1
|
Lin H, Chen X, Lei H, Zhou X, Du G, Essawy H, Xi X, Hou D, Song J, Cao M. Synthesis and characterization of a bio-aldehyde-based lignin adhesive with desirable water resistance. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 264:130020. [PMID: 38336332 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Wood-based panels find widespread application in the furniture and construction industries. However, over 90 % of adhesives used are synthesized with formaldehyde, leading to formaldehyde emission and associated health risks. In this study, an entirely bio-based adhesive (OSL) was innovatively proposed through the condensation of multi-aldehyde derived from the oxidization of sucrose (OS) with sodium lignosulfonate (L). This approach positioned oxidized sucrose (OS) as a viable substitute for formaldehyde, ensuring safety, simplicity, and enhance water resistance upon reaction with L. The optimization of the OSL adhesive preparation process involved determining the oxidant level for high sucrose conversion to aldehyde (13 % based on sucrose), the mass ratio of OS to L (0.8), and hot-pressing temperature (200 °C). Notably, the shear strength of 3-plywood bonded with the developed adhesive (1.04 MPa) increased to 1.42 MPa after being immersed in hot water at 63 ± 3 °C for 3 h. Additionally, the plywood specimens exhibited excellent performance after soaking in boiling water for 3 h, resulting in a shear strength of 1.03 MPa. Chemical analysis using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed an addition reaction between L and OS, forming a dense network structure, effectively enhanceing the water resistance of OSL adhesives. Furthermore, compared with lignin-formaldehyde resin adhesive (LF), the OSL adhesive exhibited superior wet shear strength. This study offered an innovative approach for developing lignin-based adhesives utilizing a biomass aldehyde (OS), as a promising substitute for formaldehyde in the wood industry. The findings indicated that this approach may advance lignin-based adhesives, ensuring resistance to strength deterioration under highly humid environmental conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huali Lin
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glued Products, College of Material and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; International Joint Research Center for Biomass Material, Southwest Forestry University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Xinyi Chen
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glued Products, College of Material and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; International Joint Research Center for Biomass Material, Southwest Forestry University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Hong Lei
- College of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China.
| | - Xiaojian Zhou
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glued Products, College of Material and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; International Joint Research Center for Biomass Material, Southwest Forestry University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Guanben Du
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glued Products, College of Material and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; International Joint Research Center for Biomass Material, Southwest Forestry University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Hisham Essawy
- Department of Polymers and Pigments, National Research Centre, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Xuedong Xi
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glued Products, College of Material and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; International Joint Research Center for Biomass Material, Southwest Forestry University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Defa Hou
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glued Products, College of Material and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; International Joint Research Center for Biomass Material, Southwest Forestry University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Jiaxuan Song
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glued Products, College of Material and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; International Joint Research Center for Biomass Material, Southwest Forestry University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Ming Cao
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Wood Adhesives and Glued Products, College of Material and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; International Joint Research Center for Biomass Material, Southwest Forestry University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Kunming 650224, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ma Y, Luo Y, Zhang Q, Gao Y, Li J, Shah S, Wang X, Zhang X. Biodegradable Films Prepared from Pulp Lignocellulose Adhesives of Urea Formaldehyde Resin Modified by Biosulfonate. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:2863. [PMID: 35890638 PMCID: PMC9319740 DOI: 10.3390/polym14142863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional low-density polyethylene (LDPE) film causes environmental pollution; there is a pressing need to make new bio-based polymers for alternative products, to meet agricultural production needs and for sustainable ecological development. In this study, urea-formaldehyde resin (UF) was modified with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and 1-2.5% bio-based sulfonate (BBS). The influence of BBS inducing on the functional groups, microstructure, and thermal behavior was evaluated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). A biodegradable film was prepared with modified UF resin as adhesive and pulp lignocellulose as raw material. The biodegradable mulch film samples were tested for biodegradability, water retention, and cooling soil temperature characters using LDPE and no mulching (NM) as a control. The results showed that with the increase of BBS content, the viscosity and reactivity of modified PUF resin increased, and the free formaldehyde content decreased. A 2%BBS modified PUF resin (2.0BBS/PUF) accelerated the curing process of the PUF resin, formed a flexible macromolecular network structure, and enhanced the toughness of the resin. The biodegradable mulch prepared with PUF, BBS, and 2.0BBS/PUF as adhesives had good water retention. BBS modification increased the degradation rate of mulch by 17.53% compared to the PUF. Three biodegradable films compared with LDPE and NM significantly reduced the soil temperature under summer cucumber cultivation, and the 2.0BBS/PUF coating had the lowest diurnal temperature difference, which provided a suitable soil environment for crop growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongjie Ma
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; (Y.M.); (Y.L.); (Q.Z.); (Y.G.); (J.L.)
| | - Yanxin Luo
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; (Y.M.); (Y.L.); (Q.Z.); (Y.G.); (J.L.)
| | - Qiannan Zhang
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; (Y.M.); (Y.L.); (Q.Z.); (Y.G.); (J.L.)
| | - Yanming Gao
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; (Y.M.); (Y.L.); (Q.Z.); (Y.G.); (J.L.)
| | - Jianshe Li
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; (Y.M.); (Y.L.); (Q.Z.); (Y.G.); (J.L.)
| | - Sadiq Shah
- Abdul Wali Khan Univ Dept Food Sci & Technol, Garden Campus, Mardan 23200, Pakistan;
| | - Xiaozhuo Wang
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; (Y.M.); (Y.L.); (Q.Z.); (Y.G.); (J.L.)
| | - Xueyan Zhang
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; (Y.M.); (Y.L.); (Q.Z.); (Y.G.); (J.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gonçalves S, Ferra J, Paiva N, Martins J, Carvalho LH, Magalhães FD. Lignosulphonates as an Alternative to Non-Renewable Binders in Wood-Based Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13234196. [PMID: 34883699 PMCID: PMC8659965 DOI: 10.3390/polym13234196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignin is a widely abundant renewable source of phenolic compounds. Despite the growing interest on using it as a substitute for its petroleum-based counterparts, only 1 to 2% of the global lignin production is used for obtaining value-added products. Lignosulphonates (LS), derived from the sulphite pulping process, account for 90% of the total market of commercial lignin. The most successful industrial attempts to use lignin for wood adhesives are based on using this polymer as a partial substitute in phenol-formaldehyde or urea-formaldehyde resins. Alternatively, formaldehyde-free adhesives with lignin and lignosulphonates have also been developed with promising results. However, the low number of reactive sites available in lignin's aromatic ring and high polydispersity have hindered its application in resin synthesis. Currently, finding suitable crosslinkers for LS and decreasing the long pressing time associated with lignin adhesives remains a challenge. Thus, several methods have been proposed to improve the reactivity of lignin molecules. In this paper, techniques to extract, characterize, as well as improve the reactivity of LS are addressed. The most recent advances in the application of LS in wood adhesives, with and without combination with formaldehyde, are also reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Gonçalves
- LEPABE–Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (S.G.); (J.M.); (L.H.C.)
| | - João Ferra
- Sonae Arauco Portugal S.A., Lugar do Espido—Via Norte, 4470-177 Porto, Portugal; (J.F.); (N.P.)
| | - Nádia Paiva
- Sonae Arauco Portugal S.A., Lugar do Espido—Via Norte, 4470-177 Porto, Portugal; (J.F.); (N.P.)
| | - Jorge Martins
- LEPABE–Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (S.G.); (J.M.); (L.H.C.)
- DEMad–Departamento de Engenharia de Madeiras, Instituto Politécnico de Viseu, Campus Politécnico de Repeses, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal
| | - Luísa H. Carvalho
- LEPABE–Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (S.G.); (J.M.); (L.H.C.)
- DEMad–Departamento de Engenharia de Madeiras, Instituto Politécnico de Viseu, Campus Politécnico de Repeses, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal
| | - Fernão D. Magalhães
- LEPABE–Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (S.G.); (J.M.); (L.H.C.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Effects of Alcell Lignin Methylolation and Lignin Adding Stage on Lignin-Based Phenolic Adhesives. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26226762. [PMID: 34833854 PMCID: PMC8621660 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the effects of lignin methylolation and lignin adding stage on the resulted lignin-based phenolic adhesives, Alcell lignin activated with NaOH (AL) or methylolation (ML) was integrated into the phenolic adhesives system by replacing phenol at various adhesive synthesis stages or directly co-polymerizing with phenolic adhesives. Lignin integration into phenolic adhesives greatly increased the viscosity of the resultant adhesives, regardless of lignin methylolation or adding stage. ML introduction at the second stage of adhesive synthesis led to much bigger viscosity than ML or AL introduction into phenolic adhesives at any other stages. Lignin methylolation and lignin adding stage did not affect the thermal stability of lignin based phenolic adhesives, even though lignin-based adhesives were less thermally stable than NPF. Typical three-stage degradation characteristics were also observed on all the lignin-based phenolic adhesives. Three-ply plywoods can be successfully laminated with lignin based adhesives, and it was interesting that after 3 h of cooking in boiling water, the plywoods specimens bonded with lignin-based phenolic adhesives displayed higher bonding strength than the corresponding dry strength obtained after direct conditioning at 20 °C and 65% RH. Compared with NPF, lignin introduction significantly reduced the bonding strength of lignin based phenolic adhesives when applied for plywood lamination. However, no significant variation of bonding strength was detected among the lignin based phenolic adhesives, regardless of lignin methylolation or adding stages.
Collapse
|
5
|
Antov P, Savov V, Trichkov N, Krišťák Ľ, Réh R, Papadopoulos AN, Taghiyari HR, Pizzi A, Kunecová D, Pachikova M. Properties of High-Density Fiberboard Bonded with Urea-Formaldehyde Resin and Ammonium Lignosulfonate as a Bio-Based Additive. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13162775. [PMID: 34451315 PMCID: PMC8398458 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential of ammonium lignosulfonate (ALS) as an eco-friendly additive to urea–formaldehyde (UF) resin for manufacturing high-density fiberboard (HDF) panels with acceptable properties and low free formaldehyde emission was investigated in this work. The HDF panels were manufactured in the laboratory with very low UF resin content (4%) and ALS addition levels varying from 4% to 8% based on the mass of the dry wood fibers. The press factor applied was 15 s·mm−1. The physical properties (water absorption and thickness swelling), mechanical properties (bending strength, modulus of elasticity, and internal bond strength), and free formaldehyde emission were evaluated in accordance with the European standards. In general, the developed HDF panels exhibited acceptable physical and mechanical properties, fulfilling the standard requirements for HDF panels for use in load-bearing applications. Markedly, the laboratory-produced panels had low free formaldehyde emission ranging from 2.0 to 1.4 mg/100 g, thus fulfilling the requirements of the E0 and super E0 emission grades and confirming the positive effect of ALS as a formaldehyde scavenger. The thermal analyses performed, i.e., differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and derivative thermogravimetry (DTG), also confirmed the main findings of the research. It was concluded that ALS as a bio-based, formaldehyde-free adhesive can be efficiently utilized as an eco-friendly additive to UF adhesive formulations for manufacturing wood-based panels under industrial conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petar Antov
- Faculty of Forest Industry, University of Forestry, 1797 Sofia, Bulgaria; (V.S.); (N.T.)
- Correspondence: (P.A.); (Ľ.K.)
| | - Viktor Savov
- Faculty of Forest Industry, University of Forestry, 1797 Sofia, Bulgaria; (V.S.); (N.T.)
| | - Neno Trichkov
- Faculty of Forest Industry, University of Forestry, 1797 Sofia, Bulgaria; (V.S.); (N.T.)
| | - Ľuboš Krišťák
- Faculty of Wood Sciences and Technology, Technical University in Zvolen, 96001 Zvolen, Slovakia;
- Correspondence: (P.A.); (Ľ.K.)
| | - Roman Réh
- Faculty of Wood Sciences and Technology, Technical University in Zvolen, 96001 Zvolen, Slovakia;
| | - Antonios N. Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Wood Chemistry and Technology, Department of Forestry and Natural Environment, International Hellenic University, GR-661 00 Drama, Greece;
| | - Hamid R. Taghiyari
- Wood Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Materials Engineering & New Technologies, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran 16788-15811, Iran;
| | - Antonio Pizzi
- LERMAB-ENSTIB, University of Lorraine, 27 Rue Philippe Seguin, 88000 Epinal, France;
| | - Daniela Kunecová
- Faculty of Engineering, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, 94976 Nitra, Slovakia;
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Montagna LS, da Silva APB, de Melo Morgado GF, Ribeiro B, Passador FR, Rezende MC. PFA nanocomposites: the influence of three carbon nanofillers on the mechanical and electromagnetic properties. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02613-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
7
|
Abstract
Technologies for the isolation of lignin from pulping process streams are reviewed in this article. Based on published data, the WestVaco process, the LignoBoost process, the LigoForce SystemTM and the SLRP process are reviewed and discussed for the isolation of lignin from Kraft black liquor. The three new processes that have now joined the WestVaco process are compared from the perspective of product quality. Further, isolation processes of lignosulfonates from spent sulfite liquor are reviewed. The limitation for this review is that data are only available from lab scale and pilot scale experiments and not from industrial processes. Key output of this paper is a technology summary of the state of the art processes for technical lignins, showing the pros and cons of each process.
Collapse
|
8
|
Asim AM, Uroos M, Naz S, Muhammad N. Pyridinium protic ionic liquids: Effective solvents for delignification of wheat straw. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.115013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
9
|
Antov P, Savov V, Krišťák Ľ, Réh R, Mantanis GI. Eco-Friendly, High-Density Fiberboards Bonded with Urea-Formaldehyde and Ammonium Lignosulfonate. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13020220. [PMID: 33435154 PMCID: PMC7827569 DOI: 10.3390/polym13020220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential of producing eco-friendly, formaldehyde-free, high-density fiberboard (HDF) panels from hardwood fibers bonded with urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin and a novel ammonium lignosulfonate (ALS) is investigated in this paper. HDF panels were fabricated in the laboratory by applying a very low UF gluing factor (3%) and ALS content varying from 6% to 10% (based on the dry fibers). The physical and mechanical properties of the fiberboards, such as water absorption (WA), thickness swelling (TS), modulus of elasticity (MOE), bending strength (MOR), internal bond strength (IB), as well as formaldehyde content, were determined in accordance with the corresponding European standards. Overall, the HDF panels exhibited very satisfactory physical and mechanical properties, fully complying with the standard requirements of HDF for use in load-bearing applications in humid conditions. Markedly, the formaldehyde content of the laboratory fabricated panels was extremely low, ranging between 0.7-1.0 mg/100 g, which is, in fact, equivalent to the formaldehyde release of natural wood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petar Antov
- Department of Mechanical Wood Technology, Faculty of Forest Industry, University of Forestry, 1797 Sofia, Bulgaria;
- Correspondence: (P.A.); (Ľ.K.)
| | - Viktor Savov
- Department of Mechanical Wood Technology, Faculty of Forest Industry, University of Forestry, 1797 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Ľuboš Krišťák
- Faculty of Wood Sciences and Technology, Technical University in Zvolen, T. G. Masaryka 24, 960 01 Zvolen, Slovakia;
- Correspondence: (P.A.); (Ľ.K.)
| | - Roman Réh
- Faculty of Wood Sciences and Technology, Technical University in Zvolen, T. G. Masaryka 24, 960 01 Zvolen, Slovakia;
| | - George I. Mantanis
- Lab of Wood Science and Technology, Department of Forestry, Wood Sciences and Design, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece;
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Asim AM, Uroos M, Muhammad N. Extraction of lignin and quantitative sugar release from biomass using efficient and cost-effective pyridinium protic ionic liquids. RSC Adv 2020; 10:44003-44014. [PMID: 35517143 PMCID: PMC9058325 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra09098k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass is enormously abundant around the globe. It bears huge potential for renewable products as its components can be converted to many useful products via cheaper processes. Recently, the component of biomass that has attracted enormous attention is lignin owing to its several aromatic or phenolic constituents. The utilization of lignin, however, is hindered by its troublesome separation mainly due to the difficult nature of the lignocellulosic biomass. Protic ionic liquids have great potential for extraction of lignin from the lignocellulosic biomass to make it viable for various transformations. In this study, protic ionic liquids comprising a pyridinium cation and a dihydrogen phosphate anion (H2PO4−) were prepared and used for lignin extraction and subsequent saccharification of the cellulose pulp. The ILs exhibited appreciably high lignin yields (optimum 73%) under mild conditions (100 °C) and shorter time (2 h). Fairly good sugar (glucose) yields (77%) verify effective delignification. The analysis of ILs and biomass was accomplished by H-NMR, FT-IR, SEM, HSQC and GPC. Lignocellulosic biomass is enormously abundant around the globe. It bears huge potential for renewable products as its components can be converted to many useful products via cheaper processes.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maliha Uroos
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab 54000 Lahore Pakistan
| | - Nawshad Muhammad
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus 54600 Lahore Pakistan .,Department of Dental Materials, Institute of Medical Sciences Khyber Medical University Peshawar Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Feng H, Cui Q, Zhou Y, Dong J, Li M, Xiao L, Ao Y. Thermal Degradation, Kinetic Analysis and Char Formation in the Pyrolysis of Poly(melamine-co-phenolic resin) Copolymer. J MACROMOL SCI B 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2020.1840848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hengyu Feng
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber Development and Application, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingshi Cui
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber Development and Application, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber Development and Application, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinglong Dong
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber Development and Application, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming Li
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber Development and Application, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Linghan Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber Development and Application, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuhui Ao
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber Development and Application, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chen Y, Zhang H, Zhu Z, Fu S. High-value utilization of hydroxymethylated lignin in polyurethane adhesives. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 152:775-785. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
13
|
Ho Seo J, Jeong H, Lee HW, Choi CS, Bae JH, Lee SM, Kim YS. Characterization of solvent-fractionated lignins from woody biomass treated via supercritical water oxidation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 275:368-374. [PMID: 30605826 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.12.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Crude supercritical lignin (SCL) extracted from hardwood (Quercus mongolica) treated via supercritical water (SCW) oxidation was subjected to sequential fractionation with four organic solvents; five lignin fractions (F1-F4 and FIN) were thus obtained. The molecular weight (MW) of the fractionated lignins gradually increased as fractionation proceeded. However, the content of methoxyl groups and phenolic hydroxyl groups tended to decrease with increasing molecular weight of the lignins. The functional groups of SCL and the fractionated lignins were very similar based on Fourier-transform infrared analysis. The syringyl/guaiacyl ratio (S/G ratio) of the fractionated lignins increased with an increase in the MW. The thermal stability decreased with decreasing MW of the fractionated lignins, and all fractions except for F1 had a maximum degradation temperature of around 360 °C. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of the fractions increased from 83 °C to 137 °C with increasing MW.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Ho Seo
- The Institute of Forest Science, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanseob Jeong
- Wood Chemistry Division, National Institute of Forest Science, Seoul 02455, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Won Lee
- Wood Chemistry Division, National Institute of Forest Science, Seoul 02455, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Soon Choi
- Div. of Forest Material Science & Engineering, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Ho Bae
- Div. of Forest Material Science & Engineering, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Min Lee
- Wood Chemistry Division, National Institute of Forest Science, Seoul 02455, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yong Sik Kim
- The Institute of Forest Science, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea; Div. of Forest Material Science & Engineering, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mohan M, Banerjee T, Goud VV. Phase transition properties, chemical purity, and solubility of coniferyl alcohol and D‐mannose: Experimental and Cosmo‐RS predictions. CAN J CHEM ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.23338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mood Mohan
- Department of Chemical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology GuwahatiGuwahatiAssam‐781039India
| | - Tamal Banerjee
- Department of Chemical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology GuwahatiGuwahatiAssam‐781039India
| | - Vaibhav V. Goud
- Department of Chemical EngineeringIndian Institute of Technology GuwahatiGuwahatiAssam‐781039India
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kumar V, Singh RK, Chowdhury P. Efficient extraction and recovery of Lignosulfonate using sunflower oil as green solvent in liquid membrane transport: Equilibrium and kinetic study. J IND ENG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2018.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
16
|
Jiang C, He H, Yao X, Yu P, Zhou L, Jia D. The aggregation structure regulation of lignin by chemical modification and its effect on the property of lignin/styrene-butadiene rubber composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Can Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Wuhan Institute of Technology; Wuhan 430073 China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Hui He
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Xiaojie Yao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Peng Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Ling Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Demin Jia
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Aro T, Fatehi P. Production and Application of Lignosulfonates and Sulfonated Lignin. CHEMSUSCHEM 2017; 10:1861-1877. [PMID: 28253428 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201700082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is the largest reservoir of aromatic compounds on earth and has great potential to be used in many industrial applications. Alternative methods to produce lignosulfonates from spent sulfite pulping liquors and kraft lignin from black liquor of kraft pulping process are critically reviewed herein. Furthermore, options to increase the sulfonate contents of lignin-based products are outlined and the industrial attractiveness of them is evaluated. This evaluation includes sulfonation and sulfomethylation of lignin. To increase the sulfomethylation efficiency of lignin, various scenarios, including hydrolysis, oxidation, and hydroxymethylation, were compared. The application of sulfonated lignin-based products is assessed and the impact of the properties of these products on the characteristics of their end-use application is critically evaluated. Sulfonated lignin-based products have been used as dispersants in cement admixtures and dye solutions more than other applications, and their molecular weight and degree of sulfonation were crucial in determining their efficiency. The use of lignin-based sulfonated products in composites may result in an increase in the hydrophilicity of some composites, but the sulfonated products may need to be desulfonated with an alkali and/or oxygen prior to their use in composites. To be used as a flocculant, sulfonated lignin-based products may need to be cross-linked to increase their molecular weight. The challenges associated with the use of lignin-based products in these applications are comprehensively discussed herein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Aro
- Chemical Engineering Department, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, P7B 5E1, ON, Canada
| | - Pedram Fatehi
- Chemical Engineering Department, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, P7B 5E1, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Mirnik L, Kovačič S, Huskić M, Pahovnik D, Žagar E. Replacement of conventional dedusting agents with green alternatives in production of rock mineral wool insulation products. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.44165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Mirnik
- Department for Polymer Chemistry and Technology; National Institute of Chemistry; Hajdrihova 19 Ljubljana 1000 Slovenia
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology; University of Ljubljana; Večna Pot 113 Ljubljana 1000 Slovenia
| | - S. Kovačič
- Department for Polymer Chemistry and Technology; National Institute of Chemistry; Hajdrihova 19 Ljubljana 1000 Slovenia
| | - M. Huskić
- Department for Polymer Chemistry and Technology; National Institute of Chemistry; Hajdrihova 19 Ljubljana 1000 Slovenia
| | - D. Pahovnik
- Department for Polymer Chemistry and Technology; National Institute of Chemistry; Hajdrihova 19 Ljubljana 1000 Slovenia
| | - E. Žagar
- Department for Polymer Chemistry and Technology; National Institute of Chemistry; Hajdrihova 19 Ljubljana 1000 Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Podschun J, Stücker A, Buchholz RI, Heitmann M, Schreiber A, Saake B, Lehnen R. Phenolated Lignins as Reactive Precursors in Wood Veneer and Particleboard Adhesion. Ind Eng Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b00594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Podschun
- Department
of Wood Science and Chemical Wood Technology, University of Hamburg, Leuschnerstraße 91b, 21031 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Stücker
- Thünen Institute of Wood Research, Leuschnerstraße 91b, 21031 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rosanna I. Buchholz
- Thünen Institute of Wood Research, Leuschnerstraße 91b, 21031 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martina Heitmann
- Department
of Wood Science and Chemical Wood Technology, University of Hamburg, Leuschnerstraße 91b, 21031 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Schreiber
- Department
of Wood Science and Chemical Wood Technology, University of Hamburg, Leuschnerstraße 91b, 21031 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bodo Saake
- Department
of Wood Science and Chemical Wood Technology, University of Hamburg, Leuschnerstraße 91b, 21031 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ralph Lehnen
- Thünen Institute of Wood Research, Leuschnerstraße 91b, 21031 Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Upton BM, Kasko AM. Strategies for the Conversion of Lignin to High-Value Polymeric Materials: Review and Perspective. Chem Rev 2015; 116:2275-306. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 824] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brianna M. Upton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and ‡Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Andrea M. Kasko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and ‡Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
|
22
|
Abstract
AbstractThe research reported here concerns the synthesis, characterization and potential applications of silica/lignosulfonate hybrid materials. Three types of silica were used (Aerosil®200, Syloid®244 and hydrated silica), along with magnesium lignosulfonate. The effectiveness of the hybrid material synthesis methodology was confirmed indirectly, using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, elemental and colorimetric analysis. Dispersive-morphological analysis indicates that the products with the best properties were obtained using 10 parts by weight of magnesium lignosulfonate per 100 parts of Syloid®244 silica. The relatively high thermal stability recorded for the majority of the synthesized products indicates the potential use of this kind of a material as a polymer filler. Results indicating the high electrokinetic stability of the materials are also of great importance. Additionally, the very good porous structure properties indicate the potential use of silica/lignosulfonate systems as biosorbents of hazardous metal ions and harmful organic compounds.
Collapse
|
23
|
Sun YC, Xu JK, Xu F, Sun RC, Jones GL. Dissolution, regeneration and characterisation of formic acid and Alcell lignin in ionic liquid-based systems. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra46278a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
24
|
Schnitzer M, Monreal CM, Powell EE. Wheat straw biomass: a resource for high-value chemicals. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2014; 49:51-67. [PMID: 24138469 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2013.836924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Two methods are proposed for increasing the commercial value of wheat straw based on its chemical constituents. The first method involves the determination and extraction of the major organic components of wheat straw, and the second involves those found and extracted in the aqueous and viscous biooils derived from the straw by fast pyrolysis. We used pyrolysis-field ionization mass spectrometry to identify the fine chemicals, which have high commercial values. The most abundant organic compounds in the wheat straw and biooil used as precursors for green chemicals are N-heterocycles (16 to 29% of the Total Ion Intensities, TII) and fatty acids (19 to 26% of TIIs), followed by phenols and lignins (12 to 23% of TIIs). Other important precursors were carbohydrates and amino acids (1 to 8% TIIs), n-alkyl benzenes (3 to 5% of TIIs), and diols (4 to 9% TIIs). Steroids and flavonoids represented 1 to 5% of TIIs in the three materials. Examples of valuable chemical compounds that can be extracted from the wheat straw and biooils are m/z 256, 270, 278, 280, 282 and 284, which are the n-C16 and n-C17 fatty acids respectively, and the C18:3, C18:2 and C18:1 unsaturated fatty acids. In particular, the C18:2 (linoleic acid) is present at a concentration of 1.7% of TIIs. Pyrazole, pyrazine, pyridine, indoles, quinolines, carbazoles, and their identified derivatives are found in relatively high concentrations (1 to 8% of TIIs). Other useful compounds are sterols such as m/z 412 (stigmasterol), m/z 414 (β-sitosterol), and steroids such m/z 394 (stigmastatriene), m/z 398 (stigmastene) and m/z 410 (stigmastadienone). Relative to the wheat straw, the relative concentration of all flavonoids such as m/z 222 (flavone) and m/z 224 (flavonone) doubled in the biooils. The conversion of wheat straw by fast pyrolysis, followed by chemical characterization with mass spectrometry, and extraction of fine chemicals, opens up new possibilities for increasing the monetary value of crop residues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morris Schnitzer
- a Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Center , Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Ottawa , Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Yang S, Wen JL, Yuan TQ, Sun RC. Characterization and phenolation of biorefinery technical lignins for lignin–phenol–formaldehyde resin adhesive synthesis. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra09595b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenolation treatment under alkaline conditions could increase the active sites of technical lignin for phenol–formaldehyde resin adhesive synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry
- Beijing Forestry University
- Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jia-Long Wen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry
- Beijing Forestry University
- Beijing 100083, China
| | - Tong-Qi Yuan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry
- Beijing Forestry University
- Beijing 100083, China
| | - Run-Cang Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry
- Beijing Forestry University
- Beijing 100083, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Casas A, Oliet M, Alonso MV, Santos TM, Rodriguez F. Dissolution of Pinus radiata and Eucalyptus Globulus Woods in 1-Allyl-3-methylimidazolium Chloride for Cellulose or Lignin Regeneration. Ind Eng Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ie302859e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Casas
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Complutense
S/N, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Oliet
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Complutense
S/N, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Virginia Alonso
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Complutense
S/N, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Tamara Maria Santos
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Complutense
S/N, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Rodriguez
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Complutense
S/N, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Characterization of cellulose regenerated from solutions of pine and eucalyptus woods in 1-allyl-3-methilimidazolium chloride. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 92:1946-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
28
|
Casas A, Omar S, Palomar J, Oliet M, Alonso MV, Rodriguez F. Relation between differential solubility of cellulose and lignin in ionic liquids and activity coefficients. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra22800a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
29
|
Dissolution of Pinus radiata and Eucalyptus globulus woods in ionic liquids under microwave radiation: Lignin regeneration and characterization. Sep Purif Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2011.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
30
|
Ma Y, Zhao X, Chen X, Wang Z. An approach to improve the application of acid-insoluble lignin from rice hull in phenol–formaldehyde resin. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2011.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
31
|
Pérez JM, Rodríguez F, Alonso MV, Oliet M. Time-temperature-transformation cure diagrams of phenol-formaldehyde and lignin-phenol-formaldehyde novolac resins. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.32866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
32
|
Flexible biorefinery for producing fermentation sugars, lignin and pulp from corn stover. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 35:331. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-008-0322-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2007] [Accepted: 01/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
33
|
Ouyang X, Qiu X, Lou H, Yang D. Corrosion and Scale Inhibition Properties of Sodium Lignosulfonate and Its Potential Application in Recirculating Cooling Water System. Ind Eng Chem Res 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/ie0513189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinping Ouyang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueqing Qiu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongming Lou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongjie Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Alonso MV, Oliet M, García J, Rodríguez F, Echeverría J. Master curve and time–temperature–transformation cure diagram of lignin–phenolic and phenolic resol resins. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.25497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
35
|
Structural modification and characterization of lignosulfonate by a reaction in an alkaline medium for its incorporation into phenolic resins. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.24744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|