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Kuthe PV, Muzaffar-Ur-Rehman M, Chandu A, Prashant KS, Sankarnarayanan M. Unlocking nitrogen compounds' promise against malaria: A comprehensive review. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2024:e2400222. [PMID: 38837417 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202400222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Plasmodium parasites are the primary cause of malaria, leading to high mortality rates, which require clinical attention. Many of the medications used in the treatment have resulted in resistance over time. Artemisinin combination therapy (ACT) has shown significant results for the treatment. However, mutations in the parasite have resulted in resistance, leading to decreased efficiency of the medications that are currently being used. Therefore, there is a critical need to find novel scaffolds that are safe, effective, and of economic advantage. Literature has reported several potent molecules with diverse scaffolds designed, synthesized, and evaluated against different strains of Plasmodium. With this growing list of compounds, it is essential to collect the data in one place to gain a concise overview of the emerging scaffolds in recent years. For this purpose, nitrogen-containing heterocycles such as β-carboline, imidazole, quinazoline, quinoline, thiazole, and thiophene have been highly explored due to their wide biological applications. Besides these, another scaffold, benzodiazepine, which is majorly used as a central nervous system depressant, is emerging as an anti-malarial agent. Hence, this review centers on the latest medication advancements designed to combat malaria, emphasizing special attention to 1,4-benzodiazepines as a novel scaffold for antimalarial drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranali Vijaykumar Kuthe
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Mohammad Muzaffar-Ur-Rehman
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ala Chandu
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Kirad Shivani Prashant
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Murugesan Sankarnarayanan
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
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Venkatesham P, Ranjan N, Mudiraj A, Kuchana V, Chedupaka R, Manga V, Babu PP, Vedula RR. New class of fused [3,2-b][1,2,4]triazolothiazoles for targeting glioma in vitro. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2023; 80:129103. [PMID: 36494051 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.129103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glioma is aggressive malignant tumor with limited therapeutic interventions. Herein we report the synthesis of fused bicyclic 1,2,4-triazolothiazoles by a one-pot multi-component approach and their activity against C6 rat and LN18 human glioma cell lines. The target compounds 2-(6-phenylthiazolo[3,2-b][1,2,4]triazol-2-yl) isoindoline-1,3-diones and (E)-1-phenyl-N-(6-phenylthiazolo[3,2-b][1,2,4]triazol-2-yl) methanimines were obtained by the reaction of 5-amino-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol with substituted phenacyl bromide, phthalic anhydride, and different aromatic aldehydes in EtOH/HCl under reflux conditions. In C6 rat glioma cell lines, compounds 4g and 6i showed good cytotoxic activity with IC50 values of 8.09 and 8.74 μM, respectively, resulting in G1 and G2-M phase arrest of the cell cycle and activation of apoptosis by modulating phosphorylation of ERK and AKT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Papisetti Venkatesham
- Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology, Warangal, Telangana 506004, India
| | - Nikhil Ranjan
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Anwita Mudiraj
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Vinutha Kuchana
- Molecular Modeling and Medicinal Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University College of Science, Osmania University, 500007 Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Raju Chedupaka
- Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology, Warangal, Telangana 506004, India
| | - Vijjulatha Manga
- Molecular Modeling and Medicinal Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, University College of Science, Osmania University, 500007 Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Phanithi Prakash Babu
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, India.
| | - Rajeswar Rao Vedula
- Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology, Warangal, Telangana 506004, India.
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Hosseini Nasab N, Azimian F, Kruger HG, Kim SJ. 3‐Bromoacetylcoumarin, a Crucial Key for Facial Synthesis of Biological Active Compounds. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202201734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Narges Hosseini Nasab
- Department of Biological Sciences Kongju National University Gongju, Chungnam 32588, Republic of Korea
| | - Fereshteh Azimian
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry School of Pharmacy Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Hendrik G. Kruger
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit School of Health Sciences University of KwaZulu-Natal Durban 4001 South Africa
| | - Song Ja Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences Kongju National University Gongju, Chungnam 32588, Republic of Korea
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Arshad MF, Alam A, Alshammari AA, Alhazza MB, Alzimam IM, Alam MA, Mustafa G, Ansari MS, Alotaibi AM, Alotaibi AA, Kumar S, Asdaq SMB, Imran M, Deb PK, Venugopala KN, Jomah S. Thiazole: A Versatile Standalone Moiety Contributing to the Development of Various Drugs and Biologically Active Agents. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27133994. [PMID: 35807236 PMCID: PMC9268695 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27133994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
For many decades, the thiazole moiety has been an important heterocycle in the world of chemistry. The thiazole ring consists of sulfur and nitrogen in such a fashion that the pi (π) electrons are free to move from one bond to other bonds rendering aromatic ring properties. On account of its aromaticity, the ring has many reactive positions where donor–acceptor, nucleophilic, oxidation reactions, etc., may take place. Molecules containing a thiazole ring, when entering physiological systems, behave unpredictably and reset the system differently. These molecules may activate/stop the biochemical pathways and enzymes or stimulate/block the receptors in the biological systems. Therefore, medicinal chemists have been focusing their efforts on thiazole-bearing compounds in order to develop novel therapeutic agents for a variety of pathological conditions. This review attempts to inform the readers on three major classes of thiazole-bearing molecules: Thiazoles as treatment drugs, thiazoles in clinical trials, and thiazoles in preclinical and developmental stages. A compilation of preclinical and developmental thiazole-bearing molecules is presented, focusing on their brief synthetic description and preclinical studies relating to structure-based activity analysis. The authors expect that the current review may succeed in drawing the attention of medicinal chemists to finding new leads, which may later be translated into new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed F. Arshad
- Department of Research and Scientific Communications, Isthmus Research and Publishing House, U-13, Near Badi Masjid, Pulpehlad Pur, New Delhi 110044, India;
- Correspondence: (M.F.A.); or (S.M.B.A.); (M.I.)
| | - Aftab Alam
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abdullah Ayed Alshammari
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha 91911, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.A.); (M.B.A.); (I.M.A.)
| | - Mohammed Bader Alhazza
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha 91911, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.A.); (M.B.A.); (I.M.A.)
| | - Ibrahim Mohammed Alzimam
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha 91911, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.A.); (M.B.A.); (I.M.A.)
| | - Md Anish Alam
- Department of Research and Scientific Communications, Isthmus Research and Publishing House, U-13, Near Badi Masjid, Pulpehlad Pur, New Delhi 110044, India;
| | - Gulam Mustafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (Al-Dawadmi Campus), Shaqra University, Riyadh 11961, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Md Salahuddin Ansari
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy (Al-Dawadmi Campus), Shaqra University, Riyadh 11961, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abdulelah M. Alotaibi
- Internee, College of Pharmacy (Al-Dawadmi Campus), Shaqra University, Riyadh 11961, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.A.); (A.A.A.)
| | - Abdullah A. Alotaibi
- Internee, College of Pharmacy (Al-Dawadmi Campus), Shaqra University, Riyadh 11961, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.A.); (A.A.A.)
| | - Suresh Kumar
- Drug Regulatory Affair, Department, Pharma Beistand, New Delhi 110017, India;
| | - Syed Mohammed Basheeruddin Asdaq
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Dariyah 13713, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (M.F.A.); or (S.M.B.A.); (M.I.)
| | - Mohd. Imran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha 91911, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (M.F.A.); or (S.M.B.A.); (M.I.)
| | - Pran Kishore Deb
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University, Amman 19392, Jordan;
| | - Katharigatta N. Venugopala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Durban University of Technology, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Shahamah Jomah
- Pharmacy Department, Dr. Sulaiman Al-Habib Medical Group, Riyadh 11372, Saudi Arabia;
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Mangwegape DK, Zuma NH, Aucamp J, N'Da DD. Synthesis and in vitro antileishmanial efficacy of novel benzothiadiazine-1,1-dioxide derivatives. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2021; 354:e2000280. [PMID: 33491807 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202000280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a major vector-borne parasitic disease that affects thousands of people in tropical and subtropical developing countries. In 2019 alone, it killed 26,000-65,000 individuals. Leishmaniasis is curable, yet its eradication and elimination are hampered by major hurdles, such as the availability of only a handful of clinical toxic drugs and the emergence of pathogenic resistance against them. This underscores the imperative need for new and effective antileishmanial drugs. In search for such agents, we synthesized and evaluated the in vitro antileishmanial potential of a small library of benzothiadiazine derivatives by assessing their activity against the promastigotes of three strains of Leishmania and toxicity in healthy cells. The derivatives were found to have no toxicity to the mammalian cells and were, in general, active against all parasites. The benzothiadiazine derivative 1e, 3-methyl-2-[3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]-2H-benzo[e][1,2,4]thiadiazine 1,1-dioxide, was found to be the most active (IC50 , 0.2 μM) against Leishmania major, responsible for the most prevalent disease form, cutaneous leishmaniasis. Conversely, benzothiadiazine 2c, 2-(4-bromobenzyl)-3-phenyl-2H-benzo[e][1,2,4]thiadiazine 1,1-dioxide, was the most potent (IC50 , 6.5 μM) against Leishmania donovani, a causative strain of the lethal visceral leishmaniasis. Both compounds stand as antipromastigote hits for further lead investigation into their potential to act as new antileishmanial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy K Mangwegape
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Nonkululeko H Zuma
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Janine Aucamp
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - David D N'Da
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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