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Mandal S, Suresh S, Priya N, Banothu R, Mohan R, Sreeram KJ. Phthalate migration and its effects on poly(vinyl chloride)-based footwear: pathways, influence of environmental conditions, and the possibility of human exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:1844-1854. [PMID: 36107023 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00059h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The study of phthalate migration in footwear is important from an environmental viewpoint and the consumer health perspective as it remains in direct contact with the user for a long time. In this research article, the migration of phthalate, specifically di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), from the poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) shoe sole to the attached leather insole has been studied for six months under different environmental conditions. After one month, the DEHP concentration in the PVC sole decreased by 45-58%, and that in the leather insole increased from 0.35 mg g-1 to 38-58 mg g-1. After six months, about 90% of the DEHP has been lost from the PVC sole, and that in the leather insole reached close to its initial value (value before the experiment). The migration rate depends on the environmental conditions and the presence of phthalate soluble solvents in the sole-adhesive-insole system of the footwear. The influence of DEHP migration on the physicochemical characteristics of the PVC sole and leather insole has been studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy-attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR), thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The migration and emission pathways of DEHP, the influence of environmental conditions, and the possibility of human exposure to phthalate through footwear are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujata Mandal
- CLRI Center for Analysis, Testing, Evaluation and Reporting Services (CATERS), CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Chennai-600020, India.
| | - S Suresh
- CLRI Center for Analysis, Testing, Evaluation and Reporting Services (CATERS), CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Chennai-600020, India.
| | - N Priya
- CLRI Center for Analysis, Testing, Evaluation and Reporting Services (CATERS), CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Chennai-600020, India.
| | - Ravi Banothu
- CLRI Center for Analysis, Testing, Evaluation and Reporting Services (CATERS), CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Chennai-600020, India.
| | - R Mohan
- CLRI Center for Analysis, Testing, Evaluation and Reporting Services (CATERS), CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Chennai-600020, India.
| | - K J Sreeram
- CLRI Center for Analysis, Testing, Evaluation and Reporting Services (CATERS), CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Chennai-600020, India.
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Influence of acrylonitrile butadiene elastomer as polymeric co-agent for crosslinking poly(vinyl chloride) by gamma radiation. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-02974-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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El‐Nemr KF, Ali MA, Saleh SN, El‐Naggar AWM. Mechanical properties of gamma‐irradiated styrene‐butadiene rubber/acid‐treated vermiculite clay/maleic anhydride nanocomposites. POLYM ENG SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Khaled F. El‐Nemr
- Radiation Chemistry DepartmentNational Center for Radiation Research and Technology B.O. Box 29 Nasr City, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo Egypt
| | - Magdy A.M. Ali
- Radiation Chemistry DepartmentNational Center for Radiation Research and Technology B.O. Box 29 Nasr City, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo Egypt
| | - Saleh N. Saleh
- Radiation Chemistry DepartmentNational Center for Radiation Research and Technology B.O. Box 29 Nasr City, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo Egypt
| | - Abdel Wahab M. El‐Naggar
- Radiation Chemistry DepartmentNational Center for Radiation Research and Technology B.O. Box 29 Nasr City, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo Egypt
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Influence of radiation-crosslinking on flame retarded polymer materials—How crosslinking disrupts the barrier effect. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2014.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Jiang S, Yang H, Qian X, shi Y, Zhou K, Xu H, Shan X, Lo S, Hu Y, Gui Z. A Novel Transparent Cross-Linked Poly(methyl methacrylate)-Based Copolymer with Enhanced Mechanical, Thermal, and Flame-Retardant Properties. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie4035863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saihua Jiang
- State
Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Jinzhai Road 96, Hefei, P. R. China
- USTC-CityU Joint
Advanced Research Centre, Suzhou, P.R. China
| | - Hongyu Yang
- State
Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Jinzhai Road 96, Hefei, P. R. China
- USTC-CityU Joint
Advanced Research Centre, Suzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xiaodong Qian
- State
Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Jinzhai Road 96, Hefei, P. R. China
- USTC-CityU Joint
Advanced Research Centre, Suzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yongqian shi
- State
Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Jinzhai Road 96, Hefei, P. R. China
- USTC-CityU Joint
Advanced Research Centre, Suzhou, P.R. China
| | - Keqing Zhou
- State
Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Jinzhai Road 96, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Haiyan Xu
- Nano Science and
Technology Institute, USTC, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Xueying Shan
- State
Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Jinzhai Road 96, Hefei, P. R. China
- USTC-CityU Joint
Advanced Research Centre, Suzhou, P.R. China
| | - Siuming Lo
- USTC-CityU Joint
Advanced Research Centre, Suzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Hu
- State
Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Jinzhai Road 96, Hefei, P. R. China
- USTC-CityU Joint
Advanced Research Centre, Suzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zhou Gui
- State
Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Jinzhai Road 96, Hefei, P. R. China
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Hassan MM, Aly RO, Hasanen JA, El Sayed ESF. Influence of talc content on some properties of gamma irradiated composites of polyethylene and recycled rubber wastes. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.32120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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