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Wang J, Liu W, Liu H, Wang X, Wu D, Zhang S, Shi S, Liu W, Wu Z. Cyclotriphosphazene-based epoxy resins with excellent mechanical and flame retardant properties. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Greiner L, Döring M, Eibl S. Prevention of the formation of respirable fibers in carbon fiber reinforced epoxy resins during combustion by phosphorus or silicon containing flame retardants. Polym Degrad Stab 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Kim IJ, Ko JW, Song MS, Cheon JW, Lee DJ, Park JW, Yu S, Lee JH. Thermal and Flame Retardant Properties of Phosphate-Functionalized Silica/Epoxy Nanocomposites. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13235418. [PMID: 33260743 PMCID: PMC7730795 DOI: 10.3390/ma13235418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We report a flame retardant epoxy nanocomposite reinforced with 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenantrene-10-oxide (DOPO)-tethered SiO2 (DOPO-t-SiO2) hybrid nanoparticles (NPs). The DOPO-t-SiO2 NPs were successfully synthesized through surface treatment of SiO2 NPs with (3-glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (GPTMS), followed by a click reaction between GPTMS on SiO2 and DOPO. The epoxy nanocomposites with DOPO-t-SiO2 NPs as multifunctional additive exhibited not only high flexural strength and fracture toughness but also excellent flame retardant properties and thermal stability, compared to those of pristine epoxy and epoxy nanocomposites with a single additive of SiO2 or DOPO, respectively. Our approach allows a facile, yet effective strategy to synthesize a functional hybrid additive for developing flame retardant nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il Jin Kim
- New Functional Components Research Team, Korea Institute of Footwear and Leather Technology (KIFLT), Busan 47154, Korea; (I.J.K.); (J.W.K.); (M.S.S.); (J.W.C.); (D.J.L.)
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46421, Korea
| | - Jae Wang Ko
- New Functional Components Research Team, Korea Institute of Footwear and Leather Technology (KIFLT), Busan 47154, Korea; (I.J.K.); (J.W.K.); (M.S.S.); (J.W.C.); (D.J.L.)
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46421, Korea
| | - Min Seop Song
- New Functional Components Research Team, Korea Institute of Footwear and Leather Technology (KIFLT), Busan 47154, Korea; (I.J.K.); (J.W.K.); (M.S.S.); (J.W.C.); (D.J.L.)
| | - Ji Won Cheon
- New Functional Components Research Team, Korea Institute of Footwear and Leather Technology (KIFLT), Busan 47154, Korea; (I.J.K.); (J.W.K.); (M.S.S.); (J.W.C.); (D.J.L.)
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46421, Korea
| | - Dong Jin Lee
- New Functional Components Research Team, Korea Institute of Footwear and Leather Technology (KIFLT), Busan 47154, Korea; (I.J.K.); (J.W.K.); (M.S.S.); (J.W.C.); (D.J.L.)
| | - Jun Woo Park
- Next Generation Battery Research Center, Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute (KERI), Changwon 51543, Korea;
| | - Seunggun Yu
- Insulation Materials Research Center, Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute (KERI), Changwon 51543, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.Y.); (J.H.L.)
| | - Jin Hong Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46421, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.Y.); (J.H.L.)
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Phosphorus Containing Polyacrylamides as Flame Retardants for Epoxy-Based Composites in Aviation. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11020284. [PMID: 30960268 PMCID: PMC6419083 DOI: 10.3390/polym11020284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel polymeric flame retardants based on two acrylamides and 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) or 5,5-dimethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaphosphinane-2-oxide (DDPO) are described for several applications in HexFlow® RTM6, a high-performance epoxy resin. Neat resin samples and carbon fiber-reinforced composites were tested for their glass transition temperatures (dynamic mechanical analysis), thermal stability (thermogravimetric analyses), flammability (UL94) and flame-retardant performance (Cone Calorimetry). Additionally, the fiber degradation occurring during combustion of carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy resins was observed by scanning electron microscopy to show the fiber protecting effect of these flame retardants. Whereas DOPO-containing polyacrylamides acting mainly in the gas phase showed the best flame retardant efficiency, DDPO-containing polyacrylamides acting mainly in the condensed phase showed the best fiber protection. A mixed polyacrylamide was synthesized to combine these effects. This thermoplastic is soluble in the resin and, therefore, suitable for injection molding processes. Interlaminar shear strength measurements showed no negative effect of the flame retardant. The versatility of these flame retardants is shown by investigations dealing with boehmite as synergist in neat resin samples.
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Wang JS, Wang DY, Liu Y, Ge XG, Wang YZ. Polyamide-enhanced flame retardancy of ammonium polyphosphate on epoxy resin. J Appl Polym Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/app.27522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Zheng J, Cui P, Tian X, Zheng K. Pyrolysis studies of polyethylene terephthalate/silica nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/app.25582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Yang L, Hu Y, You F, Chen Z. A novel method to prepare zinc hydroxystannate-coated inorganic fillers and its effect on the fire properties of PVC cable materials. POLYM ENG SCI 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.20482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Levchik SV, Weil ED. Thermal decomposition, combustion and flame-retardancy of epoxy resins?a review of the recent literature. POLYM INT 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.1473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 444] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Hussain M, Varley RJ, Zenka M, Simon GP. Synthesis, thermal behavior, and cone calorimetry of organophosphorus epoxy materials. J Appl Polym Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/app.12983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Frigione M, Maffezzoli A, Finocchiaro P, Failla S. Cure kinetics and properties of epoxy resins containing a phosphorous-based flame retardant. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/adv.10060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Jeng RJ, Shau SM, Lin JJ, Su WC, Chiu YS. Flame retardant epoxy polymers based on all phosphorus-containing components. Eur Polym J 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0014-3057(01)00246-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Uhl F, Levchik G, Levchik S, Dick C, Liggat J, Snape C, Wilkie C. The thermal stability of cross-linked polymers: methyl methacrylate with divinylbenzene and styrene with dimethacrylates. Polym Degrad Stab 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-3910(00)00181-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Krupa I, Luyt A. Thermal and mechanical properties of LLDPE cross-linked with gamma radiation. Polym Degrad Stab 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-3910(00)00186-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Levchik GF, Si K, Levchik SV, Camino G, Wilkie CA. The correlation between cross-linking and thermal stability: Cross-linked polystyrenes and polymethacrylates. Polym Degrad Stab 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-3910(99)00028-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Levchik SV, Camino G, Luda MP, Costa L, Muller G, Costes B. Epoxy resins cured with aminophenylmethylphosphine oxide—II. Mechanism of thermal decomposition. Polym Degrad Stab 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-3910(97)00064-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Khalturinskij NA, Tsirekidze ON. Influence of Antimony Compounds on Epoxide Composition Flammability. INT J POLYM MATER PO 1993. [DOI: 10.1080/00914039308048502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Bains R, Cusack P, Monk A. A comparison of the fire-retardant properties of zinc hydroxystannate and antimony trioxide in brominated polyester resins containing inorganic fillers. Eur Polym J 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0014-3057(90)90032-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Aseeva RM, Zaikov GE. Flammability of polymeric materials. KEY POLYMERS PROPERTIES AND PERFORMANCE 1985. [DOI: 10.1007/3-540-15481-7_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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Hirschler M. Reduction of smoke formation from and flammability of thermoplastic polymers by metal oxides. POLYMER 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0032-3861(84)90296-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Hirschler M, Tsika O. The effect of combinations of aluminium(III) oxides and decabromobiphenyl on the flammability of and smoke production from acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer. Eur Polym J 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/0014-3057(83)90109-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Antia F, Cullis C, Hirschler M. The combined action of aluminium oxides and halogen compounds as flame retardants. Eur Polym J 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/0014-3057(81)90152-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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