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Trier NH, Houen G. Sequential Double Immunoblotting with Peptide Antibodies. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2821:237-248. [PMID: 38997494 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3914-6_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Immunoblotting, also termed western blotting, is a powerful method for detection and characterization of proteins separated by various electrophoretic techniques. The combination of sodium dodecyl sulfate-poly acrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), having high separating power, immunoblotting to synthetic membranes, and detection with highly specific peptide antibodies, is especially useful for studying individual proteins in relation to cellular processes, disease mechanisms, etc. Here, we describe a protocol for the sequential detection of various forms of an individual protein using peptide antibodies, exemplified by the characterization of antibody specificity for different forms of the protein calreticulin by double SDS-PAGE immunoblotting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Hartwig Trier
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Translational Research, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark.
| | - Gunnar Houen
- Department of Neurology and Translational Research Center, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
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2
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Sule R, Rivera G, Gomes AV. Western blotting (immunoblotting): history, theory, uses, protocol and problems. Biotechniques 2023; 75:99-114. [PMID: 36971113 DOI: 10.2144/btn-2022-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Western blotting (immunoblotting) is a powerful and commonly used technique that is capable of detecting or semiquantifying an individual protein from complex mixtures of proteins extracted from cells or tissues. The history surrounding the origin of western blotting, the theory behind the western blotting technique, a comprehensive protocol and the uses of western blotting are presented. Lesser known and significant problems in the western blotting field and troubleshooting of common problems are highlighted and discussed. This work is a comprehensive primer and guide for new western blotting researchers and those interested in a better understanding of the technique or getting better results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasheed Sule
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Gabriela Rivera
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Aldrin V Gomes
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Physiology & Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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3
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Justin Margret J, Jain SK. Overview of gene expression techniques with an emphasis on vitamin D related studies. Curr Med Res Opin 2023; 39:205-217. [PMID: 36537177 DOI: 10.1080/03007995.2022.2159148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Each cell controls when and how its genes must be expressed for proper function. Every function in a cell is driven by signaling molecules through various regulatory cascades. Different cells in a multicellular organism may express very different sets of genes, even though they contain the same DNA. The set of genes expressed in a cell determines the set of proteins and functional RNAs it contains, giving it its unique properties. Malfunction in gene expression harms the cell and can lead to the development of various disease conditions. The use of rapid high-throughput gene expression profiling unravels the complexity of human disease at various levels. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) have been used frequently to understand gene expression homeostasis in various disease conditions. However, more studies are required to validate whether PBMC gene expression patterns accurately reflect the expression of other cells or tissues. Vitamin D, which is responsible for a multitude of health consequences, is also an immune modulatory hormone with major biological activities in the innate and adaptive immune systems. Vitamin D exerts its diverse biological effects in target tissues by regulating gene expression and its deficiency, is recognized as a public health problem worldwide. Understanding the genetic factors that affect vitamin D has the potential benefit that it will make it easier to identify individuals who require supplementation. Different technological advances in gene expression can be used to identify and assess the severity of disease and aid in the development of novel therapeutic interventions. This review focuses on different gene expression approaches and various clinical studies of vitamin D to investigate the role of gene expression in identifying the molecular signature of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Justin Margret
- Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Sushil K Jain
- Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
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4
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Pouri S, Torkashvand F, Aghamirza Moghim H, Fard-Esfahani P, Golkar M, Vaziri B. Quality by Design in Downstream Process Development of Romiplostim. IRANIAN BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL 2022; 26:414-25. [PMID: 36439274 PMCID: PMC9841220 DOI: 10.52547/ibj.3790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Background: Downstream processing of therapeutic recombinant proteins expressed as the inclusion bodies (IBs) in E. coli is quite challenging. This study aimed to use the quality by design approach for developing the multi-step downstream process of a structurally complex therapeutic Fc-Peptide fusion protein, romiplostim. Methods Methods: For development of a successful downstream process, risk analysis and experimental designs were used to characterize the most critical quality attributes (CQAs) and effects of process parameters on these quality attributes. Results Results: The solubilization of IBs was optimized by design of experiment on three parameters with a focus on solubility yield, which resulted in >75% increase of the target protein solubilization. The pH of sample was identified as CQA in anion exchange chromatography that might have an impact on achieving >85% host cell proteins removal and >90% host cell DNA reduction. In the refolding step, process parameters were screened. Cystine/cysteine ratio, pH, and incubation time identified as CPPs were further optimized using Box-Behnken analysis, which >85% of the target protein was refolded. The design space for further purification step by HIC was mapped with a focus on high molecular weight impurities. After polishing by gel filtration, the final product's biological activity showed no statistically significant differences among the groups received romiplostim and Nplate®, as the reference product. Conclusions Conclusion: This research presents a precise and exhaustive model for mapping the design space in order to describe and anticipate the link between the yield and quality of romiplostim and its downstream process parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeedeh Pouri
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | | | - Majid Golkar
- Department of Parasitology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behrouz Vaziri
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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5
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Guan L, Crasta KC, Maier AB. Assessment of cell cycle regulators in human peripheral blood cells as markers of cellular senescence. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 78:101634. [PMID: 35460888 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cellular senescence has gained increasing interest during recent years, particularly due to causal involvement in the aging process corroborated by multiple experimental findings. Indeed, cellular senescence considered to be one of the hallmarks of aging, is defined as a stable growth arrest predominantly mediated by cell cycle regulators p53, p21 and p16. Senescent cells have frequently been studied in the peripheral blood of humans due to its accessibility. This review summarizes ex vivo studies describing cell cycle regulators as markers of senescence in human peripheral blood cells, along with detection methodologies and associative studies examining demographic and clinical characteristics. The utility of techniques such as the quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), microarray, RNA sequencing and nCounter technologies for detection at the transcriptional level, along with Western blotting, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and flow cytometry at the translational level, will be brought up at salient points throughout this review. Notably, housekeeping genes or proteins serving as controls such as GAPDH and β-Actin, were found not to be stably expressed in some contexts. As such, optimization and validation of such genes during experimental design were recommended. In addition, the expression of cell cycle regulators was found to vary not only between different types of blood cells such as T cells and B cells but also between stages of cellular differentiation such as naïve T cells and highly differentiated T cells. On the other hand, the associations of the presence of cell cycle regulators with demographics (age, gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status), clinical characteristics (body mass index, specific diseases, disease-related parameters) and lifestyle vary in groups of participants. One envisions that increased understanding and insights into the assessment of cell cycle regulators as markers of senescence in human peripheral blood cells will help inform prognostication and clinical intervention in elderly individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihuan Guan
- Department of Medicine and Aged Care, @AgeMelbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Karen C Crasta
- Healthy Longevity Translational Researc h Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore; NUS Center for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Agency for Science, Technology & Research (A⁎STAR), Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Singapore.
| | - Andrea B Maier
- Department of Medicine and Aged Care, @AgeMelbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Healthy Longevity Translational Researc h Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Centre for Healthy Longevity, @AgeSingapore, National University Health System, Singapore; Department of Human Movement Sciences, @AgeAmsterdam, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, the Netherlands.
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Nowak SJ, Dobi KC. Taking flight: an educational primer for use with "A novel mechanism for activation of myosin regulatory light chain by protein kinase C-delta in Drosophila". Genetics 2022; 220:iyab187. [PMID: 35239966 PMCID: PMC8893254 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyab187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscles are required for animal movement, feeding, heartbeat, and reproduction. Disruption of muscle function can lead to mobility impairments and diseases like muscular dystrophy and cardiac myopathy; therefore, research in this area has significant implications for public health. Recent work by Vaziri and colleagues has taken genetic, cell biological, and biochemical approaches to identify Protein kinase C-d (Pkcδ) as a novel regulator of the essential myosin light chain 2 (MLC2) by phosphorylation. The authors determine which residues of MLC2 are modified by Pkcδ and show that phosphorylation by Pkcδ is required for proper sarcomere assembly and function. This study underscores the importance of Drosophila melanogaster as a model system for muscle function and highlights how protein phosphorylation is a vital part of post-translational gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J Nowak
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, USA
- Master of Science in Integrative Biology Program, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144, USA
| | - Krista C Dobi
- Department of Natural Sciences, Bernard M. Baruch College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10010, USA
- The Graduate Center, PhD Program in Biology, City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Markandran K, Xuan JVLE, Yu H, Shun LM, Ferenczi MA. Mn 2+ -Phos-Tag Polyacrylamide for the Quantification of Protein Phosphorylation Levels. Curr Protoc 2021; 1:e221. [PMID: 34411463 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This paper provides a guideline for optimizing and utilizing Mn2+ Phos-tag gel technology to separate phosphorylated proteins from their unphosphorylated counterparts. It provides key insights into methods for careful sample preparation and experimental directions for determining the appropriate Phos-tag gel compositions and electrophoresis and western blotting conditions. This protocol has been used to successfully resolve proteins extracted from cardiac and skeletal muscles. The guidelines can be extended for optimizing protocols to resolve proteins from other cells or tissue sources. With this, phosphoproteomics and the elucidation of underlying mechanisms of disease progression can be accelerated. © 2021 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasturi Markandran
- Laboratory of Muscle and Cardiac Biophysics, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Jane Vanetta Lee En Xuan
- Laboratory of Muscle and Cardiac Biophysics, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Haiyang Yu
- Laboratory of Muscle and Cardiac Biophysics, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.,WuXi Biologics, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lim Meng Shun
- Laboratory of Muscle and Cardiac Biophysics, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Michael A Ferenczi
- Laboratory of Muscle and Cardiac Biophysics, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.,Brunel Medical School, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
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Mostafizar M, Cortes-Pérez C, Snow W, Djordjevic J, Adlimoghaddam A, Albensi BC. Challenges with Methods for Detecting and Studying the Transcription Factor Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-κB) in the Central Nervous System. Cells 2021; 10:1335. [PMID: 34071243 PMCID: PMC8228352 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) is highly expressed in almost all types of cells. NF-κB is involved in many complex biological processes, in particular in immunity. The activation of the NF-κB signaling pathways is also associated with cancer, diabetes, neurological disorders and even memory. Hence, NF-κB is a central factor for understanding not only fundamental biological presence but also pathogenesis, and has been the subject of intense study in these contexts. Under healthy physiological conditions, the NF-κB pathway promotes synapse growth and synaptic plasticity in neurons, while in glia, NF-κB signaling can promote pro-inflammatory responses to injury. In addition, NF-κB promotes the maintenance and maturation of B cells regulating gene expression in a majority of diverse signaling pathways. Given this, the protein plays a predominant role in activating the mammalian immune system, where NF-κB-regulated gene expression targets processes of inflammation and host defense. Thus, an understanding of the methodological issues around its detection for localization, quantification, and mechanistic insights should have a broad interest across the molecular neuroscience community. In this review, we summarize the available methods for the proper detection and analysis of NF-κB among various brain tissues, cell types, and subcellular compartments, using both qualitative and quantitative methods. We also summarize the flexibility and performance of these experimental methods for the detection of the protein, accurate quantification in different samples, and the experimental challenges in this regard, as well as suggestions to overcome common challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Mostafizar
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St. Boniface Hospital Research, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada; (M.M.); (C.C.-P.); (W.S.); (J.D.); (A.A.)
| | - Claudia Cortes-Pérez
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St. Boniface Hospital Research, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada; (M.M.); (C.C.-P.); (W.S.); (J.D.); (A.A.)
| | - Wanda Snow
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St. Boniface Hospital Research, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada; (M.M.); (C.C.-P.); (W.S.); (J.D.); (A.A.)
| | - Jelena Djordjevic
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St. Boniface Hospital Research, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada; (M.M.); (C.C.-P.); (W.S.); (J.D.); (A.A.)
| | - Aida Adlimoghaddam
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St. Boniface Hospital Research, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada; (M.M.); (C.C.-P.); (W.S.); (J.D.); (A.A.)
| | - Benedict C. Albensi
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, St. Boniface Hospital Research, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada; (M.M.); (C.C.-P.); (W.S.); (J.D.); (A.A.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
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Mackuľak T, Gál M, Špalková V, Fehér M, Briestenská K, Mikušová M, Tomčíková K, Tamáš M, Butor Škulcová A. Wastewater-Based Epidemiology as an Early Warning System for the Spreading of SARS-CoV-2 and Its Mutations in the Population. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:5629. [PMID: 34070320 PMCID: PMC8197469 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18115629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
New methodologies based on the principle of "sewage epidemiology" have been successfully applied before in the detection of illegal drugs. The study describes the idea of early detection of a virus, e.g., SARS-CoV-2, in wastewater in order to focus on the area of virus occurrence and supplement the results obtained from clinical examination. By monitoring temporal variation in viral loads in wastewater in combination with other analysis, a virus outbreak can be detected and its spread can be suppressed early. The use of biosensors for virus detection also seems to be an interesting application. Biosensors are highly sensitive, selective, and portable and offer a way for fast analysis. This manuscript provides an overview of the current situation in the area of wastewater analysis, including genetic sequencing regarding viral detection and the technological solution of an early warning system for wastewater monitoring based on biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Mackuľak
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Institute of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.F.); (M.T.); (A.B.Š.)
| | - Miroslav Gál
- Department of Inorganic Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.G.); (V.Š.)
| | - Viera Špalková
- Department of Inorganic Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.G.); (V.Š.)
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 21 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Fehér
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Institute of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.F.); (M.T.); (A.B.Š.)
- Department of Inorganic Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.G.); (V.Š.)
| | - Katarína Briestenská
- Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Virology, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia; (K.B.); (M.M.); (K.T.)
| | - Miriam Mikušová
- Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Virology, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia; (K.B.); (M.M.); (K.T.)
| | - Karolína Tomčíková
- Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Institute of Virology, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia; (K.B.); (M.M.); (K.T.)
| | - Michal Tamáš
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Institute of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.F.); (M.T.); (A.B.Š.)
| | - Andrea Butor Škulcová
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Institute of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.F.); (M.T.); (A.B.Š.)
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Abstract
Chemical compounds induce cytotoxicity by various mechanisms, including interference in membrane integrity, metabolism, cellular component degradation or release, and cell division. Between the classic death pathways, namely, autophagy, apoptosis, and necrosis, apoptosis have been in the focus for the last several years as an important pathway for the toxicity of different types of xenobiotics. Because of that, having the tools to evaluate it is key for understanding and explaining the toxicodynamics of different classes of substances. Here, we describe a wide array of classic assays that can be easily implemented to evaluate apoptosis induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Cristina Pereira
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Department of Bioprocesses and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agronomic Sciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
- Center for Evaluation of Environmental Impact on Human Health (TOXICAM), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alecsandra Oliveira de Souza
- Federal Institute of Science and Technology Education of Rondônia-Campus Porto Velho Calama, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
- FFCLRP-USP, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Raul Ghiraldelli Miranda
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Daniel Junqueira Dorta
- FFCLRP-USP, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnologias Alternativas de Detecção, Avaliação Toxicológica e Remoção de Micropututantes e Radioativos (INCT-DATREM), Unesp, Instituto de Química, Caixa Postal 355, CEP: 14800-900, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
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Using chemiluminescence imaging of cells (CLIC) for relative protein quantification. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18280. [PMID: 33106566 PMCID: PMC7589485 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75208-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell physiology and cellular responses to external stimuli are partly controlled through protein binding, localization, and expression level. Thus, quantification of these processes is pivotal in understanding cellular biology and disease pathophysiology. However, it can be methodologically challenging. Immunofluorescence is a powerful technique, yet quantification by this method can be hampered by auto-fluorescence. Here we describe a simple, sensitive and robust chemiluminescence-based immunoassay (chemiluminescence imaging of cells; CLIC) for relative quantification of proteins. We first employed this method to quantify complement activation in cultured mammalian cells, and to quantify membrane protein expression, shedding, binding and internalization. Moreover, through specific membrane permeabilization we were able to quantify both cytosolic and nuclear proteins, and their translocation. We validated the CLIC quantification method by performing parallel experiments with other quantification methods like ELISA, qPCR, and immunofluorescence microscopy. The workflow of the immunoassay was found to be advantageous in certain instances when compared to these quantification methods. Since the reagents used for CLIC are common to other immunoassays with no need for specialized equipment, and due to the good linearity, dynamic range and signal stability inherent to chemiluminescence, we suggest that this assay is suitable for both small scale and high throughput relative protein quantification studies in whole cells.
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12
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Detection of autoantibodies in central nervous system inflammatory disorders: Clinical application of cell-based assays. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2019; 38:101858. [PMID: 31775115 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2019.101858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The identification of autoantibodies in central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory disorders improves diagnostic accuracy and the identification of patients with a relapsing disease. Usual methods to detect autoantibodies are usually divided into 3 categories: tissue-based assays, protein-based assays and cell-based assays (CBA). Tissue-based assays are commonly used for initial identification of autoantibodies based on staining patterns and co-localization. Once the antigen is known, autoantibodies can be detected using other antigen-specific methods based on recombinant proteins and CBA using transfected cells expressing the protein in their cell membranes. Compared to traditional methods using recombinant proteins such as ELISA and western blot, the CBA have advantage of detecting conformational sensitive antibodies using natively folded proteins in the cell membrane. This article reviews the utility of CBA into the clinical practice.
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Philips C, Cornelissen M, Carriel V. Evaluation methods as quality control in the generation of decellularized peripheral nerve allografts. J Neural Eng 2019; 15:021003. [PMID: 29244032 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/aaa21a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, the high incidence of peripheral nerve injuries and the low success ratio of surgical treatments are driving research to the generation of novel alternatives to repair critical nerve defects. In this sense, tissue engineering has emerged as a possible alternative with special attention to decellularization techniques. Tissue decellularization offers the possibility to obtain a cell-free, natural extracellular matrix (ECM), characterized by an adequate 3D organization and proper molecular composition to repair different tissues or organs, including peripheral nerves. One major problem, however, is that there are no standard quality control methods to evaluate decellularized tissues. Therefore, in this review, a brief description of current strategies for peripheral nerve repair is given, followed by an overview of different decellularization methods used for peripheral nerves. Furthermore, we extensively discuss the available and currently used methods to demonstrate the success of tissue decellularization in terms of the cell removal, preservation of essential ECM molecules and maintenance or modification of biomechanical properties. Finally, orientative guidelines for the evaluation of decellularized peripheral nerve allografts are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlot Philips
- Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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14
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Xu E, Yang M, Liu C, Liu K, Yang T, Chou T, Hwang T, Hsu C. Decreasing cytokeratin 17 expression in head and neck cancer predicts nodal metastasis and poor prognosis: The first evidence. Clin Otolaryngol 2018; 43:1010-1018. [DOI: 10.1111/coa.13092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E.‐S. Xu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine National Yang Ming University Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Otolaryngology E‐Da Hospital and I‐Shou University Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - M.‐H. Yang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine National Yang Ming University Taipei Taiwan
- Division of Medical Oncology Department of Oncology Taipei Veterans General Hospital Taipei Taiwan
| | - C.‐Y. Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology E‐Da Hospital and I‐Shou University Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - K.‐W. Liu
- Department of Pathology E‐Da Hospital Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - T.‐T. Yang
- School of Chinese Medicine for Post‐Baccalaureate I‐Shou University Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - T.‐Y. Chou
- Institute of Clinical Medicine National Yang Ming University Taipei Taiwan
- Division of Molecular Pathology Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Taipei Veterans General Hospital Taipei Taiwan
| | - T.‐Z. Hwang
- Department of Otolaryngology E‐Da Hospital and I‐Shou University Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - C.‐T. Hsu
- Department of Pathology E‐Da Hospital Kaohsiung Taiwan
- School of Chinese Medicine for Post‐Baccalaureate I‐Shou University Kaohsiung Taiwan
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15
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Burgess KA, Miller AF, Oceandy D, Saiani A. Western blot analysis of cells encapsulated in self-assembling peptide hydrogels. Biotechniques 2017; 63:253-260. [DOI: 10.2144/000114617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuous optimization of in vitro analytical techniques is ever more important, especially given the development of new materials for tissue engineering studies. In particular, isolation of cellular components for downstream applications is often hindered by the presence of biomaterials, presenting a major obstacle in understanding how cell–matrix interactions influence cell behavior. Here, we describe an approach for western blot analysis of cells that have been encapsulated in self-assembling peptide hydrogels (SAPHs), which highlights the need for complete solubilization of the hydrogel construct. We demonstrate that both the choice of buffer and multiple cycles of sonication are vital in obtaining complete solubilization, thereby enabling the detection of proteins otherwise lost to SAP aggregation. Moreover, we show that the presence of self-assembling peptides (SAPs) does not interfere with the standard immunoblotting technique, offering the potential for use in more full-scale proteomic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A. Burgess
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Aline F. Miller
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Delvac Oceandy
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Alberto Saiani
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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16
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Willebrords J, Cogliati B, Pereira IVA, da Silva TC, Crespo Yanguas S, Maes M, Govoni VM, Lima A, Felisbino DA, Decrock E, Nogueira MS, de Castro IA, Leclercq I, Leybaert L, Rodrigues RM, Vinken M. Inhibition of connexin hemichannels alleviates non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8268. [PMID: 28811572 PMCID: PMC5557827 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08583-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
While gap junctions mediate intercellular communication and support liver homeostasis, connexin hemichannels are preferentially opened by pathological stimuli, including inflammation and oxidative stress. The latter are essential features of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. In this study, it was investigated whether connexin32 and connexin43 hemichannels play a role in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Mice were fed a choline-deficient high-fat diet or normal diet for 8 weeks. Thereafter, TAT-Gap24 or TAT-Gap19, specific inhibitors of hemichannels composed of connexin32 and connexin43, respectively, were administered for 2 weeks. Subsequently, histopathological examination was carried out and various indicators of inflammation, liver damage and oxidative stress were tested. In addition, whole transcriptome microarray analysis of liver tissue was performed. Channel specificity of TAT-Gap24 and TAT-Gap19 was examined in vitro by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching analysis and measurement of extracellular release of adenosine triphosphate. TAT-Gap24 and TAT-Gap19 were shown to be hemichannel-specific in cultured primary hepatocytes. Diet-fed animals treated with TAT-Gap24 or TAT-Gap19 displayed decreased amounts of liver lipids and inflammatory markers, and augmented levels of superoxide dismutase, which was supported by the microarray results. These findings show the involvement of connexin32 and connexin43 hemichannels in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and, simultaneously, suggest a role as potential drug targets in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost Willebrords
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bruno Cogliati
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, 05508-270, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isabel Veloso Alves Pereira
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, 05508-270, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tereza Cristina da Silva
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, 05508-270, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sara Crespo Yanguas
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Michaël Maes
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Veronica Mollica Govoni
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, 05508-270, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andressa Lima
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, 05508-270, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniele Aparecida Felisbino
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, 05508-270, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elke Decrock
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Physiology Group, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marina Sayuri Nogueira
- Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 580, 05508-270, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Inar Alves de Castro
- Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 580, 05508-270, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isabelle Leclercq
- Laboratory of hepatogastroenterology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Mounier 53, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Luc Leybaert
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Physiology Group, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Robim Marcelino Rodrigues
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium.
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17
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Stewart A, Banerji U. Utilizing the Luminex Magnetic Bead-Based Suspension Array for Rapid Multiplexed Phosphoprotein Quantification. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1636:119-131. [PMID: 28730477 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7154-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The study of protein phosphorylation is critical for the advancement of our understanding of cellular responses to external and internal stimuli. Phosphorylation, the addition of phosphate groups, most often occurs on serine, threonine, or tyrosine residues due to the action of protein kinases. This structural change causes the protein to become activated (or deactivated) and enables it in turn to initiate the phosphorylation of other proteins in a cascade, eventually causing cell-wide changes such as apoptosis, cell differentiation, and growth (among others). Cellular phosphoprotein pathway dysregulation by mutation or chromosomal instability can often give the cell a selective advantage and lead to cancer. Obviously the understanding of these systems is of huge importance to the field of oncology.This chapter aims to provide a "how to" manual for one such technology, the 96-well plate-based xMAP® platform from Luminex. The system utilizes antibody-bound free-floating magnetic spheres which can easily be removed from suspension via magnetization. There are 100 unique bead sets (moving up to 500 bead sets for the most recent system) identified by the ratio of two dyes coating the microsphere. Each bead set is conjugated to a specific antibody which allows targeted protein extraction from low-concentration lysate solution. Biotinylated secondary antibodies/streptavidin-R-phycoerythrin (SAPE) complexes provide the quantification mechanism for the phosphoprotein of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Stewart
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- The Royal Marsden, Sycamore House, Downs Road, Sutton, London, SM2 5PT, UK
| | - Udai Banerji
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
- The Royal Marsden, Sycamore House, Downs Road, Sutton, London, SM2 5PT, UK.
- Drug Development Unit, Sycamore House, London, UK.
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18
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Bass JJ, Wilkinson DJ, Rankin D, Phillips BE, Szewczyk NJ, Smith K, Atherton PJ. An overview of technical considerations for Western blotting applications to physiological research. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2017; 27:4-25. [PMID: 27263489 PMCID: PMC5138151 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The applications of Western/immunoblotting (WB) techniques have reached multiple layers of the scientific community and are now considered routine procedures in the field of physiology. This is none more so than in relation to skeletal muscle physiology (i.e., resolving the mechanisms underpinning adaptations to exercise). Indeed, the inclusion of WB data is now considered an essential aspect of many such physiological publications to provide mechanistic insight into regulatory processes. Despite this popularity, and due to the ubiquitous and relatively inexpensive availability of WB equipment, the quality of WB in publications and subsequent analysis and interpretation of the data can be variable, perhaps resulting in spurious conclusions. This may be due to poor laboratory technique and/or lack of comprehension of the critical steps involved in WB and what quality control procedures should be in place to ensure robust data generation. The present review aims to provide a detailed description and critique of WB procedures and technicalities, from sample collection through preparation, blotting and detection, to analysis of the data collected. We aim to provide the reader with improved expertise to critically conduct, evaluate, and troubleshoot the WB process, to produce reproducible and reliable blots.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Bass
- MRC/ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
| | - D J Wilkinson
- MRC/ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
| | - D Rankin
- MRC/ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
| | - B E Phillips
- MRC/ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
| | - N J Szewczyk
- MRC/ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
| | - K Smith
- MRC/ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
| | - P J Atherton
- MRC/ARUK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
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19
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Effects of Morinda officinalis Polysaccharide on Experimental Varicocele Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 2016:5365291. [PMID: 28090212 PMCID: PMC5206431 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5365291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Morinda officinalis is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, which has been used to tonify the kidney and strengthen yang for a long time in China. In this study, the effects of M. officinalis Polysaccharide (MOP) on experimental varicocele adolescent rats were investigated. The result showed that varicocele destroyed the structure of the seminiferous epithelium and decreased the TJ protein expression (Occludin, Claudin-11, and ZO-1), testosterone (T) concentration in the left testicular tissue and serum, and serum levels of inhibin B (INHB), while increasing the levels of cytokines (TGF-β3 and TNF-α) in the left testicular tissue, as well as serum levels of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and antisperm antibody (AsAb). MOP repaired the damaged seminiferous epithelium and TJ and reduced the levels of cytokines (TGF-β3 and TNF-α) as well as serum levels of GnRH, FSH, LH, and AsAb, while upregulating TJ protein expression, T level in the left testicular tissue and serum, and serum INHB levels. In summary, we conclude that MOP promotes spermatogenesis and counteracts the varicocele-induced damage to the seminiferous epithelium and TJ, probably via decreasing cytokines (TGF-β3 and TNF-α) levels and regulating the abnormal sex hormones levels in experimental varicocele rats.
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20
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Abstract
Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) increase the functional diversity of proteins and play a key role in many cellular processes. Macroautophagy (hereafter simply referred to as autophagy) is an evolutionarily conserved, lysosome-dependent degradation pathway. This process is finely regulated by autophagy-related (ATG) genes widely conserved among eukaryotes from yeast to mammals. Various PTMs of ATG proteins such as phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and acetylation have been theorized to play a critical role in modulating autophagic processes and activity. In this chapter, we introduce several antibody-based tools (e.g., Western blot, Simple Western™, immunofluorescence, and immunoprecipitation) that are widely used to assess the PTMs of ATG proteins in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Xie
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - R Kang
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - D Tang
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
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21
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Willebrords J, Maes M, Yanguas SC, Cogliati B, Vinken M. Detection of Connexins in Liver Cells Using Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis and Immunoblot Analysis. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1437:37-53. [PMID: 27207285 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3664-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Since connexin expression is partly regulated at the protein level, immunoblot analysis represents a frequently addressed technique in the connexin research field. The present chapter describes the setup of an immunoblot procedure, including protein extraction and quantification from biological samples, gel electrophoresis, protein transfer, and immunoblotting, which is optimized for analysis of connexins in liver tissue. In essence, proteins are separated on a polyacrylamide gel using sodium dodecyl sulfate followed by transfer of proteins on a nitrocellulose membrane. The latter allows specific detection of connexins with antibodies combined with revelation through enhanced chemiluminescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost Willebrords
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarkbeeklaan 103, 1090, Jette, Brussel, Belgium.
| | - Michaël Maes
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarkbeeklaan 103, 1090, Jette, Brussel, Belgium
| | - Sara Crespo Yanguas
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarkbeeklaan 103, 1090, Jette, Brussel, Belgium
| | - Bruno Cogliati
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarkbeeklaan 103, 1090, Jette, Brussel, Belgium
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22
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Hu Z, Zhu L, Tan M, Cai M, Deng L, Yu G, Liu D, Liu J, Lin B. The expression and correlation between the transcription factor FOXP1 and estrogen receptors in epithelial ovarian cancer. Biochimie 2014; 109:42-8. [PMID: 25500588 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Estrogen plays an important role in the progression of ovarian cancer in humans. FOXP1 belongs to the forkhead/winged-helix transcription factor family, and previous research indicated that FOXP1 functioned as a tumor suppressor gene. FOXP1 may be similar to FOXA1 and is closely related to steroid hormone receptors, but the relationship between FOXP1 and ER currently remains unclear. METHODS Ovarian tumors (60 malignant cases, 26 borderline cases, and 13 benign cases) and 14 normal ovarian tissues were collected retrospectively. Immunohistochemistry, western blotting and real-time PCR were used to characterize the expression patterns of FOXP1, ERα, and ERβ both at the mRNA and protein levels. We also used co-immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescent colocalization to investigate whether a correlation exists between FOXP1 and ERα/ERβ in ovarian cancer tissues. RESULTS The mRNA level for FOXP1 and ERβ in ovarian carcinoma tissues decreased, while the expression level of ERα mRNA increased compared with normal ovarian tissues. With an increase in the degree of ovarian carcinoma malignancy, the ERα expression level also increased. The expression pattern of ERβ in ovarian neoplasms was similar to that of the FOXP1 protein; presenting nuclear staining decreased, while cytoplasmic expression increased. Colocalization of FOXP1, ERα, and ERβ was present in the cytoplasm, with ERβ specific co-localization with FOXP1 in the perinuclear area. While immunoprecipitates created with FOXP1 mouse anti-human monoclonal antibody showed a positive reaction to an anti-ER antibody, immunoprecipitates containing anti-ER antibody and react to anti-FOXP1 antibody. CONCLUSION Interactions between FOXP1 and ER may play a pivotal role in the progression of ovarian cancer, and the activation or induction of FOXP1 and ERβ expression in cancer cells may inhibit tumor proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110004, PR China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450052, PR China
| | - Liancheng Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110004, PR China
| | - Mingzi Tan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110004, PR China
| | - Mingbo Cai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110004, PR China
| | - Lu Deng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110004, PR China
| | - Guannan Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110004, PR China
| | - Dawo Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110004, PR China
| | - Juanjuan Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110004, PR China
| | - Bei Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110004, PR China.
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23
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Liao W, Sun L, Wang C, Huang H, Liu J, Liao W, Shi M. LC3A-positive "stone-like" structures predict an adverse prognosis of gastric cancer. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2014; 297:653-62. [PMID: 24532538 PMCID: PMC4279981 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3A) is a reliable marker of autophagy that displays three distinct patterns of immunohistochemical staining in solid tumors: diffuse cytoplasmic staining, juxtanuclear staining, and staining of "stone-like" structures. These three patterns have a different prognostic significance in many solid tumors, but little is known about their influence in gastric cancer (GC). This study was a retrospective analysis of 188 GC patients from stages I to IV. The pattern of LC3A expression was examined in tumor and nontumor tissues by immunohistochemistry. Then, the association between the pattern of LC3A expression in GC and the prognosis was investigated by Kaplan-Meier analysis and the Cox proportional hazards model. Two distinct patterns of LC3A immunostaining (diffuse cytoplasmic expression and "stone-like" structures) were observed in GC tissues. LC3A-positive "stone-like" structures were found only in the tumors, and the number of such structures was correlated with both the tumor type and tumor stage. In addition, a high number of LC3A-positive "stone-like" structures was closely associated with an increased risk of recurrence after radical resection of stages I-III cancer (P < 0.001; HR = 0.205) and was associated with a lower overall survival rate for stage IV cancer (P < 0.001; HR = 0.364). Taken together, our data demonstrate that LC3A-positive "stone-like" structures can be used as an independent biomarker for an adverse prognosis of GC, suggesting that "stone-like" structures are correlated with the malignancy of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Liao
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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