1
|
Zhang Y, Wang J, Cui H, Gao S, Ye L, Li Z, Nie S, Han J, Wang A, Liang B. Environmental occurrence, risk, and removal strategies of pyrazolones: A critical review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 460:132471. [PMID: 37683347 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Pyrazolones, widely used as analgesic and anti-inflammatory pharmaceuticals, have become a significant concern because of their persistence and widespread presence in engineered (e.g., wastewater treatment plants) and natural environments. Thus, the urgent task is to ensure the effective and cost-efficient removal of pyrazolones. Advanced oxidation processes are the most commonly used removal method. Furthermore, the biodegradation of pyrazolones has been exploited using microbial communities or pure strains; however, screening for efficient degrading bacteria and clarifying the biodegradation mechanisms required further research. In this critical review, we overview the environmental occurrence of pyrazolones, their potential ecological health risks, and their corresponding removal techniques (e.g., O3 oxidation, photocatalysis, and Fenton-like process). We also emphasize the prospects for the risk and contamination control of pyrazolones in various environments using physicochemical-biochemical coupling technology. Collectively, the environmental occurrence of pyrazolones poses significant public health concerns, necessitating heightened attention and the implementation of effective methods to minimize their environmental risks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jingyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Hanlin Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Shuhong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Long Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Academy of Building Research Group Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Shichen Nie
- Shandong Hynar Water Environmental Protection Co., Ltd., Caoxian, China
| | - Jinglong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Aijie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Bin Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Krylov IB, Budnikov AS, Lopat'eva ER, Nikishin GI, Terent'ev AO. Mild Nitration of Pyrazolin-5-ones by a Combination of Fe(NO 3 ) 3 and NaNO 2 : Discovery of a New Readily Available Class of Fungicides, 4-Nitropyrazolin-5-ones. Chemistry 2019; 25:5922-5933. [PMID: 30834586 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201806172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
4-Nitropyrazolin-5-ones have been synthesized by the nitration of pyrazolin-5-ones at room temperature by employing the Fe(NO3 )3 /NaNO2 system. The method demonstrated selectivity towards the 4-position of pyrazolin-5-ones even in the presence of NPh and allyl substituents, which are sensitive to nitration. It was shown that other systems containing FeIII and nitrites, namely Fe(NO3 )3 /tBuONO, Fe(ClO4 )3 /NaNO2 , and Fe(ClO4 )3 /tBuONO, were also effective. Presumably, FeIII oxidizes the nitrite (NaNO2 or tBuONO) to form the NO2 free radical, which serves as the nitrating agent for pyrazolin-5-ones. The synthesized 4-nitropyrazolin-5-ones were discovered to be a new class of fungicides. Their in vitro activities against phytopathogenic fungi were found comparable or even superior to those of commercial fungicides (fluconazole, clotrimazole, triadimefon, and kresoxim-methyl). These results represent a promising starting point for the development of a new type of plant protection agents that can be easily synthesized from widely available reagents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Igor B Krylov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of, Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation.,All-Russian Research Institute for Phytopathology, B. Vyazyomy, Moscow Region, 143050, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander S Budnikov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of, Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation.,All-Russian Research Institute for Phytopathology, B. Vyazyomy, Moscow Region, 143050, Russian Federation.,Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 9 Miusskaya sq., Moscow, 125047, Russian Federation
| | - Elena R Lopat'eva
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of, Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation.,Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 9 Miusskaya sq., Moscow, 125047, Russian Federation
| | - Gennady I Nikishin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of, Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander O Terent'ev
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of, Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation.,All-Russian Research Institute for Phytopathology, B. Vyazyomy, Moscow Region, 143050, Russian Federation.,Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, 9 Miusskaya sq., Moscow, 125047, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cai MQ, Feng L, Zhang LQ. Transformation of aminopyrine in the presence of free available chlorine: Kinetics, products, and reaction pathways. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 171:625-634. [PMID: 28056449 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Aminopyrine (AMP) has been frequently detected in the aquatic environment. In this study, the transformation mechanism of AMP by free available chlorine (FAC) oxidation was investigated. The results showed that FAC reacted with AMP rapidly, and a 74% elimination was achieved for 1.30 μM AMP after 2 min at 14.08 μM FAC dose. AMP chlorination was strongly pH-dependent, and its reaction included second- and third-order kinetic processes. Three active FAC species, including chlorine monoxide (Cl2O), molecular chlorine (Cl2), and hypochlorous acid (HOCl), were observed to contribute to AMP degradation. The intrinsic rate constants of each FAC species with neutral (AMP0) and cation (AMP+) species were obtained by kinetic fitting. Cl2O exhibited the highest reactivity with AMP0 (kAMP0, Cl2O = (4.33 ± 1.4) × 109 M-1s-1). In addition, Cl2 showed high reactivity (106-107 M-1s-1) in the presence of chloride, compared with HOCl (kAMP+, HOCl = (5.73 ± 0.23) × 102 M-1s-1, kAMP0, HOCl = (9.68 ± 0.96) × 102 M-1s-1). At pH 6.15 and 14.08 μM FAC dose without chloride addition, the contribution of Cl2O reached to the maximum (33.3%), but in the whole pH range, HOCl was the main contributor (>66.6%) for AMP degradation. The significance of Cl2 was noticeable in water containing chloride. Moreover, 11 transformation products were identified, and the main transformation pathways included pyrazole ring breakage, hydroxylation, dehydrogenation, and halogenation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Quan Cai
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Li Feng
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Li-Qiu Zhang
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Affiliation(s)
- Khaled M. Elattar
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A. Fadda
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pyrazol-3-ones. Part III: Reactivity of the Ring Substituents. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2725(07)95002-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
|
6
|
Wessel JC, Matyja M, Neugebauer M, Kiefer H, Daldrup T, Tarbah FA, Weber H. Characterization of oxalic acid derivatives as new metabolites of metamizol (dipyrone) in incubated hen's egg and human. Eur J Pharm Sci 2006; 28:15-25. [PMID: 16417995 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2005.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2005] [Revised: 11/24/2005] [Accepted: 11/28/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Metamizol (dipyrone, 1), a widely used drug with effective analgesic and antispasmodic properties, shows severe side effects like agranulocytosis and anaphylactic shock reactions, the reasons of which are not known until today. After oral administration 1 is completely metabolized. All hitherto known metabolites have an intact pyrazolinone ring structure like the parent compound and are completely extractable from urine with polar organic solvents. However, only a fractional amount of the applied dosage can be recovered by this procedure. To clarify the reason of this deficit of unknown metabolites we followed the hypothesis of oxidative rupture of the heterocyclic ring during metabolism of 1. On the basis of former in vitro results we now were able to identify in quality three oxalic acid derivatives and one acetic acid phenylhydrazide as new metabolites of metamizol in the allantoic fluid (AF) of incubated hen's eggs as well as in human urine by means of GC-MS analysis and comparison with unequivocally synthesized authentic reference compounds. Whereas the oxamazide 7, the phenylhydrazide 8 and N-methyloxamic acid 9 are only present in trace concentrations and therefore cannot account for the deficit in the balance of metabolites, the oxalic acid monohydrazide 11 seems to be excreted in higher amount. But quantitative determination of this new metabolite would be required to answer the open questions concerning the biotransformation of metamizol and thereby to detect new facts about mode of action and side effects of this drug.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia C Wessel
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pyrazol-3-ones. Part II: Reactions of the Ring Atoms. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2725(04)87003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
|
8
|
Reddersen K, Heberer T, Dünnbier U. Identification and significance of phenazone drugs and their metabolites in ground- and drinking water. CHEMOSPHERE 2002; 49:539-44. [PMID: 12430641 DOI: 10.1016/s0045-6535(02)00387-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Residues of three phenazone-type pharmaceuticals have been identified in routine analyses of groundwater samples from selected areas in the north-western districts of Berlin, Germany. Phenazone, propiphenazone, and dimethylaminophenazone have been detected in some wells at concentrations up to the low microg/l-level. Additionally, three phenazone-type metabolites namely 1-acetyl-1-methyl-2-dimethyl-oxamoyl-2-phenylhydrazide (AMDOPH), 1-acetyl-1-methyl-2-phenylhydrazide, and dimethyloxalamide acid-(N'-methyl-N-phenyl)-hydrazide have also been identified in these groundwater samples. The residues are suspected to originate from former production spills of a pharmaceutical plant located in a city north of Berlin. It was observed that with the exception of AMDOPH all other residues were efficiently removed during conventional drinking water treatment. The drug metabolite AMDOPH deriving from dimethylaminophenazone residues was found at concentrations of 0.9 microg/l in finished drinking water. However, a following study on the toxicological relevance of the AMDOPH residues has shown that there is no toxicological harm for humans at the low concentrations of AMDOPH observed in Berlin drinking water.
Collapse
|