1
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Liu H, Guo C, Li L, Zhang Z, Hou Y, Mu C, Hou GL, Zhang Z, Wang H, Li X, Zhang M. Multicomponent, Multicavity Metallacages That Contain Different Binding Sites for Allosteric Recognition. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:15787-15795. [PMID: 38738985 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
The encapsulation of different guest molecules by their different recognition domains of proteins leads to selective binding, catalysis, and transportation. Synthetic hosts capable of selectively binding different guests in their different cavities to mimic the function of proteins are highly desirable but challenging. Here, we report three ladder-shaped, triple-cavity metallacages prepared by multicomponent coordination-driven self-assembly. Interestingly, the porphyrin-based metallacage is capable of heteroleptic encapsulation of fullerenes (C60 or C70) and coronene using its different cavities, allowing distinct allosteric recognition of coronene upon the addition of C60 or C70. Owing to the different binding affinities of the cavities, the metallacage hosts one C60 molecule in the central cavity and two coronene units in the side cavities, while encapsulating two C70 molecules in the side cavities and one coronene molecule in the central cavity. The rational design of multicavity assemblies that enable heteroleptic encapsulation and allosteric recognition will guide the further design of advanced supramolecular constructs with tunable recognition properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifei Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Chenxing Guo
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Luqi Li
- MOE Key Laboratory for Non-Equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Zeyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Yali Hou
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Chaoqun Mu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Gao-Lei Hou
- MOE Key Laboratory for Non-Equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Zhenyi Zhang
- Bruker (Beijing) Scientific Technology Co., Ltd., 9F, Building NO.1, Lane 2570, Hechuan Rd., Minhang District, Shanghai 201600, P. R. China
| | - Heng Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Mingming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
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2
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Hao Y, Lu YL, Jiao Z, Su CY. Photocatalysis Meets Confinement: An Emerging Opportunity for Photoinduced Organic Transformations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317808. [PMID: 38238997 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
The self-assembled metal-organic cages (MOCs) have been evolved as a paradigm of enzyme-mimic catalysts since they are able to synergize multifunctionalities inherent in metal and organic components and constitute microenvironments characteristic of enzymatic spatial confinement and versatile host-guest interactions, thus facilitating unconventional organic transformations via unique driving-forces such as weak noncovalent binding and electron/energy transfer. Recently, MOC-based photoreactors emerged as a burgeoning platform of supramolecular photocatalysis, displaying anomalous reactivities and selectivities distinct from bulk solution. This perspective recaps two decades journey of the photoinduced radical reactions by using photoactive metal-organic cages (PMOCs) as artificial reactors, outlining how the cage-confined photocatalysis was evolved from stoichiometric photoreactions to photocatalytic turnover, from high-energy UV-irradiation to sustainable visible-light photoactivation, and from simple radical reactions to multi-level chemo- and stereoselectivities. We will focus on PMOCs that merge structural and functional biomimicry into a single-cage to behave as multi-role photoreactors, emphasizing their potentials in tackling current challenges in organic transformations through single-electron transfer (SET) or energy transfer (EnT) pathways in a simple, green while feasible manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanke Hao
- MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, GBRCE for Functional Molecular Engineering, LIFM, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yu-Lin Lu
- MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, GBRCE for Functional Molecular Engineering, LIFM, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Zhiwei Jiao
- MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, GBRCE for Functional Molecular Engineering, LIFM, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Cheng-Yong Su
- MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, GBRCE for Functional Molecular Engineering, LIFM, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
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3
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Gao K, Cheng Y, Zhang Z, Huo X, Guo C, Fu W, Xu J, Hou GL, Shang X, Zhang M. Guest-Regulated Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species from Porphyrin-Based Multicomponent Metallacages for Selective Photocatalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202319488. [PMID: 38305830 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202319488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
The development of novel materials for highly efficient and selective photocatalysis is crucial for their practical applications. Herein, we employ the host-guest chemistry of porphyrin-based metallacages to regulate the generation of reactive oxygen species and further use them for the selective photocatalytic oxidation of benzyl alcohols. Upon irradiation, the sole metallacage (6) can generate singlet oxygen (1O2) effectively via excited energy transfer, while its complex with C70 (6⊃C70) opens a pathway for electron transfer to promote the formation of superoxide anion (O2⋅-), producing both 1O2 and O2⋅-. The addition of 4,4'-bipyridine (BPY) to complex 6⊃C70 forms a more stable complex (6⊃BPY) via the coordination of the Zn-porphyrin faces of 6 and BPY, which drives fullerenes out of the cavities and restores the ability of 1O2 generation. Therefore, benzyl alcohols are oxidized into benzyl aldehydes upon irradiation in the presence of 6 or 6⊃BPY, while they are oxidized into benzoic acids when 6⊃C70 is employed as the photosensitizing agent. This study demonstrates a highly efficient strategy that utilizes the host-guest chemistry of metallacages to regulate the generation of reactive oxygen species for selective photooxidation reactions, which could promote the utilization of metallacages and their related host-guest complexes for photocatalytic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Ying Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Zeyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Xingda Huo
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Chenxing Guo
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, 518055, Shenzhen, P. R. China
| | - Wenlong Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Jianzhi Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Non-Equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of, Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Gao-Lei Hou
- MOE Key Laboratory for Non-Equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, School of, Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Xiaobo Shang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Mingming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049, Xi'an, P. R. China
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4
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Li YF, He YP, Li QH, Zhang J. Integrated Anionic Zirconium-Organic Cage and Cationic Boron-Imidazolate Cage for Synergetic Optical Limiting. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318806. [PMID: 38278762 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Making oppositely charged metal-organic cages (MOCs) into a tightly ordered structure may bring interesting functions. Herein, we report a novel structure composed of anionic (Zr4 L6 )8- (L=embonate) tetrahedral cages and in situ-formed cationic [Zn4 (Bim)4 ]4+ (Bim=[BH(im)3 ]- ; im=imidazole) cubic cages. Chiral transfer is observed from enantiopure (Zr4 L6 )8- cage to enantiopure [Zn4 (Bim)4 ]4+ cage. A pair of enantiomers (PTC-373(Δ) and PTC-373(Λ)) are formed. PTC-373 exhibits high chemical and thermal stabilities, affording an interesting single-crystal-to-single-crystal transformation. More importantly, the combination of ionic pair cages significantly enhances its third-order nonlinear optical property, and its thin-film exhibits an excellent optical limiting effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Ping He
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
| | - Qiao-Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
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5
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Li Y, Jiang H, Zhang W, Zhao X, Sun M, Cui Y, Liu Y. Hetero- and Homointerlocked Metal-Organic Cages. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:3147-3159. [PMID: 38279915 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Interlocked molecular assemblies constitute a captivating ensemble of chemical topologies, comprising two or more separate components that exhibit remarkably intricate structures. The interlocked molecular assemblies are typically identical, and heterointerlocked systems that comprise structurally distinct assemblies remain unexplored. Here, we demonstrate that metal-templated synthesis can be exploited to afford not only a homointerlocked cage but also a heterointerlocked cage. Treatment of a carboxylated 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (dmp) or Cu(I) bis-dmp linker with a Ni4-p-tert-butylsulfonylcalix[4]arene cluster affords noninterlocked octahedron and quadruply interlocked double cages consisting of two identical tetragonal pyramids, respectively. In contrast, when a mixture of dmp and Cu(I) bis-dmp linkers is used, a quadruply heterointerlocked cage is produced, consisting of a tetragonal pyramid and an octahedron. With photoredox-active [Cu(dmp)2]+ in the structures, both interlocked cages exhibit remarkable performance as photocatalysts for atom transfer radical addition (ATRA) reactions of trifluoromethanesulfonyl chloride with alkenes or oxo-azidations of vinyl arenes. These interlocked structures serve the dual purpose of stabilizing photocatalytically active components against deactivation and encapsulating substrates within the cavity, resulting in yields comparable to or even surpassing those of their molecular counterparts. This work thus provides a new strategy that combines metal templating and nontemplating approaches to design new types of interlocked assemblies with intriguing architectures and properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingguo Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Wenqiang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiangxiang Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Meng Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yong Cui
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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6
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Liu D, Ma H, Zhu C, Qiu F, Yu W, Ma LL, Wei XW, Han YF, Yuan G. Molecular Co-Catalyst Confined within a Metallacage for Enhanced Photocatalytic CO 2 Reduction. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:2275-2285. [PMID: 38215226 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
The construction of structurally well-defined supramolecular hosts to accommodate catalytically active species within a cavity is a promising way to address catalyst deactivation. The resulting supramolecular catalysts can significantly improve the utilization of catalytic sites, thereby achieving a highly efficient chemical conversion. In this study, the Co-metalated phthalocyanine (Pc-Co) was successfully confined within a tetragonal prismatic metallacage, leading to the formation of a distinctive type of supramolecular photocatalyst (Pc-Co@Cage). The host-guest architecture of Pc-Co@Cage was unambiguously elucidated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD), NMR, and ESI-TOF-MS, revealing that the single cobalt active site can be thoroughly isolated within the space-restricted microenvironment. In addition, we found that Pc-Co@Cage can serve as a homogeneous supramolecular photocatalyst that displays high CO2 to CO conversion in aqueous media under visible light irradiation. This supramolecular photocatalyst exhibits an obvious improvement in activity (TONCO = 4175) and selectivity (SelCO = 92%) relative to the nonconfined Pc-Co catalyst (TONCO = 500, SelCO = 54%). The present strategy provided a rare example for the construction of a highly active, selective, and stable photocatalyst for CO2 reduction through a cavity-confined molecular catalyst within a discrete metallacage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan 243032, P. R. China
| | - Huirong Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan 243032, P. R. China
| | - Chao Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan 243032, P. R. China
| | - Fengyi Qiu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan 243032, P. R. China
| | - Weibin Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan 243032, P. R. China
| | - Li-Li Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan 243032, P. R. China
| | - Xian-Wen Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan 243032, P. R. China
| | - Ying-Feng Han
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Guozan Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan 243032, P. R. China
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7
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Wang J, Jiang Z, Yin JF, Zhao H, Dong Q, Li K, Zhong W, Liu D, Yuan J, Yin P, Li Y, Lin Y, Chen M, Wang P. Strain-Induced Heteromorphosis Multi-Cavity Cages: Tension-Driven Self-Expansion Strategy for Controllable Enhancement of Complexity in Supramolecular Assembly. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317674. [PMID: 38055187 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Coordinative supramolecular cages with adjustable cavities have found extensive applications in various fields, but the cavity modification strategies for multi-functional structures are still challenging. Here, we present a tension-driven self-expansion strategy for construction of multi-cavity cages with high structural complexity. Under the regulation of strain-induced capping ligands, unprecedented heteromorphosis triple-cavity cages S2 /S4 were obtained based on a metallo-organic ligand (MOL) scaffold. The heteromorphosis cages exhibited significant higher cavity diversity than the homomorphous double-cavity cages S1 /S3 ; all of the cages were thoroughly characterized through various analytical techniques including (1D and 2D) NMR, ESI-MS, TWIM-MS, AFM, and SAXS analyses. Furthermore, the encapsulation of porphyrin in the cavities of these multi-cavity cages were investigated. This research opens up new possibilities for the architecture of heteromorphosis supramolecular cages via precisely controlled "scaffold-capping" assembly with preorganized ligands, which could have potential applications in the development of multifunctional structures with higher complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Zhilong Jiang
- Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jia-Fu Yin
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology & State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - He Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Qiangqiang Dong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Kaixiu Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Wanying Zhong
- Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Die Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Jie Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
| | - Panchao Yin
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology & State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yiming Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Yifan Lin
- Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Mingzhao Chen
- Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Pingshan Wang
- Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
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8
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Moree LK, Faulkner LAV, Crowley JD. Heterometallic cages: synthesis and applications. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:25-46. [PMID: 38037385 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00690e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
High symmetry metallosupramolecular architectures (MSAs) have been exploited for a range of applications including molecular recognition, catalysis and drug delivery. Recently there have been increasing efforts to enhance those applications by generating reduced symmetry MSAs. While there are several emerging methods for generating lower symmetry MSAs, this tutorial review examines the general methods used for synthesizing heterometallic MSAs with a particular focus on heterometallic cages. Additionally, the intrinsic properties of the cages and their potential emerging applications as host-guest systems and reaction catalysts are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana K Moree
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Logan A V Faulkner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - James D Crowley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
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9
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Peng Y, Su Z, Jin M, Zhu L, Guan ZJ, Fang Y. Recent advances in porous molecular cages for photocatalytic organic conversions. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:15216-15232. [PMID: 37492891 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt01679j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic organic conversion is considered an efficient, environmentally friendly, and energy-saving strategy for organic synthesis. In recent decades, the molecular cage has emerged as a creative functional material with broad applications in host-guest recognition, drug delivery, catalysis, intelligent materials and other fields. Based on the unique properties of porous molecular cage materials, they provide an ideal platform for leveraging pre-structuring in catalytic reactions and show great potential in various photocatalytic organic reactions. As a result, they have emerged as promising alternatives to conventional molecules or inorganic photocatalysts in redox processes. In this Review, the synthesis strategies based on coordination cages and organic cages, as well as their recent progress in photocatalytic organic conversion, are comprehensively summarized. Finally, we deliver the persistent challenges associated with porous molecular cage compounds that need to be overcome for further development in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyao Peng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhifang Su
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Meng Jin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Zong-Jie Guan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Yu Fang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China
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10
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Mu C, Zhang L, Li G, Hou Y, Liu H, Zhang Z, Zhang R, Gao T, Qian Y, Guo C, He G, Zhang M. Isoreticular Preparation of Tetraphenylethylene-based Multicomponent Metallacages towards Light-Driven Hydrogen Production. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202311137. [PMID: 37594254 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Multicomponent metallacages can integrate the functions of their different building blocks to achieve synergetic effects for advanced applications. Herein, based on metal-coordination-driven self-assembly, we report the preparation of a series of isoreticular tetraphenylethylene-based metallacages, which are well characterized by multinuclear NMR, ESI-TOF-MS and single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. The suitable integration of photosensitizing tetraphenylethylene units as faces and Re catalytic complexes as the pillars into a single metallacage offers a high photocatalytic hydrogen production rate of 1707 μmol g-1 h-1 , which is one of the highest values among reported metallacages. Femtosecond transient absorption and DFT calculations reveal that the metallacage can serve as a platform for the precise and organized arrangement of the two building blocks, enabling efficient and directional electron transfer for highly efficient photocatalytic performance. This study provides a general strategy to integrate multifunctional ligands into a certain metallacage to improve the efficiency of photocatalytic hydrogen production, which will guide the future design of metallacages towards photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqun Mu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, 710126, P. R. China
| | - Guoping Li
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Yali Hou
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Haifei Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Zeyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Ruoqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Tingting Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Yuchen Qian
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, 710126, P. R. China
| | - Chenxing Guo
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Gang He
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Mingming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, P. R. China
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