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Giorgioni G, Bonifazi A, Botticelli L, Cifani C, Matteucci F, Micioni Di Bonaventura E, Micioni Di Bonaventura MV, Giannella M, Piergentili A, Piergentili A, Quaglia W, Del Bello F. Advances in drug design and therapeutic potential of selective or multitarget 5-HT1A receptor ligands. Med Res Rev 2024. [PMID: 38808959 DOI: 10.1002/med.22049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
5-HT1A receptor (5-HT1A-R) is a serotoninergic G-protein coupled receptor subtype which contributes to several physiological processes in both central nervous system and periphery. Despite being the first 5-HT-R identified, cloned and studied, it still represents a very attractive target in drug discovery and continues to be the focus of a myriad of drug discovery campaigns due to its involvement in numerous neuropsychiatric disorders. The structure-activity relationship studies (SAR) performed over the last years have been devoted to three main goals: (i) design and synthesis of 5-HT1A-R selective/preferential ligands; (ii) identification of 5-HT1A-R biased agonists, differentiating pre- versus post-synaptic agonism and signaling cellular mechanisms; (iii) development of multitarget compounds endowed with well-defined poly-pharmacological profiles targeting 5-HT1A-R along with other serotonin receptors, serotonin transporter (SERT), D2-like receptors and/or enzymes, such as acetylcholinesterase and phosphodiesterase, as a promising strategy for the management of complex psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, medicinal chemistry aspects of ligands acting as selective/preferential or multitarget 5-HT1A-R agonists and antagonists belonging to different chemotypes and developed in the last 7 years (2017-2023) have been discussed. The development of chemical and pharmacological 5-HT1A-R tools for molecular imaging have also been described. Finally, the pharmacological interest of 5-HT1A-R and the therapeutic potential of ligands targeting this receptor have been considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianfabio Giorgioni
- Medicinal Chemistry Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bonifazi
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse - Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Luca Botticelli
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Carlo Cifani
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Federica Matteucci
- Medicinal Chemistry Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | | | | | - Mario Giannella
- Medicinal Chemistry Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | | | - Alessia Piergentili
- Medicinal Chemistry Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Wilma Quaglia
- Medicinal Chemistry Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Fabio Del Bello
- Medicinal Chemistry Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
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Wróbel MZ, Chodkowski A, Dawidowski M, Siwek A, Stachowicz K, Szewczyk B, Nowak G, Satała G, Bojarski AJ, Turło J. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 3-(5-substituted-1H-indol-3-yl)pyrrolidine-2,5-dione derivatives with a dual affinity for serotonin 5-HT 1A receptor and SERT. Bioorg Chem 2023; 141:106903. [PMID: 37827015 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
The serotonin 1A (5-HT1A) receptors and serotonin transporter (SERT) are important biological targets in the treatment of diseases of the central nervous system, especially for depression. In this study, new 3-(1H-indol-3-yl)pyrrolidine-2,5-dione derivatives linked with the 3-(1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)-1H-indole moiety were synthesised and evaluated for their affinity for 5-HT1A receptor and serotonin reuptake inhibition. Selected compounds were then tested for their affinity for D2, 5-HT2A, 5-HT6 and 5-HT7 receptors, and also in in vitro metabolic stability assays in human microsomes. Finally, in vivo assays allowed us to evaluate the agonist-antagonist properties of pre- and postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptors. 3-(1-(4-(3-(5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl)butyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)-1H-indole-5-carbonitrile (4f) emerged as the most promising compound from the series, due to its favourable receptor binding profile (Ki(5-HT1A) = 10.0 nM; Ki(SERT) = 2.8 nM), good microsomal stability and 5-HT1A receptor agonistic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyna Z Wróbel
- Department of Drug Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Street, 02-097 Warszawa, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Chodkowski
- Department of Drug Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Street, 02-097 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Maciej Dawidowski
- Department of Drug Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Street, 02-097 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Agata Siwek
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Stachowicz
- Department of Neurobiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Street, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Bernadeta Szewczyk
- Department of Neurobiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Street, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Gabriel Nowak
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna Street, 30-688 Kraków, Poland; Department of Neurobiology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Street, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Satała
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Street, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrzej J Bojarski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Street, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Jadwiga Turło
- Department of Drug Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Street, 02-097 Warszawa, Poland
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Halder AK, Mitra S, Cordeiro MNDS. Designing multi-target drugs for the treatment of major depressive disorder. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2023; 18:643-658. [PMID: 37183604 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2023.2214361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Major depressive disorders (MDD) pose major health burdens globally. Currently available medications have their limitations due to serious adverse effects, long latency periods as well as resistance. Considering the highly complicated pathological nature of this disorder, it has been suggested that multitarget drugs or multi-target-directed ligands (MTDLs) may provide long-term therapeutic solutions for the treatment of MDD. AREAS COVERED In the current review, recent lead design and lead modification strategies have been covered. Important investigations reported in the last ten years (2013-2022) for the pre-clinical development of MTDLs (through synthetic medicinal chemistry and biological evaluation) for the treatment of MDD were discussed as case studies to focus on the recent design strategies. The discussions are categorized based on the pharmacological targets. On the basis of these important case studies, the challenges involved in different design strategies were discussed in detail. EXPERT OPINION Even though large variations were observed in the selection of pharmacological targets, some potential biological targets (NMDA, melatonin receptors) are required to be explored extensively for the design of MTDLs. Similarly, apart from structure activity relationship (SAR), in silico techniques such as multitasking cheminformatic modelling, molecular dynamics simulation and virtual screening should be exploited to a greater extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar Halder
- LAQV@REQUIMTE/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- Dr. B.C. Roy College of Pharmacy & Allied Health Sciences, Durgapur 713206, India
| | - Soumya Mitra
- Dr. B.C. Roy College of Pharmacy & Allied Health Sciences, Durgapur 713206, India
| | - Maria Natalia D S Cordeiro
- LAQV@REQUIMTE/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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Singh D, Singh P, Srivastava P, Kakkar D, Pathak M, Tiwari AK. Development and challenges in the discovery of 5-HT 1A and 5-HT 7 receptor ligands. Bioorg Chem 2023; 131:106254. [PMID: 36528920 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.106254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) is a small molecule that acts both in the central and peripheral nervous system as a neurotransmitter and a hormone, respectively. Serotonin is synthesized via a multi-stage pathway beginning with l-tryptophan, which is converted by an enzyme called tryptophan hydroxylase into L-5-Hydroxytryptophan. It is well-known for its significance in the control of mood, anxiety, depression, and insomnia as well as in normal human functions such as sleep, sexual activity, and appetite. Thus, for medical chemists and pharmaceutical firms, serotonin is one of the most desirable targets. Among the seven different classes of serotonin receptors, the 5-HT1A was one of the first discovered serotonin receptors, and the 5-HT7 was the last addition to the serotonin receptor family. Both the classes were thoroughly examined. 5-HT1A neurotransmission-related dysfunctions are linked to many psychological conditions such as anxiety, depression, and movement disorders. 5-HT7 is a member of the cell surface receptor GPCR superfamily and is regulated by the serotonin neurotransmitter. It has been the focus of intensive research efforts since its discovery, which was prompted by its presence in functionally important regions of the brain. The thalamus and hypothalamus have the highest 5-HT7 receptor densities. They are also found in the hippocampus and cortex at higher densities. Thermoregulation, circadian rhythm, learning and memory, and sleep are all associated with the 5-HT7 receptor. It is also suspected that this receptor may be involved in the control of mood, indicating that it may be a beneficial target for depression treatment. Several differently structured molecules such as aminotetralins, ergolines, arylpiperazines, indolylalkylamines, aporphines, and aryloxyalkyl-amines are known to bind to 5-HT1A and 5-HT7 receptor sites. In brain serotonin receptors 5-HT1A and 5-HT7 are strongly co-expressed in regions involved in depression. However, their functional interaction has not been identified. An overview of the 5-HT1A and 5-HT7 receptor ligands belonging to different chemical groups is mentioned in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow 226025, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Priya Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow 226025, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pooja Srivastava
- Division of Radiological, Nuclear and Imaging Sciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Brig S K Mazumdar Road, Timarpur, Delhi 110054, India
| | - Dipti Kakkar
- Division of Radiological, Nuclear and Imaging Sciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Brig S K Mazumdar Road, Timarpur, Delhi 110054, India
| | - Mallika Pathak
- Department of Chemistry, Miranda House, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Anjani Kumar Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow 226025, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Synthesis, Structural and Behavioral Studies of Indole Derivatives D2AAK5, D2AAK6 and D2AAK7 as Serotonin 5-HT 1A and 5-HT 2A Receptor Ligands. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28010383. [PMID: 36615578 PMCID: PMC9823611 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Serotonin receptors are involved in a number of physiological functions and regulate aggression, anxiety, appetite, cognition, learning, memory, mood, nausea, sleep, and thermoregulation. Here we report synthesis and detailed structural and behavioral studies of three indole derivatives: D2AAK5, D2AAK6, and D2AAK7 as serotonin 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptor ligands. X-ray studies revealed that the D2AAK5 compound crystallizes in centrosymmetric triclinic space group with one molecule in the asymmetric unit. The main interaction between the ligands and the receptors is the salt bridge between the protonatable nitrogen atom of the ligands and the conserved Asp (3.32) of the receptors. The complexes were stable in the molecular dynamic simulations. MD revealed that the studied ligands are relatively stable in their binding sites, with the exception of D2AAK7 in the serotonin 5-HT1A receptor. D2AAK7 exerts anxiolytic activity in the EPM test, while D2AAK5 has a beneficial effect on the memory processes in the PA test.
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Singh K, Bhatia R, Kumar B, Singh G, Monga V. Design Strategies, Chemistry and Therapeutic Insights of Multi-target Directed Ligands as Antidepressant Agents. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:1329-1358. [PMID: 34727859 PMCID: PMC9881079 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666211102154311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is one of the major disorders of the central nervous system worldwide and causes disability and functional impairment. According to the World Health Organization, around 265 million people worldwide are affected by depression. Currently marketed antidepressant drugs take weeks or even months to show anticipated clinical efficacy but remain ineffective in treating suicidal thoughts and cognitive impairment. Due to the multifactorial complexity of the disease, single-target drugs do not always produce satisfactory results and lack the desired level of therapeutic efficacy. Recent literature reports have revealed improved therapeutic potential of multi-target directed ligands due to their synergistic potency and better safety. Medicinal chemists have gone to great extents to design multitarget ligands by generating structural hybrids of different key pharmacophores with improved binding affinities and potency towards different receptors or enzymes. This article has compiled the design strategies of recently published multi-target directed ligands as antidepressant agents. Their biological evaluation, structural-activity relationships, mechanistic and in silico studies have also been described. This article will prove to be highly useful for the researchers to design and develop multi-target ligands as antidepressants with high potency and therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karanvir Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga-142001, Punjab, India;
| | - Rohit Bhatia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga-142001, Punjab, India;
| | - Bhupinder Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga-142001, Punjab, India;
| | - Gurpreet Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga-142001, Punjab, India;
| | - Vikramdeep Monga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga-142001, Punjab, India; ,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, VPO-Ghudda, Bathinda-151401, Punjab, India,Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Ghal Kalan, Moga-142001, Punjab, India; E-mails: ;
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Synthesis, Docking, 3-D-Qsar, and Biological Assays of Novel Indole Derivatives Targeting Serotonin Transporter, Dopamine D2 Receptor, and Mao-A Enzyme: In the Pursuit for Potential Multitarget Directed Ligands. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 25:molecules25204614. [PMID: 33050524 PMCID: PMC7594025 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A series of 27 compounds of general structure 2,3-dihydro-benzo[1,4]oxazin-4-yl)-2-{4-[3-(1H-3indolyl)-propyl]-1-piperazinyl}-ethanamides, Series I: 7(a-o) and (2-{4-[3-(1H-3-indolyl)-propyl]-1-piperazinyl}-acetylamine)-N-(2-morfolin-4-yl-ethyl)-fluorinated benzamides Series II: 13(a-l) were synthesized and evaluated as novel multitarget ligands towards dopamine D2 receptor, serotonin transporter (SERT), and monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A) directed to the management of major depressive disorder (MDD). All the assayed compounds showed affinity for SERT in the nanomolar range, with five of them displaying Ki values from 5 to 10 nM. Compounds 7k, Ki = 5.63 ± 0.82 nM, and 13c, Ki = 6.85 ± 0.19 nM, showed the highest potencies. The affinities for D2 ranged from micro to nanomolar, while MAO-A inhibition was more discrete. Nevertheless, compounds 7m and 7n showed affinities for the D2 receptor in the nanomolar range (7n: Ki = 307 ± 6 nM and 7m: Ki = 593 ± 62 nM). Compound 7n was the only derivative displaying comparable affinities for SERT and D2 receptor (D2/SERT ratio = 3.6) and could be considered as a multitarget lead for further optimization. In addition, docking studies aimed to rationalize the molecular interactions and binding modes of the designed compounds in the most relevant protein targets were carried out. Furthermore, in order to obtain information on the structure-activity relationship of the synthesized series, a 3-D-QSAR CoMFA and CoMSIA study was conducted and validated internally and externally (q2 = 0.625, 0.523 for CoMFA and CoMSIA and r2ncv = 0.967, 0.959 for CoMFA and CoMSIA, respectively).
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Rodríguez-Lavado J, Gallardo-Garrido C, Mallea M, Bustos V, Osorio R, Hödar-Salazar M, Chung H, Araya-Maturana R, Lorca M, Pessoa-Mahana CD, Mella-Raipán J, Saitz C, Jaque P, Reyes-Parada M, Iturriaga-Vásquez P, Pessoa-Mahana H. Synthesis, in vitro evaluation and molecular docking of a new class of indolylpropyl benzamidopiperazines as dual AChE and SERT ligands for Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 198:112368. [PMID: 32388114 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
During the last decade, the one drug-one target strategy has resulted to be inefficient in facing diseases with complex ethiology like Alzheimer's disease and many others. In this context, the multitarget paradigm has emerged as a promising strategy. Based on this consideration, we aim to develop novel molecules as promiscuous ligands acting in two or more targets at the same time. For such purpose, a new series of indolylpropyl-piperazinyl oxoethyl-benzamido piperazines were synthesized and evaluated as multitarget-directed drugs for the serotonin transporter (SERT) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The ability to decrease β-amyloid levels as well as cell toxicity of all compounds were also measured. In vitro results showed that at least four compounds displayed promising activity against SERT and AChE. Compounds 18 and 19 (IC50 = 3.4 and 3.6 μM respectively) exhibited AChE inhibition profile in the same order of magnitude as donepezil (DPZ, IC50 = 2.17 μM), also displaying nanomolar affinity in SERT. Moreover, compounds 17 and 24 displayed high SERT affinities (IC50 = 9.2 and 1.9 nM respectively) similar to the antidepressant citalopram, and significant micromolar AChE activity at the same time. All the bioactive compounds showed a low toxicity profile in the range of concentrations studied. Molecular docking allowed us to rationalize the binding mode of the synthesized compounds in both targets. In addition, we also show that compounds 11 and 25 exhibit significant β-amyloid lowering activity in a cell-based assay, 11 (50% inhibition, 10 μM) and 25 (35% inhibition, 10 μM). These results suggest that indolylpropyl benzamidopiperazines based compounds constitute promising leads for a multitargeted approach for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Rodríguez-Lavado
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Olivos, 1007, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Gallardo-Garrido
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Olivos, 1007, Santiago, Chile
| | - Michael Mallea
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Olivos, 1007, Santiago, Chile
| | - Victor Bustos
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, USA
| | - Rodrigo Osorio
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Olivos, 1007, Santiago, Chile
| | - Martín Hödar-Salazar
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ingeniería Ciencias, Universidad de la Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Hery Chung
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Marcos Lorca
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Instituto de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - C David Pessoa-Mahana
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jaime Mella-Raipán
- Instituto de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile; Centro de Investigación Farmacopea Chilena (CIFAR), Universidad de Valparaíso, Santa Marta, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Claudio Saitz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Olivos, 1007, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Jaque
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Olivos, 1007, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miguel Reyes-Parada
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica y Aplicada (CIBAP), Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Chile; Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricio Iturriaga-Vásquez
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ingeniería Ciencias, Universidad de la Frontera, Temuco, Chile; Center of Excellence in Biotechnology Research Applied to the Environment, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.
| | - Hernán Pessoa-Mahana
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Olivos, 1007, Santiago, Chile.
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