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Pei M, Wei K, Zhang D, Qin S. Polylactic acid flame‐retardant composite preparation and investigation of flame‐retardant characteristics. POLYM ENG SCI 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.26251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Pei
- School of Chemical Engineering Guizhou Minzu University Guiyang China
| | - Ke Wei
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials Guiyang China
| | - Daohai Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering Guizhou Minzu University Guiyang China
| | - Shuhao Qin
- School of Chemical Engineering Guizhou Minzu University Guiyang China
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials Guiyang China
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2
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Lou S, Yu R, Wang S, Fan P, Liu J, Tang T. Synergies between phosphomolybdate and aluminum diethylphosphinate acting as temperature-response microparticles for promoting fire safety of epoxy resin. POLYMER 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2023.125715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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3
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No business as usual: The effect of smoke suppressants commonly used in the flame retardant PA6.6 on smoke and fire properties. Polym Degrad Stab 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2023.110276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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4
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Liu C, Li P, Xu Y, Liu Y, Zhu P. Nickel alginate‐enhanced fire safety of aluminum diethylphosphinate on epoxy resin. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- College of Textiles and Clothing, Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fire‐Safety Materials D & A (Shandong), State Key Laboratory of Bio‐Fibers and Eco‐textiles Qingdao University Qingdao China
| | - Ping Li
- College of Textiles and Clothing, Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fire‐Safety Materials D & A (Shandong), State Key Laboratory of Bio‐Fibers and Eco‐textiles Qingdao University Qingdao China
| | - Ying‐Jun Xu
- College of Textiles and Clothing, Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fire‐Safety Materials D & A (Shandong), State Key Laboratory of Bio‐Fibers and Eco‐textiles Qingdao University Qingdao China
| | - Yun Liu
- College of Textiles and Clothing, Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fire‐Safety Materials D & A (Shandong), State Key Laboratory of Bio‐Fibers and Eco‐textiles Qingdao University Qingdao China
| | - Ping Zhu
- College of Textiles and Clothing, Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fire‐Safety Materials D & A (Shandong), State Key Laboratory of Bio‐Fibers and Eco‐textiles Qingdao University Qingdao China
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5
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6
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Xiang Y, Gao Y, Xu G, He M, Qin S, Yu J. Thermal degradation behavior and flame retardant properties of PET/DiDOPO conjugated flame retardant composites*. Front Chem 2022; 10:1018998. [PMID: 36277341 PMCID: PMC9586204 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1018998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PET/DIDOPO conjugated flame retardant composites were prepared by melt blending of styrene bridged DOPO (DIDOPO) into polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The flame retardancy, rheological behavior, and thermal degradation behavior of the composite were characterized by vertical combustion test (UL-94), limit oxygen index test (LOI), rotational rheometer, and thermogravimetry (TG). The results showed that the flame retardant composite with V-0 grade was obtained when the amount of DIDOPO is 12.5wt%, and the corresponding LOI value was 56.87% higher than that of PET. The thermogravimetry-fourier infrared spectroscopy (TG-FTIR) test results showed that DIDOPO could promote the degradation of PET/DIDOPO materials, and release phosphorus-containing free radicals to quench the flame, therefore slowing down the combustion process, and mainly playing the key flame retardant role in gas-phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushu Xiang
- College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guiyang, China
| | - Yun Gao
- College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guiyang, China
| | - Guomin Xu
- College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guiyang, China
| | - Min He
- College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guiyang, China
| | - Shuhao Qin
- College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guiyang, China
- *Correspondence: Shuhao Qin, ; Jie Yu,
| | - Jie Yu
- College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guiyang, China
- *Correspondence: Shuhao Qin, ; Jie Yu,
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A Phosphorous-Based Bi-Functional Flame Retardant Based on Phosphaphenanthrene and Aluminum Hypophosphite for an Epoxy Thermoset. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911256. [PMID: 36232556 PMCID: PMC9569656 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
A phosphorous-based bi-functional compound HPDAl was used as a reactive-type flame retardant (FR) in an epoxy thermoset (EP) aiming to improve the flame retardant efficiency of phosphorus-based compounds. HPDAl, consisting of two different P-groups of aluminum phosphinate (AHP) and phosphophenanthrene (DOPO) with different phosphorous chemical environments and thus exerting different FR actions, exhibited an intramolecular P-P groups synergy and possessed superior flame-retardant efficiency compared with DOPO or AHP alone or the physical combination of DOPO/AHP in EP. Adding 2 wt.% HPDAl made EP composites acquire a LOI value of 32.3%, pass a UL94 V-0 rating with a blowing-out effect, and exhibit a decrease in the heat/smoke release. The flame retardant modes of action of HPDAl were confirmed by the experiments of the scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and thermogravimetry–Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy–gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (TG-FTIR-GC/MS). The results indicate that the phosphorous-based FRs show different influences on the flame retardancy of composites, mainly depending on their chemical structures. HPDAl had a flame inhibition effect in the gas phase and a charring effect in the condensed phase, with a well-balanced distribution of P content in the gas/condensed phase. Furthermore, the addition of HPDAl hardly impaired the mechanical properties of the matrix due to the link by chemical bonds between them.
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Wang J, Wu X, Zhou R, Han W, Han X. Effect of a Novel Graphene on the Flame Retardancy and Thermal Degradation Behavior of Epoxy Resin. J MACROMOL SCI B 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2022.2127266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiangbo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Xintong Wu
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Rongfan Zhou
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Wenjia Han
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Xiaoshuai Han
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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9
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Guo Y, Rong H, Yu Y, Chen T, Chen Z, Suo Y, Zhang Q, Li C, Jiang J. A facile method for synthesis of novel phenyl phosphates flame retardants and their application in epoxy resin. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Guo
- College of Safety Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
| | - Hu Rong
- College of Safety Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
| | - Yuan Yu
- College of Safety Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
| | - Tingting Chen
- College of Safety Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
| | - Zhongwei Chen
- College of Safety Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
| | - Yifan Suo
- College of Safety Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
| | - Qingwu Zhang
- College of Safety Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
| | - Changxin Li
- College of Safety Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
| | - Juncheng Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Hazardous Chemicals Safety and Control Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
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10
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Klitsch J, Pfaendner R, Fasel C, Schönberger F. Mode of Action of Zn-DOPOx and Melamine Polyphosphate as Flame Retardants in Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polyamide 66. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14183709. [PMID: 36145861 PMCID: PMC9503550 DOI: 10.3390/polym14183709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the flame retardant effect of the Zn salt of 10-hydroxy-9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (Zn-DOPOx), melamine polyphosphate (MPP) and their mixture was investigated towards the mode of action in glass fiber-reinforced polyamide 66 (PA 66 GF). The flammability was evaluated using UL 94 V and cone calorimetry. Influence on char formation was analyzed by SEM. Thermal decomposition of Zn-DOPOx and MPP was studied by TGA and ATR-FTIR. The release of gaseous PA 66 decomposition products was investigated using TGA-DTA-FTIR. Combining Zn-DOPOx and MPP leads to an improvement in flame retardancy, most pronounced for equal parts of weight. Mode of action changes significantly for Zn-DOPOx:MPP (1:1) compared to the sole components and a strong interaction between Zn-DOPOx and MPP is revealed, resulting in a more open char structure. Fuel dilution as well as less exothermic decomposition are essential for the mode of action of the combination. Through low HRR values and high CO/CO2 ratio during cone calorimetry measurements, a significant increase in gas phase activity was proven. Therefore, it is concluded that Zn-DOPOx:MPP (1:1) leads to a significant increase in flame retardancy through a combination of mode of actions in the gas and condensed phase resulting from the change in thermal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Klitsch
- Division Plastics, Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Rudolf Pfaendner
- Division Plastics, Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Claudia Fasel
- Department of Material Science, Technical University Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Frank Schönberger
- Division Plastics, Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-6151-705-8705
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11
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Korobeinichev O, Shaklein A, Trubachev S, Karpov A, Paletsky A, Chernov A, Sosnin E, Shmakov A. The Influence of Flame Retardants on Combustion of Glass Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Resin. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14163379. [PMID: 36015637 PMCID: PMC9416137 DOI: 10.3390/polym14163379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
For the first time, next to the flammability tests (LOI, UL-94 HB, VBB, TGA), experimental tests and computer simulation have been conducted on the flame spread and combustion of glass fiber-reinforced epoxy resins (GFRER) with 6% graphene and 6% DDM-DOPO flame-retardant additives. The downward rates of flame spread (ROS) in opposed flow with oxidizer and the upward ROS along GFRER composites have been first measured as well as the distribution of temperature over the combustion surface of the composites with flame-retardant additives and without them. The LOI and UL-94 HB tests showed a reduction in the flammability of GFRER when flame retardants were added and predicted a higher effectiveness of DDM-DOPO compared to graphene. Adding DDM-DOPO resulted in increasing the rate of formation of the volatile pyrolysis products and their yield, indicating, together with the other data obtained, the gas phase mechanism of the flame retardant’s action. Adding graphene resulted in an increase in the soot release on the burning surface and an increase in the amount of non-volatile pyrolysis products on the burning surface, reducing the amount of fuel that participated in the oxidation reactions in the gas phase. The developed numerical combustion model for GFRER with a DDM-DOPO additive, based on the action of DDM-DOPO as a flame retardant acting in the gas phase, satisfactorily predicts the effect of this flame retardant on the reduction in downward ROS over GFRER for 45–50% oxygen concentrations. The developed model for GFRER with graphene additive, based on a reduction in the amount of fuel and increase in the amount of incombustible volatile pyrolysis products when graphene is added, predicts with good accuracy downward ROS over GFRER depending on oxygen concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Korobeinichev
- Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Stanislav Trubachev
- Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Physics, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - Alexander Paletsky
- Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Anatoliy Chernov
- Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Egor Sosnin
- Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Physics, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Andrey Shmakov
- Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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Lv J, Chen B, Zheng B, Chen M, Qiao H, Li S, Zhang H. Poly(phosphorus‐silicon‐alkyne): Widening the application potential in epoxy resin with excellent flame retardancy, mechanical property, and unimpaired thermal stability. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Lv
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science Fujian Normal University Fuzhou China
| | - Bing Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science Fujian Normal University Fuzhou China
| | - Botuo Zheng
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science Fujian Normal University Fuzhou China
| | - Mingfeng Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science Fujian Normal University Fuzhou China
| | - Huawei Qiao
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science Fujian Normal University Fuzhou China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science Fujian Normal University Fuzhou China
| | - Huagui Zhang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science Fujian Normal University Fuzhou China
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Stockschläder J, Quicker P, Baumann W, Wexler M, Stapf D, Beckmann M, Thiel C, Hoppe H. Thermal treatment of carbon-fibre-reinforced polymers (Part 2: Energy recovery and feedstock recycling). WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2022; 40:685-697. [PMID: 34387139 PMCID: PMC9016680 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x211038192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The use of carbon fibre (CF)-reinforced plastics has grown significantly in recent years, and new areas of application have been and are being developed. As a result, the amount of non-recyclable waste containing CF is also rising. There are currently no treatment methods for this type of waste. Within this project different approaches for the treatment of waste containing CF were investigated. Main subject of the research project were large-scale investigations on treatment possibilities and limits of waste containing CF in high temperature processes, with focus on the investigation of process-specific residues and possible fibre emission. The results showed that the two conventional thermal waste treatment concepts with grate and rotary kiln firing systems are not suitable for a complete oxidation of CFs due to the insufficient process conditions (temperature and dwell time). The CFs were mainly discharged via the bottom ash/slag. Due to the partial decomposition during thermal treatment, World Health Organization (WHO) fibres occurred in low concentrations. The tests run in the cement kiln plant have shown the necessity of comminution for waste containing CF. With respect to the short testing times and moderate quantities of inserted CF, a final evaluation of the suitability of this disposal path was not possible. The use of specially processed waste containing CF (carbon-fibre-reinforced plastic (CFRP) pellets) as a carbon substitute in calcium carbide production led to high carbon conversion rates. In the unburned furnace dust, which is marketed as a by-product of the process, CFs in relevant quantities could be detected.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Quicker
- Unit Technologies of Fuels, RWTH Aachen
University, Aachen, Germany
| | | | | | - Dieter Stapf
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology,
Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Michael Beckmann
- Institute of Process Engineering and
Environmental Technology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christopher Thiel
- Institute of Process Engineering and
Environmental Technology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Helmut Hoppe
- Research Institute of the Cement
Industry, VDZ Technology gGmbH, Duesseldorf, Germany
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Recent advances in flame retardant epoxy systems containing non-reactive DOPO based phosphorus additives. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Liu S, Wei H, Xiong Y, Ding Y, Xu L. Synthesis of a highly efficient flame retardant containing triazine and pentaerythritol phosphate groups and its intumescent flame retardancy on epoxy resin. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/09540083221098160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A novel phosphorus-nitrogen-containing flame retardant (DOPT) has been successfully synthesized via the substitution reaction of cyanuric chloride, pentaerythritol phosphate and 9, 10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide. The chemical structure of DOPT was confirmed by 1H, 31P and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Then, flame retardants were added to epoxy resin to prepare epoxy resin composites by pouring method. Thermal properties, flame retardancy, and combustion behavior of epoxy resin composites were evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis, vertical burning, limiting oxygen index and cone calorimeter test. Thermogravimetric analysis test showed that the carbon residue rate of DOPT at 800°C reached 52.53%, which indicated that the introduction of high-efficiency char-forming agent triazine and pentaerythritol phosphate groups could significantly improve its char-forming performance and thermal stability. The epoxy resin composite achieved vertical burning V-0 grade and the limiting oxygen index value reached 35.5% when 7 wt% DOPT was incorporated. Furthermore, the cone calorimeter test results manifested that the addition of DOPT stimulated degradation of the epoxy resin matrix during the combustion process and accelerated the formation of an expanded and dense carbon layer. Additionally, the incombustible gas produced during the decomposition of DOPT had played a flame-retardant effect in the gas phase. Hence, compared with neat epoxy resin, the total heat release and total smoke production of the EP-7 wt% DOPT composite decreased by 14.0% and 25.3%, respectively. Moreover, owing to the excellent compatibility and the strong interface effect between DOPT and epoxy resin, the addition of DOPT also enhanced the mechanical and fire resistance properties of the epoxy resin composite. Therefore, it is proposed that DOPT could be exploited as an economical and high-efficiency flame retardant, and it has considerable prospects in flame retardant epoxy resin composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengpeng Liu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center of Phosphorus Resources Development and Utilization of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huan Wei
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center of Phosphorus Resources Development and Utilization of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yun Xiong
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center of Phosphorus Resources Development and Utilization of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yigang Ding
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center of Phosphorus Resources Development and Utilization of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lili Xu
- School of Technology Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, China
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Fei X, Zhang X, Liu J, Wang J, Liu X. Synthesis of a fire-retardant and high Tg biobased polyester from 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid. Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-022-00642-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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17
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Liu X, Zhao J, Lin X. Construction of strong non‐covalent interactions for preparation of flame‐retarded acrylic pressure‐sensitive adhesives with improved shear and peel strengths. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Jianqing Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Xiaodan Lin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou China
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Yang Y, Li Z, Wu G, Chen W, Huang G. A novel biobased intumescent flame retardant through combining simultaneously char-promoter and radical-scavenger for the application in epoxy resin. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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19
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Peng W, Nie SB, Xu YX, Yang W. A tetra-DOPO derivative as highly efficient flame retardant for epoxy resins. Polym Degrad Stab 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Abstract
We successfully prepared a highly effective flame-retardant additive called hsalbenzoguanamine phosphaphenanthrene (HDPD) through salicylaldehyde and nitrogen-rich benzoguanamine. The introduction of HDPD into epoxy resin (EP) sharply enhanced the flame retardancy of EP/HDPD thermosets. The introduction of 6 wt% HDPD into EP succeeded in reaching the V-0 rating. Limited oxygen index results revealed the high flame-retarding performance of HDPD. Cone calorimeter test data revealed that heat and smoke released from EP/6 wt% HDPD thermoset were significantly restrained. In addition, EP/6 wt% HDPD thermoset demonstrated excellent transmittance and mechanical strength. The transmittance of EP/6 wt% HDPD was assessed from 520 to 800 nm. The results showed that transmittance of EP/6 wt% HDPD were nearly 90% of the control group.
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21
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Selvaraj V, Raghavarshini TR. Development of high-performance hybrid sustainable bio-composites from biobased carbon reinforcement and cardanol-benzoxazine matrix. Polym Bull (Berl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-020-03232-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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22
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Liu D, Ji P, Zhang T, Lv J, Cui Y. A bi-DOPO type of flame retardancy epoxy prepolymer: Synthesis, properties and flame-retardant mechanism. Polym Degrad Stab 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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23
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Chen S, Bao X, Wu F, Wang J. Fire Retardancy and Thermogravimetric Kinetics of Thiol-Ene Degradation as Affected by Added 9,10-Dihydro-9-Oxa-10-Phosphaphenanthrene-10-Oxide (DOPO). J MACROMOL SCI B 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2021.1950813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Chen
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaohui Bao
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fangyi Wu
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiangbo Wang
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
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Ielo I, Giacobello F, Sfameni S, Rando G, Galletta M, Trovato V, Rosace G, Plutino MR. Nanostructured Surface Finishing and Coatings: Functional Properties and Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:2733. [PMID: 34067241 PMCID: PMC8196899 DOI: 10.3390/ma14112733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This review presents current literature on different nanocomposite coatings and surface finishing for textiles, and in particular this study has focused on smart materials, drug-delivery systems, industrial, antifouling and nano/ultrafiltration membrane coatings. Each of these nanostructured coatings shows interesting properties for different fields of application. In this review, particular attention is paid to the synthesis and the consequent physico-chemical characteristics of each coating and, therefore, to the different parameters that influence the substrate deposition process. Several techniques used in the characterization of these surface finishing coatings were also described. In this review the sol-gel method for preparing stimuli-responsive coatings as smart sensor materials is described; polymers and nanoparticles sensitive to pH, temperature, phase, light and biomolecules are also treated; nanomaterials based on phosphorus, borates, hydroxy carbonates and silicones are used and described as flame-retardant coatings; organic/inorganic hybrid sol-gel coatings for industrial applications are illustrated; carbon nanotubes, metallic oxides and polymers are employed for nano/ultrafiltration membranes and antifouling coatings. Research institutes and industries have collaborated in the advancement of nanotechnology by optimizing conversion processes of conventional materials into coatings with new functionalities for intelligent applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ileana Ielo
- Institute for the Study of Nanostructured Materials, ISMN–CNR, Palermo, c/o Department of ChiBioFarAm, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, Vill. S. Agata, 98166 Messina, Italy; (I.I.); (F.G.); (S.S.)
| | - Fausta Giacobello
- Institute for the Study of Nanostructured Materials, ISMN–CNR, Palermo, c/o Department of ChiBioFarAm, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, Vill. S. Agata, 98166 Messina, Italy; (I.I.); (F.G.); (S.S.)
| | - Silvia Sfameni
- Institute for the Study of Nanostructured Materials, ISMN–CNR, Palermo, c/o Department of ChiBioFarAm, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, Vill. S. Agata, 98166 Messina, Italy; (I.I.); (F.G.); (S.S.)
- Department of Engineering, University of Messina, Contrada di Dio, S. Agata, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Giulia Rando
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Analytical Sciences (ChiBioFarAm), University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, Vill. S. Agata, 98166 Messina, Italy; (G.R.); (M.G.)
| | - Maurilio Galletta
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Analytical Sciences (ChiBioFarAm), University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, Vill. S. Agata, 98166 Messina, Italy; (G.R.); (M.G.)
| | - Valentina Trovato
- Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Bergamo, Viale Marconi 5, 24044 Dalmine (BG), Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Rosace
- Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Bergamo, Viale Marconi 5, 24044 Dalmine (BG), Italy;
| | - Maria Rosaria Plutino
- Institute for the Study of Nanostructured Materials, ISMN–CNR, Palermo, c/o Department of ChiBioFarAm, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, Vill. S. Agata, 98166 Messina, Italy; (I.I.); (F.G.); (S.S.)
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Chen Z, Li Y, Ni L, Jiang J, Yu Y, Chen Q. Preparation of the organic–inorganic double‐shell microencapsulated aluminum hypophosphite and its improved flame retardancy and mechanical properties of epoxy resin composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiquan Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Hazardous Chemicals Safety and Control, College of Safety Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
| | - Yang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Hazardous Chemicals Safety and Control, College of Safety Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
| | - Lei Ni
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Hazardous Chemicals Safety and Control, College of Safety Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
| | - Juncheng Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Hazardous Chemicals Safety and Control, College of Safety Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
- School of Environmental & Safety Engineering Changzhou University Changzhou China
| | - Yuan Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Hazardous Chemicals Safety and Control, College of Safety Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Hazardous Chemicals Safety and Control, College of Safety Science and Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing China
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Zhang J, Lian S, He Y, Cao X, Shang J, Liu Q, Ye G, Zheng K, Ma Y. Intrinsically flame-retardant polyamide 66 with high flame retardancy and mechanical properties. RSC Adv 2020; 11:433-441. [PMID: 35423049 PMCID: PMC8690892 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07822k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The key factor in the synthesis of intrinsic flame retardant polymers is the thermal stability and reactivity of phosphorus-based flame retardants. However, it is difficult to realize both thermal stability and high reactivity by using one phosphorus-based flame retardant. Herein, we proposed a strategy to improve the thermal stability of highly reactive flame-retardant, 4-(2-(((2-carboxyethyl)(phenyl)phosphoryl)oxy)ethoxy)-4-oxohexanoic acid (CPPOA), by reacting it with 1,6-diaminohexane to obtain CPPOA salt, which then was copolymerized with PA66 salt to obtain intrinsic flame-retardant polyamide 66 (FRPA66). The thermal stability of CPPOA was significantly improved. The LOI and vertical combustion grade of FRPA66 with 6 wt% CPPOA reached 27.2% and V-0 rating, respectively. Furthermore, the tensile strength and impact strength of the FRPA66 reached 70 MPa and 5.6 kJ m-2, respectively. Our work presents an efficient approach to synthesize polymers having high flame retardancy and good mechanical properties, showing high potential for real applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingnan Zhang
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Siming Lian
- Zhuhai Green Electric Co., Ltd Guangdong 519070 China
| | - Yifan He
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Xinyu Cao
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Jiaming Shang
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Qingyun Liu
- Shandong University of Science and Technology Shandong 266590 China
| | - Gang Ye
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Kun Zheng
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Yongmei Ma
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) Beijing 100190 China
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Hu P, Zheng X, Zhu J, Wu B. Effects of chicken feather keratin on smoke suppression characteristics and flame retardancy of epoxy resin. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Po Hu
- School of Safety Engineering & Liaoning Key Laboratory of Aircraft Safety and Airworthiness Shenyang Aerospace University Shenyang China
| | - Xinyu Zheng
- School of Safety Engineering & Liaoning Key Laboratory of Aircraft Safety and Airworthiness Shenyang Aerospace University Shenyang China
| | - Jiwei Zhu
- School of Safety Engineering & Liaoning Key Laboratory of Aircraft Safety and Airworthiness Shenyang Aerospace University Shenyang China
| | - Baolin Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Shenyang Aerospace University Shenyang China
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Netkueakul W, Fischer B, Walder C, Nüesch F, Rees M, Jovic M, Gaan S, Jacob P, Wang J. Effects of Combining Graphene Nanoplatelet and Phosphorous Flame Retardant as Additives on Mechanical Properties and Flame Retardancy of Epoxy Nanocomposite. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12102349. [PMID: 33066401 PMCID: PMC7602215 DOI: 10.3390/polym12102349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of combining 0.1–5 wt % graphene nanoplatelet (GNP) and 3–30 wt % phosphorous flame retardant, 9,10- dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) as fillers in epoxy polymer on the mechanical, flame retardancy, and electrical properties of the epoxy nanocomposites was investigated. GNP was homogeneously dispersed into the epoxy matrix using a solvent-free three-roll milling process, while DOPO was incorporated into the epoxy resin by mechanical stirring at elevated temperature. The incorporation of DOPO reduced the crosslinking density of the epoxy resin. When using polyetheramine as a hardener, the structural rigidity effect of DOPO overshadowed the crosslinking effect and governed the flexural moduli of epoxy/DOPO resins. The flexural moduli of the nanocomposites were improved by adding GNP up to 5 wt % and DOPO up to 30 wt %, whereas the flexural strengths deteriorated when the GNP and DOPO loading were higher than 1 wt % and 10 wt %, respectively. Limited by the adverse effects on mechanical property, the loading combinations of GNP and DOPO within the range of 0–1 wt % and 0–10 wt %, respectively, in epoxy resin were further studied. Flame retardancy index (FRI), which depended on three parameters obtained from cone calorimetry, was considered to evaluate the flame retardancy of the epoxy composites. DOPO showed better performance than GNP as the flame retardant additive, while combining DOPO and GNP could further improve FRI to some extent. With the combination of 0.5 wt % GNP and 10 wt % DOPO, improvement in both mechanical properties and flame retardant efficiency of the nanocomposite was observed. Such a combination did not affect the electrical conductivity of the nanocomposites since the percolation threshold was at 1.6 wt % GNP. Our results enhance the understanding of the structure–property relationship of additive-filled epoxy resin composites and serve as a property constraining guidance for the composite manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woranan Netkueakul
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich), 8093 Zurich, Switzerland;
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa—Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Beatrice Fischer
- Laboratory for Functional Polymers, Empa—Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; (B.F.); (C.W.); (F.N.)
| | - Christian Walder
- Laboratory for Functional Polymers, Empa—Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; (B.F.); (C.W.); (F.N.)
| | - Frank Nüesch
- Laboratory for Functional Polymers, Empa—Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; (B.F.); (C.W.); (F.N.)
| | - Marcel Rees
- Laboratory for Mechanical Systems Engineering, Empa—Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland;
| | - Milijana Jovic
- Additives and Chemistry Group, Advanced Fibers, Empa—Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland; (M.J.); (S.G.)
| | - Sabyasachi Gaan
- Additives and Chemistry Group, Advanced Fibers, Empa—Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland; (M.J.); (S.G.)
| | - Peter Jacob
- Electronics and Reliability Center, Empa—Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland;
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich), 8093 Zurich, Switzerland;
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa—Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
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Chen R, Luo Z, Yu X, Tang H, Zhou Y, Zhou H. Synthesis of chitosan-based flame retardant and its fire resistance in epoxy resin. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 245:116530. [PMID: 32718634 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel flame retardant CCD was synthesized by the condensation between cinnamalde and chitosan, followed by the addition reaction with 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide(DOPO), and CCD was named from the initials of the three raw materials. The intermediate product CC and the target product CCD was then characterized by infrared spectrometry and elemental analysis. The flame retardancy of EP thermosets modified by CCD was dramatically improved. Epoxy resin (EP) with 10wt% CCD passed vertical burning (UL-94) V-0 rating and possessed limited oxygen index (LOI) value of 31.6 %. Cone calorimeter test exhibited the introduction of 3.5g CCD into 35g EP decreased the total heat release by 38.8 % and decreased the total smoke product by 72.0 %. XPS, FTIR, SEM and Raman tests were proceeded to determine the char residue for EP/10 % CCD thermoset, and the results showed that char residue for EP/10 % CCD thermoset possessed dense and compact structure which played a positive effect in blocking the exchange of heat and gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Chen
- Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430073, China; West Anhui University, Lu'an, 237012, China
| | - Zijin Luo
- Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430073, China
| | - XueJun Yu
- Three Gorges Public Inspection and Testing Center, Yichang, 443000, China
| | - Hao Tang
- Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430073, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430073, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430073, China.
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31
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Xie W, Huang S, Liu S, Zhao J. Phosphorus-based triazine compound endowing epoxy thermosets with excellent flame retardancy and enhanced mechanical stiffness. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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32
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An inherently flame-retardant polyamide 6 containing a phosphorus group prepared by transesterification polymerization. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Li L, Li S, Wang H, Zhu Z, Yin X, Mao J. Low flammability and smoke epoxy resins with a novel
DOPO
‐based imidazolone derivative. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Artificial Intelligence School Wuchang University of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Shan Li
- Artificial Intelligence School Wuchang University of Technology Wuhan China
| | - Hao Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies, Wuhan Textile University Wuhan China
| | - Zongmin Zhu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies, Wuhan Textile University Wuhan China
| | - Xianze Yin
- College of Materials Science and Engineering State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies, Wuhan Textile University Wuhan China
| | - Jiawei Mao
- College of Chemistry Sichuan University Chengdu China
- Chengdu Institute of Product Quality Inspection Co., Ltd Chengdu China
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Kim T, Song JH, Back JH, Seo B, Lim CS, Paik HJ, Lee W. Flame Retardant Submicron Particles via Surfactant-Free RAFT Emulsion Polymerization of Styrene Derivatives Containing Phosphorous. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12061244. [PMID: 32486082 PMCID: PMC7361693 DOI: 10.3390/polym12061244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) emulsion polymerization of diethyl-(4-vinylbenzyl) phosphate (DEVBP) was performed using PEG-TTC as a macro RAFT agent. PEG-TTC (MW 2000, 4000) was synthesized by the esterification of poly (ethylene glycol) methyl ether with a carboxylic-terminated RAFT agent, composed a hydrophilic poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) block and a hydrophobic dodecyl chain. The RAFT emulsion polymerization of DEVBP was well–controlled with a narrow molecular size distribution. Dynamic light scattering and confocal laser scanning microscopy were used to examine the PEG-b-PDVBP submicron particles, and the length of the PEG chain (hydrophilic block) was found to affect the particle size distribution and molecular weight distribution. The submicron particle size increased with increasing degree of polymerization (35, 65, and 130), and precipitation was observed at a high degree of polymerization (DP) using low molecular weight PEG-TTC (DP 130, A3). The flame retardant properties of the PEG-b-PDVBP were evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and micro cone calorimeter (MCC). In the combustion process, the residue of PEG-b-PDEVBP were above 500 °C was observed (A1 ~ B3, 27 ~ 38%), and flame retardant effect of PEG-b-PDEVBP submicron particles/PVA composite were confirmed by increasing range of temperature and decreasing total heat release with increasing contents of PEG-b-PDEVBP. The PEG-b-PDEVBP submicron particles can provide flame retardant properties to aqueous, dispersion and emulsion formed organic/polymer products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeyoon Kim
- Center for Advanced Specialty Chemicals, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Ulsan 44412, Korea; (T.K.); (J.-H.S.); (J.-H.B.); (B.S.); (C.-S.L.)
| | - Joo-Hyun Song
- Center for Advanced Specialty Chemicals, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Ulsan 44412, Korea; (T.K.); (J.-H.S.); (J.-H.B.); (B.S.); (C.-S.L.)
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Jong-Ho Back
- Center for Advanced Specialty Chemicals, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Ulsan 44412, Korea; (T.K.); (J.-H.S.); (J.-H.B.); (B.S.); (C.-S.L.)
| | - Bongkuk Seo
- Center for Advanced Specialty Chemicals, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Ulsan 44412, Korea; (T.K.); (J.-H.S.); (J.-H.B.); (B.S.); (C.-S.L.)
| | - Choong-Sun Lim
- Center for Advanced Specialty Chemicals, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Ulsan 44412, Korea; (T.K.); (J.-H.S.); (J.-H.B.); (B.S.); (C.-S.L.)
| | - Hyun-Jong Paik
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.-J.P.); (W.L.)
| | - Wonjoo Lee
- Center for Advanced Specialty Chemicals, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Ulsan 44412, Korea; (T.K.); (J.-H.S.); (J.-H.B.); (B.S.); (C.-S.L.)
- Correspondence: (H.-J.P.); (W.L.)
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Recent Developments in the Flame-Retardant System of Epoxy Resin. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13092145. [PMID: 32384706 PMCID: PMC7254395 DOI: 10.3390/ma13092145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
With the increasing emphasis on environmental protection, the development of flame retardants for epoxy resin (EP) has tended to be non-toxic, efficient, multifunctional and systematic. Currently reported flame retardants have been capable of providing flame retardancy, heat resistance and thermal stability to EP. However, many aspects still need to be further improved. This paper reviews the development of EPs in halogen-free flame retardants, focusing on phosphorus flame retardants, carbon-based materials, silicon flame retardants, inorganic nanofillers, and metal-containing compounds. These flame retardants can be used on their own or in combination to achieve the desired results. The effects of these flame retardants on the thermal stability and flame retardancy of EPs were discussed. Despite the great progress on flame retardants for EP in recent years, further improvement of EP is needed to obtain numerous eco-friendly high-performance materials.
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Chen X, Li J, Xi X, Pizzi A, Zhou X, Fredon E, Du G, Gerardin C. Condensed tannin-glucose-based NIPU bio-foams of improved fire retardancy. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Cheng J, Wang J, Yang S, Zhang Q, Hu Y, Ding G, Huo S. Aminobenzothiazole-substituted cyclotriphosphazene derivative as reactive flame retardant for epoxy resin. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2019.104412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Wang J, Guo Y, Zhao S, Huang R, Kong X. A novel intumescent flame retardant imparts high flame retardancy to epoxy resin. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Photoelectric‐Magnetic Functional Materials, Anhui Key Laboratory of Functional Coordination Compounds of Anhui Higher Education Institutes and School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringAnqing Normal University Anqing China
| | - Yu Guo
- School of Physics and Electrical EngineeringAnqing Normal University Anqing China
| | - ShunPing Zhao
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Photoelectric‐Magnetic Functional Materials, Anhui Key Laboratory of Functional Coordination Compounds of Anhui Higher Education Institutes and School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringAnqing Normal University Anqing China
| | - Rong‐Yi Huang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Photoelectric‐Magnetic Functional Materials, Anhui Key Laboratory of Functional Coordination Compounds of Anhui Higher Education Institutes and School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringAnqing Normal University Anqing China
| | - Xue‐Jun Kong
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Photoelectric‐Magnetic Functional Materials, Anhui Key Laboratory of Functional Coordination Compounds of Anhui Higher Education Institutes and School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringAnqing Normal University Anqing China
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Zhang X, Zhang W, Zeng G, Du J, Zhang W, Yang R. The Effect of Different Smoke Suppressants with APP for Enhancing the Flame Retardancy and Smoke Suppression on Vinyl Ester Resin. POLYM ENG SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of MaterialsBeijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District Beijing 100081 People's Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of MaterialsBeijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District Beijing 100081 People's Republic of China
| | - Gaofeng Zeng
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of MaterialsBeijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District Beijing 100081 People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxin Du
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of MaterialsBeijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District Beijing 100081 People's Republic of China
| | - Wenchao Zhang
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of MaterialsBeijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District Beijing 100081 People's Republic of China
| | - Rongjie Yang
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of MaterialsBeijing Institute of Technology, 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District Beijing 100081 People's Republic of China
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Sag J, Goedderz D, Kukla P, Greiner L, Schönberger F, Döring M. Phosphorus-Containing Flame Retardants from Biobased Chemicals and Their Application in Polyesters and Epoxy Resins. Molecules 2019; 24:E3746. [PMID: 31627395 PMCID: PMC6833091 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24203746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorus-containing flame retardants synthesized from renewable resources have had a lot of impact in recent years. This article outlines the synthesis, characterization and evaluation of these compounds in polyesters and epoxy resins. The different approaches used in producing biobased flame retardant polyesters and epoxy resins are reported. While for the polyesters biomass derived compounds usually are phosphorylated and melt blended with the polymer, biobased flame retardants for epoxy resins are directly incorporated into the polymer structure by a using a phosphorylated biobased monomer or curing agent. Evaluating the efficiency of the flame retardant composites is done by discussing results obtained from UL94 vertical burning, limiting oxygen index (LOI) and cone calorimetry tests. The review ends with an outlook on future development trends of biobased flame retardant systems for polyesters and epoxy resins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Sag
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Daniela Goedderz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany.
- Ernst-Berl Institute for Chemical Engineering and Macromolecular Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Philipp Kukla
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Lara Greiner
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Frank Schönberger
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Manfred Döring
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany.
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42
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Zhu ZM, Shang K, Wang LX, Wang JS. Synthesis of an effective bio-based flame-retardant curing agent and its application in epoxy resin: Curing behavior, thermal stability and flame retardancy. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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43
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Zhang Q, Yang S, Wang J, Cheng J, Zhang Q, Ding G, Hu Y, Huo S. A DOPO based reactive flame retardant constructed by multiple heteroaromatic groups and its application on epoxy resin: curing behavior, thermal degradation and flame retardancy. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Chen R, Dai S, Guo T, Tang H, Fan Y, Zhou H. Transparent low‐flammability epoxy resins with improved mechanical properties using tryptamine‐based DOPO derivative. POLYM ENG SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Chen
- Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan 430073 China
| | - Shensong Dai
- Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan 430073 China
| | - Tong Guo
- Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan 430073 China
| | - Hao Tang
- Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan 430073 China
| | - Yuqi Fan
- Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan 430073 China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan 430073 China
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45
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A novel flame retardant derived from DOPO and piperazine and its application in epoxy resin: Flame retardance, thermal stability and pyrolysis behavior. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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46
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47
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Garth K, Döring M, Kraemer R, Roth M, Thomas C. Novel phosphinate-containing zinc polyacrylate and its utilization as flame retardant for polyamides. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kim Garth
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF; Schlossgartenstr. 6, 64289, Darmstadt Germany
| | - Manfred Döring
- Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF; Schlossgartenstr. 6, 64289, Darmstadt Germany
| | - Roland Kraemer
- BASF SE; Carl-Bosch-Str. 38, 67063, Ludwigshafen am Rhein Germany
| | - Michael Roth
- BASF SE; Carl-Bosch-Str. 38, 67063, Ludwigshafen am Rhein Germany
| | - Carsten Thomas
- BASF SE; Carl-Bosch-Str. 38, 67063, Ludwigshafen am Rhein Germany
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48
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Zhou Y, He W, Wang N, Xu D, Chen X, He M, Guo J. Thermoplastic polyurethane/polytetrafluoroethylene/bridged dopo derivative composites: Flammability, thermal stability, and mechanical properties. POLYM ENG SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials Guiyang 550014 China
| | - Weidi He
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials Guiyang 550014 China
| | - Na Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technology Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthwest Jiaotong University Chengdu 610031 China
| | - Dinghong Xu
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials Guiyang 550014 China
| | - Xiaolang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technology Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthwest Jiaotong University Chengdu 610031 China
| | - Min He
- College of Materials and MetallurgyGuizhou University Guiyang 550025 China
| | - Jianbing Guo
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials Guiyang 550014 China
- College of Materials and MetallurgyGuizhou University Guiyang 550025 China
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49
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Tang H, Zhu Z, Chen R, Wang J, Zhou H. Synthesis of DOPO‐based pyrazine derivative and its effect on flame retardancy and thermal stability of epoxy resin. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Tang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental TechnologyWuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan 430073 China
| | - ZongMin Zhu
- College of Materials Science and EngineeringWuhan Textile University Wuhan 430200 China
| | - Rui Chen
- College of Chemistry and Environmental TechnologyWuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan 430073 China
| | - JunJie Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental TechnologyWuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan 430073 China
| | - Hong Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Environmental TechnologyWuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan 430073 China
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Huo S, Liu Z, Li C, Wang X, Cai H, Wang J. Synthesis of a phosphaphenanthrene/benzimidazole-based curing agent and its application in flame-retardant epoxy resin. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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