Internal Bone Architecture in the Zygoma of Human and Pan: INTERNAL ZYGOMATIC BONE ARCHITECTURE OF HUMAN AND PAN

Reconstruction of Complex Zygomatic Bone Defects Using Mirroring Coupled with EBM Fabrication of Titanium Implant

Reconstruction of zygomatic complex defects is a surgical challenge, owing to the accurate restoration of structural symmetry as well as facial projection. Generally, there are many available techniques for zygomatic reconstruction, but they hardly achieve aesthetic and functional properties. To our knowledge, there is no such study on zygomatic titanium bone reconstruction, which involves the complete steps from patient computed tomography scan to the fabrication of titanium zygomatic implant and evaluation of implant accuracy. The objective of this study is to propose an integrated system methodology for the reconstruction of complex zygomatic bony defects using titanium comprising several steps, right from the patient scan to implant fabrication while maintaining proper aesthetic and facial symmetry. The integrated system methodology involves computer-assisted implant design based on the patient computed tomography data, the implant fitting accuracy using three-dimensional comparison techniques, finite element analysis to investigate the biomechanical behavior under loading conditions, and finally titanium fabrication of the zygomatic implant using state-of-the-art electron beam melting technology. The resulting titanium implant has a superior aesthetic appearance and preferable biocompatibility. The customized mirrored implant accurately fit on the defective area and restored the tumor region with inconsequential inconsistency. Moreover, the outcome from the two-dimensional analysis provided a good accuracy within 2 mm as established through physical prototyping. Thus, the designed implant produced faultless fitting, favorable symmetry, and satisfying aesthetics. The simulation results also demonstrated the load resistant ability of the implant with max stress within 1.76 MPa. Certainly, the mirrored and electron beam melted titanium implant can be considered as the practical alternative for a bone substitute of complex zygomatic reconstruction.

Evolution of the Jugal/Zygomatic Bones

This issue of the Anatomical Record is the second of a two-volume set on the zygoma (also called the cheek bone, the zygomatic bone, the malar, or the jugal, the latter term being used in vertebrates other than mammals). The zygoma is an important component of the craniofacial skeleton, in which the zygoma is a connection between the midfacial and the cranial skeletons; has a functional role as the origin of one of the masticatory muscles, the masseter muscle, and several facial muscles; has been considered as an essential buttress of the facial skeleton for resisting masticatory forces; and has importance for determining phylogenetic relationships. In humans, the zygoma is also of aesthetic significance for facial appearance, and its restoration following trauma has resulted in a large clinical literature. In this second half of the special issue on the zygoma, a series of papers discuss studies related to evolution of the zygoma and related parts of the craniofacial skeleton throughout the vertebrates, and in particular in human evolution. There are also a series of articles discussing variation of the zygoma in modern humans. This article is an overview in which we discuss the primary findings of these studies and some of their implications. Anat Rec, 300:12-15, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Development, Structure, and Function of the Zygomatic Bones: What is New and Why Do We Care?

This issue of The Anatomical Record is the first of a two-volume set on the zygoma (also called the cheek bone, the zygomatic bone, the malar, or the jugal, the latter term being used in vertebrates other than mammals). The zygoma is an important component of the craniofacial skeleton, in which the zygoma is a connection between the midfacial and the cranial skeletons; has a functional role as the origin of one of the masticatory muscles, the masseter muscle, and several facial muscles; has been considered as an essential buttress of the facial skeleton for resisting masticatory forces; and has importance for determining phylogenetic relationships. In humans, the zygoma is also of aesthetic significance for facial appearance, and its restoration following trauma has resulted in a large clinical literature. In this first volume of this Special Issue, a wide ranging series of papers discuss studies related to issues of development, structure, and function of the zygoma and closely related parts of the craniofacial skeleton in mammals, and in particular primates. This Introductory article provides an overview in which we discuss the primary findings of these studies and some of their implications. The second volume, which will be published as the January 2017 issue of The Anatomical Record, will focus on variation and evolution of the zygoma throughout the vertebrates. Anat Rec, 299:1611-1615, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.