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Samyn P, Bosmans J, Cosemans P. Role of Bio-Based and Fossil-Based Reactive Diluents in Epoxy Coatings with Amine and Phenalkamine Crosslinker. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3856. [PMID: 37835905 PMCID: PMC10574921 DOI: 10.3390/polym15193856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The properties of epoxy can be adapted depending on the selection of bio-based diluents and crosslinkers to balance the appropriate viscosity for processing and the resulting mechanical properties for coating applications. This work presents a comprehensive study on the structure-property relationships for epoxy coatings with various diluents of mono-, di-, and bio-based trifunctional glycidyl ethers or bio-based epoxidized soybean oil added in appropriate concentration ranges, in combination with a traditional fossil-based amine or bio-based phenalkamine crosslinker. The viscosity of epoxy resins was already reduced for diluents with simple linear molecular configurations at low concentrations, while higher concentrations of more complex multifunctional diluents were needed for a similar viscosity reduction. The curing kinetics were evaluated through the fitting of data from differential scanning calorimetry to an Arrhenius equation, yielding the lowest activation energies for difunctional diluents in parallel with a balance between viscosity and reactivity. While the variations in curing kinetics with a change in diluent were minor, the phenalkamine crosslinkers resulted in a stronger decrease in activation energy. For cured epoxy resins, the glass transition temperature was determined as an intrinsic parameter that was further related to the mechanical coating performance. Considerable effects of the diluents on coating properties were investigated, mostly showing a reduction in abrasive wear for trifunctional diluents in parallel with the variations in hardness and ductility. The high hydrophobicity for coatings with diluents remained after wear and provided good protection. In conclusion, the coating performance could be related to the intrinsic mechanical properties independently of the fossil- or bio-based origin of diluents and crosslinkers, while additional lubricating properties are presented for vegetable oil diluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Samyn
- Department of Innovations in Circular Economy and Renewable Materials, SIRRIS, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; (J.B.); (P.C.)
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Malburet S, Bertrand H, Richard C, Lacabanne C, Dantras E, Graillot A. Biobased epoxy reactive diluents prepared from monophenol derivatives: effect on viscosity and glass transition temperature of epoxy resins. RSC Adv 2023; 13:15099-15106. [PMID: 37207093 PMCID: PMC10189243 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra01039b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of reactive diluents is undeniably of paramount importance to develop epoxy resins which would meet more demanding and restrictive processes and applications in terms of viscosity and glass transition temperature. In the context of developing resins with low carbon impacts, 3 natural phenols namely carvacrol, guaiacol and thymol were selected and converted into monofunctional epoxies using a general glycidylation procedure. Without advanced purification, the developed liquid-state epoxies showed very low viscosities of 16 cPs to 55 cPs at 20 °C, which could be further reduced to 12 cPs at 20 °C when purification by distillation is applied. The dilution effect of each reactive diluent on DGEBA's viscosity was also assessed for concentrations ranging from 5 to 20 wt% and compared to commercial and formulated DGEBA-based resin analogues. Interestingly, the use of these diluents reduced the initial viscosity of DGEBA by a factor of ten while maintaining glass transition temperatures above 90 °C. This article provides compelling evidence of the possibility of developing new sustainable epoxy resins with characteristics and properties that can be fine-tuned by only adjusting the reactive diluent concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Malburet
- SPECIFIC POLYMERS 150 Avenue des Cocardières 34160 Castries France
- CIRIMAT, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier 118 Route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09 France
| | - Hugo Bertrand
- SPECIFIC POLYMERS 150 Avenue des Cocardières 34160 Castries France
| | - Cécile Richard
- SPECIFIC POLYMERS 150 Avenue des Cocardières 34160 Castries France
| | - Colette Lacabanne
- CIRIMAT, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier 118 Route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09 France
| | - Eric Dantras
- CIRIMAT, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier 118 Route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09 France
| | - Alain Graillot
- SPECIFIC POLYMERS 150 Avenue des Cocardières 34160 Castries France
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Effect of Diluents on Mechanical Characteristics of Epoxy Compounds. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14112277. [PMID: 35683949 PMCID: PMC9182828 DOI: 10.3390/polym14112277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work is to assess the influence of different commercial diluents on some mechanical properties of two bisphenolic epoxy compounds, cold-cured by a polyamide curing agent, to be employed as epoxy structural adhesives for building and industrial applications. The diluents under analysis were epoxy, bituminous, nitro, acrylic and extraction. The choice of these products was made on the basis of their wide commercial availability as diluents for epoxies used as adhesives and in different industrial and construction applications. The diluents were all added in small proportions, i.e., from 1 to 10 g per 100 g of epoxy resin. The cold-cured epoxy compounds were subjected to compressive (according to ISO 604) and static tensile (according to ISO 527-1) tests. The same mechanical tests were performed on both unmodified epoxy resins, for comparison purposes. On the basis of the obtained results, it was concluded that the influence of the presence of a diluent, and of its amount, on the mechanical properties of epoxy compounds depends on the type of resin and of diluent, as well as on the mechanical characteristics analyzed.
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Kouznetsov VV, Vargas Méndez LY. Synthesis of eugenol‐based monomers for sustainable epoxy thermoplastic polymers. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir V. Kouznetsov
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica y Biomolecular, CMN, Parque Tecnológico Guatiguara, Universidad Industrial de Santander Bucaramanga Colombia
| | - Leonor Y. Vargas Méndez
- Laboratorio de Química Orgánica y Biomolecular, CMN, Parque Tecnológico Guatiguara, Universidad Industrial de Santander Bucaramanga Colombia
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Morales-Cerrada R, Molina-Gutierrez S, Lacroix-Desmazes P, Caillol S. Eugenol, a Promising Building Block for Biobased Polymers with Cutting-Edge Properties. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:3625-3648. [PMID: 34464094 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Biobased materials, derived from biomass building blocks, are essential in the pursuit of sustainable materials. Eugenol, a natural phenol obtained from clove oil, but also from lignin depolymerization, possesses a chemical structure that allows its easy modification to obtain a broad and versatile platform of biobased monomers. In this Perspective, an overview of the variety of reactions that have been executed on the allylic double bond, phenol hydroxyl group, aromatic ring, and methoxy group is given, focusing our attention on those to obtain monomers suitable for different polymerization reactions. Furthermore, possible applications and perspectives on the eugenol-derived materials are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sylvain Caillol
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier 34000, France
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Kumar B, Agumba DO, Pham DH, Kim HC, Kim J. Recent progress in bio‐based eugenol resins: From synthetic strategies to structural properties and coating applications. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bijender Kumar
- Creative Research Center for Nanocellulose Future Composites Inha University Incheon South Korea
| | - Dickens O. Agumba
- Creative Research Center for Nanocellulose Future Composites Inha University Incheon South Korea
| | - Duc H. Pham
- Creative Research Center for Nanocellulose Future Composites Inha University Incheon South Korea
| | - Hyun Chan Kim
- Creative Research Center for Nanocellulose Future Composites Inha University Incheon South Korea
| | - Jaehwan Kim
- Creative Research Center for Nanocellulose Future Composites Inha University Incheon South Korea
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Park JH, Kim HJ, Kim TH, Kim HG, Seo B, Lim CS, Ko WB. Synthesis of a zeolitic imidazolate hybrid nanocomposite and its effects on the physical property changes in the cured epoxy compositions. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-021-01803-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Liu J, Wang S, Peng Y, Zhu J, Zhao W, Liu X. Advances in sustainable thermosetting resins: From renewable feedstock to high performance and recyclability. Prog Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2020.101353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Wan J, Zhao J, Zhang X, Fan H, Zhang J, Hu D, Jin P, Wang DY. Epoxy thermosets and materials derived from bio-based monomeric phenols: Transformations and performances. Prog Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2020.101287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Mora AS, Tayouo R, Boutevin B, David G, Caillol S. A perspective approach on the amine reactivity and the hydrogen bonds effect on epoxy-amine systems. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.109460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Watanabe H, Takahashi M, Kihara H, Yoshida M. Biobased Coatings Based on Eugenol Derivatives. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2018; 1:808-813. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.8b00254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hirohmi Watanabe
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (ISC), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 3-11-32, Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0049, Japan
| | - Mariko Takahashi
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (ISC), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 3-11-32, Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0049, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Kihara
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (ISC), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 3-11-32, Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0049, Japan
| | - Masaru Yoshida
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (ISC), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 3-11-32, Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0049, Japan
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Yue L, Maiorana A, Khelifa F, Patel A, Raquez JM, Bonnaud L, Gross R, Dubois P, Manas-Zloczower I. Surface-modified cellulose nanocrystals for biobased epoxy nanocomposites. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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