1
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Zhang H, Ferro AR, Li IWS, Lai ACK. Effects of surface-attached durations, nutrients, and relative humidity on the resuspension of bacteria during human walking. J Hazard Mater 2024; 470:134278. [PMID: 38631247 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Resuspension caused by human walking activities is an important source of indoor bioaerosols and has been associated with health effects such as allergies and asthma. However, it is unknown whether inhalation of resuspended bioaerosols is an important exposure pathway for airborne infection. Also, crucial factors influencing the resuspension of settled microbes have not been quantified. In this study, we experimentally investigated the resuspension of culturable bacteria from human-stepping on polyvinyl chloride (PVC) flooring under different conditions. We determined the bacterial resuspension emission factor (ER), a normalized resuspension parameter for the ratio of resuspended mass in the air to the mass of settled particles, for two common bacteria, Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica. The investigation involved varying factors such as microbial surface-attached durations (0, 1, 2, and 3 days), the absence or presence of nutrients on flooring surfaces, and changes in relative humidity (RH) (35%, 65%, and 85%). The results showed that, in the absence of nutrients, the highest ER values for E. coli and S. enterica were 3.8 × 10-5 ± 5.2 × 10-6 and 5.3 × 10-5 ± 6.0 × 10-6, respectively, associated with surface-attached duration of 0 days. As the surface-attached duration increased from 0 to 3 days, ER values decreased by 92% and 84% for E. coli and S. enterica, respectively. In addition, we observed that ER values decreased with the increasing RH, which is consistent with particle adhesion theory. This research offers valuable insights into microbial resuspension during human walking activities and holds the potential for assisting in the assessment and estimation of risks related to human exposure to bioaerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Zhang
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Andrea R Ferro
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY USA
| | - Iris W S Li
- LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alvin C K Lai
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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2
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Panthi G, Bajagain R, Chaudhary DK, Kim PG, Kwon JH, Hong Y. The release, degradation, and distribution of PVC microplastic-originated phthalate and non-phthalate plasticizers in sediments. J Hazard Mater 2024; 470:134167. [PMID: 38598880 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the leaching of phthalate and non-phthalate plasticizers from polyvinyl chloride microplastics (MPs) into sediment and their degradation over a 30-d period via abiotic and biotic processes. The results showed that 3579% of plasticizers were released into the sediment from the MPs and > 99.9% degradation was achieved. Although a significantly higher degradation was found in plasticizer-added microcosms under biotic processes (overall, 94%), there was a noticeable abiotic loss (72%), suggesting that abiotic processes also play a role in plasticizer degradation. Interestingly, when compared with the initial sediment-water partitioning for plasticizers, the partition constants for low-molecular-weight compounds decreased in both microcosms, whereas those for high-molecular-weight compounds increased after abiotic degradation. Furthermore, changes in the bacterial community, abundance of plasticizer-degrading bacterial populations, and functional gene profiles were assessed. In all the microcosms, a decrease in bacterial community diversity and a notable shift in bacterial composition were observed. The enriched potential plasticizer-degrading bacteria were Arthrobacter, Bacillus, Desulfovibrio, Desulfuromonas, Devosia, Gordonia, Mycobacterium, and Sphingomonas, among which Bacillus was recognized as the key plasticizer degrader. Overall, these findings shed light on the factors affecting plasticizer degradation, the microbial communities potentially involved in biodegradation, and the fate of plasticizers in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayatri Panthi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Korea University Sejong Campus, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong City 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Rishikesh Bajagain
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Korea University Sejong Campus, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong City 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Dhiraj Kumar Chaudhary
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Korea University Sejong Campus, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong City 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Pil-Gon Kim
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; Department of Environmental Education, Mokpo National University, Muan, Jeonnam 58554, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwan Kwon
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongseok Hong
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Korea University Sejong Campus, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong City 30019, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Tomaszewska J, Mirowski J, Wilczewski S, Klapiszewska I, Parus A, Klapiszewski Ł. Hydroxyapatite-lignin hybrid systems as improved poly(vinyl chloride) fillers: From preparation to application. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 266:131190. [PMID: 38552689 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
In this study, new, functional hydroxyapatite-lignin hybrid systems were designed and characterized. The efficacy of the mechanical method utilized to obtain these systems was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The hybrid materials were also noted for their good electrokinetic stability and thermal stability. The introduction of 2.5 to 10 wt% hydroxyapatite-lignin systems into an unplasticized PVC blend using a two-step kneading and pressing method resulted in composites with relatively homogeneous distribution, as confirmed by SEM observations. The processing properties of the filler-containing blends were investigated using plastographometric analysis and MFR tests. The introduction of a lignin-predominant hybrid system into the PVC matrix results in a significant improvement of thermal stability, softening temperature, and tensile strength, while maintaining sufficient impact strength for numerous applications. Hybrid materials containing higher amounts of added lignin are promising materials with bacteriostatic properties. This can be utilized to stabilize and prevent the deposition of microorganisms, as well as the formation of biofilms, on material surfaces, thereby limiting the spread of pathogens. New eco-composites based on PVC and a hybrid filler containing lignin show promise in producing components with surfaces resistant to bacterial colonization. Hence, these materials could be used in medical and hospital equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Tomaszewska
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, PL-85326 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Jacek Mirowski
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, PL-85326 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Sławomir Wilczewski
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, PL-85326 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Izabela Klapiszewska
- Faculty of Civil and Transport Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, PL-60965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Parus
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, PL-60965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Łukasz Klapiszewski
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, PL-60965 Poznan, Poland.
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4
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Lima AR, Sammarro Silva KJ, Aguiar ASN, de Souza M, Lima THN, Blanco KC, Bagnato VS, Dias LD. Impact of PVC microplastics in photodynamic inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA. Water Sci Technol 2024; 89:2105-2117. [PMID: 38678412 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2024.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/30/2024]
Abstract
Photodynamic processes have found widespread application in therapies. These processes involve photosensitizers (PSs) that, when excited by specific light wavelengths and in the presence of molecular oxygen, generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), that target cells leading to inactivation. Photodynamic action has gained notable attention in environmental applications, particularly against pathogens and antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) that pose a significant challenge to public health. However, environmental matrices frequently encompass additional contaminants and interferents, including microplastics (MPs), which are pollutants of current concern. Their presence in water and effluents has been extensively documented, highlighting their impact on conventional treatment methods, but this information remains scarce in the context of photodynamic inactivation (PDI) setups. Here, we described the effects of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) microparticles in PDI targeting Staphylococcus aureus and its methicillin-resistant strain (MRSA), using curcumin as a PS under blue light. The presence of PVC microparticles does not hinder ROS formation; however, depending on its concentration, it can impact bacterial inactivation. Our results underscore that PDI remains a potent method for reducing bacterial concentrations in water and wastewater containing ARB, even in highly contaminated scenarios with MPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Ramos Lima
- Laboratory of Environmental Biophotonics, São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil E-mail:
| | - Kamila Jessie Sammarro Silva
- Laboratory of Environmental Biophotonics, São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Antônio Sérgio Nakao Aguiar
- Grupo de Química Teórica e Estrutural de Anápolis, Universidade Estadual de Goiás, Anápolis, GO, Brazil; Laboratório de Novos Materiais, Universidade Evangélica de Goiás, Anápolis, GO, Brazil
| | - Mariana de Souza
- Laboratory of Environmental Biophotonics, São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Thalita Hellen Nunes Lima
- Laboratory of Environmental Biophotonics, São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Kate Cristina Blanco
- Laboratory of Environmental Biophotonics, São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Vanderlei Salvador Bagnato
- Laboratory of Environmental Biophotonics, São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Lucas Danilo Dias
- Laboratório de Novos Materiais, Universidade Evangélica de Goiás, Anápolis, GO, Brazil
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Feng L, Hong C, Xing Y, Ling W, Hu J, Zhao C, Wang Y. Hydrothermal carbonisation of polyvinyl chloride in ethanol-water/water system for solid fuels: Dechlorination, characteristics analysis of hydrochar, and reaction path. Environ Res 2024; 244:117905. [PMID: 38101723 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) waste plastic is a typical solid waste. In this paper, the dechlorination and carbonization behavior of PVC in ethanol-water/water system under different process parameters (temperature, residence time, solid-liquid ratio) was studied, and hydrothermal carbon was characterized by SEM, elemental analysis, TG-DTG, XPS, Py-GC/MS. The results show that temperature is the key to the hydrothermal dechlorination of PVC, and the dechlorination efficiency of PVC is the highest by parameter optimization (220°C-90 min-10% S/D-80% E/D), which can reach 96.33 %. With the removal of Cl, the surface of the PVC matrix changed from full and smooth flocculent to honeycomb with uniform pore size distribution. Thermogravimetric analysis shows that the combustion of hydrochar can be divided into three stages: HCl precipitation and volatile combustion, semi-coke and coke combustion, and fixed carbon combustion. The combustion parameters and kinetic parameters of hydrochar were measured, and it was found that the hydrothermal carbonization of PVC at higher temperatures and ethanol-water ratio could improve the combustion performance of hydrochar. The highest calorific value can reach 36.68 MJ/mol. Py-GC/MS analyzed the distribution of the pyrolysis products, and alkylbenzene and aliphatic were the main products of pyrolysis. The structural analysis of hydrochar showed that C-C and CC accounted for the largest proportion, accompanied by a small amount of C-O and CO and trace C-Cl. The possible reaction mechanism of the hydrothermal carbonization of PVC was analyzed based on the distribution of functional groups and compound composition. This work provides an effective and sustainable method for the recycling of refractory chlorinated plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihui Feng
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Chen Hong
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China; State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Yi Xing
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Wei Ling
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jiashuo Hu
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Chengwang Zhao
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yijie Wang
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource-oriented Treatment of Industrial Pollutants, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
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6
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Norman T, Guenther J, Asante I, Adler BL. Analysis of Contact Allergens in Polyvinyl Chloride Examination Gloves in the United States. Dermatitis 2024; 35:160-166. [PMID: 37669114 DOI: 10.1089/derm.2023.0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Background: Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) gloves are recommended as a safe alternative for patients with rubber accelerator allergy. However, allergic contact dermatitis to other chemicals in PVC gloves has been reported. Objective: To analyze single-use PVC medical examination gloves in the United States for the presence of potential contact allergens. Methods: Using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, 20 unique PVC gloves were analyzed in triplicate for 6 chemicals: benzisothiazolinone, bisphenol A, mono(2-ethylhexyl) maleate, tricresyl phosphate, triphenyl phosphate, and triphenyl phosphite. Results: All 20 PVC gloves contained detectable quantities of benzisothiazolinone (range, 0.001-1.48 parts per million [ppm]), bisphenol A (0.01-0.11 ppm), triphenyl phosphate (0.01-2.11 ppm), and triphenyl phosphite (0.001-0.22 ppm). Eighteen (90%) gloves contained mono(2-ethylhexyl) maleate (0.001-0.14 ppm) and 3 (15%) contained tricresyl phosphate (0.001-0.002 ppm). Conclusions: Known allergens were present in all 20 PVC gloves. However, the detected levels were mostly low and their relationship with sensitization and elicitation thresholds requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Norman
- From the Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jana Guenther
- From the Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Isaac Asante
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Brandon L Adler
- Department of Dermatology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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7
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Uy RJ, Serrano K, Hadjesfandiari N, Shih AW, Devine D. The effects of pen ink and surface disinfectants on red blood cells stored in plasticized polyvinylchloride transfusion bags. Transfusion 2024; 64:141-149. [PMID: 38059437 DOI: 10.1111/trf.17620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Each unit of red blood cells (RBCs) produced represents a significant cost to the healthcare system. Unnecessary blood wastage should be minimized. In clinical settings, alterations to blood component bags after issue from the protected setting of the blood bank include pen markings, and those that are exposed to an infectious environment require surface disinfecting. These units may be discarded due to unclear effects on RBC quality. In this study, we investigate whether pen markings or surface disinfection negatively affects the quality of packed RBCs and whether pen ink diffuses through the blood bag. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS RBC bags were marked with pens (water, oil, or alcohol-based) or subjected to surface disinfection (ethanol, hydrogen peroxide [Preempt wipes], or benzalkonium chloride-based wipes [CaviWipes]) and sampled 24 h after applying the treatment and at day 42 post collection (n = 3 for each condition). The samples were analyzed for RBC in vitro quality markers. The presence of any ink in the RBC bags was investigated using mass spectrometry (n = 2). RESULTS Data from 24 h and day 42 time points indicated no differences in RBC count, mean corpuscular volume, morphology, deformability, potassium content, or hemolysis for either pen markings or disinfectants when compared with their untreated controls (p > .05). No trace of ink was detected inside the bag. CONCLUSION RBC units marked with ballpoint, gel, or Sharpie pens do not suffer a loss of in vitro quality, nor do RBC units which have been surface disinfected with 70% ethanol, Preempt wipes or CaviWipes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Justin Uy
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Katherine Serrano
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Centre for Innovation, Canadian Blood Services, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Narges Hadjesfandiari
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Centre for Innovation, Canadian Blood Services, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andrew W Shih
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Centre for Innovation, Canadian Blood Services, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Vancouver Coastal Health Authority, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Dana Devine
- Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Centre for Innovation, Canadian Blood Services, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Mao S, He C. Effect of particle size and environmental conditions on the release of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate from microplastics. Chemosphere 2023; 345:140474. [PMID: 37865205 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
The extensive use and improper handling of plastics have caused extensive microplastic (MP) pollution in terrestrial environments. Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), the main additive used in plastics, is toxic to organisms and may pose risks to human and animal reproductive functions. However, research on the release behavior of DEHP from MPs is scarce. In this study, the effects of particle size and environmental conditions (temperature, pH, ionic strength, and cation type) on DEHP release from polylactide (PLA), polystyrene (PS), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) MPs were determined by performing leaching experiments. The results showed that when particle size decreased, the content of DEHP in the MPs and the amount of released DEHP increased though increasing specific surface area. An increase in temperature also promoted DEHP release; when the temperature increased from 15 °C to 45 °C, the amount of DEHP released from PLA, PS, and PVC increased by 38.4%, 71.0%, and 109%, respectively. The lower the crystallinity, the greater the increase in the amount of DEHP released. Ionic strength inhibited the release of DEHP from MPs. When Na+ concentration increased from 0 to 200 mM, the amount of DEHP released from PLA, PS, and PVC decreased by 27.4%, 41.6%, and 35.3%, respectively. The effect of Ca2+ on DEHP release from MPs was greater than that of Na+. In addition, the process of DEHP release from MPs fit well with a pseudo-first-order kinetic model. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for managing and controlling the risks associated with plastic wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Mao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Chiquan He
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
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9
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Min SW, Lim DK, Lee S, Kim J, Baek SY. Accurate determination of 11 representative phthalates and di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate in polyvinyl chloride using isotope dilution-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1711:464454. [PMID: 37871502 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are mainly used as plasticizers in polyvinyl chloride (PVC). However, prolonged exposure to phthalates poses considerable risks to human health. Consequently, the utilization of phthalates in consumer products is subject to regulations, with a defined threshold of 0.1 %. In this study, we developed an accurate and simultaneous method for determination of 11 representative phthalates and a non-phthalate plasticizer (di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate, DEHT) in PVC as a higher-order reference method. Homogeneously prepared PVC samples, each containing approximately 0.1 % of the target plasticizer compounds, were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) with deuterium-labeled phthalates and DEHT. The developed method could effectively separate and quantify all target plasticizers without interference with each other and potential overlap between the isomeric forms of phthalates, di-isodecyl phthalate, and di-isononyl phthalate. The developed method has high-order metrological quality, exhibiting exceptional selectivity, accuracy, repeatability (≤ 2.17 %), reproducibility (≤ 2.16 %), and relative expanded uncertainty (≤ 5.6 %). This analytical method is thus suitable for accurately assessing the target plasticizer levels in PVC products for ensuring compliance with the established 0.1 % threshold. This method was successfully applied to quantify twelve distinct plasticizers in PVC products obtained from the Korean market, validating its effectiveness and reliability in real-world scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Won Min
- Organic Metrology Group, Division of Chemical and Biological Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea; Department of Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Kyu Lim
- Organic Metrology Group, Division of Chemical and Biological Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunyoung Lee
- Organic Metrology Group, Division of Chemical and Biological Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongkwon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Song-Yee Baek
- Organic Metrology Group, Division of Chemical and Biological Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Song J, Wang J, Sima J, Zhu Y, Du X, Williams PT, Huang Q. Dechlorination of waste polyvinyl chloride (PVC) through non-thermal plasma. Chemosphere 2023; 338:139535. [PMID: 37467857 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Dechlorination is essential for the chemical recycling of waste polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastics. This study investigated the use of non-thermal plasma (NTP) for chlorine removal, with a focus on the effects of treatment time and discharge power on dechlorination efficiency. The results showed that longer treatment times and higher discharge powers led to better dechlorination performance. The maximum efficiency (98.25%) and HCl recovery yield (55.72%) were achieved at 180 W power after 40 min of treatment where 96.44% of Cl existed in the form of HCl gas, 1.44% in the liquid product, and 2.12% in the solid residue product. NTP at a discharge power of 150 W showed better dechlorination performance compared to traditional thermal pyrolysis treatment in temperatures ranging from 200 to 400 °C. The activation energy analysis of the chlorine removal showed that compared to pyrolysis-based dechlorination (137.09 kJ/mol), NTP-based dechlorination (23.62 kJ/mol) was more easily achievable. This work presents a practical method for the dechlorination of waste PVC plastic using a novel technology without requiring additional thermal and pressure input.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxing Song
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Jingyuan Sima
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Youqi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xudong Du
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Paul T Williams
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Qunxing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
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11
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Ma W, Zhu Y, Cai N, Wang X, Chen Y, Yang H, Chen H. Preparation of carbon nanotubes by catalytic pyrolysis of dechlorinated PVC. Waste Manag 2023; 169:62-69. [PMID: 37413846 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Plastic waste is attracting growing interest for its utilization potential as a valuable resource. However, conventional thermochemical methods can hardly achieve high-value utilization of certain plastics, such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC) characterized with high chlorine content. Here, a low-temperature aerobic pretreatment method was introduced to realize high-efficiency dechlorination of PVC, and then the dechlorinated PVC was used to prepare carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by a catalytic pyrolysis. The results demonstrate that oxygen can significantly promote the HCl release in a pretty low-temperature range (260-340 °C). Chlorine was almost completely eliminated at 280 °C under 20 % oxygen concentration. Compared to untreated PVC, using the dechlorinated PVC as raw material, higher carbon deposition was obtained and over 60 % CNTs could be collected from the carbon deposition. This study provides a high-value utilization way for the production of CNTs from waste PVC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanli Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yuting Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Ning Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xianhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Yingquan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Haiping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Hanping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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12
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Dhifallah I, Claves D, Batisse N, Cueff R, Sapin AF, Bouattour Y, Petit E, Dubois M, Sautou V. Fluorination of PVC medical devices to prevent plasticizers migration. Int J Pharm 2023; 643:123254. [PMID: 37473975 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Medical devices (MD) are often made of plasticized polyvinylchloride (PVC). However, plasticizers may leach out into infused solutions and expose the patients to a toxic risk. The aim of the present work is to fluorinate plasticized PVC tubular MDs to create a barrier layer on their internal surface, and to study the impact of such a chemical treatment on the migration of the plasticizers. Following fluorination by pure molecular fluorine, the physico-chemical characterization of these modified MDs was carried out using various spectroscopic and microscopic techniques or tensile tests, evidencing the formation of covalent C-F bonds on the surface of the treated samples without modification of their mechanical and optical properties. The migration of plasticizers from fluorinated MDs was assessed using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry and was found considerably decreased in comparison with the pristine MDs. After 24 h, the amount of tri-octyltrimellitate plasticizer (TOTM) detected in migrates from fluorinated MDs was even lower than the limit of quantification. Complementary cytotoxicity assays were performed according to the ISO EN 10993-5 standard, showing that the new fluorinated material does not cause a cytotoxic effect on L929 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Dhifallah
- Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63178 Aubière, France.
| | - Daniel Claves
- Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63178 Aubière, France
| | - Nicolas Batisse
- Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63178 Aubière, France
| | - Régis Cueff
- Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63178 Aubière, France
| | - Anne-Francoise Sapin
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, ICCF, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Yassine Bouattour
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, ICCF, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Elodie Petit
- Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63178 Aubière, France
| | - Marc Dubois
- Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont Auvergne, 63178 Aubière, France
| | - Valérie Sautou
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, ICCF, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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13
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Thelliez A, Sumian C, Chazard E, Reichenberg S, Lecoeur M, Decaudin B. Migration of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, diisononylcyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate and di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate from transfusion medical devices in labile blood products: A comparative study. Vox Sang 2023; 118:533-542. [PMID: 37246454 DOI: 10.1111/vox.13446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plasticized with di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a widely used material for medical transfusion devices. Not covalently bound to PVC, DEHP can migrate into blood products during storage. Recognized as an endocrine disruptor and raising concerns about its potential carcinogenicity and reprotoxicity, DEHP is gradually being withdrawn from the medical device market. Therefore, the use of alternative plasticizers, such as diisononylcyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate (DINCH) and di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate (DEHT), as potential candidates for the replacement of DEHP in medical transfusion devices has been investigated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the quantity of PVC-plasticizers in the blood components according to their preparation, storage conditions and in function of the plasticizer. MATERIALS AND METHODS Whole blood was collected, and labile blood products (LBPs) were prepared by the buffy-coat method with a PVC blood bag plasticized either with DEHP, DINCH or DEHT. DINCH and DEHT equivalent concentrations were quantified in LBPs by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry or coupled with UV and compared to DEHP equivalent concentrations. RESULTS The plasticizer equivalent concentration to which a patient is exposed during a transfusion depends on the preparation of LBPs as well as their storage conditions, that is, temperature and storage time. At day 1, for all LBPs, the migration of DEHP is 5.0 and 8.5 times greater than DINCH and DEHT, respectively. At the end of the 49 days storage period, the DEHP equivalent concentration in red blood cells concentrate is statistically higher when compared to DINCH and DEHT, with maximal values of 1.85, 1.13 and 0.86 μg/dm2 /mL, respectively. CONCLUSION In addition to lower toxicity, transfused patients using PVC-DEHT or PVC-DINCH blood bags are less exposed to plasticizers than using PVC-DEHP bags with a ranging exposure reduction from 38.9% to 87.3%, due to lower leachability into blood components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Thelliez
- ULR 7365-GRITA-Groupe de Recherche sur les Formes Injectables et Technologies Associées, Université de Lille, CHU Lille, Lille, France
- Macopharma, Tourcoing, France
| | | | - Emmanuel Chazard
- ULR 2694-METRICS, CERIMS, Université de Lille, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | | | - Marie Lecoeur
- ULR 7365-GRITA-Groupe de Recherche sur les Formes Injectables et Technologies Associées, Université de Lille, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Bertrand Decaudin
- ULR 7365-GRITA-Groupe de Recherche sur les Formes Injectables et Technologies Associées, Université de Lille, CHU Lille, Lille, France
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14
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Chen B, Wang Z, Chen Z, Zhuang M, Zhu K, Shi X, Shi Y, Qin Y, Zhu S, Yu T, Liu Y. Investigation of interfacial adsorption between microplastics and methylparaben in aqueous solution. Environ Geochem Health 2023; 45:1695-1709. [PMID: 35614297 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-022-01284-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics and parabens are considered to be a global contaminants, especially in the aquatic ecosystem. The interfacial interaction between four types of microplastics including polystyrene, polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, and polyvinyl chloride, and methylparaben were investigated in this study. The results showed that molecular layer dominates the adsorption, with the rate significantly affected by both internal diffusion and external diffusion. Among the four types, polystyrene and polyvinyl chloride showed the smallest and biggest adsorption capability, with the values were 0.656 and 1.269 mg g-1, respectively. For the adsorption capability, smaller particle size and higher pH value possessed positive effects. However, the existence of metal ions could inhibit the adsorption process, except for a weak promotion at low salinity. Physical adsorption effects, such as electrostatic interaction, hydrogen bond formation, and covalent bond formation, had been identified that dominated the adsorption. This finding could be served as a speculative foundation for the further study of the toxicity, migration, and ecological risk assessment of microplastics in aquatic ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingyu Chen
- Anhui Advanced Technology Research Institute of Green Building, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei, China.
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Wastewater Resource, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei, China.
- School of Environment and Energy Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei, China.
| | - Zhimin Wang
- Anhui Advanced Technology Research Institute of Green Building, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Wastewater Resource, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei, China
- School of Environment and Energy Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei, China
| | - Ziwei Chen
- Anhui Advanced Technology Research Institute of Green Building, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Wastewater Resource, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei, China
- School of Environment and Energy Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei, China
| | - Meiyu Zhuang
- School of Environment and Energy Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei, China
| | - Kaifa Zhu
- School of Environment and Energy Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei, China
| | - Xinrui Shi
- School of Environment and Energy Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei, China
| | - Yingnan Shi
- School of Environment and Energy Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei, China
| | - Ying Qin
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei, China
| | - Shuguang Zhu
- Anhui Advanced Technology Research Institute of Green Building, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Wastewater Resource, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei, China
- School of Environment and Energy Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei, China
- Energy Saving Research Institute, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei, China
- Engineering Research Center of Building Energy Efficiency Control and Evaluation, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
| | - Tao Yu
- School of Civil Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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15
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Kamp J, Dierkes G, Schweyen PN, Wick A, Ternes TA. Quantification of Poly(vinyl chloride) Microplastics via Pressurized Liquid Extraction and Combustion Ion Chromatography. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:4806-4812. [PMID: 36917996 PMCID: PMC10061920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A reliable analytical method has been developed to quantify poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) in environmental samples. Quantification was conducted via combustion ion chromatography (C-IC). Hydrogen chloride (HCl) was quantitatively released from PVC during thermal decomposition and trapped in an absorption solution. Selectivity of the marker HCl in complex environmental samples was ensured using cleanup via pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) with methanol at 100 °C (discarded) and tetrahydrofuran at 185 °C (collected). Using this method, recoveries of 85.5 ± 11.5% and a limit of quantification down to 8.3 μg/g were achieved. A variety of hard and soft PVC products could be successfully analyzed via C-IC with recoveries exceeding >95%. Furthermore, no measurable overdetermination was found for various organic and inorganic matrix ingredients, such as sodium chloride, sucralose, hydroxychloroquine, diclofenac, chloramphenicol, triclosan, or polychlorinated biphenyls. In addition, sediments and suspended particular matter showed PVC concentrations ranging up to 16.0 and 220 μg/g, respectively. However, the gap between determined polymer mass and particle masses could be significant since soft PVC products contain plasticizers up to 50 wt %. Hence, the results of the described method represent a sum of all chlorine-containing polymers, which are extractable under the chosen conditions.
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16
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Ling M, Ma D, Hu X, Liu Z, Wang D, Feng Q. Hydrothermal treatment of polyvinyl chloride: Reactors, dechlorination chemistry, application, and challenges. Chemosphere 2023; 316:137718. [PMID: 36592841 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic wastes can bring a series of problems during pyrolysis or incineration such as the emission of dioxins, corrosion, slagging in the reactors, etc. Hydrothermal treatment of PVC plastics has been intensively studied as it can efficiently remove chlorine from PVC plastics under relatively mild reaction conditions (220-300 °C) to provide value-added products. Meanwhile, the research progress, knowledge gaps, and challenges in this field have not been well addressed yet. This paper gives a comprehensive review of hydrothermal dechlorination of PVC plastics regarding reactors, process variables and fundamentals, possible applications, and challenges. The main pathways of hydrothermal dechlorination of PVC plastics are elimination and -OH nucleophilic substitution. Catalytic hydrothermal and co-hydrothermal optimize the chemical reactions and transportation, boosting the dechlorination of PVC plastics. Hydrochar derived from PVC plastics, on the one hand, is coalified close to sub-bituminous and bituminous coal and can be used as low-chlorine solid fuel. On the other hand, it is also a porous material with aromatic structure and oxygen-containing functional groups, with good potential as adsorbent or energy storage materials. Further studies are expected to focus on waste liquid treatment, revealing the energy and economic balance, reducing the dechlorination temperature and pressure, expanding the application of products, etc. for promoting the implementation of the hydrothermal treatment of PVC plastic wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxue Ling
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Dachao Ma
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China.
| | - Xuan Hu
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Dongbo Wang
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Qingge Feng
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
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17
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Bae H, Weaver E, Ellis S, Murray J. Extended stability of vasopressin 0.2 unit/mL in PVC containers. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2023; 80:159-163. [PMID: 36272113 DOI: 10.1093/ajhp/zxac302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Vasopressin is used to maintain blood pressure in vasodilatory shock. Vasopressin is diluted from concentrated vials prior to administration as a continuous infusion. This study evaluates the physical and chemical stability changes of vasopressin diluted to 0.2 units/mL with 0.9% sodium chloride injection in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) bags stored under refrigeration. METHODS Vasopressin Injection, USP, 20 unit/mL solution was diluted to 0.2 unit/mL with 0.9% sodium chloride injection, and stability changes were evaluated over 10 days via mass spectrometry on days 0, 7, and 10. RESULTS Solutions of vasopressin 0.2 unit/mL in 0.9% sodium chloride injection in PVC bags were physically stable and showed less than 10% degradation over 10 days of refrigerated storage. CONCLUSION Vasopressin 0.2 unit/mL may be given a beyond-use date (BUD) of 10 days based on United States Pharmacopeia BUD recommendations, with this study showing less than 10% degradation over 10 days of refrigerated storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunbeom Bae
- Baylor Scott and White All Saints Medical Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Eric Weaver
- Shimadzu Center for Advanced Analytical Chemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Steffani Ellis
- Baylor Scott and White All Saints Medical Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Jason Murray
- Baylor University Medical Center Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
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18
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Xiu FR, Tan X, Qi Y, Wang M. Treatment of DEHP-rich PVC waste in subcritical urine wastewater: Efficient dechlorination, denitrification, plasticizer decomposition, and preparation of high-purity phthalic acid crystals. J Hazard Mater 2023; 441:129820. [PMID: 36103762 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
It is difficult to dispose diethylhexyl phthalate-rich polyvinyl chloride (DEHP-rich PVC) waste due to the high level of chlorine and plasticizer. On the other hand, the denitrification of urine wastewater with high nitrogen content also faces great challenges. In this study, a synergistic treatment strategy was developed for the DEHP-rich PVC waste and urine wastewater by a subcritical water process. Subcritical urine wastewater (SUW) was used as a reaction medium in the synergistic treatment. PVC dechlorination, DEHP decomposition, and denitrification of urine wastewater were synchronously achieved in the one pot SUW. Under the optimal conditions (300 °C, 15 min, 1:5 g/mL), the PVC dechlorination ratio, urine wastewater denitrification ratio and DEHP decomposition ratio could reach 98.4%, 64.9%, and 99.2%, respectively. The decomposition of DEHP mainly included hydrolysis, nucleophilic substitution, and acylation. DEHP could be converted into phthalic acid crystal at 220 °C with a yield of 66.25% due to the efficient hydrolysis action of SUW. All the removed Cl was transferred from PVC matrix to aqueous phase. Hydroxyl nucleophilic substitution is the principal dechlorination path of PVC. The reactions between N-containing species and DEHP in SUW resulted in the high-efficiency denitrification of urine wastewater, and the N element was fixed in solid residue or transferred to oil phase as amides compounds. It is believed that the proposed SUW process is a promising technology for the synergistic treatment of DEHP-rich PVC waste and urine wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Rong Xiu
- College of Geology and Environment, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China.
| | - Xiaochun Tan
- College of Geology and Environment, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Yingying Qi
- College of Geology and Environment, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Mengmeng Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hongkong, China
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19
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Wang Q, Miao Q, Wang X, Wang T, Xu Q. Role of surface physicochemical properties of pipe materials on bio-clogging in leachate collection systems from a thermodynamic perspective. Sci Total Environ 2022; 851:158263. [PMID: 36030876 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bio-clogging in pipes poses a significant threat to the operation of leachate collection systems. Bio-clogging formation is influenced by the pipe materials. However, the relationship between bio-clogging and the physicochemical properties of different pipe materials has not been clarified yet, especially from a thermodynamic aspect. In this study, the dynamic bio-clogging processes in pipes of different materials (high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polypropylene (PP), and polyethylene (PE)) were compared, and their correlation with the physicochemical properties was investigated. Results showed that the bio-clogging in HDPE and PVC pipes was more severe than that in PP and PE pipes. In bio-clogging development, the predominant factor changed from the surface roughness to the electron donator parameter (γ-). In the initial phase, the most severe bio-clogging was observed in the HDPE pipe, which exhibited the highest roughness (432 ± 76 nm). In the later phase, the highest γ- (2.2 mJ/m2) and protein content (2623.1 ± 33.2 μg/cm2) were observed in the PVC simultaneously. Moreover, the interaction energy indicated that the bacteria could irreversibly and reversibly adhere to the HDPE, whereas irreversible adhesion was observed in the PVC, PP, and PE cases. The findings clarify the thermodynamic mechanism underlying bio-clogging behaviors and provide novel insights into the bio-clogging behaviors in pipes of different materials, which can facilitate the development of effective bio-clogging control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, University Town, Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Qianming Miao
- School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, University Town, Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Xinwei Wang
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, University Town, Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Tong Wang
- School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, University Town, Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Qiyong Xu
- School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, University Town, Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
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20
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Kim DY, Sochichiu S, Kwon JH. Effects of time, temperature, and sebum layer on migration rate of plasticizers in polyvinyl chloride products. Chemosphere 2022; 308:136478. [PMID: 36122749 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Large amounts of plasticizers, such as di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and dioctyl terephthalate (DOTP), are added to various polyvinyl chloride (PVC) products. To assess the human exposure to these plasticizers on using PVC products, it is important to know their migration rate. However, conventional migration tests conducted at a fixed time and temperature are often insufficient for determining possible variations in migration rates with respect to time, temperature, and sebum layer. In this study, the migration rates of DEHP and DOTP from five PVC products were measured using a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) sampler at different times and temperatures, in the presence and absence of artificial sebum. Although the migrated mass of the plasticizers increased over time, the average migration rate decreased. The average migration rates increased with increasing temperature and in the presence of an artificial sebum layer between the product and the PDMS sampler. When the artificial sebum layer was added, the average migration rate increased considerably by a factor of 1.5-14, suggesting that sebum should be considered to avoid the underestimation of dermal exposure to highly hydrophobic plasticizers, such as DEHP and DOTP. Based on the measured values, a conceptual analysis was conducted to quantitatively assess the difference in the migration rate of plasticizers caused by the difference between the time set for the migration test and the exposure time when the product is used. To reduce uncertainties and the potential underestimation of dermal exposure, an appropriate time for the experiment should be set to simulate the exposure scenario of a given product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Du Yung Kim
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Stefana Sochichiu
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwan Kwon
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Wilczewski S, Skórczewska K, Tomaszewska J, Lewandowski K, Studziński W, Osial M, Jenczyk P, Grzywacz H, Domańska A. Curcuma longa L. Rhizome Extract as a Poly(vinyl chloride)/Graphene Nanocomposite Green Modifier. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27228081. [PMID: 36432182 PMCID: PMC9698460 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27228081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, a method to increase the dispersion of graphene (GN) in the matrix of rigid poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) by using a natural plant extract from Curcuma longa L. (CE) is proposed. Currently, despite the increasing number of reports on the improvement of GN dispersion in PVC blends, still there is a need to find environmentally friendly and economical dispersion stabilizers. We proposed a stabilizer that can be easily obtained from a plant offering thermal stability and high effectiveness. PVC/GN nanocomposites stabilized with the proposed extract were investigated by SEM, AFM (structure), TGA, and Congo red test (thermal properties). Additionally, static and dynamic mechanical properties and electrical resistivity were measured. The use of CE as a graphene dispersant improved its dispersion in the PVC matrix, influenced tensile properties, increased the storage modulus and glass transition temperature, and extended the thermal stability time of nanocomposites. In this work, a CE extract is proposed as an efficient eco-friendly additive for the production of nanocomposites with an improved homogeneity of a nanofiller in the matrix and promising characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sławomir Wilczewski
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Seminaryjna 3 Street, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Correspondence: (S.W.); (M.O.)
| | - Katarzyna Skórczewska
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Seminaryjna 3 Street, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Jolanta Tomaszewska
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Seminaryjna 3 Street, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Lewandowski
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Seminaryjna 3 Street, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Waldemar Studziński
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Seminaryjna 3 Street, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Magdalena Osial
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5B Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence: (S.W.); (M.O.)
| | - Piotr Jenczyk
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5B Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hubert Grzywacz
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5B Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Domańska
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute for Engineering of Polymer Materials and Dyes, Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie 55 Street, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
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22
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Calosi M, Renon M, Belletti G, Mazzanti V, Mollica F, Massi A, Bertoldo M. Glycolysis of semi-interpenetrated polymer network foam based on poly(vinyl chloride) for recovery and reuse of the individual components. Waste Manag 2022; 153:229-239. [PMID: 36126397 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Rigid semi-Interpenetrated Polymer Network (semi-IPN) foam based on poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and crosslinked polyurea/isocyanurate are complex materials that at present are not recyclable. They are used in many fields, including wind blade cores. In this work we studied the depolymerization of the crosslinked portion of the foam under glycolysis conditions for the separation and reuse of the individual components. Reaction products were characterized by FT-IR, NMR, solvent solubility, DSC, elemental analysis, titration of amine and hydroxyl groups and rheology measurements. Triisocyanurates and urea moieties were synthesized and used as model compounds. Glycolysis conditions were optimized to maximize depolymerization while minimizing PVC degradation. The parameters studied were reaction time (8 min to 3 h), temperature (155 to 200 °C), catalyst (potassium acetate or dibutyl tin dilaurate (DBTL)), glycol (ethylene glycol, 1,4 butanediol, diethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, polyethylene glycol), as well as the effect of PVC thermal stabilizers such as hindered phenols and organo-phosphites. The results showed that the optimal reaction condition for foam glycolysis is 165-175 °C for 20-30 min, using DBTL as catalyst and including thermal stabilizers. No drastic difference was noticed by the kind of glycol used, except for PEG that led to greater PVC degradation. The greatest part of the crosslinked portion (≥90 %) was depolymerized and the result were mainly hydroxyl- and in minor amount amine- terminated oligomers. The recovered PVC (purity roughly 90 %) had a low degree of degradation and a viscosity suitable for its processing as thermoplastic material, i.e. by injection moulding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Calosi
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44124 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marco Renon
- Department of Quality & Environment, DIAB Spa, Longarone, BL, Italy
| | - Giada Belletti
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44124 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Valentina Mazzanti
- Department of Engineering, University of Ferrara, via Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Francesco Mollica
- Department of Engineering, University of Ferrara, via Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandro Massi
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44124 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Monica Bertoldo
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via L. Borsari 46, 44124 Ferrara, Italy.
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23
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Mandal S, Suresh S, Priya N, Banothu R, Mohan R, Sreeram KJ. Phthalate migration and its effects on poly(vinyl chloride)-based footwear: pathways, influence of environmental conditions, and the possibility of human exposure. Environ Sci Process Impacts 2022; 24:1844-1854. [PMID: 36107023 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00059h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The study of phthalate migration in footwear is important from an environmental viewpoint and the consumer health perspective as it remains in direct contact with the user for a long time. In this research article, the migration of phthalate, specifically di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), from the poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) shoe sole to the attached leather insole has been studied for six months under different environmental conditions. After one month, the DEHP concentration in the PVC sole decreased by 45-58%, and that in the leather insole increased from 0.35 mg g-1 to 38-58 mg g-1. After six months, about 90% of the DEHP has been lost from the PVC sole, and that in the leather insole reached close to its initial value (value before the experiment). The migration rate depends on the environmental conditions and the presence of phthalate soluble solvents in the sole-adhesive-insole system of the footwear. The influence of DEHP migration on the physicochemical characteristics of the PVC sole and leather insole has been studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy-attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR), thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The migration and emission pathways of DEHP, the influence of environmental conditions, and the possibility of human exposure to phthalate through footwear are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujata Mandal
- CLRI Center for Analysis, Testing, Evaluation and Reporting Services (CATERS), CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Chennai-600020, India.
| | - S Suresh
- CLRI Center for Analysis, Testing, Evaluation and Reporting Services (CATERS), CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Chennai-600020, India.
| | - N Priya
- CLRI Center for Analysis, Testing, Evaluation and Reporting Services (CATERS), CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Chennai-600020, India.
| | - Ravi Banothu
- CLRI Center for Analysis, Testing, Evaluation and Reporting Services (CATERS), CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Chennai-600020, India.
| | - R Mohan
- CLRI Center for Analysis, Testing, Evaluation and Reporting Services (CATERS), CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Chennai-600020, India.
| | - K J Sreeram
- CLRI Center for Analysis, Testing, Evaluation and Reporting Services (CATERS), CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Chennai-600020, India.
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24
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Henkel C, Hüffer T, Hofmann T. Polyvinyl Chloride Microplastics Leach Phthalates into the Aquatic Environment over Decades. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:14507-14516. [PMID: 36154015 PMCID: PMC9583606 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Phthalic acid esters (phthalates) have been detected everywhere in the environment, but data on leaching kinetics and the governing mass transfer process into aqueous systems remain largely unknown. In this study, we experimentally determined time-dependent leaching curves for three phthalates di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate, and diisononyl phthalate from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) microplastics and thereby enabled a better understanding of their leaching kinetics. This is essential for exposure assessment and to predict microplastic-bound environmental concentrations of phthalates. Leaching curves were analyzed using models for intraparticle diffusion (IPD) and aqueous boundary layer diffusion (ABLD). We show that ABLD is the governing diffusion process for the continuous leaching of phthalates because phthalates are very hydrophobic (partitioning coefficients between PVC and water log KPVC/W were higher than 8.6), slowing down the diffusion through the ABL. Also, the diffusion coefficient in the polymer DPVC is relatively high (∼8 × 10-14 m2 s-1) and thus enhances IPD. Desorption half-lives of the studied PVC microplastics are greater than 500 years but can be strongly influenced by environmental factors. By combining leaching experiments and modeling, our results reveal that PVC microplastics are a long-term source of phthalates in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Henkel
- Centre
for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Department for
Environmental Geosciences, University of
Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Doctoral
School in Microbiology and Environmental Science, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Research
Platform Plastics in the Environment and Society (Plenty), University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thorsten Hüffer
- Centre
for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Department for
Environmental Geosciences, University of
Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Research
Platform Plastics in the Environment and Society (Plenty), University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thilo Hofmann
- Centre
for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Department for
Environmental Geosciences, University of
Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Research
Platform Plastics in the Environment and Society (Plenty), University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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25
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Taha MM, Rizk MS, Zayed MA, Abdel-Haleem FM, Barhoum A. Non-Enzymatic Phenylboronic Acid-Based Optode Membrane for Glucose Monitoring in Serums of Diabetic Patients and in the Culture Medium of Human Embryos. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:7135. [PMID: 36236234 PMCID: PMC9571803 DOI: 10.3390/s22197135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring glucose levels is important not only for diabetics, but also for tracking embryonic development in human embryo culture media. In this study, an optochemical sensor (glucose-selective polymer membrane) was fabricated for the determination of glucose in serum from diabetic patients and the culture media of human embryos. The optode membranes were formulated using polyvinyl chloride (PVC) as the polymer matrix and 4',5'-dibromofluorescein octadecyl ester (ETH 7075) as the chromoionophore. The sensitivity of the optode membranes was optimized using two different plasticizers (tricresyl phosphate-TCP and nitrophenyloctyl ether-NOPE) and three ionophores (nitrophenylboronic acid-NPBA, trifluorophenyboronic acid-TFPBA, 4'-nitrobenzo-15-crown-5) and tested for glucose detection. The best optode membrane was formulated from 49.5% PVC, 49.5% TCP, 1% NPBA, and 1% ETH 7075. It showed a linear dynamic range of 10-3 M to 10-1 M, with a detection limit of 9 × 10-4 M and a response time of 2 min. The detection mechanism involves H-bonding between NPBA and glucose, which was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The reaction also involves the formation of boronate esters in basic media with deprotonation of the chromoionophore (ETH 7075), leading to a decrease in UV-Vis absorbance at λmax = 530 nm. The membrane optode was used for glucose determination in synthetic culture medium, commercial embryo culture medium (GLOBAL® TOTAL® W/HEPES), and serum from normal and diabetic patients, showing good accuracy and precision of the optode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M. Taha
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
- Adam International Hospital, Aden Street Mohandesein Anas Ibn Malek, Giza 12411, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud S. Rizk
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. Zayed
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Fatehy M. Abdel-Haleem
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
- Center for Hazards Mitigation, Environmental Studies and Research (CHMESR), Cairo University, Giza 11795, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Barhoum
- NanoStruc Research Group, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt
- National Centre for Sensor Research, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, D09 V209 Dublin, Ireland
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26
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Zhong Y, Wang K, Guo C, Kou Y, Hassan A, Lu Y, Wang J, Wang W. Competition adsorption of malachite green and rhodamine B on polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride microplastics in aqueous environment. Water Sci Technol 2022; 86:894-908. [PMID: 36358036 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2022.252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) will cause compound pollution by combining with organic pollutants in the aqueous environment. It is important for environmental protection to study the adsorption mechanism of different MPs for pollutants. In this study, the adsorption behaviors of malachite green (MG) and rhodamine B (RhB) on polyethylene (PE) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) were studied in single systems and binary systems, separately. The results show that in single system, the adsorptions of between MPs for pollutants (MG and RhB) are more consistent with the pseudo-second-order kinetics and Freundlich isotherm model, the adsorption capacity of both MPs for MG is greater than that of RhB. The adsorption capacities of MG and RhB were 7.68 mg/g and 2.83 mg/g for PVC, 4.52 mg/g and 1.27 mg/g for PE. In the binary system, there exist competitive adsorption between MG and RhB on MPs. And the adsorption capacities of PVC for the two dyes are stronger than those of PE. This is attributed to the strong halogen-hydrogen bond between the two dyes and PVC, and the larger specific surface area of PVC. This study revealed the interaction and competitive adsorption mechanism between binary dyes and MPs, which is of great significance for understanding the interactions between dyes and MPs in the multi-component systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Zhong
- College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Kangkang Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China E-mail:
| | - Changyan Guo
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China E-mail:
| | - Yuli Kou
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China E-mail:
| | - Afaq Hassan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China E-mail:
| | - Yi Lu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China E-mail:
| | - Jide Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China E-mail:
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Realfagbygget 41, Bergen 5007, Norway
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27
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Jia C, Das P, Zeng Q, Gabriel JCP, Tay CY, Lee JM. Activated recovery of PVC from contaminated waste extension cord-cable using a weak acid. Chemosphere 2022; 303:134878. [PMID: 35569636 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Waste electronic and electrical equipment are complex mixtures of valuable and/or toxic materials, which pose serious challenges in their recycling or disposal, for example, electrical transmission wires insulated in polyvinyl chloride materials. These materials are frequently found contaminated with toxic chemical elements, such as Pb, Hg, Cr, or Cd, and are discarded without decontamination. To resolve this problem, we developed a microwave-assisted extraction process to remove toxic metals from plastic e-waste. We processed diluted (30 wt%) citric acid at 210 °C for 1 h inside a pressurized vessel heated by microwave, and found it was suitable not only for the extraction of the toxic metals (∼100%) but also for a significant plastic recovery (>50 wt%). To predict an optimized process window, the support vector regression machine learning algorithm was applied, which reduced the amount of experimentation required while still giving accurate results. Conditions optimized for the reference sample also led to maximum extraction of toxic metals from real-life extension cord waste. We also report that the recovered plastic's properties remained intact after the extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmiao Jia
- Energy Research Institute @NTU, Nanyang Technological University, 1 CleanTech Loop, 637141, Singapore
| | - Pallab Das
- Energy Research Institute @NTU, Nanyang Technological University, 1 CleanTech Loop, 637141, Singapore
| | - Qiang Zeng
- Energy Research Institute @NTU, Nanyang Technological University, 1 CleanTech Loop, 637141, Singapore
| | - Jean-Christophe P Gabriel
- Energy Research Institute @NTU, Nanyang Technological University, 1 CleanTech Loop, 637141, Singapore; Universite Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, LICSEN, F-91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Chor Yong Tay
- Energy Research Institute @NTU, Nanyang Technological University, 1 CleanTech Loop, 637141, Singapore; School of Materials Science & Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Jong-Min Lee
- Energy Research Institute @NTU, Nanyang Technological University, 1 CleanTech Loop, 637141, Singapore; School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637459, Singapore.
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28
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Lee KH, Khan IA, Lee YS, Kim JO. Gravimetric analysis of stability of polymeric materials during exposure to chemical disinfectants at different temperatures. Chemosphere 2022; 302:134813. [PMID: 35526680 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to evaluate the impact of thermal and chemical aging processes on high-density polyethylene (HDPE), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (U-PVC), and high-impact polyvinyl chloride (Hi-PVC) pipes. The materials were exposed to 1-10 ppm chemical disinfectants [chlorine dioxide (ClO2) and hypochlorite (HOCl)] at 40-80 °C for 1200 h. The diffusion properties of the materials were systematically analyzed based on the change in their sorption characteristics and activation energies according to the Arrhenius model. Moreover, the structural changes were analyzed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) radiation, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results show that the materials have Fickian characteristics in the aging environment. Specifically, the water sorption rates of HDPE and LDPE increase first and then decrease after reaching saturation (Ms); those of U-PVC and Hi-PVC its increasing continuously with different rate. This behavior of materials was prominent for ClO2 at high temperature and disinfectant dose because of polymeric chains crosslinking and rearrangement, extraction of monomers, and stable compounds removal during aging under exposed conditions. The deleterious effects decreased the activation energies of the materials and increased the concentrations of carbonyl groups [CO] via the formation of ketones, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids. The decomposition temperature increased with the changes in the material morphology and elemental contents under the investigated conditions. Moreover, LDPE and Hi-PVC were more severely affected in the thermal aging process with 10 mg.L-1 ClO2 at 80 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Hoon Lee
- Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Catholic University, 43 Jibong-ro, Bucheon-si, 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Imtiaz Afzal Khan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Soo Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Oh Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
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29
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Sun S, Sui H, Xu L, Zhang J, Wang D, Zhou Z. Effect of freeze-thaw cycle aging and high-temperature oxidation aging on the sorption of atrazine by microplastics. Environ Pollut 2022; 307:119434. [PMID: 35568289 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to better understand the aging characteristics of microplastics in the environment and the influence of aging microplastics on the migration and transformation of organic pollutants. In this study, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polyethylene (PE) were chosen as research objects, and the effects of two aging methods (freeze-thaw cycle aging and high-temperature oxidation aging) on their surface properties and atrazine (ATZ) sorption were investigated. The crystallinity of PE increased after freeze-thaw cycling and decreased after high-temperature oxidation. The freeze-thaw cycle destroys the amorphous region of PE, reducing the micropores on the PE surface and decreasing the ATZ adsorbed by PE. Although aging had no significant effect on the surface structure of PVC, it caused new oxygen-containing functional groups to be produced on the PVC surface, which reduced the ATZ adsorption capacity. These results show that the two aging modes change the surface properties of PVC and PE, thus affecting the sorption mechanism of ATZ, and provide a theoretical premise for the natural behavior and ecological chance assessment of ATZ in the presence of microplastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Sun
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - He Sui
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Liang Xu
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Jiao Zhang
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Dongying Wang
- Jinan Environmental Research Academy, Jinan, 250000, China
| | - Zhenfeng Zhou
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
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30
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Liu X, Yang F, Li M, Wang S, Sun C. From polyvinyl chloride waste to activated carbons: the role of occurring additives on porosity development and gas adsorption properties. Sci Total Environ 2022; 833:154894. [PMID: 35364165 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Conversion of waste plastic to carbon materials has been considered as a potential approach for plastic recycling. In this study, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic, one of the most widely used polymers, was used as a single precursor to prepare porous carbons via chemical activation process. The results showed that KOH activation followed by acid washing was an effective strategy to recover all calcium- and up to 92% of titanium-based compounds, the main metal additives in PVC, in the form of soluble salt. Those metal additives in PVC acted as a type of hard template, which benefit the development of microporosity and carbon dioxide (CO2) adsorption. Textural characterization demonstrated that the prepared carbons possessed high surface area and pore volume of up to 2507 m2/g and 1.11 cm3/g, respectively. At 0 °C and 100 kPa, the PVC-derived carbon, PH_73, which has highest ultra-micropore volume among all samples, exhibited excellent CO2 adsorption capacity of 6.90 mmol/g and high CO2/N2 selectivity. Converting the non-degradable PVC into high-quality porous carbon materials could be considered as a potential strategy for plastic waste recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Fangming Yang
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK; School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Mengbin Li
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Shaobo Wang
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Chenggong Sun
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
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31
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Mishra CSK, Samal S, Samal RR, Behera BP, Pallavini P, Dash P, Brahma S, Moharana T, Pradhan S, Acharya P. Polyvinylchloride and polypropylene as adsorbents of the pesticide monocrotophos enhance oxidative stress in Eudrillus eugeniae (Kinberg). Chemosphere 2022; 295:133837. [PMID: 35120958 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The use of plastics has increased significantly with consequent rise in the generation of wastes. Microplastics (MPs) with particle size <5 mm are produced in natural terrestrial habitats by weathering of the discarded plastic debris and therefore are likely to impact soil biota. Earthworms are the dominant soil fauna which play vital role in soil formation and decomposition of organics. Since these animals are soil feeders, MP particles contaminating soil are likely to enter in to the gut of these animals affecting their physiology. MPs have been shown to be potent adsorbents of various other pollutants such as heavy metals and agrochemicals. This study reports the effects of two MPs, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polypropylene (PP) alone and in combination with the pesticide monocrotophos in soil on tissue protein, lipid peroxidation (LPX), activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and catalase (CAT) of an epigeic earthworm Eudrillus eugeniae over an exposure period of 48h. Results from molecular docking and laboratory experiment confirmed that both the MPs are potent adsorbents of the pesticide and enhanced oxidative stress on the animal with significant reduction in protein, increased LPX level and enzyme activities. PP indicated significantly higher pesticide adsorption relative to PVC.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S K Mishra
- Department of Zoology, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, College of Basic Science and Humanities, Bhubaneswar, 751003, India
| | - Suryasikha Samal
- Department of Zoology, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, College of Basic Science and Humanities, Bhubaneswar, 751003, India; Assistant Professor, Department of Agriculture and Allied Sciences, C.V Raman Global University, Bhubaneswar, India.
| | - Rashmi Rekha Samal
- Environmental Sustainability Division, CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751013, India
| | - Binayak Prasad Behera
- Department of Zoology, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, College of Basic Science and Humanities, Bhubaneswar, 751003, India
| | - Pragyan Pallavini
- Department of Zoology, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, College of Basic Science and Humanities, Bhubaneswar, 751003, India
| | - Priyadarshini Dash
- Department of Zoology, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, College of Basic Science and Humanities, Bhubaneswar, 751003, India
| | - Satyabrata Brahma
- Department of Zoology, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, College of Basic Science and Humanities, Bhubaneswar, 751003, India
| | - Tanushree Moharana
- Department of Zoology, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, College of Basic Science and Humanities, Bhubaneswar, 751003, India
| | - Stutiprgnya Pradhan
- Department of Zoology, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, College of Basic Science and Humanities, Bhubaneswar, 751003, India
| | - Pratik Acharya
- Department of Zoology, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, College of Basic Science and Humanities, Bhubaneswar, 751003, India
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Dere N, Yolcu Z, Yolcu M. A Novel Solid-State PVC-Membrane Potentiometric Dopamine-Selective Sensor Based on Molecular Imprinted Polymer. Acta Chim Slov 2022; 69:108-115. [PMID: 35298021 DOI: 10.17344/acsi.2021.7053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel solid-state polyvinylchloride (PVC) membrane potentiometric dopamine-selective microsensor was constructed based upon dopamine-imprinted polymer used as the ionophore in the membrane structure. The optimum membrane composition was determined as 4% (w/w) MIP, 69% (w/w) bis(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate (DOS), 26% (w/w) PVC, and 1% (w/w) potassiumtetrakis(4-chlorophenyl) borate (KTpClPB). The detection limit of the microsensor was determined to be 3.71×10-7 mol.L-1. The microsensor exhibited a super-Nernstian response for dopamine over the concentration range of 10-6-10-1 mol.L-1, with a short response time (<15 s) and a slope of 60.3±1.3 mV per decade (R2: 0.9998) over seven weeks. The microsensor was effectively performed in a pH range of 4.0-8.0 and a temperature range of 5-30 °C. The microsensor has been successfully demonstrated for the rapid, accurate, selective and reproducible determination of dopamine in pharmaceutical formulations with the recovery of 104.3-104.8%. The obtained results were in good harmony with the UV-Vis results at a confidence level of 95%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurşen Dere
- Giresun University, Center Research Laboratory Application and Research Center, Giresun.
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Griffin L, Douglass M, Goudie M, Hopkins SP, Schmiedt C, Handa H. Improved Polymer Hemocompatibility for Blood-Contacting Applications via S-Nitrosoglutathione Impregnation. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:11116-11123. [PMID: 35225600 PMCID: PMC9793915 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c24557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Blood-contacting medical devices (BCMDs) are inevitably challenged by thrombi formation, leading to occlusion of flow and device failure. Ideal BCMDs seek to mimic the intrinsic antithrombotic properties of the human vasculature to locally prevent thrombotic complications, negating the need for systemic anticoagulation. An emerging category of BCMD technology utilizes nitric oxide (NO) as a hemocompatible agent, as the vasculature's endothelial layer naturally releases NO to inhibit platelet activation and consumption. In this paper, we report for the first time the novel impregnation of S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) into polymeric poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) tubing via an optimized solvent-swelling method. Material testing revealed an optimized GSNO-PVC material that had adequate GSNO loading to achieve NO flux values within the physiological endothelial NO flux range for a 4 h period. Through in vitro hemocompatibility testing, the optimized material was deemed nonhemolytic (hemolytic index <2%) and capable of reducing platelet activation, suggesting that the material is suitable for contact with whole blood. Furthermore, an in vivo 4 h extracorporeal circulation (ECC) rabbit thrombogenicity model confirmed the blood biocompatibility of the optimized GSNO-PVC. Platelet count remained near 100% for the novel GSNO-impregnated PVC loops (1 h, 91.08 ± 6.27%; 2 h, 95.68 ± 0.61%; 3 h, 97.56 ± 8.59%; 4 h, 95.11 ± 8.30%). In contrast, unmodified PVC ECC loops occluded shortly after the 2 h time point and viable platelet counts quickly diminished (1 h, 85.67 ± 12.62%; 2 h, 54.46 ± 10.53%; 3 h, n/a; 4 h, n/a). The blood clots for GSNO-PVC loops (190.73 ± 72.46 mg) compared to those of unmodified PVC loops (866.50 ± 197.98 mg) were significantly smaller (p < 0.01). The results presented in this paper recommend further investigation in long-term animal models and suggest that GSNO-PVC has the potential to serve as an alternative to systemic anticoagulation in BCMD applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Griffin
- School of Chemical, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Georgia, 220 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Megan Douglass
- School of Chemical, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Georgia, 220 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Marcus Goudie
- School of Chemical, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Georgia, 220 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Sean P Hopkins
- School of Chemical, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Georgia, 220 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Chad Schmiedt
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 220 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Hitesh Handa
- School of Chemical, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Georgia, 220 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, 220 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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Abstract
This paper proposed a metamaterial design method that uses soft matter for constructing a unique soft acoustic boundary to effectively improve broadband sound absorption performance. Specifically, attaching a flexible polyvinyl chloride (PVC) gel layer with an elastic modulus as low as a few kilopascals and a thickness of a few millimeters to the inner wall of a cavity-type sound-absorbing metamaterial structure significantly improved the absorption performance of the composite structure in low-frequency broadband ranges. The sound absorption enhancement mechanism differed from those proposed in previous research. On the one hand, the soft PVC gel layer acted as a soft acoustic boundary, substantially reducing the sound speed and reflection and producing considerable elastic strain energy at the interface between two different media to improve the sound absorption performance. On the other hand, this PVC gel layer displayed extremely low stiffness and high damping, producing an abundance of plasmon-like resonance modes in low-frequency broadband ranges, achieving a resonance absorption effect. Since this sound absorption enhancement method did not require an increase in the external dimensions or a change in the structural parameters of the original absorber and achieved robust enhancement in a wide frequency band, it displayed potential application value in various engineering fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyin Ma
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 71009, China.
| | - Chang Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 71009, China.
| | - Yang Du
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 71009, China.
| | - Zicai Zhu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 71009, China.
| | - Jiu Hui Wu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 71009, China.
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Zia MA, Khosa MK, Muneer M, Zia KM, Jawwad Saif M. Antimicrobial, selective antibiofilm, and antioxidant properties of plasticized PMMA/PVC and zinc oxide nano filler for biomedical applications. Pak J Pharm Sci 2022; 35:233-238. [PMID: 35228182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The PMMA/PVC/ZnO-nanocomposites with zinc oxide nanoparticle (particle size < 50nm) was synthesized by solution casting technique. Morphology of the synthesized nano composites have been investigated by FT-IR and XRD techniques. After characterization, synthesized composites were applied for antibacterial, selective antibiofilm and free radical scavenging screening. Antibacterial studies were measured against different bacterial strains. Antibiofilms activities were studied against those bacterial model pathogenic strains which showed highest and minimum sensitivity as a (~94 and ~88 at 160 μg/ml). Antioxidant activity of synthesized nanocomposites were measured by DPPH and showed scavenging capacity with IC50, 110 to > 200 μg/mL. Thus PMMA/PVC/ZnO nanocomposite showed promising antimicrobial activity and antioxidant activity that can be used for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Abid Zia
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Majid Muneer
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Mahmood Zia
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Jawwad Saif
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Mussa ZH, Al-Qaim FF, Alqaim ZH, Latip J. Electrochemical Oxidation of Different Therapeutic Classes of Pharmaceuticals Using Graphite-PVC Composite Electrode. Acta Chim Slov 2021; 68:811-820. [PMID: 34918774 DOI: 10.17344/acsi.2021.6784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study reports electrochemical treatment of different therapeutic classes of pharmaceuticals (caffeine, prazosin, enalapril, carbamazepine, nifedipine, levonorgestrel, and simvastatin) in a mixture. The electrochemical process was investigated using graphite-PVC anode at different applied voltages (3, 5, and 12 V), initial concentrations of studied pharmaceuticals in aqueous solution (5 and 10 mg/L), and concentrations of sodium chloride (1 and 2 g/L). The % removal of pharmaceuticals increased with the applied voltage, and was found higher than 98% after 50 min of electrolysis at 5 V. Energy consumption ranged between 0.760 and 3.300 Wh/mg using 12 V being the highest value compared to 3 and 5 V. The formation of chlorinated by-products from four selected pharmaceuticals, simvastatin (C11H13Cl3O5, and C10H12Cl4O3), prazosin (C13H12Cl3N5O3 and C10H11Cl4N2O2), carbamazepine and caffeine (C15H11N2O2Cl and C8H9N4O2Cl) was identified and elucidated using liquid chromatography-time of flight mass spectrometry (LC-TOF/MS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab H Mussa
- 1- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Al-Ameed, Karbala, Iraq.
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37
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Abdel-Gawad SA, Afzal O, Arab HH, Alabbas AB, Alqarni AM. Fabrication of Membrane Sensitive Electrodes for the Validated Electrochemical Quantification of Anti-Osteoporotic Drug Residues in Pharmaceutical Industrial Wastewater. Molecules 2021; 26:5093. [PMID: 34443681 PMCID: PMC8401776 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26165093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate and precise application of ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) in the quantification of environmental pollutants is a strenuous task. In this work, the electrochemical response of alendronate sodium trihydrate (ALN) was evaluated by the fabrication of two sensitive and delicate membrane electrodes, viz. polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and glassy carbon (GC) electrodes. A linear response was obtained at concentrations from 1 × 10-5 to 1 × 10-2 M for both electrodes. A Nernstian slope of 29 mV/decade over a pH range of 8-11 for the PVC and GC membrane electrodes was obtained. All assay settings were carefully adjusted to obtain the best electrochemical response. The proposed technique was effectively applied for the quantification of ALN in pure form and wastewater samples, acquired from manufacturing industries. The proposed electrodes were effectively used for the determination of ALN in real wastewater samples without any prior treatment. The current findings guarantee the applicability of the fabricated ISEs for the environmental monitoring of ALN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif A. Abdel-Gawad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia; (O.A.); (A.B.A.)
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo ET-11562, Egypt
| | - Obaid Afzal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia; (O.A.); (A.B.A.)
| | - Hany H. Arab
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Alhumaidi B. Alabbas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia; (O.A.); (A.B.A.)
| | - Abdulmalik M. Alqarni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia;
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Munoz M, El-Khoury A, Eren Cimenci C, Gonzalez-Gomez M, Hunter RA, Lomboni D, Variola F, Rotstein BH, Vono LLR, Rossi LM, Edwards AM, Alarcon EI. Riboflavin Surface Modification of Poly(vinyl chloride) for Light-Triggered Control of Bacterial Biofilm and Virus Inactivation. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:32251-32262. [PMID: 34181389 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c08042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) is the most used biomedical polymer worldwide. PVC is a stable and chemically inert polymer. However, microorganisms can colonize PVC producing biomedical device-associated infections. While surface modifications of PVC can help improve the antimicrobial and antiviral properties, the chemically inert nature of PVC makes those modifications challenging and potentially toxic. In this work, we modified the PVC surface using a derivative riboflavin molecule that was chemically tethered to a plasma-treated PVC surface. Upon a low dosage of blue light, the riboflavin tethered to the PVC surface became photochemically activated, allowing for Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacterial biofilm and lentiviral in situ eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Munoz
- BEaTS Research, Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y4W7, Canada
| | - Antony El-Khoury
- BEaTS Research, Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y4W7, Canada
| | - Cagla Eren Cimenci
- BEaTS Research, Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y4W7, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Mayte Gonzalez-Gomez
- BEaTS Research, Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y4W7, Canada
| | - Robert A Hunter
- Ottawa-Carleton Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - David Lomboni
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Fabio Variola
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Benjamin H Rotstein
- Molecular Imaging Probes and Radiochemistry Laboratory, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y4W7, Canada
| | - Lucas L R Vono
- Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, USP, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Liane M Rossi
- Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, USP, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Edwards
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820244, Chile
| | - Emilio I Alarcon
- BEaTS Research, Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y4W7, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1H8M5, Canada
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Sahnoune M, Tokhadzé N, Devémy J, Dequidt A, Goujon F, Chennell P, Sautou V, Malfreyt P. Understanding and Characterizing the Drug Sorption to PVC and PE Materials. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:18594-18603. [PMID: 33861563 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c03284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Characterizing the sorption of drugs onto polyvinylchloride (PVC) and polyethylene (PE) materials in terms of thermodynamic adsorption properties and atomistic details (local arrangements, orientation, and diffusion) is fundamental for the development of alternative materials that would limit drug sorption phenomena and plasticizer release. Here, a combination of experiments and sophisticated calculations of potential of mean forces are carried out to investigate the sorption of paracetamol and diazepam to PE and PVC surfaces. The simulated Gibbs free energies of adsorption are in line with the experimental interpretations. The polymer-drug-water interface is then characterized at the molecular scale by an in-depth investigation of local properties such as density, orientation, and diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriem Sahnoune
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Nicolas Tokhadzé
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Julien Devémy
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Alain Dequidt
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Florent Goujon
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Philip Chennell
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Valérie Sautou
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Patrice Malfreyt
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Liu YF, Gu K, Shu YM, Zhang XL, Liu XX, Mao WL. Shear models and parametric analysis of the PVC geomembrane-cushion interface in a high rock-fill dam. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245245. [PMID: 33481854 PMCID: PMC7822562 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As a type of flexible impermeable material, a PVC geomembrane must be cooperatively used with cushion materials. The contact interface between a PVC geomembrane and cushion easily loses stability. In this present paper, we analyzed the shear models and parameters of the interface to study the stability. Two different cushion materials were used: the common extrusion sidewall and non-fines concrete. To simulate real working conditions, flexible silicone cushions were added under the loading plates to simulate hydraulic pressure loading, and the loading effect of flexible silicone cushions was demonstrated by measuring the actual contact areas under different normal pressures between the geomembrane and cushion using the thin-film pressure sensor. According to elastomer shear stress, there are two main types of shear stress between the PVC geomembrane and the cushion: viscous shear stress and hysteresis shear stress. The viscous shear stress between the geomembrane and the cement grout was measured using a dry, smooth concrete sample, then the precise formula parameters of the viscous shear stress and viscous friction coefficient were obtained. The hysteresis shear stress between the geomembrane and the cushion was calculated by subtracting the viscous shear stress from the total shear stress. The formula parameters of the hysteresis shear stress and hysteresis friction coefficient were calculated. The three-dimensional box-counting dimensions of the cushion surface were calculated, and the formula parameters of the hysteresis friction were positively correlated with the three-dimensional box dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Feng Liu
- College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Ke Gu
- College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
| | - Yi-Ming Shu
- College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Xian-Lei Zhang
- School of Water Conservancy, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Xin Liu
- School of Human Habitation and Environment, Nanchang Institute of Science and Technology, Nanchang, P. R. China
| | - Wen-long Mao
- College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, P. R. China
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Puckowski A, Cwięk W, Mioduszewska K, Stepnowski P, Białk-Bielińska A. Sorption of pharmaceuticals on the surface of microplastics. Chemosphere 2021; 263:127976. [PMID: 32835979 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The presence of both pollutants: microplastics and pharmaceutical residues in various environmental compartments is an issue of increasing concern. Available literature data indicates that microplastics can affect the environmental distribution and transport of e.g. persistent organic pollutants (POPs) through sorption interactions, concentrating them at a given point and thus influencing the environmental risks represented by the sorbent and sorbate pair. Therefore, their potential to change the fate of other contaminants in the environment, such as pharmaceuticals, is worth investigating. The aim of this study was to evaluate the sorption capacity of nine pharmaceuticals, commonly used in human and veterinary medicine, which constitute known ubiquitous water pollutants: enrofloxacin (ENR), ciprofloxacin (CIP), norfloxacin (NOR), 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), methotrexate (MET), flubendazole (FLU), fenbendazole (FEN), propranolol (PRO) and nadolol (NAD), on the surface of the most often identified microscopic plastic particles in the aquatic environment, i.e. polypropylene (PP), low density polyethylene (LD-PE), high density polyethylene (HD-PE) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The obtained results suggest a complex nature of sorption, including both hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions. However, since the ionic strength of the medium was found to be a significant factor influencing the sorption potential, minute interactions are observed in conditions common for the natural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Puckowski
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Weronika Cwięk
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Mioduszewska
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Piotr Stepnowski
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Anna Białk-Bielińska
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
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Li XC, Hao DZ, Hao WJ, Guo XL, Jiang L. Bioinspired Hydrogel-Polymer Hybrids with a Tough and Antifatigue Interface via One-Step Polymerization. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:51036-51043. [PMID: 33112597 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c14728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogel hybrids are one of the key factors in life activities and biomimetic science; however, their development and utilization are critically impeded by their inadequate adhesive strength and intricate process. In nature, barnacles can stick to a variety of solid surfaces firmly (adhesive strength above 300 kPa) using a hydrophobic interface, which inspires us to firmly combine hydrogels and polymers through introducing an adhesive layer. By spreading a hydrophobic liquid membrane directly, tough combination of a hydrogel and a polymer substrate could be achieved after one-step polymerization. The fracture energy of the hydrogel attached to the surface of polyvinyl chloride was up to 1200 J m-2 and the tensile strength reached 1.21 MPa. Furthermore, the adhesion samples with this method exhibit an antifatigue performance, having withstood large bends and twists. It should be pointed out that this approach can also be applied to a variety of complicated surfaces. This work may expand the application range of hydrogels and provides an inspiration for hydrogel adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Chao Li
- Hainan Tropical Island Resources Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, P. R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - De-Zhao Hao
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Wan-Jun Hao
- Hainan Tropical Island Resources Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, P. R. China
| | - Xing-Lin Guo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
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Zhang L, Wei Z, Liu P. An all-solid-state NO3- ion-selective electrode with gold nanoparticles solid contact layer and molecularly imprinted polymer membrane. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240173. [PMID: 33057369 PMCID: PMC7561137 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve the single-layer all-solid-state ion selective electrode' defects including poor conductivity of PVC sensitive membrane and interference of water layer between substrate electrode and sensitive membrane, a double-layer all-solid-state ion selective electrode with nanomaterial as the solid contact layer and conductive polymer as the ion sensitive membrane was developed. A gold nanoparticles solid contact layer and a nitrate-doped polypyrrole molecularly imprinted polymer membrane were prepared by electrodeposition. The optimal parameters obtained by electrochemical performance test were 2.5 mmol/L HAuCl4 electrolyte for solid contact layer and 1800s electrodeposition time for sensitive membrane. The new electrode exhibited a Nernstian response of -50.4 mV/decade and a low detection limit of 5.25×10-5mol/L. Potentiometric water layer test showed no water film formed between the gold nanoparticles solid contact layer and nitrate-doped polypyrrole molecularly imprinted polymer membrane. The contact angle between droplet and the surface of solid contact layer was 112.35° and showed good hydrophobic property. Furthermore, the developed electrode exhibited fast response, excellent potential stability and long lifetime. This electrode is suitable for the detection of nitrate concentration in water and liquid fertilizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- State Key Lab for Manufacturing System Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Zhengying Wei
- State Key Lab for Manufacturing System Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Pengcheng Liu
- State Key Lab for Manufacturing System Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
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Spencer MS, Cullom AC, Rhoads WJ, Pruden A, Edwards MA. Replicable simulation of distal hot water premise plumbing using convectively-mixed pipe reactors. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238385. [PMID: 32936810 PMCID: PMC7494094 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A lack of replicable test systems that realistically simulate hot water premise plumbing conditions at the laboratory-scale is an obstacle to identifying key factors that support growth of opportunistic pathogens (OPs) and opportunities to stem disease transmission. Here we developed the convectively-mixed pipe reactor (CMPR) as a simple reproducible system, consisting of off-the-shelf plumbing materials, that self-mixes through natural convective currents and enables testing of multiple, replicated, and realistic premise plumbing conditions in parallel. A 10-week validation study was conducted, comparing three pipe materials (PVC, PVC-copper, and PVC-iron; n = 18 each) to stagnant control pipes without convective mixing (n = 3 each). Replicate CMPRs were found to yield consistent water chemistry as a function of pipe material, with differences becoming less discernable by week 9. Temperature, an overarching factor known to control OP growth, was consistently maintained across all 54 CMPRs, with a coefficient of variation <2%. Dissolved oxygen (DO) remained lower in PVC-iron (1.96 ± 0.29 mg/L) than in PVC (5.71 ± 0.22 mg/L) or PVC-copper (5.90 ± 0.38 mg/L) CMPRs as expected due to corrosion. Further, DO in PVC-iron CMPRs was 33% of that observed in corresponding stagnant pipes (6.03 ± 0.33 mg/L), demonstrating the important role of internal convective mixing in stimulating corrosion and microbiological respiration. 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing indicated that both bulk water (Padonis = 0.001, R2 = 0.222, Pbetadis = 0.785) and biofilm (Padonis = 0.001, R2 = 0.119, Pbetadis = 0.827) microbial communities differed between CMPR versus stagnant pipes, consistent with creation of a distinct ecological niche. Overall, CMPRs can provide a more realistic simulation of certain aspects of premise plumbing than reactors commonly applied in prior research, at a fraction of the cost, space, and water demand of large pilot-scale rigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Storme Spencer
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
| | - Abraham C. Cullom
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
| | - William J. Rhoads
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
| | - Amy Pruden
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
| | - Marc A. Edwards
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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45
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Ju P, Zhang Y, Zheng Y, Gao F, Jiang F, Li J, Sun C. Probing the toxic interactions between polyvinyl chloride microplastics and Human Serum Albumin by multispectroscopic techniques. Sci Total Environ 2020; 734:139219. [PMID: 32450395 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the interaction of emerging pollutant polyvinyl chloride microplastics (PVC MPs) and human serum albumin (HSA) was investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy, UV-visible (UV-vis) absorption spectroscopy, circular dichroism (CD), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy under simulated physiological conditions. Fluorescence results showed that PVC MPs (about 5000 nm in size) can effectively quench the intrinsic fluorescence of HSA through static quenching owing to the formation of HSA-PVC complex. The binding constants (Ka) between PVC and HSA at different temperatures were calculated as 4.97 × 103 M-1, 3.46 × 103 M-1 and 2.51 × 103 M-1, respectively. The number of binding sites was 1.26. The enthalpy change (ΔH), entropy change (ΔS) and free energy change (ΔG) were calculated to be -59.27 kJ·mol-1, 70.76 J·mol-1 K-1 and - 80.35 kJ·mol-1, respectively, indicating that the interaction of PVC with HSA was mainly driven by electrostatic forces. Moreover, results of UV-vis, FT-IR and CD further demonstrated that the microenvironment and secondary structure of HSA were changed a lot induced by PVC, leading to a decrease in α-helix. This work not only provides an insight into the intermolecular interaction between PVC and HSA, but also elucidates the potential biological toxicity of MPs at a molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Ju
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), 6 Xianxialing Road, Qingdao 266061, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, PR China.
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), 6 Xianxialing Road, Qingdao 266061, PR China
| | - Yifan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), 6 Xianxialing Road, Qingdao 266061, PR China
| | - Fenglei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), 6 Xianxialing Road, Qingdao 266061, PR China
| | - Fenghua Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), 6 Xianxialing Road, Qingdao 266061, PR China
| | - Jingxi Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), 6 Xianxialing Road, Qingdao 266061, PR China
| | - Chengjun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, Marine Bioresource and Environment Research Center, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), 6 Xianxialing Road, Qingdao 266061, PR China; Laboratory of Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, PR China.
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Bouattour Y, Wasiak M, Bernard L, Pinguet J, Richard D, Le Rouzo-Grèves M, Dhifallah I, Lambert C, Pereira B, Chennell P, Sautou V. Quantification of bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate released by medical devices during respiratory assistance and estimation of patient exposure. Chemosphere 2020; 255:126978. [PMID: 32417514 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) migration from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) has been studied with infusion, transfusion and extracorporeal oxygenation devices, but no study has been conducted to estimate its migration via respiratory medical devices (MDs). This work aims to develop an ex vivo model to quantify DEHP released doses by these MDs, which will then be used to estimate newborns DEHP exposure from respiratory assistance MDs. We followed the Frensh National Research and Safety Institute (INRS) recommendations for the validation of a collecting and analysing method of DEHP in air, which will be used to quantify DEHP in air passing through PVC respiratory assistance MDs. The developed method met all the validation criteria for DEHP determination in air. DEHP in air passing through MDs on the sixth day reached a cumulative quantity of 122.86 μg when using a flow rate of 4 L min-1 of non-humidified air while it was of 49.22 μg; 58.12 μg and 29.61 μg with flow rates of 2 L min-1 of humidified air, 2 L min-1 of dry air and 4 L min-1 of humidified air, respectively. Model application to two patients undergoing two different respiratory procedure demonstrated that noninvasive ventilation patient received higher dose of inhaled DEHP, confirmed by DEHP metabolites quantification in urine. Although the protective effect of air humidifiers on DEHP exposure was demonstrated, the effect of flow rate is difficult to be established. This developed method should be tested to verify its capacity to collect and quantify other plasticizers used in PVC MDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassine Bouattour
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU Clermont Ferrand, CNRS, Sigma Clermont, ICCF, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Mathieu Wasiak
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Pôle Pharmacie, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Lise Bernard
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU Clermont Ferrand, CNRS, Sigma Clermont, ICCF, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jérémy Pinguet
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont-Auvergne, Service de Pharmacologie médicale, UMR INSERM, 1107 Neuro-Dol, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Damien Richard
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont-Auvergne, Service de Pharmacologie médicale, UMR INSERM, 1107 Neuro-Dol, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Mégane Le Rouzo-Grèves
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU Clermont Ferrand, CNRS, Sigma Clermont, ICCF, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Imen Dhifallah
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU Clermont Ferrand, CNRS, Sigma Clermont, ICCF, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Céline Lambert
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Unité de Biostatistiques, Délégation Recherche Clinique & Innovation, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Bruno Pereira
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Unité de Biostatistiques, Délégation Recherche Clinique & Innovation, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Philip Chennell
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU Clermont Ferrand, CNRS, Sigma Clermont, ICCF, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Valérie Sautou
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CHU Clermont Ferrand, CNRS, Sigma Clermont, ICCF, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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47
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Kawakami T, Isama K, Jinno H. Skin transferability of phthalic acid ester plasticizers and other plasticizers using model polyvinyl chloride sheets. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng 2020; 55:1163-1172. [PMID: 32748726 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2020.1795503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The transferability of phthalic acid esters (PAEs) and other plasticizers, from model polyvinyl chloride (PVC) sheets to the skin of 11 subjects was assessed by measuring the amount of substance transferred using PVC sheets containing PAEs and alternative plasticizers of different types and contents. For all subjects, the transferred amount, from sheets containing 28 wt% PAE or from mixed sheets containing 14 wt% each of di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and other PAE, was greater than that from sheets containing 15 wt% each of PAE or alternative plasticizer only. A comparison of the transferability of five types of PAE showed that transfer tended to occur more readily as the n-octanol-water partition coefficient increased, suggesting that PAE hydrophobicity affected its transferability. The transferability of the alternative plasticizers di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate and 1,2-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester showed a similar trend; however, the transferred amount tended to be higher from model PVC sheets containing 28 wt% PAE or mixed with DEHP. The transferability of PAEs and alternative plasticizers was higher for certain subjects, suggesting individual differences in the transferability of chemicals to the subject's skin surface and is the presence of a group of people comparatively more susceptible to such transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Kawakami
- Division of Environmental Chemistry, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kawasaki city, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazuo Isama
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo Heisei University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideto Jinno
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Meijo University, Nagoya city, Aichi, Japan
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48
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Kamel AH, Amr AEGE, Galal HR, Almehizia AA. Novel Validated Analytical Method Based on Potentiometric Transduction for the Determination of Citicoline Psychostimulant/Nootropic Agent. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25153512. [PMID: 32752083 PMCID: PMC7435782 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, a novel validated potentiometric method is presented for the first time for citicoline determination. The method is based on measuring the potential using new constructed citicoline electrodes. The electrodes are based on the use of citicolinium/phosphomolybdate [Cit]2[PM] (sensor I) and citicolinium/tetraphenylborate [Cit][TPB] (sensor II) ion association complexes. These sensory materials were dispersed in plasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) polymeric membranes. The sensors revealed a Nernstian response with the slopes 55.9 ± 1.8(r2 = 0.9994) and 51.8 ± 0.9 (r2 = 0.9991) mV/decade over a linearity range of 6.3 × 10−6–1.0 × 10−3 and 1.0 × 10−5–1.0 × 10−3 M and detection limits of 3.16 × 10−6 and 7.1 × 10−6 M for sensors I and II, respectively. To ensure the existence of monovalent citicoline, all measurements were performed in 50 mM acetate buffer at pH 3.5. All presented electrodes showed good performance characteristics such as rapid response, good selectivity, high potential-stability and long life-span. Method verification and validation in terms of response linearity, quantification limit, accuracy, bias, trueness, robustness, within-day variability and between-days variability were evaluated. The method was introduced for citicoline determination in different pharmaceutical formulations and compared with the standard high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman H. Kamel
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
- Correspondence: (A.H.K.); (A.E.-G.E.A.); Tel.: +20-100-074-3328 (A.H.K.); +966-565-148-750 (A.E.-G.E.A.)
| | - Abd El-Galil E. Amr
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Drug Exploration & Development Chair (DEDC), College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
- Applied Organic Chemistry Department, National Research Center, Dokki 12622, Giza, Egypt
- Correspondence: (A.H.K.); (A.E.-G.E.A.); Tel.: +20-100-074-3328 (A.H.K.); +966-565-148-750 (A.E.-G.E.A.)
| | - Hoda R. Galal
- Inorganic Chemistry Department, National Research Center, Dokki 12622, Giza, Egypt;
| | - Abdulrahman A. Almehizia
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Drug Exploration & Development Chair (DEDC), College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
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Hamid A, Khan M, Hayat A, Raza J, Zada A, Ullah A, Raziq F, Li T, Hussain F. Probing the physio-chemical appraisal of green synthesized PbO nanoparticles in PbO-PVC nanocomposite polymer membranes. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2020; 235:118303. [PMID: 32276226 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Different plants can be used to prepare nanoparticles. This is termed as green technology. It is one of the best ecofriendly and low-cost method for the preparation of nanoparticles which has no harmful effects. PbO nanoparticles were prepared by green method using leaf extract of Datura Sternum plants. The preparation of Lead oxide was confirmed by color change from colorless to yellowish brown. UV-Visible peak obtained at 250 nm and XRD study clarified the formation of PbO NPs. These PbO nanoparticles were then applied for the preparation of Nano Composite Polymer Membranes (nCPMs). PbO-PVC nCPMs were prepared based on polyvinyl chloride (PVC) polymer and PbO filler with the help of solution casting method, using cyclohexanone as a solvent. Different percentage (5-35%) of filler was used. The physiochemical parameters studied were viscosity, water uptake (WU), perpendicular swelling (DT) in deionized water, density, porosity (ε), morphology, ion adsorption capacity (IAC) and electrical conductivity (σ). The values of all these parameters except viscosity and conductivity were increased on increasing filler percentage. Viscosity of the nCPMs solution was decreased from 171 to 46.21. The conductivity of nCPMs was first increased upto 25% filler and then decreased. The deformation in PVC structure was increased on enhancing PbO amount. The values of Density, porosity, water uptake, DT and IAC were found in range 1.15-5.02, 0.50-0.87, 72.01-141.30, 0.012-0.11, and 3.13 × 107-8.60 × 107 respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Hamid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Okara, Renala Khurd, Okara, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Khan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Okara, Renala Khurd, Okara, Punjab, Pakistan; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xian 710072, PR China.
| | - Asif Hayat
- School of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, PR China.
| | - Junaid Raza
- Department of Chemistry, University of Okara, Renala Khurd, Okara, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Amir Zada
- Department of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, K.P.K, Pakistan
| | - Azeem Ullah
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xian 710072, PR China
| | - Fazal Raziq
- School of Physics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, PR China
| | - Tiehu Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xian 710072, PR China
| | - Fakhar Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Okara, Renala Khurd, Okara, Punjab, Pakistan
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50
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Salem MY, Hassan NY, Fayez YM, Mohamed SAELS, Ali ES. Electrochemical Quantitative Assessment of Labetalol Hydrochloride in Pure Form and Combined Pharmaceutical Formulations. Acta Chim Slov 2020; 67:396-402. [PMID: 33855568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This work describes how to utilize the electrochemical technique to determine labetalol hydrochloride (Lab) in pure form and combined pharmaceutical formulation for quality control purposes. Four membrane sensors were developed using two plasticizers, dioctyl phthalate with 2-hydroxypropyl-?-cyclodextrin and ammonium reineckate (RNC) for sensors 1a and 2a, and tributyl phthalate with 2-hydroxypropyl-?-cyclodextrin and ammonium reineckate for sensors 1b and 2b as ionophores in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) matrix. Fast response and stable Nernstian slopes of 59.60, 57.58, 53.00 and 55.00 mV/decade for sensors 1a, 2a, 1b, and 2b, respectively, were obtained by developed sensors within a concentration range 10-4 M-10-2 M over pH range 2.00-5.10. Developed sensors showed good selectivity for Lab in pure form, in the presence of co-administered drugs, many of interfering ions, and excipients present in pharmaceutical formulation. No remarkable difference was detected upon the statistical comparison between the results of proposed sensors and the official method.
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