)2 B}Sn(IPrMe)Br with 1.5 equivalents of potassium graphite leads to the generation of the cyclic tetratin tetraboryl system K2 [Sn4 {B(NDippCH)2 }4 ], a homo-metallic heavier analogue of the cyclobutadiene dianion. This system is non-aromatic as determined by Nucleus Independent Chemical Shift Calculations (NICS(0)=-0.28, NICS(1)=-3.17), with the primary contributing resonance structures shown by Natural Resonance Theory (NRT) to involve a Sn=Sn double bond and 1,2-localized negative charges. Abstraction of the K+ cations or oxidation leads to contraction or cleavage of the Sn4 unit, respectively, while protonation generates the neutral dihydride 1,2-Sn4 {B(NDippCH)2 }4 H2 (a heavier homologue of cyclobutene) in a manner consistent with the predicted charge distribution in the [Sn4 {B(NDippCH)2 }4 ]2- dianion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongfei Zheng
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOX1 3QROxfordUK
| | - Agamemnon E. Crumpton
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOX1 3QROxfordUK
| | - Andrey V. Protchenko
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOX1 3QROxfordUK
| | - Mathias A. Ellwanger
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOX1 3QROxfordUK
| | - Andreas Heilmann
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOX1 3QROxfordUK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOX1 3QROxfordUK
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Guo Y, Zulkifly I, Sodermann J, Protchenko A, Kolychev E, Fuentes MÁ, Aldridge S. Torsional Control of Frustrated Lewis Pair Behaviour Involving PNP‐type Phosphines. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.202300016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Guo
- University of Oxford Chemistry UNITED KINGDOM
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Simon Aldridge
- University of Oxford Chemistry Inorganic Chemistry LaboratorySouth Parks Road SN77RR Oxford UNITED KINGDOM
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12
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Zheng X, Crumpton AE, Protchenko AV, Heilmann A, Ellwanger MA, Aldridge S. Disproportionation and Ligand Lability in Low Oxidation State Boryl-Tin Chemistry. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203395. [PMID: 36399407 PMCID: PMC10947314 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Boryltin compounds featuring the metal in the+1 or 0 oxidation states can be synthesized from the carbene-stabilized tin(II) bromide (boryl)Sn(NHC)Br (boryl={B(NDippCH)2 }; NHC=C{(Ni PrCMe)2 }) by the use of strong reducing agents. The formation of the mono-carbene stabilized distannyne and donor-free distannide systems (boryl)SnSn(IPrMe)(boryl) (2) and K2 [Sn2 (boryl)2 ] (3), using Mg(I) and K reducing agents mirrors related germanium chemistry. In contrast to their lighter congeners, however, systems of the type [Sn(boryl)]n are unstable with respect to disproportionation. Carbene abstraction from 2 using BPh3 , and two-electron oxidation of 3 both result in the formation of a 2 : 1 mixture of the Sn(II) compound Sn(boryl)2 , and the hexatin cluster, Sn6 (boryl)4 (4). A viable mechanism for this rearrangement is shown by quantum chemical studies to involve a vinylidene intermediate (analogous to the isolable germanium compound, (boryl)2 Ge=Ge), which undergoes facile atom transfer to generate Sn(boryl)2 and trinuclear [Sn3 (boryl)2 ]. The latter then dimerizes to give the observed hexametallic product 4, with independent studies showing that similar trigermanium species aggregate in analogous fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongfei Zheng
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK
| | - Agamemnon E. Crumpton
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK
| | - Andrey V. Protchenko
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK
| | - Andreas Heilmann
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK
| | - Mathias A. Ellwanger
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK
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13
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Boronski JT, Thomas-Hargreaves LR, Ellwanger MA, Crumpton AE, Hicks J, Bekiş DF, Aldridge S, Buchner MR. Inducing Nucleophilic Reactivity at Beryllium with an Aluminyl Ligand. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:4408-4413. [PMID: 36786728 PMCID: PMC9983009 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c00480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
The reactions of anionic aluminium or gallium nucleophiles {K[E(NON)]}2 (E = Al, 1; Ga, 2; NON = 4,5-bis(2,6-diisopropylanilido)-2,7-ditert-butyl-9,9-dimethylxanthene) with beryllocene (BeCp2) led to the displacement of one cyclopentadienyl ligand at beryllium and the formation of compounds containing Be-Al or Be-Ga bonds (NON)EBeCp (E = Al, 3; Ga, 4). The Be-Al bond in the beryllium-aluminyl complex [2.310(4) Å] is much shorter than that found in the small number of previous examples [2.368(2) to 2.432(6) Å], and quantum chemical calculations suggest the existence of a non-nuclear attractor (NNA) for the Be-Al interaction. This represents the first example of a NNA for a heteroatomic interaction in an isolated molecular complex. As a result of this unusual electronic structure and the similarity in the Pauling electronegativities of beryllium and aluminium, the charge at the beryllium center (+1.39) in 3 is calculated to be less positive than that of the aluminium center (+1.88). This calculated charge distribution suggests the possibility for nucleophilic behavior at beryllium and correlates with the observed reactivity of the beryllium-aluminyl complex with N,N'-diisopropylcarbodiimide─the electrophilic carbon center of the carbodiimide undergoes nucleophilic attack by beryllium, thereby yielding a beryllium-diaminocarbene complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef T. Boronski
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom;,
| | | | - Mathias A. Ellwanger
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom;
| | - Agamemnon E. Crumpton
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom;
| | - Jamie Hicks
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom;
| | - Deniz F. Bekiş
- Fachbereich
Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg 35037, Germany
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom;,
| | - Magnus R. Buchner
- Fachbereich
Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg 35037, Germany,
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14
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Heilmann A, Vasko P, Hicks J, Goicoechea JM, Aldridge S. An Aluminium Imide as a Transfer Agent for the [NR] 2- Function via Metathesis Chemistry. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202300018. [PMID: 36602941 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202300018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The reactions of a terminal aluminium imide with a range of oxygen-containing substrates have been probed with a view to developing its use as a novel main group transfer agent for the [NR]2- fragment. We demonstrate transfer of the imide moiety to [N2 ], [CO] and [Ph(H)C] units driven thermodynamically by Al-O bond formation. N2 O reacts rapidly to generate the organoazide DippN3 (Dipp=2,6-i Pr2 C6 H3 ), while CO2 (under dilute reaction conditions) yields the corresponding isocyanate, DippNCO. Mechanistic studies, using both experimental and quantum chemical techniques, identify a carbamate complex K2 [(NON)Al-{κ2 -(N,O)-N(Dipp)CO2 }]2 (formed via [2+2] cycloaddition) as an intermediate in the formation of DippNCO, and also in an alternative reaction leading to the generation of the amino-dicarboxylate complex K2 [(NON)Al{κ2 -(O,O')-(O2 C)2 N-(Dipp)}] (via the take-up of a second equivalent of CO2 ). In the case of benzaldehyde, a similar [2+2] cycloaddition process generates the metallacyclic hemi-aminal complex, Kn [(NON)Al{κ2 -(N,O)-(N(Dipp)C(Ph)(H)O}]n . Extrusion of the imine, PhC(H)NDipp, via cyclo-reversion is disfavoured thermally, due to the high energy of the putative aluminium oxide co-product, K2 [(NON)Al(O)]2 . However, addition of CO2 allows the imine to be released, driven by the formation of the thermodynamically more stable aluminium carbonate co-product, K2 [(NON)Al(κ2 -(O,O')-CO3 )]2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Heilmann
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Petra Vasko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A. I. Virtasen Aukio 1, PO Box 55, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jamie Hicks
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Jose M Goicoechea
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
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15
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Fischer M, Roy MMD, Wales LL, Ellwanger MA, McManus C, Roper AF, Heilmann A, Aldridge S. Taming Heavier Group 14 Imine Analogues: Accessing Tin Nitrogen [Sn=N] Double Bonds and their Cycloaddition/Metathesis Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202211616. [PMID: 36161749 PMCID: PMC9828258 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202211616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A systematic study to access stable stannaimines is reported, by combining different heteroleptic stannylenes with a range of organic azides. The reactions of terphenyl-/hypersilyl-substituted stannylenes yield the putative tin nitrogen double bond, but is directly followed by 1,2-silyl migration to give SnII systems featuring bulky silylamido ligands. By contrast, the transition from a two σ donor ligand set to a mixed σ-donor/π-donor scaffold allows access to three new stannaimines which can be handled at room temperature. The reactivity profile of these Sn=N bonded species is crucially dependent on the substituent at the nitrogen atom. As such, the Sn=NMes (Mes=2,4,6-Me3 C6 H2 ) system is capable of activating a broad range of substrates under ambient conditions via 1,2-addition reactions, [2+2] and [4+2] cycloaddition reactions. Most interestingly, very rare examples of main group multiple bond metathesis reactions are also found to be viable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte Fischer
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK
| | - Matthew M. D. Roy
- Department of ChemistryCatalysis Research Center and Institute for Silicon ChemistryTechnische Universität München85748Garching bei MünchenGermany
| | - Lewis. L. Wales
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK
| | - Mathias A. Ellwanger
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK
| | - Caitilin McManus
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK
| | - Aisling F. Roper
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK
| | - Andreas Heilmann
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK
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16
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Booth AC, Vasko P, Fuentes MÁ, Cornelissen B, Faulkner S, Aldridge S. Boronic ester functionalised 1,8-diboryl-naphthalene scaffolds: fluoride versus oxide chelation. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:15783-15791. [PMID: 36189491 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt02888c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
1,8-Bis(boronic ester) derivatives of naphthalene, 1,8-C10H6{B(OR)2}2, present an attractive target as receptors for the fluoride ion via B-F-B chelation, but are synthetically challenging to access due to the competing formation of a very stable anhydride containing a B-O-B motif. By contrast, unsymmetrical systems of the type 1,8-C10H6{B(OR)2}(BR'2) can be synthesized for (OR)2 = 1,2-O2C6H4 (i.e. Cat) and R' = Mes. This system is shown to be competent for the uptake of F-, making use of a chelating mode of action and the formation of a bridging B-F-B motif between the two boron centres. However, both experimental and quantum chemical studies indicate that the μ2-F adduct is the kinetic product of fluoride uptake, with an alternative structural motif featuring a terminal B-F bond and a B-O-B bridge using one of the catechol oxygens being (marginally) more favourable thermodynamically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Booth
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
| | - Petra Vasko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, PO Box 55, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M Ángeles Fuentes
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
| | - Bart Cornelissen
- Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephen Faulkner
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
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17
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Lyons RA, Schmidt AE, Aldridge S, Mathis-Edenhofer S, Estupiñán-Romero F, Thissen M, Gissler M, Palmieri L, Majek O. Impact of COVID-19 on hospitalisation for diverse conditions in European countries. Eur J Public Health 2022. [PMCID: PMC9594716 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckac129.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The COVID-19 pandemic has had an unprecedented impact on Europe. Health systems came under strain, with non-urgent treatments postponed and resources reserved for treatment of COVID-19 patients. Delayed care seeking has been reported, for fear of infection with SARS-CoV2. Yet, the scale of this impact remains under researched. This study aims to compare indirect effects of the pandemic in a European cross-country study aiming to highlight the potential of Population Health Information Research Infrastructures (www.phiri.eu). Methods Focusing on (i) major vascular events (MVE) and (ii) elective surgery for joint replacements (ESJR) as well as (iii) serious trauma this study analyses individual level hospital data in a standardised harmonised data model. We compared pre-pandemic incidence rates (2018-2019) with rates for 2020 and 2021. Analyses are systematically contrasted with SARS CoV2 incidence rates, and policy measures taken based on the OxCGRT index. Results A drop in hospital discharge rates was observed during the pandemic in all countries but differing by condition and month. Socio-economic differences also varied by condition. Our evidence suggests that periods of more severe policy measures also correlated with more dramatic drops in regular hospital activities. Conclusions Our findings provide new insights on the dramatic level of de-prioritisation of essential services faced by non-COVID-19 patients in Europe. From a public health perspective, hospital escalation plans should be developed early on to avoid negative mid and long-term health and financial consequences of indirect effects. The study demonstrates the tremendous potential in exploiting health information systems in a systematic way across countries and the value of the PHIRI system. Further research should investigate policy trade-offs involved in severe lockdown measures during a pandemic and variations in health service resilience for future pandemic preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- RA Lyons
- Population Data Science, Swansea University Medical School , Swansea, UK
| | - AE Schmidt
- Competence Centre for Climate and Health, Austrian National Public Health Institute , Vienna, Austria
| | - S Aldridge
- Population Data Science, Swansea University Medical School , Swansea, UK
| | - S Mathis-Edenhofer
- Health Care Planning and System Development, Austrian National Public Health Institute , Vienna, Austria
| | | | - M Thissen
- Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute , Berlin, Germany
| | - M Gissler
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare , Helsinki, Finland
- Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L Palmieri
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Rome, Italy
| | - O Majek
- Institute of Health Information and Statistic , Prague, Czechia
- Institute of Biostatistics and Analyses, Masaryk University , Brno, Czechia
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18
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Rodríguez-Blázquez C, Aldridge S, Bernal-Delgado E, Dolanski-Aghamanoukjan L, Estupiñán-Romero F, Garriga C, Gissler M, Lyons RA, Sagerschnig S, Tolonen H. Monitoring COVID-19 related changes in population mental health. Eur J Public Health 2022. [PMCID: PMC9594452 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckac129.276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The COVID-19 pandemic, and its consequences in terms of control measures and restrictions to normal life, has affected the population mental health. One of the four case studies from the Population Health Information Research Infrastructure (PHIRI) for COVID-19 is focused on mental health with the objective to measure changes in incidence of mental health problems associated with the COVID-19 pandemic in several European countries. Methods Using electronic health records (EHR), data on new episodes of depression or anxiety, prescription of antidepressants and anxiolytics, and visits to primary care, specialized care or emergency units with an episode of depression/anxiety, were collected by participant data hubs at national/regional level for the period 2017-2021. A common data model to collect the data was defined for all participating data hubs and analysis of status prior and during the COVID-19 pandemic was performed using R. Results Data hubs from Austria, Finland, Spain (Aragon), and United Kingdom (Wales) were able to provide aggregated results from raw individual-level data. Preliminary analysis of trends suggests a decrease in new cases of depression and anxiety in the pandemic period (2020-2021) in comparison with previous years. Different trends were observed between data hubs regarding prescription of drugs and the number of primary/specialized care visits due to depression or anxiety. Issues in the access to data in some of the participating data hubs were observed, related to ethical and legal matters, and the lack of centralized registers and of private consultations statistics. Conclusions The results of this use case show that EHR for the secondary use can be retrieved in a common way across Europe to analyse and compare the impact of COVID-19 in population mental health in European countries. However, the process is more complicated and time consuming than expected.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - S Aldridge
- Population Data Science, Swansea University Medical School , Swansea, UK
| | | | | | | | - C Garriga
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid, Spain
| | - M Gissler
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare , Helsinki, Finland
- Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - RA Lyons
- Population Data Science, Swansea University Medical School , Swansea, UK
| | - S Sagerschnig
- National Public Health Institute Austria n , Vienna, Austria
| | - H Tolonen
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare , Helsinki, Finland
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19
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Estupiñán-Romero F, González-Galindo J, Martínez-Lizaga N, González-García J, Derycke P, Aldridge S, Faragalli A, Raimundo Maia M, Zile I, Bernal-Delgado E. Was there any delay in the treatment of breast cancer patients because of the COVID-19 stringency measures? Eur J Public Health 2022. [PMCID: PMC9594653 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckac129.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Healthcare systems across Europe reorganized services to provide attention to COVID-19 patients. In the event of the surge of cases, countries were forced to cancel or postpone non-urgent care. The objective of this work is to investigate whether there were time-to-treatment delays in breast cancer due to April-May 2020 restrictions, and whether the delays were permanent and different across countries. Methods Design: Quasi-experimental pre-post study with a historical control. Population: Virtually the universe of breast cancer patients receiving elective surgery, radiotherapy, hormonal therapy or chemotherapy since January 2017 (until December 2021) in the participant regions - Belgium, Marché (IT), Riga (LV), Portugal, Wales, and Aragon (ES). The main endpoint is the change in the median time-to-treatment before and after an empirical joint-point. The study variables are detailed here https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5148022. Analysis: Distributed generalized additive models using https://cran.r-project.org/package=mgcv. Results Preliminary results show that the impact in March-April 2020 time-to-treatment evolved differently across countries. For instance, while the median time from diagnosis to surgery, as the first treatment, increased from approximately 39 days (2018-2019) to more than 45 days (2020-2021) in Wales, in the Marche region (IT) the median time decreased from 52 days in 2017-2019 to 47 days in 2020. Complete analyses for the rest of the participant countries are currently undergoing. Conclusions We have observed differences in time to treatment in women with breast cancer across countries; however, the magnitude and direction of the effect has been uneven across countries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - S Aldridge
- Population Data Science, Swansea University Medical School , Swansea, UK
| | - A Faragalli
- Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Marche Polytechnic University , Ancona, Italy
| | | | - I Zile
- Center for Disease Prevention and Control , Riga, Latvia
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20
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Fischer M, Roy M, Wales L, Ellwanger M, McManus C, Roper A, Heilmann A, Aldridge S. Taming Heavier Group 14 Imine Analogues: Accessing Tin Nitrogen [Sn=N] Double Bonds and their Cycloaddition/Metathesis Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202211616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew Roy
- TU Munich: Technische Universitat Munchen Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Lewis Wales
- University of Oxford Chemistry UNITED KINGDOM
| | | | | | | | | | - Simon Aldridge
- University of Oxford Chemistry Inorganic Chemistry LaboratorySouth Parks Road SN77RR Oxford UNITED KINGDOM
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21
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Heilmann A, Roy MMD, Crumpton AE, Griffin LP, Hicks J, Goicoechea JM, Aldridge S. Coordination and Homologation of CO at Al(I): Mechanism and Chain Growth, Branching, Isomerization, and Reduction. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:12942-12953. [PMID: 35786888 PMCID: PMC9348839 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c05228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Homologation of carbon
monoxide is central to the heterogeneous
Fischer–Tropsch process for the production of hydrocarbon fuels.
C–C bond formation has been modeled by homogeneous systems,
with [CnOn]2– fragments (n = 2–6)
formed by two-electron reduction being commonly encountered. Here,
we show that four- or six-electron reduction of CO can be accomplished
by the use of anionic aluminum(I) (“aluminyl”) compounds
to give both topologically linear and branched C4/C6 chains. We show that the mechanism for homologation relies
on the highly electron-rich nature of the aluminyl reagent and on
an unusual mode of interaction of the CO molecule, which behaves primarily
as a Z-type ligand in initial adduct formation. The formation of [C6O6]4– from [C4O4]4– shows for the first time a solution-phase
CO homologation process that brings about chain branching via complete
C–O bond cleavage, while a comparison of the linear [C4O4]4– system with the [C4O4]6– congener formed under more
reducing conditions models the net conversion of C–O bonds
to C–C bonds in the presence of additional reductants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Heilmann
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Matthew M D Roy
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Agamemnon E Crumpton
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Liam P Griffin
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Jamie Hicks
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Jose M Goicoechea
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
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22
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Fischer M, Roy MMD, Wales LL, Ellwanger MA, Heilmann A, Aldridge S. Structural Snapshots in Reversible Phosphinidene Transfer: Synthetic, Structural, and Reaction Chemistry of a Sn═P Double Bond. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:8908-8913. [PMID: 35536684 PMCID: PMC9136930 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of amido-substituted stannylenes with phospha-Wittig reagents (Me3PPR) results in release of hexamethyldisilazane and tethering of the resulting -CH2PMe2PR fragment to the tin center to give P-donor stabilized stannylenes featuring four-membered Sn,C,P,P heterocycles. Through systematic increases in steric loading, the structures of these systems in the solid state can be tuned, leading to successive P-P bond lengthening and Sn-P contraction and, in the most encumbered case, to complete P-to-Sn transfer of the phosphinidene fragment. The resulting stannaphosphene features a polar Sn═P double bond as determined by structural and computational studies. The reversibility of phosphinidene transfer can be established by solution phase measurements and reactivity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte Fischer
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Matthew M D Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center and Institute for Silicon Chemistry, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Lewis L Wales
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Mathias A Ellwanger
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Andreas Heilmann
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
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23
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Zulkifly I, Protchenko A, Fuentes MÁ, Hicks J, Aldridge S. Reactions of a Dimethylxanthene‐Derived Frustrated Lewis Pair with Silanes and Stannanes. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.202200110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Simon Aldridge
- University of Oxford Chemistry Inorganic Chemistry LaboratorySouth Parks Road SN77RR Oxford UNITED KINGDOM
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24
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Caise A, Griffin LP, McManus C, Heilmann A, Aldridge S. Reversible Uptake of CO
2
by Pincer Ligand Supported Dimetallynes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202117496. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202117496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Caise
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Liam P. Griffin
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Caitilín McManus
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Andreas Heilmann
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
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25
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Caise A, Griffin LP, McManus C, Heilmann A, Aldridge S. Reversible Uptake of CO2 by Pincer Ligand Supported Dimetallynes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202117496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Caise
- University of Oxford Chemistry UNITED KINGDOM
| | | | | | | | - Simon Aldridge
- University of Oxford Chemistry Inorganic Chemistry LaboratorySouth Parks Road SN77RR Oxford UNITED KINGDOM
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26
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Caise A, Crumpton AE, Vasko P, Hicks J, McManus C, Rees NH, Aldridge S. Controlling Oxidative Addition and Reductive Elimination at Tin(I) via Hemi‐Lability. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202114926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Caise
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Agamemnon E. Crumpton
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Petra Vasko
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
- Department of Chemistry Nanoscience Center University of Jyväskylä P.O. Box 35 40014 Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Jamie Hicks
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Caitilín McManus
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Nicholas H. Rees
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
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McManus C, Crumpton A, Aldridge S. Alkyne insertion into Cu-Al bonds and selective functionalization to form copper acyl compounds. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:8274-8277. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc02578g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report on the insertion of alkynes into heterometallic M–M' bonds, producing (aluminylalkenyl)copper compounds which possess differential reactivity at the two derived M–C functions. Uniquely, this system is capable of...
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Roy MMD, Heilmann A, Ellwanger MA, Aldridge S. Generation of a π-Bonded Isomer of [P 4 ] 4- by Aluminyl Reduction of White Phosphorus and its Ammonolysis to PH 3. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:26550-26554. [PMID: 34677901 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202112515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
By employing the highly reducing aluminyl complex [K{(NON)Al}]2 (NON=4,5-bis(2,6-diisopropylanilido)-2,7-di-tert-butyl-9,9-dimethylxanthene), we demonstrate the controlled formation of P4 2- and P4 4- complexes from white phosphorus, and chemically reversible inter-conversion between them. The tetra-anion features a unique planar π-bonded structure, with the incorporation of the K+ cations implicit in the use of the anionic nucleophile offering additional stabilization of the unsaturated isomer of the P4 4- fragment. This complex is extremely reactive, acting as a source of P3- : exposure to ammonia leads to the release of phosphine (PH3 ) under mild conditions (room temperature and pressure), which contrast with those necessitated for the direct combination of P4 and NH3 (>5 kbar and >250 °C).
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M D Roy
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Andreas Heilmann
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Mathias A Ellwanger
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
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29
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Caise A, Crumpton AE, Vasko P, Hicks J, McManus C, Rees NH, Aldridge S. Controlling Oxidative Addition and Reductive Elimination at Tin(I) via Hemi-Lability. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202114926. [PMID: 34811868 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202114926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We report on the synthesis of a distannyne supported by a pincer ligand bearing pendant amine donors that is capable of reversibly activating E-H bonds at one or both of the tin centres through dissociation of the hemi-labile N-Sn donor/acceptor interactions. This chemistry can be exploited to sequentially (and reversibly) assemble mixed-valence chains of tin atoms of the type ArSn{Sn(Ar)H}n SnAr (n=1, 2). The experimentally observed (decreasing) propensity towards chain growth with increasing chain length can be rationalized both thermodynamically and kinetically by the electron- withdrawing properties of the -Sn(Ar)H- backbone units generated via oxidative addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Caise
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Agamemnon E Crumpton
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Petra Vasko
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.,Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jamie Hicks
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Caitilín McManus
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Nicholas H Rees
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
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Roy MMD, Heilmann A, Ellwanger MA, Aldridge S. Generation of a π‐Bonded Isomer of [P
4
]
4−
by Aluminyl Reduction of White Phosphorus and its Ammonolysis to PH
3. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202112515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M. D. Roy
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Andreas Heilmann
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Mathias A. Ellwanger
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
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31
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Abstract
This review serves to document advances in the synthesis, versatile bonding, and reactivity of molecular main group metal hydrides within Groups 1, 2, and 12-16. Particular attention will be given to the emerging use of said hydrides in the rapidly expanding field of Main Group element-mediated catalysis. While this review is comprehensive in nature, focus will be given to research appearing in the open literature since 2001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M D Roy
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Alvaro A Omaña
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Andrew S S Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Avon BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Michael S Hill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Avon BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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32
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McManus C, Hicks J, Cui X, Zhao L, Frenking G, Goicoechea JM, Aldridge S. Coinage metal aluminyl complexes: probing regiochemistry and mechanism in the insertion and reduction of carbon dioxide. Chem Sci 2021; 12:13458-13468. [PMID: 34777765 PMCID: PMC8528051 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04676d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of coinage metal aluminyl complexes, featuring M-Al covalent bonds, is reported via a salt metathesis approach employing an anionic Al(i) ('aluminyl') nucleophile and group 11 electrophiles. This approach allows access to both bimetallic (1 : 1) systems of the type ( t Bu3P)MAl(NON) (M = Cu, Ag, Au; NON = 4,5-bis(2,6-diisopropylanilido)-2,7-di-tert-butyl-9,9-dimethylxanthene) and a 2 : 1 di(aluminyl)cuprate system, K[Cu{Al(NON)}2]. The bimetallic complexes readily insert heteroallenes (CO2, carbodiimides) into the unsupported M-Al bonds to give systems containing a M(CE2)Al bridging unit (E = O, NR), with the μ-κ1(C):κ2(E,E') mode of heteroallene binding being demonstrated crystallographically for carbodiimide insertion in the cases of all three metals, Cu, Ag and Au. The regiochemistry of these processes, leading to the formation of M-C bonds, is rationalized computationally, and is consistent with addition of CO2 across the M-Al covalent bond with the group 11 metal acting as the nucleophilic partner and Al as the electrophile. While the products of carbodiimide insertion are stable to further reaction, their CO2 analogues have the potential to react further, depending on the identity of the group 11 metal. ( t Bu3P)Au(CO)2Al(NON) is inert to further reaction, but its silver counterpart reacts slowly with CO2 to give the corresponding carbonate complex (and CO), and the copper system proceeds rapidly to the carbonate even at low temperatures. Experimental and quantum chemical investigations of the mechanism of the CO2 to CO/carbonate transformation are consistent with rate-determining extrusion of CO from the initially-formed M(CO)2Al fragment to give a bimetallic oxide that rapidly assimilates a second molecule of CO2. The calculated energetic barriers for the most feasible CO extrusion step (ΔG ‡ = 26.6, 33.1, 44.5 kcal mol-1 for M = Cu, Ag and Au, respectively) are consistent not only with the observed experimental labilities of the respective M(CO)2Al motifs, but also with the opposing trends in M-C (increasing) and M-O bond strengths (decreasing) on transitioning from Cu to Au.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitilín McManus
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Jamie Hicks
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Xianlu Cui
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Lili Zhao
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Gernot Frenking
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität, Marburg D-35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Jose M Goicoechea
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
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33
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Roy MMD, Hicks J, Vasko P, Heilmann A, Baston A, Goicoechea JM, Aldridge S. Probing the Extremes of Covalency in M−Al bonds: Lithium and Zinc Aluminyl Compounds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202109416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M. D. Roy
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Jamie Hicks
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Petra Vasko
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center University of Jyväskylä P.O. Box 35 Jyväskylä FI-40014 Finland
| | - Andreas Heilmann
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Anne‐Marie Baston
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Jose M. Goicoechea
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
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34
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Roy MMD, Hicks J, Vasko P, Heilmann A, Baston AM, Goicoechea JM, Aldridge S. Probing the Extremes of Covalency in M-Al bonds: Lithium and Zinc Aluminyl Compounds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:22301-22306. [PMID: 34396660 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202109416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic routes to lithium, magnesium, and zinc aluminyl complexes are reported, allowing for the first structural characterization of an unsupported lithium-aluminium bond. Crystallographic and quantum-chemical studies are consistent with the presence of a highly polar Li-Al interaction, characterized by a low bond order and relatively little charge transfer from Al to Li. Comparison with magnesium and zinc aluminyl systems reveals changes to both the M-Al bond and the (NON)Al fragment (where NON=4,5-bis(2,6-diisopropylanilido)-2,7-di-tert-butyl-9,9-dimethylxanthene), consistent with a more covalent character, with the latter complex being shown to react with CO2 via a pathway that implies that the zinc centre acts as the nucleophilic partner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M D Roy
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Jamie Hicks
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Petra Vasko
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.,Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, Jyväskylä, FI-40014, Finland
| | - Andreas Heilmann
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Anne-Marie Baston
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Jose M Goicoechea
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
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35
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Protchenko AV, Fuentes MÁ, Hicks J, McManus C, Tirfoin R, Aldridge S. Reactions of a diborylstannylene with CO 2 and N 2O: diboration of carbon dioxide by a main group bis(boryl) complex. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:9059-9067. [PMID: 33973614 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt01216a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The reactions of the boryl-substituted stannylene Sn{B(NDippCH)2}2 (1) with carbon dioxide have been investigated and shown to proceed via pathways involving insertion into the Sn-B bond(s). In the first instance this leads to formation of the (boryl)tin(ii) borylcarboxylate complex Sn{B(NDippCH)2}{O2CB(NDippCH)2} (2), which has been structurally characterized and shown to feature a κ2 mode of coordination of the [(HCDippN)2BCO2]- ligand at the metal centre. 2 undergoes B-O reductive elimination in hexane solution (in the absence of further CO2) to give the boryl(borylcarboxylate)ester {(HCDippN)2B}O2C{B(NDippCH)2} (3) i.e. the product of formal diboration of carbon dioxide. Alternatively, 2 can assimilate a second equivalent of CO2 to give the homoleptic bis(borylcarboxylate) Sn{O2CB(NDippCH)2}2 (4), which can be prepared via an alternative route from SnBr2 and the potassium salt of [(HCDippN)2BCO2]-, and structurally characterized as its DMAP (N,N-dimethylaminopyridine) adduct. Structural and reactivity studies also point to the possibility for extrusion of CO from the [(HCDippN)2BCO2]- fragment to generate the boryloxy system [(HCDippN)2BO]-, a ligand which can be generated directly from 1via reaction with N2O. The initially formed unsymmetrical species Sn{B(NDippCH)2}{OB(NDippCH)2} has been shown to be amenable to crystallographic study in the solid state, but to undergo ligand redistribution in solution to generate a mixture of 1 and the bis(boryloxy) complex Sn{OB(NDippCH)2}2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V Protchenko
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
| | - M Ángeles Fuentes
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
| | - Jamie Hicks
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
| | - Caitilín McManus
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
| | - Rémi Tirfoin
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
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Caise A, Griffin LP, Heilmann A, McManus C, Campos J, Aldridge S. Controlling Catenation in Germanium(I) Chemistry through Hemilability. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202104643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Caise
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Liam P. Griffin
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Andreas Heilmann
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Caitilín McManus
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Jesús Campos
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
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Caise A, Griffin LP, Heilmann A, McManus C, Campos J, Aldridge S. Controlling Catenation in Germanium(I) Chemistry through Hemilability. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:15606-15612. [PMID: 33939867 PMCID: PMC8362110 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202104643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel approach for constructing chains of Group 14 metal atoms linked by unsupported metal-metal bonds that exploits hemilabile ligands to generate unsaturated metal sites. The formation/nature of catenated species (oligo-dimetallynes) can be controlled by the use of (acidic/basic) "protecting groups" and through variation of the ligand scaffold. Reduction of ArNiPr2 GeCl (ArNiPr2 =2,6-(i Pr2 NCH2 )2 C6 H3 )-featuring hemilabile Ni Pr2 donors-yields (ArNiPr2 Ge)4 (2), which contains a tetrameric Ge4 chain. 2 represents a novel type of a linear homo-catenated GeI compound featuring unsupported E-E bonds. Trapping experiments reveal that a key structural component is the central two-way Ge=Ge donor-acceptor bond: reactions with IMe4 and W(CO)5 (NMe3 ) give the base- or acid-stabilized digermynes (ArNiPr2 Ge(IMe4 ))2 (4) and (ArNiPr2 Ge{W(CO)5 })2 (5), respectively. The use of smaller N-donors leads to stronger Ge-N interactions and quenching of catenation behaviour: reduction of ArNEt2 GeCl gives the digermyne (ArNEt2 Ge)2 , while the unsymmetrical system ArNEt2 GeGeArNiPr2 dimerizes to give tetranuclear (ArNEt2 GeGeArNiPr2 )2 through aggregation at the Ni Pr2 -ligated GeI centres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Caise
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK
| | - Liam P. Griffin
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK
| | - Andreas Heilmann
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK
| | - Caitilín McManus
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK
| | - Jesús Campos
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK
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Zheng X, Zulkifly I, Heilmann A, McManus C, Aldridge S. Colorimetric Metal-Free Detection of Carbon Monoxide: Reversible CO Uptake by a BNB Frustrated Lewis Pair. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:16416-16419. [PMID: 34047424 PMCID: PMC8362209 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202106413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We report two BNB‐type frustrated Lewis pairs which feature an acceptor‐donor‐acceptor functionalized cavity, and which differ in the nature of the B‐bound fluoroaryl group (C6F5 vs. C6H3(CF3)2‐3,5, Arf). These receptor systems are capable of capturing gaseous CO, and in the case of the ‐BArf2 system this can be shown to occur in reversible fashion at/above room temperature. For both systems, the binding event is accompanied by migration of one of the aryl substituents to the electrophilic carbon of the CO guest. Experiments utilizing an additional equivalent of PtBu3 allow the initially formed (non‐migrated) CO adduct to be identified and trapped (via demethylation), while also establishing the reversibility of the B‐to‐C migration process. When partnered with the slightly less Lewis acidic ‐BArf2 substituent, this reversibility allows for release of the captured carbon monoxide in the temperature range 40–70 °C, and the possibility for CO sensing, making use of the associated colourless to orange/red colour change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongfei Zheng
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Ili Zulkifly
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Andreas Heilmann
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Caitilín McManus
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
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Zheng X, Zulkifly I, Heilmann A, McManus C, Aldridge S. Colorimetric Metal‐Free Detection of Carbon Monoxide: Reversible CO Uptake by a BNB Frustrated Lewis Pair. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202106413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiongfei Zheng
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Ili Zulkifly
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Andreas Heilmann
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Caitilín McManus
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
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Abstract
Main group carbonyl analogues (R2 E=O) derived from p-block elements (E=groups 13 to 15) have long been considered as elusive species. Previously, employment of chemical tricks such as acid- and base-stabilization protocols granted access to these transient species in their masked forms. However, electronic and steric effects inevitably perturb their chemical reactivity and distinguish them from classical carbonyl compounds. A new era was marked by the recent isolation of acid-base free main group carbonyl analogues, ranging from a lighter boracarbonyl to the heavier silacarbonyls, phosphacarbonyls and a germacarbonyl. Most importantly, their unperturbed nature elicits exciting new chemistry, spanning the vista from classical organic carbonyl-type reactions to transition metal-like oxide ion transfer chemistry. In this Review, we survey the strategies used for the isolation of such systems and document their emerging reactivity profiles, with a view to providing fundamental comparisons both with carbon and transition metal oxo species. This highlights the emerging opportunities for exciting "crossover" reactivity offered by these derivatives of the p-block elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Kai Loh
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK
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Mangan RJ, Davies AR, Hicks J, Sindlinger CP, Thompson AL, Aldridge S. Synthesis, structure and reactivity of terphenyl-substituted germylium-ylidene cations. Polyhedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2020.115006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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42
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Zheng X, Heilmann A, McManus C, Aldridge S. A Xanthene-Based Mono-Anionic PON Ligand: Exploiting a Bulky, Electronically Unsymmetrical Donor in Main Group Chemistry. Chemistry 2021; 27:3159-3165. [PMID: 33200850 PMCID: PMC7898390 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a novel mono-anionic phosphino-amide ligand based on a xanthene backbone is reported, togetherr with the corresponding GaI complex, (PON)Ga (PON = 4-(di(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)phosphino)-5-(2,6-diisopropylanilido)-2,7-di-tert-butyl-9,9-dimethylxanthene). The solid-state structure of (PON)Ga (obtained from X-ray crystallography) reveals very weak O⋅⋅⋅Ga and P⋅⋅⋅Ga interactions, consistent with a R2 NGa fragment which closely resembles those found in one-coordinate amidogallium systems. Strong N-to-Ga π donation from the amido substituent is reflected in a very short N-Ga distance (1.961(2) Å), while the P⋅⋅⋅Ga contact (3.076(1) Å) is well outside the sum of the respective covalent radii. While the donor properties of the PON ligand towards GaI are highly unsymmetrical, oxidation to GaIII leads to much stronger coordination of the pendant phosphine as shown by P-Ga distances which are up to 20 % shorter. From a steric perspective, the PON ligand is shown to be significantly bulkier than related β-diketiminate systems, a finding consistent with reactions of (PON)Ga towards O-atom sources that proceed without oligomerization. Despite this, the enhanced P-donor properties brought about by oxidation at gallium are not sufficient to quench the reactivity of the highly polar Ga-O unit. Instead, intramolecular benzylic C-H activation is observed across the Ga-O bond of a transient gallanone intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongfei Zheng
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK
| | - Andreas Heilmann
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK
| | - Caitilín McManus
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK
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Caise A, Hicks J, Ángeles Fuentes M, Goicoechea JM, Aldridge S. Partnering a Three-Coordinate Gallium Cation with a Hydroborate Counter-Ion for the Catalytic Hydrosilylation of CO 2. Chemistry 2021; 27:2138-2148. [PMID: 33169886 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A novel β-diketiminate stabilized gallium hydride, (Dipp L)Ga(Ad)H (where (Dipp L)={HC(MeCDippN)2 }, Dipp=2,6-diisopropylphenyl and Ad=1-adamantyl), has been synthesized and shown to undergo insertion of carbon dioxide into the Ga-H bond under mild conditions. In this case, treatment of the resulting κ1 -formate complex with triethylsilane does not lead to regeneration of the hydride precursor. However, when combined with B(C6 F5 )3 , (Dipp L)Ga(Ad)H catalyses the reductive hydrosilylation of CO2 . Under stoichiometric conditions, the addition of one equivalent of B(C6 F5 )3 to (Dipp L)Ga(Ad)H leads to the formation of a 3-coordinate cationic gallane complex, partnered with a hydroborate anion, [(Dipp L)Ga(Ad)][HB(C6 F5 )3 ]. This complex rapidly hydrometallates carbon dioxide and catalyses the selective reduction of CO2 to the formaldehyde oxidation level at 60 °C in the presence of Et3 SiH (yielding H2 C(OSiEt3 )2 ). When catalysis is undertaken in the presence of excess B(C6 F5 )3 , appreciable enhancement of activity is observed, with a corresponding reduction in selectivity: the product distribution includes H2 C(OSiEt3 )2 , CH4 and O(SiEt3 )2 . While this system represents proof-of-concept in CO2 hydrosilylation by a gallium hydride system, the TOF values obtained are relatively modest (max. 10 h-1 ). This is attributed to the strength of binding of the formatoborate anion to the gallium centre in the catalytic intermediate (Dipp L)Ga(Ad){OC(H)OB(C6 F5 )3 }, and the correspondingly slow rate of the turnover-limiting hydrosilylation step. In turn, this strength of binding can be related to the relatively high Lewis acidity measured for the [(Dipp L)Ga(Ad)]+ cation (AN=69.8).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Caise
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Jamie Hicks
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - M Ángeles Fuentes
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Jose M Goicoechea
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
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Protchenko AV, Vasko P, Fuentes MÁ, Hicks J, Vidovic D, Aldridge S. Approaching a "Naked" Boryl Anion: Amide Metathesis as a Route to Calcium, Strontium, and Potassium Boryl Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:2064-2068. [PMID: 33026153 PMCID: PMC7894291 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202011839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Amide metathesis has been used to generate the first structurally characterized boryl complexes of calcium and strontium, {(Me3 Si)2 N}M{B(NDippCH)2 }(thf)n (M=Ca, n=2; M=Sr, n=3), through the reactions of the corresponding bis(amides), M{N(SiMe3 )2 }2 (thf)2 , with (thf)2 Li- {B(NDippCH)2 }. Most notably, this approach can also be applied to the analogous potassium amide K{N(SiMe3 )2 }, leading to the formation of the solvent-free borylpotassium dimer [K{B(NDippCH)2 }]2 , which is stable in the solid state at room temperature for extended periods (48 h). A dimeric structure has been determined crystallographically in which the K+ cations interact weakly with both the ipso-carbons of the flanking Dipp groups and the boron centres of the diazaborolyl heterocycles, with K⋅⋅⋅B distances of >3.1 Å. These structural features, together with atoms in molecules (QTAIM) calculations imply that the boron-containing fragment closely approaches a limiting description as a "free" boryl anion in the condensed phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V. Protchenko
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK
| | - Petra Vasko
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience CenterUniversity of JyväskyläP. O. Box 3540014JyväskyläFinland
| | - M. Ángeles Fuentes
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK
| | - Jamie Hicks
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK
| | - Dragoslav Vidovic
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK
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Protchenko AV, Vasko P, Fuentes MÁ, Hicks J, Vidovic D, Aldridge S. Approaching a “Naked” Boryl Anion: Amide Metathesis as a Route to Calcium, Strontium, and Potassium Boryl Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202011839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V. Protchenko
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Petra Vasko
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center University of Jyväskylä P. O. Box 35 40014 Jyväskylä Finland
| | - M. Ángeles Fuentes
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Jamie Hicks
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Dragoslav Vidovic
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
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46
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Hicks J, Vasko P, Heilmann A, Goicoechea JM, Aldridge S. Arene C-H Activation at Aluminium(I): meta Selectivity Driven by the Electronics of S N Ar Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:20376-20380. [PMID: 32722863 PMCID: PMC7693242 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202008557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The reactivity of the electron-rich anionic AlI aluminyl compound K2 [(NON)Al]2 (NON=4,5-bis(2,6-diisopropylanilido)-2,7-di-tert-butyl-9,9-dimethylxanthene) towards mono- and disubstituted arenes is reported. C-H activation chemistry with n-butylbenzene gives exclusively the product of activation at the arene meta position. Mechanistically, this transformation proceeds in a single step via a concerted Meisenheimer-type transition state. Selectivity is therefore based on similar electronic factors to classical SN Ar chemistry, which implies the destabilisation of transition states featuring electron-donating groups in either ortho or para positions. In the cases of toluene and the three isomers of xylene, benzylic C-H activation is also possible, with the product(s) formed reflecting the feasibility (or otherwise) of competing arene C-H activation at a site which is neither ortho nor para to a methyl substituent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Hicks
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK
- Research School of ChemistryAustralian National University, Building 137Sullivan's Creek RoadActonACT2601Australia
| | - Petra Vasko
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK
- Department of ChemistryNanoscience CenterUniversity of JyväskyläP. O. Box 3540014JyväskyläFinland
| | - Andreas Heilmann
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK
| | - Jose M. Goicoechea
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Kai Loh
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
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48
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Hicks J, Vasko P, Heilmann A, Goicoechea JM, Aldridge S. Arene C−H Activation at Aluminium(I):
meta
Selectivity Driven by the Electronics of S
N
Ar Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202008557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Hicks
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
- Research School of Chemistry Australian National University, Building 137 Sullivan's Creek Road Acton ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Petra Vasko
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
- Department of Chemistry Nanoscience Center University of Jyväskylä P. O. Box 35 40014 Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Andreas Heilmann
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Jose M. Goicoechea
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
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Hicks J, Vasko P, Goicoechea JM, Aldridge S. The Aluminyl Anion: A New Generation of Aluminium Nucleophile. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 60:1702-1713. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202007530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Hicks
- Research School of Chemistry Australian National University Sullivans Creek Road Acton 2601 Australia
| | - Petra Vasko
- Department of Chemistry Nanoscience Center University of Jyväskylä P. O. Box 35 Jyväskylä FI-40014 Finland
| | - Jose M. Goicoechea
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
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Zhou X, Vasko P, Hicks J, Fuentes MÁ, Heilmann A, Kolychev EL, Aldridge S. Cooperative N-H bond activation by amido-Ge(ii) cations. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:9495-9504. [PMID: 32608471 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt01960g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) and tertiary phosphine-stabilized germylium-ylidene cations, [R(L)Ge:]+, featuring tethered amido substituents at R have been synthesized via halide abstraction. Characterization in the solid state by X-ray crystallography shows these systems to be monomeric, featuring a two-coordinate C,N- or P,N-ligated germanium atom. The presence of the strongly Lewis acidic cationic germanium centre and proximal amide function allows for facile cleavage of N-H bonds in 1,2-fashion: the products resulting from reactions with carbazole feature a tethered secondary amine donor bound to a three-coordinate carbazolyl-GeII centre. In each case, addition of the components of the N-H bond occurs to the same face of the germanium amide function, consistent with a coordination/proton migration mechanism. Such as sequence is compatible with the idea that substrate coordination via the pπ orbital at germanium reduces the extent of N-to-Ge π donation from the amide, thereby enhancing the basicity of the proximal N-group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueer Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
| | - Petra Vasko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK. and Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P. O. Box 35, FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jamie Hicks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
| | - M Ángeles Fuentes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
| | - Andreas Heilmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
| | - Eugene L Kolychev
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK.
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