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Tian R, Li K, Lin Y, Lu C, Duan X. Characterization Techniques of Polymer Aging: From Beginning to End. Chem Rev 2023; 123:3007-3088. [PMID: 36802560 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Polymers have been widely applied in various fields in the daily routines and the manufacturing. Despite the awareness of the aggressive and inevitable aging for the polymers, it still remains a challenge to choose an appropriate characterization strategy for evaluating the aging behaviors. The difficulties lie in the fact that the polymer features from the different aging stages require different characterization methods. In this review, we present an overview of the characterization strategies preferable for the initial, accelerated, and late stages during polymer aging. The optimum strategies have been discussed to characterize the generation of radicals, variation of functional groups, substantial chain scission, formation of low-molecular products, and deterioration in the polymers' macro-performances. In view of the advantages and the limitations of these characterization techniques, their utilization in a strategic approach is considered. In addition, we highlight the structure-property relationship for the aged polymers and provide available guidance for lifetime prediction. This review could allow the readers to be knowledgeable of the features for the polymers in the different aging stages and provide access to choose the optimum characterization techniques. We believe that this review will attract the communities dedicated to materials science and chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Kaitao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yanjun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Chao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xue Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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Thermal Stability and Flammability of Epoxy Composites Filled with Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes, Boric Acid, and Sodium Bicarbonate. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13040638. [PMID: 33669925 PMCID: PMC7924867 DOI: 10.3390/polym13040638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epoxy composites filled with 0.5 wt% of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), 10 and 15 wt% of boric acid and sodium bicarbonate separately, as well as composites filled with a combination of MWCNTs-boric acid and MWCNTs-sodium bicarbonate were prepared. The thermal behavior of the prepared samples was investigated under heating in oxidative environment using thermogravimetric analysis. The hardness was measured using the Shore D hardness test. To evaluate the flammability of the samples, the ignition temperature and time-to-ignition were determined. It was concluded that sodium bicarbonate in the studied concentrations (10 and 15 wt%) is not appropriate for use as a filler capable of improving the thermooxidative stability and reducing the flammability of epoxy polymers. The improvement in the thermal properties can be achieved by using the combination of boric acid and multi-walled carbon nanotubes as fillers. The thermooxidative destruction of the samples filled with boric acid passes more slowly and more evenly via the formation of B2O3 as a result of its decomposition.
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Duan Z, Fiquet O, Ablitzer C, Cassayre L, Vergnes H, Floquet P, Joulia X. Application of pyrolysis to remove hydrogen from an organic nuclear waste. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 401:123367. [PMID: 32653790 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The work deals with the removal by slow pyrolysis of epoxy resin from samples of spent nuclear fuel embedded in this polymer. Beyond the nuclear field, epoxy resin removal by pyrolysis is a typical issue for the recovery of metals in electronic waste. The main objective is to find the optimal conditions to remove hydrogen in the residual solid waste, in order to avoid hydrogen production by radiolysis during storage and so to prevent any risk of overpressure and explosion. The condensable pyrolysis products (tar-water mixture) and the char were characterised and quantified by elemental analyses, while the permanent gases were quantified by gas chromatography. A data reconciliation method was applied to adjust the values of raw measurements in order to complete the mass balances for both C, H, O and N elements and pyrolysis products. After studying the impact of temperature on the pyrolysis balance, experiments on a pilot furnace were conducted at 450 °C, in the frame of a parametric study of the heating rate, argon gas flow rate, resin mass and plateau time. At fixed temperature, we show that the plateau time is the only significant parameter for minimizing the residual hydrogen content in the char.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiya Duan
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INP, UPS, Toulouse, France; CEA, DEC, Cadarache, 13108, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Olivier Fiquet
- CEA, DEC, Cadarache, 13108, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | | | - Laurent Cassayre
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INP, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Hugues Vergnes
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INP, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Pascal Floquet
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INP, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Xavier Joulia
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INP, UPS, Toulouse, France.
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Thermal Behavior and Flammability of Epoxy Composites Based on Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes and Expanded Graphite: A Comparative Study. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10196928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Reduction of flammability and improvement of thermal stability of polymers during heating can be achieved by the introduction of fillers. Epoxy composites filled with different loadings of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and expanded graphite (EG) were prepared. The thermal oxidation stability of the prepared samples was investigated under heating in an oxidizing atmosphere using thermal analysis. The hardness was measured using the Shore D hardness test. The flammability of the prepared composites was evaluated by the ignition temperature and time-to-ignition. It was found that there was a rise in temperature corresponding to a 5% weight loss during heating for both epoxy/MWCNT and epoxy/EG composites compared to neat epoxy resin. The Shore D hardness of epoxy/MWCNT composites increased with content growth up to 0.1 wt.% and decreased with further concentration rise. The addition of MWCNTs and EG leads to an increase in the ignition temperature. It has been shown that MWCNTs improve the thermal behavior of epoxy resin in a low temperature region (below ~300 °C) whereas EG shows almost the same thermal behavior above 300 °C. The improvement of thermal properties can be achieved using MWCNTs and EG as fillers.
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Synthesis of high performance polybenzoxazine networks from bio-based furfurylamine: Furan vs benzene ring. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.06.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Modeling of a pyrolysis process for the elimination of epoxy resin from embedded nuclear fuels. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63965-3.50059-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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