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Macaisne N, Bellutti L, Laband K, Edwards F, Pitayu-Nugroho L, Gervais A, Ganeswaran T, Geoffroy H, Maton G, Canman JC, Lacroix B, Dumont J. Synergistic stabilization of microtubules by BUB-1, HCP-1, and CLS-2 controls microtubule pausing and meiotic spindle assembly. eLife 2023; 12:e82579. [PMID: 36799894 PMCID: PMC10005782 DOI: 10.7554/elife.82579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
During cell division, chromosome segregation is orchestrated by a microtubule-based spindle. Interaction between spindle microtubules and kinetochores is central to the bi-orientation of chromosomes. Initially dynamic to allow spindle assembly and kinetochore attachments, which is essential for chromosome alignment, microtubules are eventually stabilized for efficient segregation of sister chromatids and homologous chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis I, respectively. Therefore, the precise control of microtubule dynamics is of utmost importance during mitosis and meiosis. Here, we study the assembly and role of a kinetochore module, comprised of the kinase BUB-1, the two redundant CENP-F orthologs HCP-1/2, and the CLASP family member CLS-2 (hereafter termed the BHC module), in the control of microtubule dynamics in Caenorhabditis elegans oocytes. Using a combination of in vivo structure-function analyses of BHC components and in vitro microtubule-based assays, we show that BHC components stabilize microtubules, which is essential for meiotic spindle formation and accurate chromosome segregation. Overall, our results show that BUB-1 and HCP-1/2 do not only act as targeting components for CLS-2 at kinetochores, but also synergistically control kinetochore-microtubule dynamics by promoting microtubule pause. Together, our results suggest that BUB-1 and HCP-1/2 actively participate in the control of kinetochore-microtubule dynamics in the context of an intact BHC module to promote spindle assembly and accurate chromosome segregation in meiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Macaisne
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75013ParisFrance
| | - Laura Bellutti
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75013ParisFrance
| | - Kimberley Laband
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75013ParisFrance
| | - Frances Edwards
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75013ParisFrance
| | | | - Alison Gervais
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75013ParisFrance
| | | | - Hélène Geoffroy
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75013ParisFrance
| | - Gilliane Maton
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75013ParisFrance
| | - Julie C Canman
- Columbia University; Department of Pathology and Cell BiologyNew YorkUnited States
| | - Benjamin Lacroix
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie Cellulaire de Montpellier (CRBM), CNRS UMR 5237, Université de MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Julien Dumont
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75013ParisFrance
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2
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Primary Cilia Influence Progenitor Function during Cortical Development. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182895. [PMID: 36139475 PMCID: PMC9496791 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Corticogenesis is an intricate process controlled temporally and spatially by many intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Alterations during this important process can lead to severe cortical malformations. Apical neuronal progenitors are essential cells able to self-amplify and also generate basal progenitors and/or neurons. Apical radial glia (aRG) are neuronal progenitors with a unique morphology. They have a long basal process acting as a support for neuronal migration to the cortical plate and a short apical process directed towards the ventricle from which protrudes a primary cilium. This antenna-like structure allows aRG to sense cues from the embryonic cerebrospinal fluid (eCSF) helping to maintain cell shape and to influence several key functions of aRG such as proliferation and differentiation. Centrosomes, major microtubule organising centres, are crucial for cilia formation. In this review, we focus on how primary cilia influence aRG function during cortical development and pathologies which may arise due to defects in this structure. Reporting and cataloguing a number of ciliary mutant models, we discuss the importance of primary cilia for aRG function and cortical development.
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3
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Zhang Y, Song C, Wang L, Jiang H, Zhai Y, Wang Y, Fang J, Zhang G. Zombies Never Die: The Double Life Bub1 Lives in Mitosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:870745. [PMID: 35646932 PMCID: PMC9136299 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.870745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
When eukaryotic cells enter mitosis, dispersed chromosomes move to the cell center along microtubules to form a metaphase plate which facilitates the accurate chromosome segregation. Meanwhile, kinetochores not stably attached by microtubules activate the spindle assembly checkpoint and generate a wait signal to delay the initiation of anaphase. These events are highly coordinated. Disruption of the coordination will cause severe problems like chromosome gain or loss. Bub1, a conserved serine/threonine kinase, plays important roles in mitosis. After extensive studies in the last three decades, the role of Bub1 on checkpoint has achieved a comprehensive understanding; its role on chromosome alignment also starts to emerge. In this review, we summarize the latest development of Bub1 on supporting the two mitotic events. The essentiality of Bub1 in higher eukaryotic cells is also discussed. At the end, some undissolved questions are raised for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Zhang
- The Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chunlin Song
- The Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lei Wang
- The Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hongfei Jiang
- The Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yujing Zhai
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ying Wang
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Fang
- The Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Jing Fang, ; Gang Zhang,
| | - Gang Zhang
- The Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Jing Fang, ; Gang Zhang,
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4
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Cappuccio G, Brillante S, Tammaro R, Pinelli M, De Bernardi ML, Gensini MG, Bijlsma EK, Koopmann TT, Hoffer MJV, McDonald K, Hendon LG, Douzgou S, Deshpande C, D'Arrigo S, Torella A, Nigro V, Franco B, Brunetti-Pierri N. Biallelic variants in CENPF causing a phenotype distinct from Strømme syndrome. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS. PART C, SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2022; 190:102-108. [PMID: 35488810 PMCID: PMC9322429 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Biallelic loss-of-function (LoF) variants in CENPF gene are responsible for Strømme syndrome, a condition presenting with intestinal atresia, anterior ocular chamber anomalies, and microcephaly. Through an international collaboration, four individuals (three males and one female) carrying CENPF biallelic variants, including two missense variants in homozygous state and four LoF variants, were identified by exome sequencing. All individuals had variable degree of developmental delay/intellectual disability and microcephaly (ranging from -2.9 SDS to -5.6 SDS) and a recognizable pattern of dysmorphic facial features including inverted-V shaped interrupted eyebrows, epicanthal fold, depressed nasal bridge, and pointed chin. Although one of the cases had duodenal atresia, all four individuals did not have the combination of internal organ malformations of Strømme syndrome (intestinal atresia and anterior eye segment abnormalities). Immunofluorescence analysis on skin fibroblasts on one of the four cases with the antibody for ARL13B that decorates primary cilia revealed shorter primary cilia that are consistent with a ciliary defect. This case-series of individuals with biallelic CENPF variants suggests the spectrum of clinical manifestations of the disorder that may be related to CENPF variants is broad and can include phenotypes lacking the cardinal features of Strømme syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerarda Cappuccio
- Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Pediatrics, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.,Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Michele Pinelli
- Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Pediatrics, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.,Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Maria Grazia Gensini
- Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Pediatrics, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Emilia K Bijlsma
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tamara T Koopmann
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mariette J V Hoffer
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kimberly McDonald
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Laura G Hendon
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Sofia Douzgou
- Department of Medical Genetics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Stefano D'Arrigo
- Department of Pediatric Neuroscience, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Annalaura Torella
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Naples, Italy.,Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Nigro
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Naples, Italy.,Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Naples, Italy
| | - Brunella Franco
- Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Pediatrics, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.,Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Naples, Italy.,Scuola Superiore Meridionale, School for Advanced Studies, Naples, Italy
| | - Nicola Brunetti-Pierri
- Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Pediatrics, Federico II University, Naples, Italy.,Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Naples, Italy.,Scuola Superiore Meridionale, School for Advanced Studies, Naples, Italy
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5
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Upregulation of CENPM facilitates lung adenocarcinoma progression via PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2021; 54:99-112. [PMID: 35130633 PMCID: PMC9909302 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2021013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Centromere protein M (CENPM) is essential for chromosome separation during mitosis. However, its roles in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) progression and metastasis remain unknown. In this study, we aimed to explore the effects of CENPM on LUAD progression as well as the underlying mechanisms. We analyzed the expression of CENPM and its correlation with clinicopathological characteristics using GEO LUAD chip datasets and TCGA dataset. We further investigated the impact of CENPM on LUAD and . In silico analysis and qRT-PCR revealed that CENPM is upregulated in LUAD compared with that in normal lung tissues. Via gain/loss-of-function assays, we further found that CENPM promotes the LUAD cell cycle, cell proliferation, migration and invasion, and inhibits cell apoptosis. The study showed that loss of CENPM inhibits the growth of A549 xenografts. Furthermore, we found that CENPM can promote the phosphorylation of mTOR rather than directly affect the mTOR content. Inhibition of mTOR activity abrogates the promoting effects of CENPM on cell cycle progression, cell proliferation, migration and invasion. Taken together, these results show that CENPM plays an important role in the growth and metastasis of LUAD and may be a promising therapeutic target in LUAD.
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6
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Thai HB, Kim KR, Hong KT, Voitsitskyi T, Lee JS, Mao C, Ahn DR. Kidney-Targeted Cytosolic Delivery of siRNA Using a Small-Sized Mirror DNA Tetrahedron for Enhanced Potency. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2020; 6:2250-2258. [PMID: 33376785 PMCID: PMC7760472 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c00763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A proper intracellular delivery method with target tissue specificity is critical to utilize the full potential of therapeutic molecules including siRNAs while minimizing their side effects. Herein, we prepare four small-sized DNA tetrahedrons (sTds) by self-assembly of different sugar backbone-modified oligonucleotides and screened them to develop a platform for kidney-targeted cytosolic delivery of siRNA. An in vivo biodistribution study revealed the kidney-specific accumulation of mirror DNA tetrahedron (L-sTd). Low opsonization of L-sTd in serum appeared to avoid liver clearance and keep its size small enough to be filtered through the glomerular basement membrane (GBM). After GBM filtration, L-sTd could be delivered into tubular cells by endocytosis. The kidney preference and the tubular cell uptake property of the mirror DNA nanostructure could be successfully harnessed for kidney-targeted intracellular delivery of p53 siRNA to treat acute kidney injury (AKI) in mice. Therefore, L-sTd could be a promising platform for kidney-targeted cytosolic delivery of siRNA to treat renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hien Bao
Dieu Thai
- Center
for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Ran Kim
- Center
for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Kyung Tae Hong
- Division
of Biomedical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Taras Voitsitskyi
- Division
of Biomedical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Jun-Seok Lee
- Division
of Biomedical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Korea
- Molecular
Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute
of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Chengde Mao
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Dae-Ro Ahn
- Center
for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Korea
- Division
of Biomedical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Korea
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7
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Auckland P, Roscioli E, Coker HLE, McAinsh AD. CENP-F stabilizes kinetochore-microtubule attachments and limits dynein stripping of corona cargoes. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:e201905018. [PMID: 32207772 PMCID: PMC7199848 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201905018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate chromosome segregation demands efficient capture of microtubules by kinetochores and their conversion to stable bioriented attachments that can congress and then segregate chromosomes. An early event is the shedding of the outermost fibrous corona layer of the kinetochore following microtubule attachment. Centromere protein F (CENP-F) is part of the corona, contains two microtubule-binding domains, and physically associates with dynein motor regulators. Here, we have combined CRISPR gene editing and engineered separation-of-function mutants to define how CENP-F contributes to kinetochore function. We show that the two microtubule-binding domains make distinct contributions to attachment stability and force transduction but are dispensable for chromosome congression. We further identify a specialized domain that functions to limit the dynein-mediated stripping of corona cargoes through a direct interaction with Nde1. This antagonistic activity is crucial for maintaining the required corona composition and ensuring efficient kinetochore biorientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Auckland
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology & Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Emanuele Roscioli
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology & Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Helena Louise Elvidge Coker
- Computing and Advanced Microscopy Development Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Andrew D. McAinsh
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology & Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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8
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Wessels A. The State of Cardiovascular Developmental Biology is Strong - Honoring Dr. Roger Markwald and his Seminal Contributions to the Field. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2020; 302:14-18. [PMID: 30578662 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In August 2017, the Cardiovascular Developmental Biology Center (CDBC), together with the "Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology (RMCB) at the Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), organized their 13th Annual CDBC Symposium. During this special event, which was organized in collaboration with The Anatomical Record, the unique and important contributions of Dr. Roger Markwald (known to all of us as Roger) to the field of cardiovascular research were celebrated. Fifteen leading investigators in the field presented their ideas and reported results of their studies to an audience that included many familiar faces from Roger's past and present. This group consisted of established investigators from around the world as well as young and upcoming scientists from local institutions. In their presentations, the platform speakers emphasized the significance of Roger's scientific contributions and advice to their professional development and career. In this Special Issue of The Anatomical Record, we assembled a collection of invited papers written by several attendees of the symposium. The issue also contains a number of articles written by colleagues who, for one reason or the other, were not able to attend the meeting, but expressed their desire to contribute to this special "festschrift" of The Anatomical Record in honor and recognition of Roger's amazing career. Anat Rec, 302:14-18, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Wessels
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
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9
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Caridi G, Lugani F, Lerone M, Divizia MT, Ghiggeri GM, Verrina E. Renal involvement and Strømme syndrome. Clin Kidney J 2020; 14:439-441. [PMID: 33564452 PMCID: PMC7857842 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfz189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Strømme syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive congenital disorder involving multiple systems. Centromeric protein F (CENPF) is the causative gene of the disease, and variants are usually linked to lethal outcomes either during the foetal stage or in early life. We present a young adult with a genetic diagnosis of Strømme syndrome who—in addition to classic microcephalia, microphthalmia and intestinal atresia (apple peel-type)—experienced slow and unexpected evolution to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). In conclusion, Strømme syndrome is a complex multiorgan disease that needs multidisciplinary clinical management, and potential evolution to ESRD should be taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Caridi
- Laboratory of Molecular Nephrology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Francesca Lugani
- Laboratory of Molecular Nephrology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Margherita Lerone
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | | | - Gian Marco Ghiggeri
- Laboratory of Molecular Nephrology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
| | - Enrico Verrina
- Dialysis Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
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10
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Basit S, Al-Edressi HM, Sairafi MH, Hashmi JA, Alharby E, Safar R, Ramzan K. Centromere protein I (CENPI) is a candidate gene for X-linked steroid sensitive nephrotic syndrome. J Nephrol 2020; 33:763-769. [PMID: 31912435 DOI: 10.1007/s40620-019-00692-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with proteinuria in association with hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia are considered as having nephrotic syndrome (NS). NS is the most common kidney disease seen in the paediatric age group. NS is usually classified into steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) and steroid sensitive nephrotic syndrome (SSNS). More than 58 genes have been identified as a monogenic cause of SRNS, however, the genetic architecture of childhood SSNS remains poorly understood. METHODS Here in this study, we performed sequencing of 66 NS candidate genes followed by whole genome SNP genotyping and whole exome sequencing in SSNS families with multiple affected individuals. RESULTS NS candidate genes sequencing did not identify any pathogenic variant in the known genes. Homozygosity mapping based on an autosomal recessive model failed to detect any shared loss of heterozygosity region in the genome. An unbiased and hypothesis-free exome data analysis identified a missense variant (c.383G>A; p.Arg128Gln) in the CENPI gene. Sanger sequencing of both parents, unaffected and affected individuals confirmed an X-linked inheritance pattern of the variant (c.383G>A) with SSNS phenotype. The variant (c.383G>A) is very rare and is potentially damaging. CONCLUSION Collectively, these observations suggest that a specific pathogenic link between SSNS development and alteration in CENPI exists. However, human mutations in CENPI causing SSNS have not been reported hitherto. Identification of genetic defects underlying SSNS will help in understanding the precise aetiology of SSNS and improved management of children with NS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulman Basit
- Center for Genetics and Inherited Diseases, Taibah University Almadinah Almunawwarah, Medina, 42318, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | | | - Mona Hamza Sairafi
- Department of Nephrology, Madinah Maternity and Children Hospital, Medina, 42319, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Jamil Amjad Hashmi
- Center for Genetics and Inherited Diseases, Taibah University Almadinah Almunawwarah, Medina, 42318, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Essa Alharby
- Center for Genetics and Inherited Diseases, Taibah University Almadinah Almunawwarah, Medina, 42318, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ramzia Safar
- Department of Nephrology, Madinah Maternity and Children Hospital, Medina, 42319, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Khushnooda Ramzan
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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