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Yang M, Zhu L. Osteoimmunology: The Crosstalk between T Cells, B Cells, and Osteoclasts in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2688. [PMID: 38473934 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an ongoing inflammatory condition that affects the joints and can lead to severe damage to cartilage and bones, resulting in significant disability. This condition occurs when the immune system becomes overactive, causing osteoclasts, cells responsible for breaking down bone, to become more active than necessary, leading to bone breakdown. RA disrupts the equilibrium between osteoclasts and osteoblasts, resulting in serious complications such as localized bone erosion, weakened bones surrounding the joints, and even widespread osteoporosis. Antibodies against the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL), a crucial stimulator of osteoclast differentiation, have shown great effectiveness both in laboratory settings and actual patient cases. Researchers are increasingly focusing on osteoclasts as significant contributors to bone erosion in RA. Given that RA involves an overactive immune system, T cells and B cells play a pivotal role by intensifying the immune response. The imbalance between Th17 cells and Treg cells, premature aging of T cells, and excessive production of antibodies by B cells not only exacerbate inflammation but also accelerate bone destruction. Understanding the connection between the immune system and osteoclasts is crucial for comprehending the impact of RA on bone health. By delving into the immune mechanisms that lead to joint damage, exploring the interactions between the immune system and osteoclasts, and investigating new biomarkers for RA, we can significantly improve early diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
- Medical Epigenetics Research Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
- Medical Epigenetics Research Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China
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Walther A, Stepula E, Ditzel N, Kassem M, Bergholt MS, Hedegaard MAB. In Vivo Longitudinal Monitoring of Disease Progression in Inflammatory Arthritis Animal Models Using Raman Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2023; 95:3720-3728. [PMID: 36757324 PMCID: PMC9949228 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Current techniques for monitoring disease progression and testing drug efficacy in animal models of inflammatory arthritis are either destructive, time-consuming, subjective, or require ionizing radiation. To accommodate this, we have developed a non-invasive and label-free optical system based on Raman spectroscopy for monitoring tissue alterations in rodent models of arthritis at the biomolecular level. To test different sampling geometries, the system was designed to collect both transmission and reflection mode spectra. Mice with collagen antibody-induced arthritis and controls were subject to in vivo Raman spectroscopy at the tibiotarsal joint every 3 days for 14 days. Raman-derived measures of bone content correlated well with micro-computed tomography bone mineral densities. This allowed for time-resolved quantitation of bone densities, which indicated gradual bone erosion in mice with arthritis. Inflammatory pannus formation, bone erosion, and bone marrow inflammation were confirmed by histological analysis. In addition, using library-based spectral decomposition, we quantified the progression of bone and soft tissue components. In general, the tissue components followed significantly different tendencies in mice developing arthritis compared to the control group in line with the histological analysis. In total, this demonstrates Raman spectroscopy as a versatile technique for monitoring alterations to both mineralized and soft tissues simultaneously in rodent models of musculoskeletal disorders. Furthermore, the technique presented herein allows for objective repeated within-animal measurements potentially refining and reducing the use of animals in research while improving the development of novel antiarthritic therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders
R. Walther
- SDU
Chemical Engineering, University of Southern
Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Elzbieta Stepula
- Centre
for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King’s College London, SE1 9RT London, UK
| | - Nicholas Ditzel
- Molecular
Endocrinology Unit (KMEB), Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital and University of Southern
Denmark, J.B. Winsløwsvej
25, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Moustapha Kassem
- Molecular
Endocrinology Unit (KMEB), Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital and University of Southern
Denmark, J.B. Winsløwsvej
25, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Mads S. Bergholt
- Centre
for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King’s College London, SE1 9RT London, UK
| | - Martin A. B. Hedegaard
- SDU
Chemical Engineering, University of Southern
Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense, Denmark
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Al-Bogami M, Bystrom J, Clanchy F, Taher TE, Mangat P, Williams RO, Jawad AS, Mageed RA. TNFα inhibitors reduce bone loss in rheumatoid arthritis independent of clinical response by reducing osteoclast precursors and IL-20. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2021; 60:947-957. [PMID: 32984900 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keaa551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES About half of RA patients treated with TNFα inhibitors either do not respond or lose their initial therapeutic response over time. The clinical response is measured by reduction in DAS28, which primarily reflects inflammation. However, other effects of TNFα inhibitors, such as impact on bone erosion, are not assessed by DAS28. We aimed to examine the effect of TNFα inhibitors on bone density, bone biomarkers and cytokine production in responder and non-responder patients and assessed mechanisms of action. METHODS BMD in the lumbar spine and femur neck of 117 RA patients was measured by DEXA scan. Bone turnover biomarkers CTX, osteoprotegerin (OPG), osteocalcin and RANKL were measured by ELISA. Levels of 16 cytokines in plasma and in tissue culture supernatants of ex vivo T cells were measured by multiplex assays and ELISA. The effect of treatment with TNFα inhibitors on blood mononuclear cell (MNC) differentiation to osteoclast precursors (OCP) was measured flow cytometry and microscopy. RESULTS TNFα inhibitors improved lumbar spine BMD but had modest effects on blood bone biomarkers, irrespective of patients' clinical response. Blood OCP numbers and the ability of monocytes to differentiate to OCP in vitro declined after treatment. Treatment also reduced RANK expression and IL-20 production. BMD improvement correlated with reduced levels of IL-20 in responder patients. CONCLUSION This study reveals that TNFα inhibitors reduce lumbar spine bone loss in RA patients irrespective of changes in DAS28. The reduction in bone loss is associated with reduction in IL-20 levels in responder patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Al-Bogami
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Jonas Bystrom
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Felix Clanchy
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Taher E Taher
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Pamela Mangat
- Department of Rheumatology, Royal Free Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust London, London, UK
| | | | - Ali S Jawad
- Department of Rheumatology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Rizgar A Mageed
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Hu Y, Zhang T, Huang H, Cheng W, Lai Y, Bai X, Chen J, Yue Y, Zheng Z, Guo C, Qin L, Zhang P. Fracture healing in a collagen-induced arthritis rat model: Radiology and histology evidence. J Orthop Res 2018; 36:2876-2885. [PMID: 29802743 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This research was designed to investigate the fracture healing pattern in a rheumatoid arthritis (RA) rat model. A mid-shaft femur fracture (RA + F) model and normal fracture (NF) model as control were established. Micro-CT, H&E staining, TB staining, SO staining, tartrate-resistant acid phosphates, and immunohistochemistry test were performed. In the micro-CT images and H&E stains, fracture gaps were evident in the RA + F group 4 and 8 weeks after fracture. In detail, the bone mineral density, the ratio of bone volume to tissue volume, and trabecular thickness of the RA + F group were significantly lower than those of the NF group at all time points. Trabecular number value was significantly lower in the RA + F group 4 weeks after surgery in comparison with that of the NF group. Furthermore, the structure model index test result of the RA + F group was significantly higher than that of the NF group at all time points. TB staining and SO staining test results showed that the NF group had more cartilaginous callus in the earlier stage of bone healing process (4 weeks), and less cartilage callus formation in the later stage (8 weeks) in comparison with that of the RA + F group. Osteoclasts statistics score in the NF group were obviously lower than that of the RA + F group at all time points. MMP-3 and OPN protein levels of the fracture area in the RA + F group were significantly higher than those in the NF group. This study improves the understanding of the bone healing characteristics in patients with RA. © 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:2876-2885, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Hu
- Center for Translational Medicine Research and Development, Shen Zhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen University Town, Shen Zhen, Guangdong, 518055, China.,Shen Zhen College of Advanced Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shen Zhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Tiantian Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, People's Hospital of Baoan District, Shen Zhen, Guangdong, 518128, China
| | - Huan Huang
- Center for Translational Medicine Research and Development, Shen Zhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen University Town, Shen Zhen, Guangdong, 518055, China.,Shen Zhen College of Advanced Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shen Zhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Wenxiang Cheng
- Center for Translational Medicine Research and Development, Shen Zhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen University Town, Shen Zhen, Guangdong, 518055, China.,Shen Zhen College of Advanced Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shen Zhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Yuxiao Lai
- Center for Translational Medicine Research and Development, Shen Zhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen University Town, Shen Zhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Xueling Bai
- Center for Translational Medicine Research and Development, Shen Zhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen University Town, Shen Zhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Jianhai Chen
- Center for Translational Medicine Research and Development, Shen Zhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen University Town, Shen Zhen, Guangdong, 518055, China.,Shen Zhen College of Advanced Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shen Zhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Ye Yue
- Center for Translational Medicine Research and Development, Shen Zhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen University Town, Shen Zhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Zhengtan Zheng
- Center for Translational Medicine Research and Development, Shen Zhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen University Town, Shen Zhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Chengshan Guo
- Department of Rheumatology, People's Hospital of Baoan District, Shen Zhen, Guangdong, 518128, China
| | - Ling Qin
- Center for Translational Medicine Research and Development, Shen Zhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen University Town, Shen Zhen, Guangdong, 518055, China.,Shen Zhen College of Advanced Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shen Zhen, Guangdong, 518055, China.,Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory of Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology and Innovative Orthopaedic Biomaterial and Drug Translational Research Laboratory of Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Center for Translational Medicine Research and Development, Shen Zhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen University Town, Shen Zhen, Guangdong, 518055, China.,Shen Zhen College of Advanced Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shen Zhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
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Effect of Wenhua Juanbi Recipe () on expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand, osteoprotegerin, and tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 14 in rats with collagen-induced arthritis. Chin J Integr Med 2016; 23:208-214. [PMID: 28004300 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-016-2532-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study the effect of Wenhua Juanbi Recipe (, WJR) on expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG), and tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 14 (TNFRSF14, also known as LIGHT) in rats with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). METHODS CIA rats were generated by subcutaneous injection of bovine collagen type-II at the tail base. Sixty CIA rats were randomly assigned (10 animals/group) to: model, methotrexate (MTX)-treated (0.78 mg/kg body weight), and WJR-treated (22.9 g/kg) groups. Healthy normal rats (n=10) were used as the normal control. Treatments or saline were administered once daily by oral gavage. Rats were sacrifificed at day 28 post-treatment and knee synovium and peripheral blood serum were collected. Toe swelling degree and expression of RANKL, OPG, and LIGHT were determined by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Compared with the normal group, toe swelling degree was signifificantly increased in the model group (P<0.01). After treatment, toe swelling degree decreased signifificantly in the WJR and MTX groups compared with the model group (P<0.01). Compared with the normal group, expression of RANKL and LIGHT were signifificantly increased and OPG signifificantly decreased in peripheral blood and synovium of the model group (P<0.01). Conversely, RANKL and LIGHT expression were signifificantly reduced and OPG increased in the WJR and MTX groups compared with the model group (P<0.01). No statistically significant difference existed between WJR and MTX groups. CONCLUSION WJR likely acts by reducing RANKL expression and increasing OPG expression, thus inhibiting RANKL/RANK interaction and reducing LIGHT expression, thereby inhibiting osteoclast formation/activation to block bone erosion.
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Funato S, Matsunaga A, Oh K, Miyamoto Y, Yoshimura K, Tanaka J, Suzuki D, Uyama R, Suzuki H, Mishima K, Nakamura M, Namiki O, Baba K, Inagaki K, Kamijo R. Effects of antibody to receptor activator of nuclear factor κ-B ligand on inflammation and cartilage degradation in collagen antibody-induced arthritis in mice. J Negat Results Biomed 2014; 13:18. [PMID: 25495344 PMCID: PMC4272563 DOI: 10.1186/s12952-014-0018-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an inflammatory disease that leads to destruction of both articular cartilage and bone tissues. In rheumatic joints, synoviocytes and T-lymphocytes as well as bone cells produce the receptor activator of nuclear factor κ-B (RANK) ligand (RANKL), which binds to RANK on the surface of osteoclasts and their precursor cells to induce differentiation and activation of osteoclasts. Hence, inhibition of RANKL may be a promising approach to suppress osteolysis in RA. On the other hand, RANKL production by lymphocytes indicates the possibility that its inhibition would be effective to suppress inflammation in RA. In addition, it has been reported that cathepsin K, a predominant cysteine protease in osteoclasts, is involved in cartilage destruction in RA model mice. Here, we evaluated the effects of an anti-RANKL antibody on inflammation in footpads and degradation of articular cartilage in RA model mice. Results We induced arthritis in mice by injection of anti-type II collagen antibodies and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Inhibition of RANKL by an anti-RANKL antibody (OYC1, Oriental Yeast, Tokyo, Japan) was confirmed by increased bone volume in the metaphysis of tibias. Swelling in either limb until day 14 was seen in 5 of 6 mice injected with anti-collagen antibodies and LPS without treatment with OYC1, while that was seen in 4 of 5 mice treated with OYC1. The average arthritis scores on day 14 in those groups were 2.17 and 3.00, respectively, indicating that OYC1 did not ameliorate inflammation in the limbs. Histological analyses indicated that OYC1 does not protect articular cartilage from destruction in mice with arthritis. Conclusions Our present study failed to show the effectiveness of an anti-RANKL antibody to ameliorate inflammation in the limbs or protect articular cartilage from degradation in a collagen antibody-induced arthritis mouse model. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12952-014-0018-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakie Funato
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Dentistry, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan. .,Department of Prosthodontics, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Akihiro Matsunaga
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Dentistry, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan. .,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Koei Oh
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. .,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Yoichi Miyamoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Dentistry, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan.
| | - Kentaro Yoshimura
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Dentistry, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan.
| | - Junichi Tanaka
- Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, Division of Pathology, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Dai Suzuki
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Dentistry, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan.
| | - Risa Uyama
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Dentistry, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Suzuki
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Dentistry, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan.
| | - Kenji Mishima
- Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, Division of Pathology, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Masanori Nakamura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Osamu Namiki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kazuyoshi Baba
- Department of Prosthodontics, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Katsunori Inagaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Ryutaro Kamijo
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Dentistry, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan.
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Lon HK, Liu D, DuBois DC, Almon RR, Jusko WJ. Modeling pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of abatacept and disease progression in collagen-induced arthritic rats: a population approach. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2014; 40:701-12. [PMID: 24233383 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-013-9341-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The PK/PD of abatacept, a selective T cell co-stimulation modulator, was examined in rats with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) using a nonlinear mixed effect modeling approach. Male Lewis rats underwent collagen induction to produce rheumatoid arthritis. Two single-dose groups received either 10 mg/kg intravenous (IV) or 20 mg/kg subcutaneous (SC) abatacept, and one multiple-dose group received one 20 mg/kg SC abatacept dose and four additional 10 mg/kg SC doses. Effects on disease progression (DIS) were measured by paw swelling. Plasma concentrations of abatacept were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The PK/PD data were sequentially fitted using NONMEM VI. Goodness-of-fit was assessed by objective functions and visual inspection of diagnostic plots. The PK of abatacept followed a two-compartment model with linear elimination. For SC doses, short-term zero-order absorption was assumed with F = 59.2 %. The disease progression component was an indirect response model with a time-dependent change in paw edema production rate constant (k in ) that was inhibited by abatacept. Variation in the PK data could be explained by inter-individual variability in clearance and central compartment volume (V 1 ), while the large variability of the PD data may be the result of paw edema production (k in 0 ) and loss rate constant (k out ). Abatacept has modest effects on paw swelling in CIA rats. The PK/PD profiles were well described by the proposed model and allowed evaluation of inter-individual variability on drug- and DIS-related parameters.
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Keller KK, Thomsen JS, Stengaard-Pedersen K, Hauge EM. Systemic but no local effects of combined zoledronate and parathyroid hormone treatment in experimental autoimmune arthritis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92359. [PMID: 24637846 PMCID: PMC3956918 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Local bone erosions and osteoporosis in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are the result of a more pronounced bone resorption than bone formation. Present treatment strategies for RA inhibit inflammation, but do not directly target bone erosions. The aim of the study was in experimental arthritis to investigate the juxtaarticular and systemic effects of simultaneous osteoclast inhibition with zoledronate (ZLN) and osteoblast stimulation with parathyroid hormone (PTH). METHODS Arthritis was induced in 36 SKG mice. The mice were randomized to three treatment groups and an untreated group: ZLN, PTH, PTH+ZLN, and untreated. Arthritis score and ankle width measurements were performed. Histological sections were cut from the right hind paw, and design-based stereological estimators were used to quantify histological variables of bone volume and bone formation and resorption. The femora were DXA- and μCT-scanned, and the bone strength was determined at the femoral neck and mid-diaphysis. RESULTS Locally, we found no differences in arthritis score or ankle width throughout the study. Similarly, none of the treatments inhibited bone erosions or stimulated bone formation in the paw. Systemically, all treatments improved bone mineral density, strength of the femoral neck and mid-diaphysis, and μCT parameters of both cortical and trabecular bone. In addition, there was an additive effect of combination treatment compared with single treatments for most trabecular parameters including bone mineral density and bone volume fraction. CONCLUSIONS No local effect on bone was found by the combined action of inhibiting bone resorption and stimulating bone formation. However, a clear systemic effect of the combination treatment was demonstrated.
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Inoue A, Takahashi KA, Mazda O, Arai Y, Saito M, Kishida T, Shin-Ya M, Morihara T, Tonomura H, Sakao K, Imanishi J, Kubo T. Comparison of anti-rheumatic effects of local RNAi-based therapy in collagen induced arthritis rats using various cytokine genes as molecular targets. Mod Rheumatol 2014. [DOI: 10.3109/s10165-008-0131-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atsuo Inoue
- Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine,
465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Kyoto First Red Cross Hospital,
Kyoto 605-0981, Japan
| | - Kenji A. Takahashi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine,
465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Osam Mazda
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine,
465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Yuji Arai
- Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine,
465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Masazumi Saito
- Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine,
465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Tsunao Kishida
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine,
465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
- Louis Pasteur Center for Medical Research,
Kyoto 606-8225, Japan
| | - Masaharu Shin-Ya
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine,
465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Toru Morihara
- Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine,
465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Tonomura
- Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine,
465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Kei Sakao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine,
465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Jiro Imanishi
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine,
465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Kubo
- Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine,
465 Kajii-cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
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Yao Y, Ding CZ, Fang Y. Combination of MTX and LEF attenuates inflammatory bone erosion by down-regulation of receptor activator of NF-kB ligand and interleukin-17 in type II collagen-induced arthritis rats. Rheumatol Int 2013; 33:1845-53. [PMID: 23334376 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-013-2674-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of combination of methotrexate (MTX) and leflunomide (LEF) on type II collagen-induced arthritis rats and its mechanism. Curative effect was confirmed on CIA rats, which were randomized and divided into model, MTX, LEF and MTX + LEF group. Weights and joint swelling scores of rats were recorded. Interleukin (IL)-17, receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) concentration in serum were determined by ELISA. H&E dyeing of joint was used to estimate the inflammation and osteoclasia extent. The mechanism was investigated through fibroblast-like synoviocytes isolated from RA patients. The effect of MTX and LEF on cell viability, and RANKL and OPG expression were indicated through MTT and RT-PCR analysis, respectively. Combination therapy would be effective in treating CIA rats. Joint swelling scores and IL-17 and RANKL level in serum were decreased obviously (P < 0.05), while OPG level was elevated (P < 0.05). Anti-inflammatory and anti-osteoclasia effect would be indicated by H&E dyeing results. Moreover, FLS cell viability was inhibited by combination treatment in vitro (P < 0.05), and expression of osteoclasia-related genes (RANKL and OPG) was modified (P < 0.05). Combination therapy would relive the synovium hypertrophy through depressing cell viability and osteoclasia through decreasing RANKL and increasing OPG expression. Otherwise, combination was superior to monotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhong Shan Road, Nanjing 210008, Jiang Su, China
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Yuan H, Qian H, Liu S, Zhang X, Li S, Wang W, Li Z, Jia J, Zhao W. Therapeutic role of a vaccine targeting RANKL and TNF-α on collagen-induced arthritis. Biomaterials 2012; 33:8177-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Sinningen K, Tsourdi E, Rauner M, Rachner TD, Hamann C, Hofbauer LC. Skeletal and extraskeletal actions of denosumab. Endocrine 2012; 42:52-62. [PMID: 22581255 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-012-9696-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Osteoclasts and osteoblasts define skeletal mass, structure and strength through their respective actions in resorbing and forming bone. This remodeling process is orchestrated by the actions of hormones and growth factors, which regulate a cytokine system comprising the receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL), its receptor RANK and the soluble decoy receptor osteoprotegerin (OPG). Bone resorption depends on RANKL, which determines osteoclast formation, activity and survival. Importantly, cells of the osteoblastic lineage mainly provide RANKL and therefore, are central in the regulation of osteoclast functions. Catabolic effects of RANKL are inhibited by OPG, a TNF receptor family member that binds RANKL, thereby preventing the activation of its receptor RANK, which is expressed by osteoclast precursors. Because this cytokine network is pivotal for the regulation of bone mass in health and diseases, including osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis and malignant bone conditions, it has been successfully used for the generation of a targeted therapy to block osteoclast actions. The clinical approval of denosumab, a fully monoclonal antibody against RANKL, provides a novel option to treat bone diseases with a potent, targeted and reversible inhibitor of bone resorption. Although RANKL is also expressed by endothelial cells, T lymphocytes, synovial fibroblasts and various tumor cells, no meaningful clinical extraskeletal effects have been reported after administration of denosumab. This article summarizes the molecular and cellular basis of the RANKL/RANK/OPG system and presents preclinical and clinical studies on the skeletal actions of denosumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Sinningen
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III, Technical University Medical Center, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
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Wu PH, Lin SK, Lee BS, Kok SH, Wang JH, Hou KL, Yang H, Lai EHH, Wang JS, Hong CY. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate diminishes cytokine-stimulated Cyr61 expression in human osteoblastic cells: a therapeutic potential for arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2012; 51:1953-65. [PMID: 22843790 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kes174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effects of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on cytokine-induced Cyr61 synthesis in human osteoblastic cells and the associated signalling pathways. The therapeutic effect of EGCG on CIA in rats was also studied. METHODS The expression of Cyr61 and NF-κB pathway molecules was examined by western blotting. CCL2 expression was assessed by northern blotting and ELISA. Interaction between NF-κB and Cyr61 promoter was evaluated by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. In rat CIA, osteoblastic expression of Cyr61 was examined by immunohistochemistry and disease progression was assessed by clinical, radiographic and histological examinations. RESULTS EGCG inhibited Cyr61 expression stimulated by cytokines in primary human osteoblasts and human osteoblastic cell line U2OS. In U2OS, oncostatin M (OSM) induced IκB-α degradation through the mTOR/rictor/Akt pathway, and EGCG attenuated the action. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay revealed that the OSM-enhanced NF-κB/DNA binding was reduced by EGCG, possibly through abrogating nucleus localization of p65 and p50. Cyr61 enhanced OSM-induced expression of CCL2. Moreover, EGCG diminished OSM-stimulated CCL2 expression at least partially via suppressing Cyr61 induction. Co-distribution of CD68(+) macrophages and Cyr61(+) osteoblasts in osteolytic areas was obvious in the CIA model. Clinical, radiographic and immunohistochemical analyses revealed that administration of EGCG markedly diminished the severity of CIA, macrophage infiltration, and the number of Cyr61-synthesizing osteoblasts. CONCLUSION By modulating the mTOR/rictor/Akt/NF-κB pathway, EGCG attenuated Cyr61 production in osteoblastic cells and in turn diminished macrophage chemotaxis. Our data support the therapeutic potential of EGCG on arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Han Wu
- Department of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Chang-Te Street, Taipei 10016, Taiwan.
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Redlich K, Smolen JS. Inflammatory bone loss: pathogenesis and therapeutic intervention. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2012; 11:234-50. [PMID: 22378270 DOI: 10.1038/nrd3669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 542] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bone is a tissue undergoing continuous building and degradation. This remodelling is a tightly regulated process that can be disturbed by many factors, particularly hormonal changes. Chronic inflammation can also perturb bone metabolism and promote increased bone loss. Inflammatory diseases can arise all over the body, including in the musculoskeletal system (for example, rheumatoid arthritis), the intestine (for example, inflammatory bowel disease), the oral cavity (for example, periodontitis) and the lung (for example, cystic fibrosis). Wherever inflammatory diseases occur, systemic effects on bone will ensue, as well as increased fracture risk. Here, we discuss the cellular and signalling pathways underlying, and strategies for therapeutically interfering with, the inflammatory loss of bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Redlich
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine 3, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Redlich K, Smolen JS. Inflammatory bone loss: pathogenesis and therapeutic intervention. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2012. [DOI: 78495111110.1038/nrd3669' target='_blank'>'"<>78495111110.1038/nrd3669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [78495111110.1038/nrd3669','', '10.1002/art.21021')">Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2022]
78495111110.1038/nrd3669" />
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Population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic-disease progression model for effects of anakinra in Lewis rats with collagen-induced arthritis. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2011; 38:769-86. [PMID: 22002845 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-011-9219-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic-disease progression (PK/PD/DIS) model was developed to characterize the effects of anakinra in collagen-induced arthritic (CIA) rats and explore the role of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in rheumatoid arthritis. The CIA rats received either vehicle, or anakinra at 100 mg/kg for about 33 h, 100 mg/kg for about 188 h, or 10 mg/kg for about 188 h by subcutaneous infusion. Plasma concentrations of anakinra were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Swelling of rat hind paws was measured. Population PK/PD/DIS parameters were computed for the various groups using non-linear mixed-effects modeling software (NONMEM® Version VI). The final model was assessed using visual predictive checks and nonparameter stratified bootstrapping. A two-compartment PK model with two sequential absorption processes and linear elimination was used to capture PK profiles of anakinra. A transduction-based feedback model incorporating logistic growth rate captured disease progression and indirect response model I captured drug effects. The PK and paw swelling versus time profiles in CIA rats were fitted well. Anakinra has modest effects (I ( max ) = 0.28) on paw edema in CIA rats. The profiles are well-described by our PK/PD/DIS model which provides a basis for future mechanism-based assessment of anakinra dynamics in rheumatoid arthritis.
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Liu XD, Chen Y, Liu FY, Ye LH, Cai L. Effect of Wenhua Juanbi recipe on proliferation and apoptosis of synoviocytes in rats with collagen-inducing arthritis. Chin J Integr Med 2011; 19:453-8. [PMID: 21717160 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-011-0753-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the effect of Wenhua Juanbi Recipe (WJR) on proliferation and apoptosis of synoviocytes in rats with collagen-inducing arthritis (CIA). METHODS A CIA model was induced by intradermal injection of bovine collagen type II emulsion at the base of rat tails. Thirty modeled healthy Wistar rats were randomly assigned to one of three groups (10 per group): the model group, the methotrexate (MTX)-treated group (0.78 mg/kg) and the WJR-treated group (22.9 g/kg). A group of 10 healthy rats was used as normal control. Treatments or normal saline for the control group were administered by oral gavage once daily. Rats were sacrificed after 30-day treatment and subjected to the following examinations: arthritis index (AI) was estimated, inflammatory cell infiltration and proliferation in synovial membrane were evaluated by microscopy, the synoviocyte apoptosis was determined by TUNEL assay, and the cell apoptosis index was calculated. RESULTS AI was lowered significantly in the WJR group compared to the model group (P<0.01). The pathological findings observed in the model group were reversed in the WJR group, including increase in inflammatory cell infiltration and synoviocyte proliferation in synovial membrane and reduction in cell apoptosis index (all P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Synoviocyte proliferation and apoptosis reduction were present in CIA rats. WJR was effective in treating the rat model of CIA. The therapeutic effect might be exerted through inducing apoptosis and suppressing proliferation of synoviocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-de Liu
- Department of Arthropathy, Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
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Baron R, Ferrari S, Russell RGG. Denosumab and bisphosphonates: different mechanisms of action and effects. Bone 2011; 48:677-92. [PMID: 21145999 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2010.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 445] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Revised: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
To treat systemic bone loss as in osteoporosis and/or focal osteolysis as in rheumatoid arthritis or periodontal disease, most approaches target the osteoclasts, the cells that resorb bone. Bisphosphonates are currently the most widely used antiresorptive therapies. They act by binding the mineral component of bone and interfere with the action of osteoclasts. The nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates, such as alendronate, act as inhibitors of farnesyl-pyrophosphate synthase, which leads to inhibition of the prenylation of many intracellular signaling proteins. The discovery of RANKL and the essential role of RANK signaling in osteoclast differentiation, activity and survival have led to the development of denosumab, a fully human monoclonal antibody. Denosumab acts by binding to and inhibiting RANKL, leading to the loss of osteoclasts from bone surfaces. In phase 3 clinical studies, denosumab was shown to significantly reduce vertebral, nonvertebral and hip fractures compared with placebo and increase areal BMD compared with alendronate. In this review, we suggest that the key pharmacological differences between denosumab and the bisphosphonates reside in the distribution of the drugs within bone and their effects on precursors and mature osteoclasts. This may explain differences in the degree and rapidity of reduction of bone resorption, their potential differential effects on trabecular and cortical bone, and the reversibility of their actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Baron
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Lu X, Beck GR, Gilbert LC, Camalier CE, Bateman NW, Hood BL, Conrads TP, Kern MJ, You S, Chen H, Nanes MS. Identification of the homeobox protein Prx1 (MHox, Prrx-1) as a regulator of osterix expression and mediator of tumor necrosis factor α action in osteoblast differentiation. J Bone Miner Res 2011; 26:209-19. [PMID: 20683885 PMCID: PMC3179318 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) promotes bone loss and inhibits bone formation. Osterix (Osx, SP7) is a transcription factor required for osteoblast (OB) differentiation because deletion results in a cartilaginous skeleton. We previously described a TNF suppressor element in the Osx promoter that was used to isolate nuclear proteins mediating TNF inhibition of OB differentiation. Nuclear extracts from TNF-treated pre-OBs were incubated with the TNF suppressor element for protein pull-down, and tryptic fragments were analyzed by mass spectrometry. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay confirmed eight bound transcription factors. One protein, the paired related homeobox protein (Prx1), had been shown previously to have a critical role in limb bud formation and skeletal patterning. PCR revealed Prx1 expression in primary stromal cells (MSCs), C3H10T1/2 cells, and MC3T3 preosteoblasts. TNF stimulated a 14-fold increase in mRNA for Prx1, rapid cell accumulation in MC3T3 cells, and expression in periosteal and trabecular lining cells in vivo. Transient expression of Prx inhibited transcription of Osx and RUNX2. Expression of the Prx1b isoform or Prx2 decreased Osx and RUNX2 mRNA and OB differentiation in preosteoblasts. Silencing of Prx1 with siRNA abrogated TNF suppression of Osx mRNA and increased basal Osx expression. Electrophoretic mobility shift revealed Prx1b as the preferred isoform binding the Osx promoter. These results identify the homeobox protein Prx1 as an obligate mediator of TNF inhibition of Osx and differentiation of OB progenitors. Activation of Prx1 by TNF may contribute to reduced bone formation in inflammatory arthritis, menopause, and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghuai Lu
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, VA Medical Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Rodent preclinical models for developing novel antiarthritic molecules: comparative biology and preferred methods for evaluating efficacy. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2011:569068. [PMID: 21253435 PMCID: PMC3022224 DOI: 10.1155/2011/569068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 10/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Rodent models of immune-mediated arthritis (RMIA) are the conventional approach to evaluating mechanisms of inflammatory joint disease and the comparative efficacy of antiarthritic agents. Rat adjuvant-induced (AIA), collagen-induced (CIA), and streptococcal cell wall-induced (SCW) arthritides are preferred models of the joint pathology that occurs in human rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Lesions of AIA are most severe and consistent; structural and immunological changes of CIA best resemble RA. Lesion extent and severity in RMIA depends on experimental methodology (inciting agent, adjuvant, etc.) and individual physiologic parameters (age, genetics, hormonal status, etc.). The effectiveness of antiarthritic molecules varies with the agent, therapeutic regimen, and choice of RMIA. All RMIA are driven by overactivity of proinflammatory pathways, but the dominant molecules differ among the models. Hence, as with the human clinical experience, the efficacy of various antiarthritic molecules differs among RMIA, especially when the agent is a specific cytokine inhibitor.
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Abstract
Since the discovery that deletion of the NF-κB subunits p50 and p52 causes osteopetrosis in mice, there has been considerable interest in the role of NF-κB signaling in bone. NF-κB controls the differentiation or activity of the major skeletal cell types - osteoclasts, osteoblasts, osteocytes and chondrocytes. However, with five NF-κB subunits and two distinct activation pathways, not all NF-κB signals lead to the same physiologic responses. In this review, we will describe the roles of various NF-κB proteins in basal bone homeostasis and disease states, and explore how NF-κB inhibition might be utilized therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Veis Novack
- Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
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Shi Q, Zhang XL, Dai KR, Benderdour M, Fernandes JC. siRNA therapy for cancer and non-lethal diseases such as arthritis and osteoporosis. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2010; 11:5-16. [DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2010.532483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Ma Y, Wang X, Wu X, Wei X, Ma L, Zheng H, Qi B, Zhu W, Luo Y, Wei Y, Chen L. (Z)-5-(4-methoxybenzylidene) thiazolidine-2, 4-dione ameliorates the adjuvant-induced arthritis via inhibiting the migration of macrophage and down-regulating the cytokine mRNA expression. Int Immunopharmacol 2010; 10:1456-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2010.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Revised: 08/08/2010] [Accepted: 08/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Djaafar S, Pierroz DD, Chicheportiche R, Zheng XX, Ferrari SL, Ferrari-Lacraz S. Inhibition of T cell-dependent and RANKL-dependent osteoclastogenic processes associated with high levels of bone mass in interleukin-15 receptor-deficient mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 62:3300-10. [DOI: 10.1002/art.27645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Soory M. Association of periodontitis with rheumatoid arthritis and atherosclerosis: Novel paradigms in etiopathogeneses and management? Open Access Rheumatol 2010; 2:1-16. [PMID: 27789992 PMCID: PMC5074770 DOI: 10.2147/oarrr.s10928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing documentation of a link between inflammatory periodontal disease affecting the supporting structure of teeth, rheumatoid arthritis, and coronary artery disease. Periodontitis is initiated predominantly by Gram-negative bacteria and progresses as a consequence of the host inflammatory response to periodontal pathogens. Lipopolysaccharide, a cell wall constituent stimulates the production of inflammatory cytokines via the activation of signaling pathways perpetuating inflammatory pathogenesis in a cyclical manner in susceptible individuals; with an element of autoimmune stimulation, not dissimilar to the sequential events seen in RA. Periodontitis, also implicated as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, promotes mechanisms for atherosclerosis by enhancing an imbalance in systemic inflammatory mediators; more direct mechanisms attributed to microbial products are also implicated in both RA and atherogenesis. Severe periodontal disease characterized by clinical and radiographic parameters has been associated with ischemic stroke risk, significant levels of C-reactive protein and serum amyloid A, amongst others common to both periodontitis and atherosclerosis. Existing data supports the hypothesis that persistent localized infection in periodontitis may influence systemic levels of inflammatory markers and pose a risk for RA and atherosclerosis. A common nucleus of activity in their pathogeneses provides novel paradigms of therapeutic targeting for reciprocal benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mena Soory
- King's College London Dental Institute, Denmark Hill, London UK
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Stolina M, Schett G, Dwyer D, Vonderfecht S, Middleton S, Duryea D, Pacheco E, Van G, Bolon B, Feige U, Zack D, Kostenuik P. RANKL inhibition by osteoprotegerin prevents bone loss without affecting local or systemic inflammation parameters in two rat arthritis models: comparison with anti-TNFalpha or anti-IL-1 therapies. Arthritis Res Ther 2009; 11:R187. [PMID: 20003323 PMCID: PMC3003514 DOI: 10.1186/ar2879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Revised: 11/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rat adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) and collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) feature bone loss and systemic increases in TNFalpha, IL-1beta, and receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL). Anti-IL-1 or anti-TNFalpha therapies consistently reduce inflammation in these models, but systemic bone loss often persists. RANKL inhibition consistently prevents bone loss in both models without reducing joint inflammation. Effects of these therapies on systemic markers of bone turnover and inflammation have not been directly compared. METHODS Lewis rats with established AIA or CIA were treated for 10 days (from day 4 post onset) with either PBS (Veh), TNFalpha inhibitor (pegsunercept), IL-1 inhibitor (anakinra), or RANKL inhibitor (osteoprotegerin (OPG)-Fc). Local inflammation was evaluated by monitoring hind paw swelling. Bone mineral density (BMD) of paws and lumbar vertebrae was assessed by dual X-ray absorptiometry. Markers and mediators of bone resorption (RANKL, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRACP 5B)) and inflammation (prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), acute-phase protein alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (alpha1AGP), multiple cytokines) were measured in serum (day 14 post onset). RESULTS Arthritis progression significantly increased paw swelling and ankle and vertebral BMD loss. Anti-TNFalpha reduced paw swelling in both models, and reduced ankle BMD loss in AIA rats. Anti-IL-1 decreased paw swelling in CIA rats, and reduced ankle BMD loss in both models. Anti-TNFalpha and anti-IL-1 failed to prevent vertebral BMD loss in either model. OPG-Fc reduced BMD loss in ankles and vertebrae in both models, but had no effect on paw swelling. Serum RANKL was elevated in AIA-Veh and CIA-Veh rats. While antiTNFalpha and anti-IL-1 partially normalized serum RANKL without any changes in serum TRACP 5B, OPG-Fc treatment reduced serum TRACP 5B by over 90% in both CIA and AIA rats. CIA-Veh and AIA-Veh rats had increased serum alpha1AGP, IL-1beta, IL-8 and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2), and AIA-Veh rats also had significantly greater serum PGE2, TNFalpha and IL-17. Anti-TNFalpha reduced systemic alpha1AGP, CCL2 and PGE2 in AIA rats, while anti-IL-1 decreased systemic alpha1AGP, IL-8 and PGE2. In contrast, RANKL inhibition by OPG-Fc did not lessen systemic cytokine levels in either model. CONCLUSIONS Anti-TNFalpha or anti-IL-1 therapy inhibited parameters of local and systemic inflammation, and partially reduced local but not systemic bone loss in AIA and CIA rats. RANKL inhibition prevented local and systemic bone loss without significantly inhibiting local or systemic inflammatory parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Stolina
- Department of Metabolic Disorders, Amgen Inc, One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA.
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Marques MR, dos Santos MCLG, da Silva AF, Nociti Jr FH, Barros SP. Parathyroid hormone administration may modulate periodontal tissue levels of interleukin-6, matrix metalloproteinase-2 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 in experimental periodontitis. J Periodontal Res 2009; 44:744-50. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2008.01186.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Schett G, Stolina M, Dwyer D, Zack D, Uderhardt S, Krönke G, Kostenuik P, Feige U. Tumor necrosis factor α and RANKL blockade cannot halt bony spur formation in experimental inflammatory arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 60:2644-54. [DOI: 10.1002/art.24767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Buttgereit F, Zhou H, Kalak R, Gaber T, Spies CM, Huscher D, Straub RH, Modzelewski J, Dunstan CR, Seibel MJ. Transgenic disruption of glucocorticoid signaling in mature osteoblasts and osteocytes attenuates K/BxN mouse serum-induced arthritis in vivo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 60:1998-2007. [DOI: 10.1002/art.24619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Anandarajah AP. Role of RANKL in bone diseases. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2009; 20:88-94. [PMID: 19185505 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2008.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2008] [Revised: 10/15/2008] [Accepted: 10/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bone remodeling is a tightly regulated process of osteoclast-mediated bone resorption, balanced by osteoblast-mediated bone formation. Disruption of this balance can lead to increased bone turnover, resulting in excessive bone loss or extra bone formation and consequent skeletal disease. The receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand (RANKL) (along with its receptor), the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB and its natural decoy receptor, osteoprotegerin, are the final effector proteins of osteoclastic bone resorption. Here, I provide an overview of recent studies that highlight the key role of RANKL in the pathophysiology of several bone diseases and discuss the novel therapeutic approaches afforded by the modulation of RANKL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen P Anandarajah
- Division of Allergy, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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Stolina M, Bolon B, Dwyer D, Middleton S, Duryea D, Kostenuik PJ, Feige U, Zack DJ. The evolving systemic and local biomarker milieu at different stages of disease progression in rat collagen-induced arthritis. Biomarkers 2009; 13:692-712. [DOI: 10.1080/13547500802651911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Comparison of anti-rheumatic effects of local RNAi-based therapy in collagen induced arthritis rats using various cytokine genes as molecular targets. Mod Rheumatol 2008; 19:125-33. [PMID: 19030778 DOI: 10.1007/s10165-008-0131-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2008] [Accepted: 09/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) provides a powerful means of sequence-specific gene silencing. Several studies show that RNAi may provide promising strategies to treat human diseases by suppressing disease responsible genes in vivo. In locomotor diseases, the progression of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) is suppressed by tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) delivered into the joint. The aim of this study, is to compare the effects of intraarticularly administered siRNAs targeting TNF-alpha, interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL) on CIA in rats. We confirmed that the silencing effects of siRNA duplexes specific for rat TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6 and RANKL in vitro. Each siRNA was also delivered into the knee joint of CIA rats by the in vivo electroporation method 7, 10, 13 and 16 days after immunization with collagen. Local delivery of TNF-alpha or IL-1beta-specific siRNA ameliorated CIA in rats effectively at the gross morphological, radiographical and histological evaluations. Our results suggested that TNF-alpha and IL-1beta were the cytokines to be targeted in the joint for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. The in vivo siRNA transfection method may be useful for selection of target molecules to be silenced for treatment of joint diseases.
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The Evolving Systemic and Local Biomarker Milieu at Different Stages of Disease Progression in Rat Adjuvant-Induced Arthritis. J Clin Immunol 2008; 29:158-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s10875-008-9238-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2008] [Accepted: 08/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Pathophysiological roles of osteoprotegerin (OPG). Eur J Cell Biol 2008; 88:1-17. [PMID: 18707795 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2008.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2008] [Revised: 06/25/2008] [Accepted: 06/26/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is a secreted glycoprotein central to bone turnover via its role as a decoy receptor for the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand (RANKL) and has traditionally been linked to a number of bone-related diseases. However, there is additional evidence that OPG can promote cell survival by inhibiting TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced apoptosis. As a result, a number of in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies have been performed assessing the role of OPG in tumourigenesis. Similar studies have been performed regarding vascular pathologies, resulting from observations of expression and regulation of OPG in the vasculature. This review aims to provide an update on this area and assess the potential protective or detrimental role of OPG in both vascular pathologies and tumourigenesis.
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SA13353 (1-[2-(1-Adamantyl)ethyl]-1-pentyl-3-[3-(4-pyridyl)propyl]urea) inhibits TNF-α production through the activation of capsaicin-sensitive afferent neurons mediated via transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 in vivo. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 588:309-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2007] [Revised: 03/31/2008] [Accepted: 04/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Karsdal MA, Leeming DJ, Dam EB, Henriksen K, Alexandersen P, Pastoureau P, Altman RD, Christiansen C. Should subchondral bone turnover be targeted when treating osteoarthritis? Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2008; 16:638-46. [PMID: 18362080 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2008.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2007] [Accepted: 01/18/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritic disease, and it is a major cause of disability and impaired quality of life in the elderly. OA is a complex disease of the entire joint, including bone and cartilage, thereby presenting alternative approaches for treatment. This review summarizes emerging observations from cell biology to preliminary clinical trials, describing interactions between the bone and cartilage components. We speculate whether a treatment for OA would be possible without targeting the bone compartment? METHODS Peer-reviewed articles found using pre-defined search criteria and published in the PubMed database until June 2007 are summarized. In addition, abstracts from the OsteoArthritis Research Society International (OARSI) conferences in the time period 2000-2007 were included. RESULTS Bone and cartilage health seem to be tightly associated. Ample evidence is found for bone changes during progression of OA, including, but not limited to, increased turnover in the subchondral bone, thinning of the trabecular structure, osteophytes, bone marrow lesions and sclerosis of the subchondral plate. In addition, a range of investigations has described secondary positive effects on cartilage health when bone resorption was suppressed, or deterioration of the cartilage when resorption is increased. CONCLUSION An optimal treatment for OA might include targeting both the bone and cartilage compartments. Hence, as several cell systems are to be targeted in a safe manner, limited options seem possible.
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Herman S, Krönke G, Schett G. Molecular mechanisms of inflammatory bone damage: emerging targets for therapy. Trends Mol Med 2008; 14:245-53. [PMID: 18468489 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2008.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2008] [Revised: 03/31/2008] [Accepted: 04/04/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory bone diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), ankylosing spondylitis and periodontal disease, demonstrate the major impact of chronic inflammation on both bone metabolism and bone architecture. During the past decade, scientists have gained increasing insight into the link between inflammation and bone. As a result of new discoveries about the molecular mechanisms of inflammatory bone loss, several molecules have been identified that are attractive and novel targets for the treatment of inflammatory bone loss. These novel therapeutic approaches include anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha blocking agents, neutralizing antibodies against certain pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-17, and a set of other promising targets that still require extensive research, such as the Wnt signaling network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Herman
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Krankenhausstrasse 12, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
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Kearns AE, Khosla S, Kostenuik PJ. Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand and osteoprotegerin regulation of bone remodeling in health and disease. Endocr Rev 2008; 29:155-92. [PMID: 18057140 PMCID: PMC2528846 DOI: 10.1210/er.2007-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 534] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2007] [Accepted: 11/15/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Osteoclasts and osteoblasts dictate skeletal mass, structure, and strength via their respective roles in resorbing and forming bone. Bone remodeling is a spatially coordinated lifelong process whereby old bone is removed by osteoclasts and replaced by bone-forming osteoblasts. The refilling of resorption cavities is incomplete in many pathological states, which leads to a net loss of bone mass with each remodeling cycle. Postmenopausal osteoporosis and other conditions are associated with an increased rate of bone remodeling, which leads to accelerated bone loss and increased risk of fracture. Bone resorption is dependent on a cytokine known as RANKL (receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand), a TNF family member that is essential for osteoclast formation, activity, and survival in normal and pathological states of bone remodeling. The catabolic effects of RANKL are prevented by osteoprotegerin (OPG), a TNF receptor family member that binds RANKL and thereby prevents activation of its single cognate receptor called RANK. Osteoclast activity is likely to depend, at least in part, on the relative balance of RANKL and OPG. Studies in numerous animal models of bone disease show that RANKL inhibition leads to marked suppression of bone resorption and increases in cortical and cancellous bone volume, density, and strength. RANKL inhibitors also prevent focal bone loss that occurs in animal models of rheumatoid arthritis and bone metastasis. Clinical trials are exploring the effects of denosumab, a fully human anti-RANKL antibody, on bone loss in patients with osteoporosis, bone metastasis, myeloma, and rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann E Kearns
- Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Exogenous tumour necrosis factor alpha induces suppression of autoimmune arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2008; 10:R38. [PMID: 18380898 PMCID: PMC3386491 DOI: 10.1186/ar2393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2008] [Revised: 03/12/2008] [Accepted: 04/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Our previous studies showed that arthritic Lewis (LEW) rats produced the highest levels of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)α in the recovery phase of adjuvant arthritis (AA), suggesting a correlation between high TNFα levels and reduced severity of arthritis. To further explore this correlation, we compared the TNFα secretion profile of the AA-resistant Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats with that of LEW rats, determined the effect of exogenous TNFα on the course of AA in LEW rats, and examined various mechanisms involved in TNFα-induced disease modulation. Methods A cohort each of LEW and WKY rats was immunised subcutaneously with heat-killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra (Mtb). At different time points thereafter, subgroups of rats were killed and their draining lymph node cells were tested for cytokine production. Another group of LEW rats was injected with TNFα intraperitoneally daily for a total of 10 injections, 3 before and 6 after Mtb challenge, and then observed for signs of AA. In parallel, TNFα-treated rats were examined for changes in other cytokines, in CD4+CD25+ T cell frequency, and in indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) mRNA expression levels. Results LEW rats displayed a TNFα secretion profile that was opposite to that of the WKY rats. Furthermore, TNFα treatment significantly downmodulated the severity of AA in LEW rats, and decreased the interferon (IFN)-γ secretion in response to the pathogenic determinant of the disease-related antigen. No significant alterations were observed in other parameters tested. Conclusion The role of endogenous TNFα in the induction and propagation of arthritis is well established. However, exogenous TNFα can downmodulate the course of AA, displaying an immunoregulatory functional attribute of this cytokine.
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Zwerina J, Redlich K, Polzer K, Joosten L, Krönke G, Distler J, Hess A, Pundt N, Pap T, Hoffmann O, Gasser J, Scheinecker C, Smolen JS, van den Berg W, Schett G. TNF-induced structural joint damage is mediated by IL-1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:11742-7. [PMID: 17609389 PMCID: PMC1913858 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0610812104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Blocking TNF effectively inhibits inflammation and structural damage in human rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, so far it is unclear whether the effect of TNF is a direct one or indirect on up-regulation of other mediators. IL-1 may be one of these candidates because it has a central role in animal models of arthritis, and inhibition of IL-1 is used as a therapy of human RA. We removed the effects of IL-1 from a TNF-mediated inflammatory joint disease by crossing IL-1alpha and beta-deficient mice (IL-1-/-) with arthritic human TNF-transgenic (hTNFtg) mice. Development of synovial inflammation was almost unaffected on IL-1 deficiency, but bone erosion and osteoclast formation were significantly reduced in IL-1-/-hTNFtg mice, compared with hTNFtg mice based on an intrinsic differentiation defect of IL-1-deficient monocytes. Most dramatically, however, cartilage damage was absent in IL-1-/-hTNFtg mice. Chimera studies revealed that protection of cartilage is based on the loss of IL-1 on hematopoietic, but not mesenchymal, cells, leading to decreased expression of ADAMTS-5 and MMP-3. These data show that TNF-mediated cartilage damage is completely and TNF-mediated bone damage is partially dependent on IL-1, suggesting that IL-1 is a crucial mediator for inflammatory cartilage and bone degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Zwerina
- *Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kurt Redlich
- *Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Karin Polzer
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Leo Joosten
- Rheumatology Research and Advanced Therapeutics and Departments of Rheumatology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Gerhard Krönke
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Joerg Distler
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Hess
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Noreen Pundt
- Division of Molecular Medicine of Musculoskeletal Tissue, University Hospital Muenster, 48129 Muenster, Germany
| | - Thomas Pap
- Division of Molecular Medicine of Musculoskeletal Tissue, University Hospital Muenster, 48129 Muenster, Germany
| | - Oskar Hoffmann
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, A-1010 Vienna, Austria; and
| | - Juerg Gasser
- **Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Clemens Scheinecker
- *Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Josef S. Smolen
- *Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Wim van den Berg
- Rheumatology Research and Advanced Therapeutics and Departments of Rheumatology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Georg Schett
- *Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Samadfam R, Xia Q, Goltzman D. Pretreatment with anticatabolic agents blunts but does not eliminate the skeletal anabolic response to parathyroid hormone in oophorectomized mice. Endocrinology 2007; 148:2778-87. [PMID: 17379647 DOI: 10.1210/en.2006-1475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have indicated that bisphosphonate pretreatment can inhibit the anabolic actions of PTH. We examined the capacity of two anticatabolic agents with different mechanisms of action, alendronate and osteoprotegerin (OPG), to influence the anabolic activity of PTH. Oophorectomized mice were pretreated for 30 d with alendronate or OPG and then treated for 30 d with the respective anticatabolic alone or the respective anticatabolic plus PTH(1-34). Bones were analyzed by bone mineral density (BMD), microcomputed tomography, histology and histomorphometry, and biochemical bone markers. OPG pretreatment produced a greater inhibition of bone turnover and a greater increase in bone than alendronate. Increases in bone were sustained during subsequent treatment with vehicle or continued administration of the anticatabolic. Pretreatment with each anticatabolic blunted the capacity of PTH to increase BMD and bone volume and continued treatment with each anticatabolic agent also reduced the effectiveness of PTH. Although both anticatabolics decreased the maximal PTH effect, BMD and bone volume increased more when PTH was added than when only anticatabolics were used. These results demonstrate that mechanistically distinct anticatabolics may reduce PTH efficacy, that the characteristics of this inhibition may reflect the different modes of action of the anticatabolics, but that the addition of PTH still provides a skeletal benefit even if the anabolic effect is submaximal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Samadfam
- Calcium Research Laboratory and Department of Medicine, University Health Centre, McGill University, 687 Pine Avenue, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Abstract
Inflammatory synovitis induces profound bone loss and OCLs are the instrument of this destruction. TNF blockers have an established role in the prevention of inflammatory bone loss in RA; however, not all patients respond to anti-TNF therapy and side effects may prevent long-term treatment in others. The B-cell--depleting antibody rituximab and the T-cell costimulation blocker abatacept are emerging as major treatment options for patients who are resistant to anti-TNF [96,97]. Proof-of-concept studies demonstrate that targeting RANK-mediated osteoclastogenesis prevents inflammatory bone loss and clinical application has only just begun. The efficacy of RANKL inhibition has been witnessed in trials of Denosumab, and RANKL-neutralizing antibodies are likely to become the treatment of choice for blocking RANKL in RA [77,78]. A major limitation of RANKL antagonism is that it does not treat synovitis. Therefore, anti-RANKL therapy most likely will be used in the context of MTX therapy. There is uncertainty about the possible extraskeletal adverse effects of long-term effects of long-term RANKL blockade. In particular, anti-RANKL therapy could jeopardize dendritic cell function or survival. The demonstrable role of OCLs in inflammation-induced bone loss also invites a reconsideration of the new BPs for bone protection [98]. Studies of ZA in preclinical models indicate that bone protection is comparable to that afforded by OPG. One possible caveat is that intravenous BPs are linked to jaw osteonecrosis [99], although the incidence is confined mainly to intensive treatment in the oncology setting. Although pulsed PTH stimulated bone formation in arthritic models, it has yet to be proven clinically in the context of powerful OCL inhibition with TNF or RANKL antagonists. With strategies that normalize OCL numbers, clinicians are poised to accomplish effective prevention of inflammation-induced bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evange Romas
- The University of Melbourne, St. Vincent's Hospital, 41 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy, 3065, Australia.
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Miyazaki T, Yamamoto S, Tanaka S. Molecular mechanism of bone destruction in rheumatoid arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.2217/17460816.2.1.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Zwerina J, Tuerk B, Redlich K, Smolen JS, Schett G. Imbalance of local bone metabolism in inflammatory arthritis and its reversal upon tumor necrosis factor blockade: direct analysis of bone turnover in murine arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2007; 8:R22. [PMID: 16507121 PMCID: PMC1526585 DOI: 10.1186/ar1872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2005] [Revised: 10/18/2005] [Accepted: 11/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic arthritis typically leads to loss of periarticular bone, which results from an imbalance between bone formation and bone resorption. Recent research has focused on the role of osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption in arthritis. Bone resorption cannot be observed isolated, however, since it is closely linked to bone formation and altered bone formation may also affect inflammatory bone loss. To simultaneously assess bone resorption and bone formation in inflammatory arthritis, we developed a histological technique that allows visualization of osteoblast function by in-situ hybridization for osteocalcin and osteoclast function by histochemistry for tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase. Paw sections from human tumor necrosis factor transgenic mice, which develop an erosive arthritis, were analyzed at three different skeletal sites: subchondral bone erosions, adjacent cortical bone channels, and endosteal regions distant from bone erosions. In subchondral bone erosions, osteoclasts were far more common than osteoblasts. In contrast, cortical bone channels underneath subchondral bone erosions showed an accumulation of osteoclasts but also of functional osteoblasts resembling a status of high bone turnover. In contrast, more distant skeletal sites showed only very low bone turnover with few scattered osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Within subchondral bone erosions, osteoclasts populated the subchondral as well as the inner wall, whereas osteoblasts were almost exclusively found along the cortical surface. Blockade of tumor necrosis factor reversed the negative balance of bone turnover, leading to a reduction of osteoclast numbers and enhanced osteoblast numbers, whereas the blockade of osteoclastogenesis by osteoprotegerin also abrogated the osteoblastic response. These data indicate that bone resorption dominates at skeletal sites close to synovial inflammatory tissue, whereas bone formation is induced at more distant sites attempting to counter-regulate bone resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Zwerina
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Birgit Tuerk
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Kurt Redlich
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Josef S Smolen
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Schett
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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Kim HKW, Morgan-Bagley S, Kostenuik P. RANKL inhibition: a novel strategy to decrease femoral head deformity after ischemic osteonecrosis. J Bone Miner Res 2006; 21:1946-54. [PMID: 17002576 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.060905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED A novel therapeutic strategy to decrease the development of femoral head deformity after ischemic osteonecrosis was studied in a large animal model of total head infarction. RANKL inhibition through exogenous osteoprotegerin administration significantly decreased pathologic bone resorption and deformity during repair of the infarcted head. INTRODUCTION Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease (LCPD) is a juvenile form of osteonecrosis of the femoral head that can produce permanent femoral head deformity (FHD) and premature osteoarthritis. The development of FHD in LCPD is closely associated with the repair process, characterized by a predominance of bone resorption in its early stage that produces a fragmented appearance and collapse of the femoral head. We present here a novel strategy to preserve the femoral head structure after ischemic osteonecrosis based on inhibition of interaction between RANK and RANKL using exogenous administration of osteoprotegerin (OPG-Fc) in a large animal model of ischemic osteonecrosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ischemic osteonecrosis was surgically induced in 18 male piglets by placing a ligature tightly around the right femoral neck to disrupt the blood flow to the right femoral head. Two weeks after the induction of total head infarction, OPG-Fc or saline was administered subcutaneously to nine animals per group for 6 weeks. The contralateral, normal (left) femoral heads from the animals treated with saline served as normal, nondisease controls. All animals were killed at 8 weeks when severe FHD has been previously shown to occur because of the repair process dominated by osteoclastic bone resorption. Radiographic, histomorphometric, and immunohistochemical assessments were performed. RESULTS Radiographic assessment showed significantly better preservation of the femoral head structure in the OPG-Fc group compared with the saline group. Epiphyseal quotient (the ratio of epiphyseal height to diameter) was significantly higher in the OPG-Fc group (0.41 +/- 0.09) compared with the saline group (0.24 +/- 0.08, p < 0.001). Histomorphometric assessment revealed a significant reduction in the number of osteoclasts present in the OPG-Fc group (5.9 +/- 5.3mm(-2)) compared with the saline group (39.6 +/- 13.8 mm(-2), p < 0.001). Trabecular bone volume, number, and separation were significantly better preserved in the OPG-Fc group compared with the saline group (p < 0.001). No significant difference in femoral length was observed between the OPG-Fc and saline groups. Immunostaining revealed the presence of OPG-Fc only within the blood vessels, with no apparent staining of bone matrix or trabecular bone surfaces. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first study to show that RANKL inhibition decreases bone resorption and FHD after ischemic osteonecrosis. Because RANKL inhibitors do not bind to bone, their effects on resorption are reversible as the drug is cleared from circulation. The reversible nature of RANKL inhibitors is very appealing for treating pediatric bone diseases such as LCPD, where the resorptive stage of the disease lasts for 1-2 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry K W Kim
- Center for Research in Skeletal Development and Pediatric Orthopaedics, Shriners Hospitals for Children, FL 33612, USA.
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Neumann E, Gay S, Müller-Ladner U. The RANK/RANKL/osteoprotegerin system in rheumatoid arthritis: New insights from animal models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 52:2960-7. [PMID: 16200575 DOI: 10.1002/art.21361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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