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Stylianaki EA, Mouchlis VD, Magkrioti C, Papavasileiou KD, Afantitis A, Matralis AN, Aidinis V. Identification of two novel chemical classes of Autotaxin (ATX) inhibitors using Enalos Asclepios KNIME nodes. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2024; 103:129690. [PMID: 38447786 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2024.129690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Autotaxin is a secreted lysophospholipase D which is a member of the ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family converting extracellular lysophosphatidylcholine and other non-choline lysophospholipids, such as lysophosphatidylethanolamine and lysophosphatidylserine, to the lipid mediator lysophosphatidic acid. Autotaxin is implicated in various fibroproliferative diseases including interstitial lung diseases, such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and hepatic fibrosis, as well as in cancer. In this study, we present an effort of identifying ATX inhibitors that bind to allosteric ATX binding sites using the Enalos Asclepios KNIME Node. All the available PDB crystal structures of ATX were collected, prepared, and aligned. Visual examination of these structures led to the identification of four crystal structures of human ATX co-crystallized with four known inhibitors. These inhibitors bind to five binding sites with five different binding modes. These five binding sites were thereafter used to virtually screen a compound library of 14,000 compounds to identify molecules that bind to allosteric sites. Based on the binding mode and interactions, the docking score, and the frequency that a compound comes up as a top-ranked among the five binding sites, 24 compounds were selected for in vitro testing. Finally, two compounds emerged with inhibitory activity against ATX in the low micromolar range, while their mode of inhibition and binding pattern were also studied. The two derivatives identified herein can serve as "hits" towards developing novel classes of ATX allosteric inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Varnavas D Mouchlis
- Department of ChemoInformatics, Novamechanics Ltd., Nicosia 1070, Cyprus; Department of Chemoinformatics, Novamechanics MIKE, Piraeus 18545, Greece; Division of Data Driven Innovation, Entelos Institute, Larnaca 6059, Cyprus
| | | | | | - Antreas Afantitis
- Department of ChemoInformatics, Novamechanics Ltd., Nicosia 1070, Cyprus; Department of Chemoinformatics, Novamechanics MIKE, Piraeus 18545, Greece; Division of Data Driven Innovation, Entelos Institute, Larnaca 6059, Cyprus.
| | - Alexios N Matralis
- Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", 16672 Vari, Greece.
| | - Vassilis Aidinis
- Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", 16672 Vari, Greece.
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2
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Collie GW, Clark MA, Keefe AD, Madin A, Read JA, Rivers EL, Zhang Y. Screening Ultra-Large Encoded Compound Libraries Leads to Novel Protein-Ligand Interactions and High Selectivity. J Med Chem 2024; 67:864-884. [PMID: 38197367 PMCID: PMC10823476 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
The DNA-encoded library (DEL) discovery platform has emerged as a powerful technology for hit identification in recent years. It has become one of the major parallel workstreams for small molecule drug discovery along with other strategies such as HTS and data mining. For many researchers working in the DEL field, it has become increasingly evident that many hits and leads discovered via DEL screening bind to target proteins with unique and unprecedented binding modes. This Perspective is our attempt to analyze reports of DEL screening with the purpose of providing a rigorous and useful account of the binding modes observed for DEL-derived ligands with a focus on binding mode novelty.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ying Zhang
- X-Chem,
Inc., Waltham, Massachusetts 02453, United States
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3
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Song K, Sun H, Tu B, Zhou Y, Lin LC, Liu ZY, Li R, Yang JJ, Zhang Y, Zhao JY, Tao H. WTAP boosts lipid oxidation and induces diabetic cardiac fibrosis by enhancing AR methylation. iScience 2023; 26:107931. [PMID: 37810250 PMCID: PMC10558737 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated lipid metabolism occurs in pathological processes characterized by cell proliferation and migration. Nonetheless, the mechanism of increased mitochondrial lipid oxidation is poorly appreciated in diabetic cardiac fibrosis, which is accompanied by enhanced fibroblast proliferation and migration. Herein, increased WTAP expression promotes cardiac fibroblast proliferation and migration, contributing to diabetic cardiac fibrosis. Knockdown of WTAP suppresses mitochondrial lipid oxidation, fibroblast proliferation and migration to ameliorate diabetic cardiac fibrosis. Mechanistically, WTAP-mediated m6A methylation of AR induced its degradation, dependent on YTHDF2. Additionally, AR directly interacts with mitochondrial lipid oxidation enzyme Decr1; overexpression of AR-suppressed Decr1-mediates mitochondrial lipid oxidation, inhibiting cardiac fibroblast proliferation and migration. Knockdown of AR produced the opposite effect. Clinically, increased WTAP and YTHDF2 levels correlate with decreased AR expression in human DCM heart tissue. We describe a mechanism wherein WTAP boosts higher mitochondrial lipid oxidation, cardiac fibroblast proliferation, and migration by enhancing AR methylation in a YTHDF2-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Song
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - He Sun
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Bin Tu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Li-Chan Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Zhi-Yan Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Jing-Jing Yang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Jian-Yuan Zhao
- Institute for Developmental and Regenerative Cardiovascular Medicine, MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Hui Tao
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230601, China
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Chen Y, Zhou J, Xu S, Nie J. Role of Interleukin-6 Family Cytokines in Organ Fibrosis. KIDNEY DISEASES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 9:239-253. [PMID: 37900004 PMCID: PMC10601952 DOI: 10.1159/000530288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Background Organ fibrosis remains an important cause of high incidence rate and mortality worldwide. The prominent role of interleukin-6 (IL-6) family members represented by IL-6 in inflammation has been extensively studied, and drugs targeting IL-6 have been used clinically. Because of the close relationship between inflammation and fibrosis, researches on the role of IL-6 family members in organ fibrosis are also gradually emerging. Summary In this review, we systematically reviewed the role of IL-6 family members in fibrosis and their possible mechanisms. We listed the role of IL-6 family members in organ fibrosis and drew two diagrams to illustrate the downstream signal transductions of IL-6 family members. We also summarized the effect of some IL-6 family members' antagonists in a table. Key Messages Fibrosis contributes to organ structure damage, organ dysfunction, and eventually organ failure. Although IL-6 family cytokines have similar downstream signal pathways, different members play various roles in an organ-specific manner which might be partly due to their different target cell populations. The pathogenic role of individual member in various diseases needs to be deciphered carefully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaxin Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shihui Xu
- Department of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Nie
- Department of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Colic J, Campochiaro C, Hughes M, Matucci Cerinic M, Dagna L. Investigational drugs for the treatment of scleroderma: what's new? Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2023; 32:601-614. [PMID: 37526079 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2023.2242762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an orphan, chronic, autoimmune, fibrotic disease with unknown etiology characterized by progressive fibrosis of the skin and internal organs. SSc has the highest mortality, the deadliest among the connective tissue diseases, despite the introduction of new treatment options in the past decades. AREAS COVERED The aim of the current systematic review was to investigate new targeted therapy and their impact on disease progression, mainly focusing on phase I and II clinical trials within the past three years. EXPERT OPINION Despite recent groundbreaking advancements in understanding SSc pathophysiology, early diagnosis and early introduction of effective targeted treatments within the optimal window of opportunity to prevent irreversible disease damage still represents a significant clinical challenge. Ongoing significant research for new molecular and epigenetics pathways is of fundamental importance to offer new perspectives on disease phenotype and for the development of personalized treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Colic
- Department of Rheumatology, Institute of Rheumatology, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Corrado Campochiaro
- Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milano, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milano, Italy
| | - Michael Hughes
- Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, England
| | - Marco Matucci Cerinic
- Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milano, Italy
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi (AOUC) and Denothe Centre, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Dagna
- Unit of Immunology, Rheumatology, Allergy and Rare Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milano, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milano, Italy
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6
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Cruz-Soca M, Faundez-Contreras J, Córdova-Casanova A, Gallardo FS, Bock-Pereda A, Chun J, Casar JC, Brandan E. Activation of skeletal muscle FAPs by LPA requires the Hippo signaling via the FAK pathway. Matrix Biol 2023; 119:57-81. [PMID: 37137584 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2023.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a lysophospholipid that signals through six G-protein coupled receptors (LPARs), LPA1 to LPA6. LPA has been described as a potent modulator of fibrosis in different pathologies. In skeletal muscle, LPA increases fibrosis-related proteins and the number of fibro/adipogenic progenitors (FAPs). FAPs are the primary source of ECM-secreting myofibroblasts in acute and chronic damage. However, the effect of LPA on FAPs activation in vitro has not been explored. This study aimed to investigate FAPs' response to LPA and the downstream signaling mediators involved. Here, we demonstrated that LPA mediates FAPs activation by increasing their proliferation, expression of myofibroblasts markers, and upregulation of fibrosis-related proteins. Pretreatment with the LPA1/LPA3 antagonist Ki16425 or genetic deletion of LPA1 attenuated the LPA-induced FAPs activation, resulting in decreased expression of cyclin e1, α-SMA, and fibronectin. We also evaluated the activation of the focal adhesion kinase (FAK) in response to LPA. Our results showed that LPA induces FAK phosphorylation in FAPs. Treatment with the P-FAK inhibitor PF-228 partially prevented the induction of cell responses involved in FAPs activation, suggesting that this pathway mediates LPA signaling. FAK activation controls downstream cell signaling within the cytoplasm, such as the Hippo pathway. LPA induced the dephosphorylation of the transcriptional coactivator YAP (Yes-associated protein) and promoted direct expression of target pathway genes such as Ctgf/Ccn2 and Ccn1. The blockage of YAP transcriptional activity with Super-TDU further confirmed the role of YAP in LPA-induced FAPs activation. Finally, we demonstrated that FAK is required for LPA-dependent YAP dephosphorylation and the induction of Hippo pathway target genes. In conclusion, LPA signals through LPA1 to regulate FAPs activation by activating FAK to control the Hippo pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meilyn Cruz-Soca
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330025, Chile; Centro Científico y Tecnológico de Excelencia Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jennifer Faundez-Contreras
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330025, Chile; Centro Científico y Tecnológico de Excelencia Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile
| | - Adriana Córdova-Casanova
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330025, Chile; Centro Científico y Tecnológico de Excelencia Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe S Gallardo
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330025, Chile; Centro Científico y Tecnológico de Excelencia Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexia Bock-Pereda
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330025, Chile; Centro Científico y Tecnológico de Excelencia Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jerold Chun
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Juan Carlos Casar
- Departamento de Neurología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Enrique Brandan
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330025, Chile; Centro Científico y Tecnológico de Excelencia Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile; Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile.
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7
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Dacheux MA, Norman DD, Tigyi GJ, Lee SC. Emerging roles of lysophosphatidic acid receptor subtype 5 (LPAR5) in inflammatory diseases and cancer. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 245:108414. [PMID: 37061203 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive lipid mediator that regulates a variety of cellular functions such as cell proliferation, migration, survival, calcium mobilization, cytoskeletal rearrangements, and neurite retraction. The biological actions of LPA are mediated by at least six G protein-coupled receptors known as LPAR1-6. Given that LPAR1-3 were among the first LPARs identified, the majority of research efforts have focused on understanding their biology. This review provides an in-depth discussion of LPAR5, which has recently emerged as a key player in regulating normal intestinal homeostasis and modulating pathological conditions such as pain, itch, inflammatory diseases, and cancer. We also present a chronological overview of the efforts made to develop compounds that target LPAR5 for use as tool compounds to probe or validate LPAR5 biology and therapeutic agents for the treatment of inflammatory diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie A Dacheux
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Derek D Norman
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Gábor J Tigyi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Sue Chin Lee
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center (UTHSC), Memphis, TN, United States of America.
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Stylianaki EA, Magkrioti C, Ladopoulou EM, Papavasileiou KD, Lagarias P, Melagraki G, Samiotaki M, Panayotou G, Dedos SG, Afantitis A, Aidinis V, Matralis AN. "Hit" to lead optimization and chemoinformatic studies for a new series of Autotaxin inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 249:115130. [PMID: 36702053 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Robust experimental evidence has highlighted the role of Autotaxin (ATX)/Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) axis not only in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory conditions and especially in fibroproliferative diseases but also in several types of cancer. As a result, different series of substrate-, lipid-based and small-molecule ATX inhibitors have been identified thus far by both academia and pharma. The "crowning achievement" of these drug discovery campaigns was the development and entry of the first-in-class ATX inhibitor (ziritaxestat, GLPG-1690) in advanced clinical trials against idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Herein, the potency optimization efforts of a new series of Autotaxin inhibitors, namely 2-substituted-2,6-dihydro-4H-thieno[3,4-c]pyrazol-1-substituted amide, is described using a previously identified novel chemical scaffold as a "hit". The mode of inhibition of the most promising ATX inhibitors was investigated, while their cellular activity, aqueous solubility and cytotoxicity were evaluated. Our pharmacological results were corroborated by chemoinformatic tools (molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations) deployed, to provide insight into the binding mechanism of the synthesized inhibitors to ATX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elli-Anna Stylianaki
- Bioinnovation Institute, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming, Athens, Greece
| | - Christiana Magkrioti
- Bioinnovation Institute, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni M Ladopoulou
- Bioinnovation Institute, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming, Athens, Greece; Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Georgia Melagraki
- Division of Physical Sciences and Applications, Hellenic Military Academy, Vari, Greece
| | - Martina Samiotaki
- Bioinnovation Institute, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming, Athens, Greece
| | - George Panayotou
- Bioinnovation Institute, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming, Athens, Greece
| | - Skarlatos G Dedos
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, Athens, Greece
| | - Antreas Afantitis
- NovaMechanics Ltd, Larnaca, Cyprus; NovaMechanics MIKE, Piraeus, Greece.
| | - Vassilis Aidinis
- Bioinnovation Institute, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming, Athens, Greece.
| | - Alexios N Matralis
- Bioinnovation Institute, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming, Athens, Greece.
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9
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Bhattarai S, Subedi U, Manikandan S, Sharma S, Sharma P, Miller C, Bhuiyan MS, Kidambi S, Aidinis V, Sun H, Miriyala S, Panchatcharam M. Endothelial Specific Deletion of Autotaxin Improves Stroke Outcomes. Cells 2023; 12:511. [PMID: 36766854 PMCID: PMC9914107 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is an extracellular secretory enzyme (lysophospholipase D) that catalyzes the hydrolysis of lysophosphatidyl choline to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). The ATX-LPA axis is a well-known pathological mediator of liver fibrosis, metastasis in cancer, pulmonary fibrosis, atherosclerosis, and neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, it is believed that LPA may cause vascular permeability. In ischemic stroke, vascular permeability leading to hemorrhagic transformation is a major limitation for therapies and an obstacle to stroke management. Therefore, in this study, we generated an endothelial-specific ATX deletion in mice (ERT2 ATX-/-) to observe stroke outcomes in a mouse stroke model to analyze the role of endothelial ATX. The AR2 probe and Evans Blue staining were used to perform the ATX activity and vascular permeability assays, respectively. Laser speckle imaging was used to observe the cerebral blood flow following stroke. In this study, we observed that stroke outcomes were alleviated with the endothelial deletion of ATX. Permeability and infarct volume were reduced in ERT2 ATX-/- mice compared to ischemia-reperfusion (I/R)-only mice. In addition, the cerebral blood flow was retained in ERT2 ATX-/- compared to I/R mice. The outcomes in the stroke model are alleviated due to the limited LPA concentration, reduced ATX concentration, and ATX activity in ERT2 ATX-/- mice. This study suggests that endothelial-specific ATX leads to increased LPA in the brain vasculature following ischemic-reperfusion and ultimately disrupts vascular permeability, resulting in adverse stroke outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susmita Bhattarai
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
| | - Utsab Subedi
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
| | - Shrivats Manikandan
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
| | - Sudha Sharma
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
| | - Papori Sharma
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
| | - Chloe Miller
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
| | - Md Shenuarin Bhuiyan
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
| | - Srivatsan Kidambi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NB 68588, USA
| | - Vassilis Aidinis
- Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, 16672 Athens, Greece
| | - Hong Sun
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
| | - Sumitra Miriyala
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
| | - Manikandan Panchatcharam
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA
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10
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Salgado-Polo F, Borza R, Matsoukas MT, Marsais F, Jagerschmidt C, Waeckel L, Moolenaar WH, Ford P, Heckmann B, Perrakis A. Autotaxin facilitates selective LPA receptor signaling. Cell Chem Biol 2023; 30:69-84.e14. [PMID: 36640760 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2022.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX; ENPP2) produces the lipid mediator lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) that signals through disparate EDG (LPA1-3) and P2Y (LPA4-6) G protein-coupled receptors. ATX/LPA promotes several (patho)physiological processes, including in pulmonary fibrosis, thus serving as an attractive drug target. However, it remains unclear if clinical outcome depends on how different types of ATX inhibitors modulate the ATX/LPA signaling axis. Here, we show that the ATX "tunnel" is crucial for conferring key aspects of ATX/LPA signaling and dictates cellular responses independent of ATX catalytic activity, with a preference for activation of P2Y LPA receptors. The efficacy of the ATX/LPA signaling responses are abrogated more efficiently by tunnel-binding inhibitors, such as ziritaxestat (GLPG1690), compared with inhibitors that exclusively target the active site, as shown in primary lung fibroblasts and a murine model of radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Our results uncover a receptor-selective signaling mechanism for ATX, implying clinical benefit for tunnel-targeting ATX inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Salgado-Polo
- Division of Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, 3521 AL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Razvan Borza
- Division of Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, 3521 AL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Florence Marsais
- Galapagos SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | | | - Ludovic Waeckel
- Galapagos SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Wouter H Moolenaar
- Division of Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Paul Ford
- Galapagos NV, Generaal De Wittelaan L11 A3, 2800 Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Bertrand Heckmann
- Galapagos SASU, 102 Avenue Gaston Roussel, 93230 Romainville, France
| | - Anastassis Perrakis
- Division of Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Oncode Institute, 3521 AL Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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11
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Tsuchida Y, Shoda H, Sawada T, Fujio K. Role of autotaxin in systemic lupus erythematosus. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1166343. [PMID: 37122329 PMCID: PMC10130763 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1166343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a prototypic systemic autoimmune disease characterized by the production of various autoantibodies and deposition of immune complexes. SLE is a heterogenous disease, and the pattern of organ involvement and response to treatment differs significantly among patients. Novel biological markers are necessary to assess the extent of organ involvement and predict treatment response in SLE. Lysophosphatidic acid is a lysophospholipid involved in various biological processes, and autotaxin (ATX), which catalyzes the production of lysophosphatidic acid in the extracellular space, has gained attention in various diseases as a potential biomarker. The concentration of ATX is increased in the serum and urine of patients with SLE and lupus nephritis. Recent evidence suggests that ATX produced by plasmacytoid dendritic cells may play an important role in the immune system and pathogenesis of SLE. Furthermore, the production of ATX is associated with type I interferons, a key cytokine in SLE pathogenesis, and ATX may be a potential biomarker and key molecule in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Tsuchida
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Yumi Tsuchida,
| | - Hirofumi Shoda
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Sawada
- Department of Rheumatology, Tokyo Medical University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keishi Fujio
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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12
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Huang L, Qian W, Xu Y, Guo Z, Yin Y, Guo F, Zhu W, Li Y. Mesenteric Adipose Tissue Contributes to Intestinal Fibrosis in Crohn's Disease Through the ATX-LPA Axis. J Crohns Colitis 2022; 16:1124-1139. [PMID: 35104318 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjac017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Intestinal fibrostenosis is an important cause of surgical intervention in patients with Crohn's disease [CD]. Hypertrophic mesenteric adipose tissue [MAT] is associated with the disease process of CD. The purpose of this study was to investigate the contribution of MAT to intestinal fibrosis. METHODS MAT from surgical specimens of fibrostenotic CD patients and controls was collected for measurement of the levels of autotaxin [ATX] and lysophosphatidic acid [LPA]. ATX was inhibited in vivo in DNBS [dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid]-induced colitis mice, which were evaluated for colonic inflammation and fibrosis. 3T3-L1 cells and primary colonic fibroblasts were used in vitro to investigate the interaction between MAT and intestinal fibrosis, as well as the molecular mechanism underlying this interaction. RESULTS MAT adjacent to the fibrostenotic intestine in CD patients showed an activated ATX-LPA axis. An in vivo study indicated that inhibition of ATX was associated with the improvement of morphology and function of diseased MAT, which was combined with ameliorated intestinal inflammation and fibrosis in DNBS-instilled mice. In vitro studies showed that hypoxia stimulated adipocyte ATX expression and that LPA stabilized adipocyte HIF-1α protein, forming an ATX-LPA-HIF-1α amplification loop and aggravating adipocyte dysfunction. LPA secreted by adipocytes bound to LPA1 on the surface of fibroblasts, promoted their proliferation and differentiation, and increased the expression of fibrosis-related factors. CONCLUSIONS The ATX-LPA axis regulated intestinal fibrosis by influencing the proliferation and differentiation of intestinal fibroblasts. Inhibiting this axis may be a therapeutic target for intestinal fibrosis in CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangyu Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wenwei Qian
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yihan Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhen Guo
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yi Yin
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Feilong Guo
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Weiming Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
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13
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Kalamatianos T, Drosos E, Magkrioti C, Nikitopoulou I, Koutsarnakis C, Kotanidou A, Paraskevas GP, Aidinis V, Stranjalis G. Autotaxin Activity in Chronic Subdural Hematoma: A Prospective Clinical Study. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12081865. [PMID: 36010216 PMCID: PMC9406550 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12081865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is the ectoenzyme producing the bulk of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) in circulation. ATX and LPA-mediated signaling (the ATX-LPA axis) play critical roles in the vascular and nervous system development. In adults, this axis contributes to diverse processes, including coagulation, inflammation, fibroproliferation and angiogenesis under physiological and/or pathophysiological conditions. Given evidence implicating several of these processes in chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) pathogenesis and development, we assessed ATX activity in CSDH patients. Twenty-eight patients were recruited. Blood and hematoma fluid were collected. Enzymatic assays were used to establish serum and hematoma ATX activity. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to establish hematoma beta trace (BT) levels, a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) marker, in a hematoma. ATX activity was nearly three folds higher in hematoma compared to serum (P < 0.001). There was no significant correlation between BT levels and ATX activity in a hematoma. The present results show, for the first time, that ATX is catalytically active in the hematoma fluid of CSDH patients. Moreover, our findings of significantly elevated ATX activity in hematoma compared to serum, implicate the ATX-LPA axis in CSDH pathophysiology. The CSF origin of ATX could not be inferred with the present results. Additional research is warranted to establish the significance of the ATX-LPA axis in CSDH and its potential as a biomarker and/or therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodosis Kalamatianos
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Evaggelismos General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 106 76 Athens, Greece; (E.D.); (C.K.); (G.S.)
- Hellenic Centre for Neurosurgery Research, “Professor Petros S. Kokkalis”, 106 75 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence:
| | - Evangelos Drosos
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Evaggelismos General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 106 76 Athens, Greece; (E.D.); (C.K.); (G.S.)
| | - Christiana Magkrioti
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, 166 72 Athens, Greece; (C.M.); (V.A.)
| | - Ioanna Nikitopoulou
- GP Livanos and M Simou Laboratories, 1st Department of Critical Care & Pulmonary Services, School of Medicine, Evaggelismos General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 106 76 Athens, Greece;
| | - Christos Koutsarnakis
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Evaggelismos General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 106 76 Athens, Greece; (E.D.); (C.K.); (G.S.)
| | - Anastasia Kotanidou
- 1st Department of Critical Care & Pulmonary Services, School of Medicine, Evaggelismos General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 106 76 Athens, Greece;
| | - George P. Paraskevas
- 2nd Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, “Attikon” General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 124 62 Athens, Greece;
| | - Vassilis Aidinis
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, 166 72 Athens, Greece; (C.M.); (V.A.)
| | - George Stranjalis
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Evaggelismos General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 106 76 Athens, Greece; (E.D.); (C.K.); (G.S.)
- Hellenic Centre for Neurosurgery Research, “Professor Petros S. Kokkalis”, 106 75 Athens, Greece
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14
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Booijink R, Salgado-Polo F, Jamieson C, Perrakis A, Bansal R. A type IV Autotaxin inhibitor ameliorates acute liver injury and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. EMBO Mol Med 2022; 14:e16333. [PMID: 35833384 PMCID: PMC9449594 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202216333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) signaling axis is an important but rather underexplored pathway in liver disease. LPA is predominantly produced by Autotaxin (ATX) that has gained significant attention with an impressive number of ATX inhibitors (type I-IV) reported. Here, we evaluated the therapeutic potential of a (yet unexplored) type IV inhibitor, Cpd17, in liver injury. We first confirmed the involvement of the ATX-LPA signaling axis in human and murine diseased livers. Then, we evaluated the effects of Cpd17, in comparison with the classic type I inhibitor PF8380, in vitro, where Cpd17 showed higher efficacy. Thereafter, we characterized the mechanism-of-action of both inhibitors and found that Cpd17 was more potent in inhibiting RhoA-mediated cytoskeletal remodeling, and phosphorylation of MAPK/ERK and AKT/PKB. Finally, the therapeutic potential of Cpd17 was investigated in CCl4 -induced acute liver injury and diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, demonstrating an excellent potential of Cpd17 in reducing liver injury in both disease models in vivo. We conclude that ATX inhibition, by type IV inhibitor in particular, has an excellent potential for clinical application in liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richell Booijink
- Translational Liver Research, Department of Medical Cell BioPhysics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Division of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fernando Salgado-Polo
- Oncode Institute, Division of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Craig Jamieson
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Anastassis Perrakis
- Oncode Institute, Division of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ruchi Bansal
- Translational Liver Research, Department of Medical Cell BioPhysics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
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15
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Benfaremo D, Svegliati S, Paolini C, Agarbati S, Moroncini G. Systemic Sclerosis: From Pathophysiology to Novel Therapeutic Approaches. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10010163. [PMID: 35052842 PMCID: PMC8773282 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10010163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a systemic, immune-mediated chronic disorder characterized by small vessel alterations and progressive fibrosis of the skin and internal organs. The combination of a predisposing genetic background and triggering factors that causes a persistent activation of immune system at microvascular and tissue level is thought to be the pathogenetic driver of SSc. Endothelial alterations with subsequent myofibroblast activation, excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, and unrestrained tissue fibrosis are the pathogenetic steps responsible for the clinical manifestations of this disease, which can be highly heterogeneous according to the different entity of each pathogenic step in individual subjects. Although substantial progress has been made in the management of SSc in recent years, disease-modifying therapies are still lacking. Several molecular pathways involved in SSc pathogenesis are currently under evaluation as possible therapeutic targets in clinical trials. These include drugs targeting fibrotic and metabolic pathways (e.g., TGF-β, autotaxin/LPA, melanocortin, and mTOR), as well as molecules and cells involved in the persistent activation of the immune system (e.g., IL4/IL13, IL23, JAK/STAT, B cells, and plasma cells). In this review, we provide an overview of the most promising therapeutic targets that could improve the future clinical management of SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devis Benfaremo
- Clinica Medica, Department of Internal Medicine, Ospedali Riuniti “Umberto I-G.M. Lancisi-G. Salesi”, 60126 Ancona, Italy;
| | - Silvia Svegliati
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (S.S.); (C.P.); (S.A.)
| | - Chiara Paolini
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (S.S.); (C.P.); (S.A.)
| | - Silvia Agarbati
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (S.S.); (C.P.); (S.A.)
| | - Gianluca Moroncini
- Clinica Medica, Department of Internal Medicine, Ospedali Riuniti “Umberto I-G.M. Lancisi-G. Salesi”, 60126 Ancona, Italy;
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (S.S.); (C.P.); (S.A.)
- Correspondence:
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16
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Gogulska Z, Smolenska Z, Turyn J, Mika A, Zdrojewski Z. Lipid Alterations in Systemic Sclerosis. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 8:761721. [PMID: 34993231 PMCID: PMC8724564 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.761721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune disease with an elusive etiology and poor prognosis. Due to its diverse clinical presentation, a personalized approach is obligatory and needs to be based on a comprehensive biomarker panel. Therefore, particular metabolomic studies are necessary. Lipidomics addressed these issues and found disturbances in several crucial metabolic pathways. Aim of Review: The review aims to briefly summarize current knowledge related to lipid alterations in systemic sclerosis, highlight its importance, and encourage further research in this field. Key Scientific Concepts of Review: In this review, we summarized the studies on the lipidomic pattern, fatty acids, lipoproteins, cholesterol, eicosanoids, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, lysophospholipids, and sphingolipids in systemic sclerosis. Researchers demonstrated several alternate aspects of lipid metabolism. As we aimed to present our findings in a comprehensive view, we decided to divide our findings into three major groups: “serum lipoproteins,” “fatty acids and derivatives,” and “cellular membrane components,” as we do believe they play a prominent role in SSc pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzanna Gogulska
- Department of Internal Medicine, Connective Tissue Diseases and Geriatrics, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Zaneta Smolenska
- Department of Internal Medicine, Connective Tissue Diseases and Geriatrics, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jacek Turyn
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Adriana Mika
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Zdrojewski
- Department of Internal Medicine, Connective Tissue Diseases and Geriatrics, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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17
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Wang H, Long T, Zhang H, Li M, Sun Q, Zhai X, Sun L. Anti-fibrosis Attributes; UHPLC-MS/MS-Based pharmacokinetics profiling of a novel ATX inhibitor with excellent vivo efficacy in rat. Biomed Chromatogr 2021; 36:e5301. [PMID: 34928514 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
3,4-Difluorobenzyl(1-ethyl-5-(4-((4-hydroxypiperidin-1-yl)-methyl)thiazol-2-yl)-1H-indol-3-yl)carbamate (NAI59), a small molecule with outstanding therapeutic effectiveness to anti-pulmonary fibrosis, is being developed as an autotaxin inhibitor candidate compound. To evaluate the pharmacokinetics and plasma protein binding of NAI59, a UPLC-MS/MS method was developed to quantity NAI59 in plasma and phosphate-buffered saline. The calibration curve linearity ranged from 9.95 ng·mL-1 to 1990.00 ng·mL-1 in plasma. The accuracy was -6.8%-5.9%, and the intra- and inter-day precision were within 15%. The matrix effect and recovery were within the criteria, as well as dilution integrity. The chromatographic and mass spectrometric conditions were also feasible to determine PBS samples, and it's proved that this method had good precision and accuracy in the range from 9.95 ng·mL-1 to 497.50 ng·mL-1 in PBS. It's the first time to determine the pharmacokinetics, absolute bioavailability, and plasma protein binding of NAI59 in rats by this established method. As a result, the pharmacokinetic profiles of NAI59 showed a dose-dependent relationship after oral administration, and the absolute bioavailability in rats was 6.3%. In addition, the results of protein binding showed that the combining capacity of NAI59 with plasma protein attained 90% and increased with the increase of drug concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Tengfei Long
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Meng Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qi Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xin Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lixin Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
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18
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Hinchcliff M, Garcia-Milian R, Di Donato S, Dill K, Bundschuh E, Galdo FD. Cellular and Molecular Diversity in Scleroderma. Semin Immunol 2021; 58:101648. [PMID: 35940960 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2022.101648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
With the increasing armamentarium of high-throughput tools available at manageable cost, it is attractive and informative to determine the molecular underpinnings of patient heterogeneity in systemic sclerosis (SSc). Given the highly variable clinical outcomes of patients labelled with the same diagnosis, unravelling the cellular and molecular basis of disease heterogeneity will be crucial to predicting disease risk, stratifying management and ultimately informing a patient-centered precision medicine approach. Herein, we summarise the findings of the past several years in the fields of genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics that contribute to unraveling the cellular and molecular heterogeneity of SSc. Expansion of these findings and their routine integration with quantitative analysis of histopathology and imaging studies into clinical care promise to inform a scientifically driven patient-centred personalized medicine approach to SSc in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Hinchcliff
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology, USA.
| | | | - Stefano Di Donato
- Raynaud's and Scleroderma Programme, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leeds, UK
| | | | - Elizabeth Bundschuh
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology, USA
| | - Francesco Del Galdo
- Raynaud's and Scleroderma Programme, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leeds, UK.
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19
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Plasmacytoid dendritic cell activation is dependent on coordinated expression of distinct amino acid transporters. Immunity 2021; 54:2514-2530.e7. [PMID: 34717796 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Human plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are interleukin-3 (IL-3)-dependent cells implicated in autoimmunity, but the role of IL-3 in pDC biology is poorly understood. We found that IL-3-induced Janus kinase 2-dependent expression of SLC7A5 and SLC3A2, which comprise the large neutral amino acid transporter, was required for mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) nutrient sensor activation in response to toll-like receptor agonists. mTORC1 facilitated increased anabolic activity resulting in type I interferon, tumor necrosis factor, and chemokine production and the expression of the cystine transporter SLC7A11. Loss of function of these amino acid transporters synergistically blocked cytokine production by pDCs. Comparison of in vitro-activated pDCs with those from lupus nephritis lesions identified not only SLC7A5, SLC3A2, and SLC7A11 but also ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase-phosphodiesterase 2 (ENPP2) as components of a shared transcriptional signature, and ENPP2 inhibition also blocked cytokine production. Our data identify additional therapeutic targets for autoimmune diseases in which pDCs are implicated.
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20
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Structural and PK-guided identification of indole-based non-acidic autotaxin (ATX) inhibitors exhibiting high in vivo anti-fibrosis efficacy in rodent model. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 227:113951. [PMID: 34742015 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In recent decades, pharmacological targeting of the autotaxin (ATX)/lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) axis accounted for excellent disease management benefits. Herein, to extend the scope of structure-activity relationships (SARs), fifteen indole-based carbamate derivatives (1-15) were prepared to evaluate the ATX inhibitory potency. Among them, compound 4 bearing morpholine moiety was identified as the optimal ATX inhibitor (0.41 nM), superior to the positive control GLPG1690 (2.90 nM). To resolve the intractable issue of poor pharmacokinetic (PK) property, urea moiety was introduced as a surrogate of carbamate which furnished compounds 16-30. The dedicated modification identified the diethanolamine entity 30 with satisfactory water solubility and PK profiles with a minimum sacrifice of ATX inhibition (2.17 nM). The most promising candidate 30 was evaluated for anti-fibrosis effect in a bleomycin challenged mice lung fibrosis model. Upon treatment with 30, the in vivo ATX activity in both lung homogenate and broncheoalveolar fluid (BALF) sample was significantly down-regulated. Furthermore, the gene expression of pro-fibrotic cytokines transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), interleukin- 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in lung tissue was reduced to normal level. Collectively, the promising biological effects may advocate potential application of 30 in fibrosis relevant diseases.
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21
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Deng X, Salgado-Polo F, Shao T, Xiao Z, Van R, Chen J, Rong J, Haider A, Shao Y, Josephson L, Perrakis A, Liang SH. Imaging Autotaxin In Vivo with 18F-Labeled Positron Emission Tomography Ligands. J Med Chem 2021; 64:15053-15068. [PMID: 34662125 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is a secreted phosphodiesterase that has been implicated in a remarkably wide array of pathologies, especially in fibrosis and cancer. While ATX inhibitors have entered the clinical arena, a validated probe for positron emission tomography (PET) is currently lacking. With the aim to develop a suitable ATX-targeted PET radioligand, we have synthesized a focused library of fluorinated imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine derivatives, determined their inhibition constants, and confirmed their binding mode by crystallographic analysis. Based on their promising in vitro properties, compounds 9c, 9f, 9h, and 9j were radiofluorinated. Also, a deuterated analog of [18F]9j, designated as [18F]ATX-1905 ([18F]20), was designed and proved to be highly stable against in vivo radiodefluorination compared with [18F]9c, [18F]9f, [18F]9h, and [18F]9j. These results along with in vitro and in vivo studies toward ATX in a mouse model of LPS-induced liver injury suggest that [18F]ATX-1905 is a suitable PET probe for the non-invasive quantification of ATX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Deng
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Fernando Salgado-Polo
- Oncode Institute and Division of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tuo Shao
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Zhiwei Xiao
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Richard Van
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Jiahui Chen
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Jian Rong
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Ahmed Haider
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Yihan Shao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Lee Josephson
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Anastassis Perrakis
- Oncode Institute and Division of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Steven H Liang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
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22
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Helmer E, Willson A, Brearley C, Westerhof M, Delage S, Shaw I, Cooke R, Sidhu S. Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism of Ziritaxestat (GLPG1690) in Healthy Male Volunteers Following Intravenous and Oral Administration. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2021; 11:246-256. [PMID: 34633152 PMCID: PMC9292235 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.1021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ziritaxestat is a novel inhibitor of autotaxin, an enzyme responsible for the production of lysophosphatidic acid, the downstream signaling of which mediates responses to tissue injury and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of fibrotic conditions such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and systemic sclerosis. This study (Clinical Trial Registration: NCT03787186) was designed to assess the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of orally administered 600‐mg ziritaxestat labeled with a carbon‐14 tracer (14C‐ziritaxestat). To understand the absolute bioavailability of ziritaxestat, an intravenous 100‐μg microdose, labeled with a microtracer amount of 14C radiation, was administered in a separate part of the study, following an unlabeled 600‐mg therapeutic oral dose of ziritaxestat. Six healthy male subjects completed each study part. The majority of the labeled oral dose was recovered in feces (77%), with a total mass balance of 84%. The absolute bioavailability of ziritaxestat was 54%. Ziritaxestat was the main (76%) circulating drug‐related product. There were 7 treatment‐emergent adverse events, all of which were considered mild and not considered to be related to the study drug.
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Ntatsoulis K, Karampitsakos T, Tsitoura E, Stylianaki EA, Matralis AN, Tzouvelekis A, Antoniou K, Aidinis V. Commonalities Between ARDS, Pulmonary Fibrosis and COVID-19: The Potential of Autotaxin as a Therapeutic Target. Front Immunol 2021; 12:687397. [PMID: 34671341 PMCID: PMC8522582 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.687397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe COVID-19 is characterized by acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)-like hyperinflammation and endothelial dysfunction, that can lead to respiratory and multi organ failure and death. Interstitial lung diseases (ILD) and pulmonary fibrosis confer an increased risk for severe disease, while a subset of COVID-19-related ARDS surviving patients will develop a fibroproliferative response that can persist post hospitalization. Autotaxin (ATX) is a secreted lysophospholipase D, largely responsible for the extracellular production of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a pleiotropic signaling lysophospholipid with multiple effects in pulmonary and immune cells. In this review, we discuss the similarities of COVID-19, ARDS and ILDs, and suggest ATX as a possible pathologic link and a potential common therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Ntatsoulis
- Institute of Bio-Innovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, Athens, Greece
| | - Theodoros Karampitsakos
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Eliza Tsitoura
- Laboratory of Molecular & Cellular Pneumonology, Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Elli-Anna Stylianaki
- Institute of Bio-Innovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexios N. Matralis
- Institute of Bio-Innovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, Athens, Greece
| | - Argyrios Tzouvelekis
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Katerina Antoniou
- Laboratory of Molecular & Cellular Pneumonology, Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Vassilis Aidinis
- Institute of Bio-Innovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, Athens, Greece
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Increased Autotaxin Levels in Severe COVID-19, Correlating with IL-6 Levels, Endothelial Dysfunction Biomarkers, and Impaired Functions of Dendritic Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221810006. [PMID: 34576169 PMCID: PMC8469279 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX; ENPP2) is a secreted lysophospholipase D catalyzing the extracellular production of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a pleiotropic signaling phospholipid. Genetic and pharmacologic studies have previously established a pathologic role for ATX and LPA signaling in pulmonary injury, inflammation, and fibrosis. Here, increased ENPP2 mRNA levels were detected in immune cells from nasopharyngeal swab samples of COVID-19 patients, and increased ATX serum levels were found in severe COVID-19 patients. ATX serum levels correlated with the corresponding increased serum levels of IL-6 and endothelial damage biomarkers, suggesting an interplay of the ATX/LPA axis with hyperinflammation and the associated vascular dysfunction in COVID-19. Accordingly, dexamethasone (Dex) treatment of mechanically ventilated patients reduced ATX levels, as shown in two independent cohorts, indicating that the therapeutic benefits of Dex include the suppression of ATX. Moreover, large scale analysis of multiple single cell RNA sequencing datasets revealed the expression landscape of ENPP2 in COVID-19 and further suggested a role for ATX in the homeostasis of dendritic cells, which exhibit both numerical and functional deficits in COVID-19. Therefore, ATX has likely a multifunctional role in COVID-19 pathogenesis, suggesting that its pharmacological targeting might represent an additional therapeutic option, both during and after hospitalization.
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Lescoat A, Roofeh D, Kuwana M, Lafyatis R, Allanore Y, Khanna D. Therapeutic Approaches to Systemic Sclerosis: Recent Approvals and Future Candidate Therapies. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2021; 64:239-261. [PMID: 34468946 PMCID: PMC9034469 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-021-08891-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis is the rheumatic disease with the highest individual mortality. The severity of the disease is determined by the extent of fibrotic changes to cutaneous and internal organ tissues, the most life-threatening visceral manifestations being interstitial lung disease, SSc-associated-pulmonary arterial hypertension and myocardial involvement. The heterogeneity of the disease has initially hindered the design of successful clinical trials, but considerations on classification criteria have improved patient selection in trials, allowing the identification of more homogeneous groups of patients based on progressive visceral manifestations or the extent of skin involvement with a focus of patients with early disease. Two major subsets of systemic sclerosis are classically described: limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis characterized by distal skin fibrosis and the diffuse subset with distal and proximal skin thickening. Beyond this dichotomic subgrouping of systemic sclerosis, new phenotypic considerations based on antibody subtypes have provided a better understanding of the heterogeneity of the disease, anti-Scl70 antibodies being associated with progressive interstitial lung disease regardless of cutaneous involvement. Two targeted therapies, tocilizumab (a monoclonal antibody targeting interleukin-6 receptors (IL-6R)) and nintedanib (a tyrosine kinase inhibitor), have recently been approved by the American Food & Drug Administration to limit the decline of lung function in patients with SSc-associated interstitial lung disease, demonstrating that such better understanding of the disease pathogenesis with the identification of key targets can lead to therapeutic advances in the management of some visceral manifestations of the disease. This review will provide a brief overview of the pathogenesis of SSc and will present a selection of therapies recently approved or evaluated in this context. Therapies evaluated and approved in SSc-ILD will be emphasized and a review of recent phase II trials in diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis will be proposed. We will also discuss selected therapeutic pathways currently under investigation in systemic sclerosis that still lack clinical data in this context but that may show promising results in the future based on preclinical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Lescoat
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France.,Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) - UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA,Michigan Scleroderma Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - David Roofeh
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA,Michigan Scleroderma Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Masataka Kuwana
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Nippon Medical School Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Robert Lafyatis
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yannick Allanore
- INSERM U1016 and CNRS UMR8104, Institut Cochin, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Service de Rhumatologie, Hôpital Cochin, AP-HP.CUP, Paris, France
| | - Dinesh Khanna
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. .,Michigan Scleroderma Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Kinugawa Y, Uehara T, Iwaya M, Asaka S, Kobayashi S, Nakajima T, Komatsu M, Yasuo M, Yamamoto H, Ota H. IL-6 expression helps distinguish Castleman's disease from IgG4-related disease in the lung. BMC Pulm Med 2021; 21:219. [PMID: 34246246 PMCID: PMC8272341 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-021-01603-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is difficult to distinguish between multicentric Castleman’s disease (MCD) and IgG4-related lung disease (IgG4-LD), an IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) in the lung. Methods We focused on IL-6, which is elevated in MCD, to distinguish between MCD and IgG4-LD by RNAscope, a highly sensitive RNA in situ method. Six cases of MCD and four cases of IgG4-LD were selected. Results In all cases of MCD and IgG4-LD, 10 or more IgG4-positive cells were found in one high-power field. All MCD cases were inconsistent with the pathological IgG4-related comprehensive diagnostic criteria, but 2 of 6 cases had an IgG4/IgG ratio greater than 40%. In all IgG4-LD cases, histological features were consistent with the pathological IgG4-RD comprehensive diagnostic criteria. IL-6 expression was observed in all MCD and IgG4-LD cases except for one IgG4-LD biopsy. IL-6-expressing cells were mainly identified in the stroma. Sites of IL-6 expression were not characteristic and were sparse. IL-6 expression tended to be higher in MCD compared with IgG4-LD. A positive correlation was found between the IL-6 H-score and serum IL-6 level. Conclusion Differences in IL-6 expression may help distinguish between MCD and IgG4-LD. In addition, the presence of high IL-6 levels may help elucidate the pathological mechanisms of IgG4-LD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Kinugawa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Takeshi Uehara
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan.
| | - Mai Iwaya
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Shiho Asaka
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Shota Kobayashi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Nakajima
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Masamichi Komatsu
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Masanori Yasuo
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamamoto
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Ota
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan.,Department of Biomedical Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
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Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and systemic sclerosis: pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic interventions. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:5527-5542. [PMID: 34145462 PMCID: PMC8212897 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03874-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fibrotic diseases take a very heavy toll in terms of morbidity and mortality equal to or even greater than that caused by metastatic cancer. In this review, we examine the pathogenesis of fibrotic diseases, mainly addressing triggers for induction, processes that lead to progression, therapies and therapeutic trials. For the most part, we have focused on two fibrotic diseases with lung involvement, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, in which the contribution of inflammatory mechanisms may be secondary to non-immune triggers, and systemic sclerosis in which the contribution of adaptive immunity may be predominant.
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National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Project on Criteria for Clinical Trials in Chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease: IV. The 2020 Highly morbid forms report. Transplant Cell Ther 2021; 27:817-835. [PMID: 34217703 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtct.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) can be associated with significant morbidity, in part because of nonreversible fibrosis, which impacts physical functioning (eye, skin, lung manifestations) and mortality (lung, gastrointestinal manifestations). Progress in preventing severe morbidity and mortality associated with chronic GVHD is limited by a complex and incompletely understood disease biology and a lack of prognostic biomarkers. Likewise, treatment advances for highly morbid manifestations remain hindered by the absence of effective organ-specific approaches targeting "irreversible" fibrotic sequelae and difficulties in conducting clinical trials in a heterogeneous disease with small patient numbers. The purpose of this document is to identify current gaps, to outline a roadmap of research goals for highly morbid forms of chronic GVHD including advanced skin sclerosis, fasciitis, lung, ocular and gastrointestinal involvement, and to propose strategies for effective trial design. The working group made the following recommendations: (1) Phenotype chronic GVHD clinically and biologically in future cohorts, to describe the incidence, prognostic factors, mechanisms of organ damage, and clinical evolution of highly morbid conditions including long-term effects in children; (2) Conduct longitudinal multicenter studies with common definitions and research sample collections; (3) Develop new approaches for early identification and treatment of highly morbid forms of chronic GVHD, especially biologically targeted treatments, with a special focus on fibrotic changes; and (4) Establish primary endpoints for clinical trials addressing each highly morbid manifestation in relationship to the time point of intervention (early versus late). Alternative endpoints, such as lack of progression and improvement in physical functioning or quality of life, may be suitable for clinical trials in patients with highly morbid manifestations. Finally, new approaches for objective response assessment and exploration of novel trial designs for small populations are required.
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Aiello S, Casiraghi F. Lysophosphatidic Acid: Promoter of Cancer Progression and of Tumor Microenvironment Development. A Promising Target for Anticancer Therapies? Cells 2021; 10:cells10061390. [PMID: 34200030 PMCID: PMC8229068 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased expression of the enzyme autotaxin (ATX) and the consequently increased levels of its product, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), have been reported in several primary tumors. The role of LPA as a direct modulator of tumor cell functions—motility, invasion and migration capabilities as well as resistance to apoptotic death—has been recognized by numerous studies over the last two decades. Notably, evidence has recently been accumulating that shows that LPA also contributes to the development of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Indeed, LPA plays a crucial role in inducing angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis, triggering cellular glycolytic shift and stimulating intratumoral fibrosis. In addition, LPA helps tumoral cells to escape immune surveillance. Treatments that counter the TME components, in order to deprive cancer cells of their crucial support, have been emerging among the promising new anticancer therapies. This review aims to summarize the latest knowledge on how LPA influences both tumor cell functions and the TME by regulating the activity of its different elements, highlighting why and how LPA is worth considering as a molecular target for new anticancer therapies.
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30
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Lescoat A, Varga J, Matucci-Cerinic M, Khanna D. New promising drugs for the treatment of systemic sclerosis: pathogenic considerations, enhanced classifications, and personalized medicine. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2021; 30:635-652. [PMID: 33909517 PMCID: PMC8292968 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2021.1923693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Systemic sclerosis (SSc), also known as scleroderma, is a complex orphan disease characterized by early inflammatory features, vascular hyper-reactivity, and fibrosis of the skin and internal organs. Although substantial progress has been made in the understanding of the pathogenesis of SSc, there is still no disease-modifying drug that could significantly impact the natural history of the disease.Areas covered: This review discusses the rationale, preclinical evidence, first clinical eevidence,and pending issues concerning new promising therapeutic options that are under investigation in SSc. The search strategy was based on PubMed database and clinical trial.gov, highlighting recent key pathogenic aspects and phase I or II trials of investigational drugs in SSc.Expert opinion: The identification of new molecular entities that potentially impact inflammation and fibrosis may constitute promising options for a disease modifying-agent in SSc. The early combinations of antifibrotic drugs (such as pirfenidone) with immunomodulatory agents (such as mycophenolate mofetil) may also participate to achieve such a goal. A more refined stratification of patients, based on clinical features, molecular signatures, and identification of subpopulations with distinct clinical trajectories, may also improve management strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Lescoat
- Department of internal medicine, Division of rheumatology and Michigan Scleroderma Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of internal medicine, Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut De Recherche En Santé, Environnement Et Travail) - UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France
| | - John Varga
- Department of internal medicine, Division of rheumatology and Michigan Scleroderma Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Marco Matucci-Cerinic
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Dinesh Khanna
- Department of internal medicine, Division of rheumatology and Michigan Scleroderma Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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31
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Yemanyi F, Raghunathan V. Lysophosphatidic Acid and IL-6 Trans-signaling Interact via YAP/TAZ and STAT3 Signaling Pathways in Human Trabecular Meshwork Cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 61:29. [PMID: 33216119 PMCID: PMC7683860 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.13.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and soluble interleukin-6 receptor (sIL6R) are elevated in primary open angle glaucoma (POAG). LPA and IL6 modulate in response to biomechanical stimuli and converge on similar fibrotic phenotypes. Thus, we determined whether LPA and IL6 trans-signaling (IL6/sIL6R) interact via Yes-associated protein (YAP)/Transcriptional coactivator with a PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) or Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathways in human trabecular meshwork (hTM) cells. Methods Confluent primary hTM cells were serum starved for 24 hours, and treated with vehicle, LPA (20 µM), IL6 (100 ng/mL)/sIL6R (200 ng/mL), or both (LPA + IL6/sIL6R) for 24 hours, with or without a YAP inhibitor (verteporfin; 2 µM) or STAT3 inhibitor (2 µM). Expression of key receptors and ligands, signaling mediators, actomyosin machinery, cell contractility, and extracellular matrix (ECM) targets of both signaling pathways was determined by immunocytochemistry, RT-qPCR, and Western blotting. Results LPA and IL6 trans-signaling coupling overexpressed/activated receptors and ligands, glycoprotein-130, IL6, and autotaxin; signaling mediators, YAP, TAZ, Pan-TEAD, and phosphorylated STAT3 (pSTAT3); actomyosin and contractile machinery components, myosin light chain 2 (MLC2), phosphorylated MLC2, rho-associated protein kinase 1, filamentous actin, and α-smooth muscle actin; and fibrotic ECM proteins, collagen I and IV, fibronectin, laminin, cysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61, and connective tissue growth factor in hTM cells; mostly beyond LPA or IL6 trans-signaling alone. Verteporfin inhibited YAP, TAZ, and pSTAT3, with concomitant abrogation of aforementioned fibrotic targets; the STAT3 inhibitor was only partially effective. Conclusions These data suggest synergistic crosstalk between LPA and IL6 trans-signaling, mediated by YAP, TAZ, and pSTAT3. By completely inhibiting these mediators, verteporfin may be more efficacious in ameliorating LPA and/or IL6 trans-signaling–induced ocular hypertensive phenotypes in hTM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Yemanyi
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States
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Zhang X, Li M, Yin N, Zhang J. The Expression Regulation and Biological Function of Autotaxin. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040939. [PMID: 33921676 PMCID: PMC8073485 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is a secreted glycoprotein and functions as a key enzyme to produce extracellular lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). LPA interacts with at least six G protein-coupled receptors, LPAR1-6, on the cell membrane to activate various signal transduction pathways through distinct G proteins, such as Gi/0, G12/13, Gq/11, and Gs. The ATX-LPA axis plays an important role in physiological and pathological processes, including embryogenesis, obesity, and inflammation. ATX is one of the top 40 most unregulated genes in metastatic cancer, and the ATX-LPA axis is involved in the development of different types of cancers, such as colorectal cancer, ovarian cancer, breast cancer, and glioblastoma. ATX expression is under multifaceted controls at the transcription, post-transcription, and secretion levels. ATX and LPA in the tumor microenvironment not only promote cell proliferation, migration, and survival, but also increase the expression of inflammation-related circuits, which results in poor outcomes for patients with cancer. Currently, ATX is regarded as a potential cancer therapeutic target, and an increasing number of ATX inhibitors have been developed. In this review, we focus on the mechanism of ATX expression regulation and the functions of ATX in cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Junjie Zhang
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-58802137; Fax: +86-10-58807720
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33
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Romano E, Rosa I, Fioretto BS, Cerinic MM, Manetti M. The Role of Pro-fibrotic Myofibroblasts in Systemic Sclerosis: from Origin to Therapeutic Targeting. Curr Mol Med 2021; 22:209-239. [PMID: 33823766 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210325102749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc, scleroderma) is a complex connective tissue disorder characterized by multisystem clinical manifestations resulting from immune dysregulation/autoimmunity, vasculopathy and, most notably, progressive fibrosis of the skin and internal organs. In recent years, it has emerged that the main drivers of SSc-related tissue fibrosis are myofibroblasts, a type of mesenchymal cells with both the extracellular matrix-synthesizing features of fibroblasts and the cytoskeletal characteristics of contractile smooth muscle cells. The accumulation and persistent activation of pro-fibrotic myofibroblasts during SSc development and progression result into elevated mechanical stress and reduced matrix plasticity within the affected tissues and may be ascribed to a reduced susceptibility of these cells to pro-apoptotic stimuli, as well as their increased formation from tissue-resident fibroblasts or transition from different cell types. Given the crucial role of myofibroblasts in SSc pathogenesis, finding the way to inhibit myofibroblast differentiation and accumulation by targeting their formation, function and survival may represent an effective approach to hamper the fibrotic process or even halt or reverse established fibrosis. In this review, we discuss the role of myofibroblasts in SSc-related fibrosis, with a special focus on their cellular origin and the signaling pathways implicated in their formation and persistent activation. Furthermore, we provide an overview of potential therapeutic strategies targeting myofibroblasts that may be able to counteract fibrosis in this pathological condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloisa Romano
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Florence, Florence. Italy
| | - Irene Rosa
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Florence, Florence. Italy
| | - Bianca Saveria Fioretto
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Florence, Florence. Italy
| | - Marco Matucci Cerinic
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Florence, Florence. Italy
| | - Mirko Manetti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Anatomy and Histology, University of Florence, Florence. Italy
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Xu X, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Zhang X. NSun2 promotes cell migration through methylating autotaxin mRNA. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:18134-18147. [PMID: 33093178 PMCID: PMC7939462 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.012009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
NSun2 is an RNA methyltransferase introducing 5-methylcytosine into tRNAs, mRNAs, and noncoding RNAs, thereby influencing the levels or function of these RNAs. Autotaxin (ATX) is a secreted glycoprotein and is recognized as a key factor in converting lysophosphatidylcholine into lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). The ATX-LPA axis exerts multiple biological effects in cell survival, migration, proliferation, and differentiation. Here, we show that NSun2 is involved in the regulation of cell migration through methylating ATX mRNA. In the human glioma cell line U87, knockdown of NSun2 decreased ATX protein levels, whereas overexpression of NSun2 elevated ATX protein levels. However, neither overexpression nor knockdown of NSun2 altered ATX mRNA levels. Further studies revealed that NSun2 methylated the 3'-UTR of ATX mRNA at cytosine 2756 in vitro and in vivo Methylation by NSun2 enhanced ATX mRNA translation. In addition, NSun2-mediated 5-methylcytosine methylation promoted the export of ATX mRNA from nucleus to cytoplasm in an ALYREF-dependent manner. Knockdown of NSun2 suppressed the migration of U87 cells, which was rescued by the addition of LPA. In summary, we identify NSun2-mediated methylation of ATX mRNA as a novel mechanism in the regulation of ATX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yihua Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Junjie Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability, People's Government of Qinghai Province & Beijing Normal University, Xining, China.
| | - Xiaotian Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
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Roofeh D, Lescoat A, Khanna D. Emerging drugs for the treatment of scleroderma: a review of recent phase 2 and 3 trials. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2020; 25:455-466. [PMID: 33054463 PMCID: PMC7770026 DOI: 10.1080/14728214.2020.1836156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Systemic sclerosis (SSc) has the highest case-specific mortality of all connective tissue diseases. Its underlying disease mechanism affects several organs and remains incompletely understood. Ongoing work clarifying its etiopathogenesis is helping to develop targeted therapy. AREAS COVERED Several clinical trials have evaluated the safety and efficacy of agents targeting different mechanisms of this disease. This review article reviews those mechanisms and surveys four key recent phase II or III clinical trials that are contributing to the landscape of SSc therapy. The reported trials primarily focus on patients with systemic sclerosis in the early phase of disease. EXPERT OPINION Traditional therapies for SSc center on immunosuppressive and cytotoxic agents. A new cadre of therapies is borne from improved understandings of SSc pathobiology and target the inflammatory-fibrotic pathways. Scleroderma trials have entered the initial phase of personalized medicine, recognizing molecular subsets that will improve upon cohort enrichment and maximize the measurable benefit of future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alain Lescoat
- Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) - UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France
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Jia F, Lei H, Chen Y, Li T, Xing L, Cao Z, Zhai X. Structure-based linker exploration: Discovery of 1-ethyl-1H-indole analogs as novel ATX inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115795. [PMID: 33032188 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Aiming to develop novel ATX inhibitors, an indole-3-carboxylic acid lead Indole-1 was identified through high-throughput screening (HTS) efforts. The Indole-1 analogs 1-7 was firstly prepared which exerted mild activity comparable to Indole-1 (740 nM) in ATX enzyme assay. Further structural modification to identify type IV ATX inhibitors was proceeded through derivatization of the indole-3-carboxylic acid group. Resultantly, compounds 8-17 containing acyl hydrazone linker displayed poor activity (over 3.49 μM). Alternatively, replacing the acylhydrazone linker with urea counterpart by the amide bond reversal principle, the acquired compounds 18-22 achieved obvious improvements with submicromolar activities. Furthermore, with the aim to reducing cLogP, the thiazole ring of 18-22 was altered to the benzamide (23-32) with the urea linker unchanged. Remarkably, the benzamide derivative 24 with 4-hydroxy piperidine fragment was identified which exhibited prominent activity with IC50 value of 2.3 nM. Especially, dedicated molecular docking study was throughout the modification process which qualified 24 as optimal entity in accordance with the ATX inhibitory results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Jia
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Hongrui Lei
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Yuxiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Tong Li
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Lingyun Xing
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Zhi Cao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Xin Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China.
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Datta P, Gandhi R, Nakamura S, Lively S, Rossomacha E, Potla P, Shestopaloff K, Endisha H, Pastrello C, Jurisica I, Rockel JS, Kapoor M. Effect of autotaxin inhibition in a surgically-induced mouse model of osteoarthritis. OSTEOARTHRITIS AND CARTILAGE OPEN 2020; 2:100080. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ocarto.2020.100080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Ledein L, Léger B, Dees C, Beyer C, Distler A, Vettori S, Boukaiba R, Bidouard JP, Schaefer M, Pernerstorfer J, Ruetten H, Jagerschmidt A, Janiak P, Distler JHW, Distler O, Illiano S. Translational engagement of lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1 in skin fibrosis: from dermal fibroblasts of patients with scleroderma to tight skin 1 mouse. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:4296-4309. [PMID: 32627178 PMCID: PMC7443477 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Genetic deletion and pharmacological studies suggest a role for lysophosphatidic acid (LPA1) receptor in fibrosis. We investigated the therapeutic potential in systemic sclerosis (SSc) of a new orally active selective LPA1 receptor antagonist using dermal fibroblasts from patients and an animal model of skin fibrosis. Experimental Approach Dermal fibroblast and skin biopsies from systemic sclerosis patients were used. Myofibroblast differentiation, gene expression and cytokine secretion were measured following LPA and/or SAR100842 treatment. Pharmacolgical effect of SAR100842 was assessed in the tight skin 1 (Tsk1) mouse model. Key Results SAR100842 is equipotent against various LPA isoforms. Dermal fibroblasts and skin biopsies from patients with systemic sclerosis expressed high levels of LPA1 receptor. The LPA functional response (Ca2+) in systemic sclerosis dermal fibroblasts was fully antagonized with SAR100842. LPA induced myofibroblast differentiation in systemic sclerosis dermal and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis lung fibroblasts and the secretion of inflammatory markers and activated Wnt markers. Results from systemic sclerosis dermal fibroblasts mirror those obtained in a mouse Tsk1 model of skin fibrosis. Using a therapeutic protocol, SAR100842 consistently reversed dermal thickening, inhibited myofibroblast differentiation and reduced skin collagen content. Inflammatory and Wnt pathway markers were also inhibited by SAR100842 in the skin of Tsk1 mice. Conclusion and Implications The effects of SAR100842 on LPA‐induced inflammation and on mechanisms linked to fibrosis like myofibroblast differentiation and Wnt pathway activation indicate that LPA1 receptor activation plays a key role in skin fibrosis. Our results support the therapeutic potential of LPA1 receptor antagonists in systemic sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Ledein
- Cardiovascular & Metabolism Unit, Sanofi, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - Bertrand Léger
- Cardiovascular & Metabolism Unit, Sanofi, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - Clara Dees
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Institute for Clinical Immunology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Beyer
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Institute for Clinical Immunology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alfiya Distler
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Institute for Clinical Immunology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Serena Vettori
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Rheumatology Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Philip Janiak
- Cardiovascular & Metabolism Unit, Sanofi, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | - Jörg H W Distler
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Institute for Clinical Immunology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Oliver Distler
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Stéphane Illiano
- Cardiovascular & Metabolism Unit, Sanofi, Chilly-Mazarin, France
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George PM, Wells AU, Jenkins RG. Pulmonary fibrosis and COVID-19: the potential role for antifibrotic therapy. THE LANCET. RESPIRATORY MEDICINE 2020; 8:807-815. [PMID: 32422178 PMCID: PMC7228727 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(20)30225-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 665] [Impact Index Per Article: 166.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In December, 2019, reports emerged from Wuhan, China, of a severe acute respiratory disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). By the end of April, 2020, over 3 million people had been confirmed infected, with over 1 million in the USA alone, and over 215 000 deaths. The symptoms associated with COVID-19 are diverse, ranging from mild upper respiratory tract symptoms to severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. The major risk factors for severe COVID-19 are shared with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), namely increasing age, male sex, and comorbidities such as hypertension and diabetes. However, the role of antifibrotic therapy in patients with IPF who contract SARS-CoV-2 infection, and the scientific rationale for their continuation or cessation, is poorly defined. Furthermore, several licensed and potential antifibrotic compounds have been assessed in models of acute lung injury and viral pneumonia. Data from previous coronavirus infections such as severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle East respiratory syndrome, as well as emerging data from the COVID-19 pandemic, suggest there could be substantial fibrotic consequences following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Antifibrotic therapies that are available or in development could have value in preventing severe COVID-19 in patients with IPF, have the potential to treat severe COVID-19 in patients without IPF, and might have a role in preventing fibrosis after SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M George
- Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Athol U Wells
- Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - R Gisli Jenkins
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
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Zulfikar S, Mulholland S, Adamali H, Barratt SL. Inhibitors of the Autotaxin-Lysophosphatidic Acid Axis and Their Potential in the Treatment of Interstitial Lung Disease: Current Perspectives. Clin Pharmacol 2020; 12:97-108. [PMID: 32765123 PMCID: PMC7367740 DOI: 10.2147/cpaa.s228362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive fibrosing interstitial lung disease for which there is no known cure. Currently available therapeutic options have been shown at best to slow the progression of the disease and thus there remains an urgent unmet need to identify new therapies. In this article, we will discuss the mechanisms of action, pre-clinical and clinical trial data surrounding inhibitors of the autotaxin-lysophosphatidic acid axis, which show promise as emerging novel therapies for fibrotic lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Zulfikar
- Bristol Interstitial Lung Disease Service, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Sarah Mulholland
- Bristol Interstitial Lung Disease Service, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Huzaifa Adamali
- Bristol Interstitial Lung Disease Service, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Shaney L Barratt
- Bristol Interstitial Lung Disease Service, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
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Zongfei J, Rongyi C, Xiaomeng C, Lili M, Lingying M, Xiufang K, Xiaomin D, Zhuojun Z, Huiyong C, Ying S, Lindi J. In vitro IL-6/IL-6R Trans-Signaling in Fibroblasts Releases Cytokines That May Be Linked to the Pathogenesis of IgG4-Related Disease. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1272. [PMID: 32733444 PMCID: PMC7360847 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The remarkable mechanisms of storiform fibrosis and the formation of high levels of IgG4 with a pathogenic germinal center (GC) in the inflammatory tissue of IgG4-RD remains unknown and may be responsible for the unsatisfactory therapeutic effect on IgG4-related diseases when using conventional therapy. Objectives: To investigate the mechanisms of interleukin 6 (IL-6) inducing fibroblasts to produce cytokines for pathogenic GC formation in the development of IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD). Methods: The clinical data and laboratory examinations of 56 patients with IgG4-RD were collected. IL-6 and IL-6R expression in the serum and tissues of patients with IgG4-RD and healthy controls were detected by ELISA, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence. Human aorta adventitial fibroblasts (AAFs) were cultured and stimulated with IL-6/IL-6 receptor (IL-6R). The effect of IL-6/IL-6R on AAFs was determined by Luminex assays. Results: The serum IL-6 and IL-6R levels were elevated in active IgG4-RD patients and IL-6 was positively correlated with the disease activity (e.g., erythrocyte sedimentation rate [ESR], C-reactive protein [CRP], and IgG4-RD responder index). IL-6 and IL-6R expression in the tissue lesions of IgG4-related retroperitoneal fibrosis and IgG4-related sialadenitis patients were also significantly higher than that in the normal tissues. In addition, there is a relative abundance of myofibroblasts as well as IgG4+ plasma cells in the tissues of IgG4-related retroperitoneal fibrosis. α-SMA and B cell differentiation cytokines (i.e., B cell activating factor), and α-SMA and T follicular helper (Tfh) cell differentiation cytokines (e.g., IL-7, IL-12, and IL-23) were co-expressed in the local lesions. In vitro, IL-6/IL-6R significantly promoted the production of B cell activating factor, IL-7, IL-12, and IL-23 in AAFs in a dose-dependent manner. This effect was partially blocked by JAK1, JAK2, STAT3, and Akt inhibitors, respectively. Conclusions:In vitro IL-6/IL-6R trans-signaling in fibroblasts releases Tfh and B cell differentiation factors partially via the JAK2/STAT3, JAK1/STAT3, and JAK2/Akt pathways, which may be linked to the pathogenesis of IgG4-RD. This indicated that IL-6 and fibroblasts may be responsible for GC formation and fibrosis in the development of IgG4-RD. Blocking IL-6 with JAK1/2 inhibitors or inhibiting fibroblast proliferation might be beneficial for IgG4-RD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Zongfei
- Department of Rheumatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Evidence-Based Medicine Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Rongyi
- Department of Rheumatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Evidence-Based Medicine Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cui Xiaomeng
- Department of Rheumatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Evidence-Based Medicine Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ma Lili
- Department of Rheumatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Evidence-Based Medicine Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ma Lingying
- Department of Rheumatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Evidence-Based Medicine Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kong Xiufang
- Department of Rheumatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Evidence-Based Medicine Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dai Xiaomin
- Department of Rheumatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Evidence-Based Medicine Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhang Zhuojun
- Department of Rheumatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Evidence-Based Medicine Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Huiyong
- Department of Rheumatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Evidence-Based Medicine Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sun Ying
- Department of Rheumatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Evidence-Based Medicine Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiang Lindi
- Department of Rheumatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Evidence-Based Medicine Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Signalling by lysophosphatidate and its health implications. Essays Biochem 2020; 64:547-563. [DOI: 10.1042/ebc20190088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AbstractExtracellular lysophosphatidate (LPA) signalling is regulated by the balance of LPA formation by autotaxin (ATX) versus LPA degradation by lipid phosphate phosphatases (LPP) and by the relative expressions of six G-protein-coupled LPA receptors. These receptors increase cell proliferation, migration, survival and angiogenesis. Acute inflammation produced by tissue damage stimulates ATX production and LPA signalling as a component of wound healing. If inflammation does not resolve, LPA signalling becomes maladaptive in conditions including arthritis, neurologic pain, obesity and cancers. Furthermore, LPA signalling through LPA1 receptors promotes fibrosis in skin, liver, kidneys and lungs. LPA also promotes the spread of tumours to other organs (metastasis) and the pro-survival properties of LPA explain why LPA counteracts the effects of chemotherapeutic agents and radiotherapy. ATX is secreted in response to radiation-induced DNA damage during cancer treatments and this together with increased LPA1 receptor expression leads to radiation-induced fibrosis. The anti-inflammatory agent, dexamethasone, decreases levels of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines. This is linked to a coordinated decrease in the production of ATX and LPA1/2 receptors and increased LPA degradation through LPP1. These effects explain why dexamethasone attenuates radiation-induced fibrosis. Increased LPA signalling is also associated with cardiovascular disease including atherosclerosis and deranged LPA signalling is associated with pregnancy complications including preeclampsia and intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. LPA contributes to chronic inflammation because it stimulates the secretion of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines, which increase further ATX production and LPA signalling. Attenuating maladaptive LPA signalling provides a novel means of treating inflammatory diseases that underlie so many important medical conditions.
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Identifying Novel ATX Inhibitors via Combinatory Virtual Screening Using Crystallography-Derived Pharmacophore Modelling, Docking Study, and QSAR Analysis. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25051107. [PMID: 32131468 PMCID: PMC7179221 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25051107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is considered as an interesting drug target for the therapy of several diseases. The goal of the research was to detect new ATX inhibitors which have novel scaffolds by using virtual screening. First, based on two diverse receptor-ligand complexes, 14 pharmacophore models were developed, and the 14 models were verified through a big test database. Those pharmacophore models were utilized to accomplish virtual screening. Next, for the purpose of predicting the probable binding poses of compounds and then carrying out further virtual screening, docking-based virtual screening was performed. Moreover, an excellent 3D QSAR model was established, and 3D QSAR-based virtual screening was applied for predicting the activity values of compounds which got through the above two-round screenings. A correlation coefficient r2, which equals 0.988, was supplied by the 3D QSAR model for the training set, and the correlation coefficient r2 equaling 0.808 for the test set means that the developed 3D QSAR model is an excellent model. After the filtering was done by the combinatory virtual screening, which is based on the pharmacophore modelling, docking study, and 3D QSAR modelling, we chose nine potent inhibitors with novel scaffolds finally. Furthermore, two potent compounds have been particularly discussed.
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Benesch MGK, Tang X, Brindley DN. Autotaxin and Breast Cancer: Towards Overcoming Treatment Barriers and Sequelae. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12020374. [PMID: 32041123 PMCID: PMC7072337 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
After a decade of intense preclinical investigations, the first in-class autotaxin inhibitor, GLPG1690, has entered Phase III clinical trials for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. In the intervening time, a deeper understanding of the role of the autotaxin–lysophosphatidate (LPA)–lipid phosphate phosphatase axis in breast cancer progression and treatment resistance has emerged. Concordantly, appreciation of the tumor microenvironment and chronic inflammation in cancer biology has matured. The role of LPA as a central mediator behind these concepts has been exemplified within the breast cancer field. In this review, we will summarize current challenges in breast cancer therapy and delineate how blocking LPA signaling could provide novel adjuvant therapeutic options for overcoming therapy resistance and adverse side effects, including radiation-induced fibrosis. The advent of autotaxin inhibitors in clinical practice could herald their applications as adjuvant therapies to improve the therapeutic indexes of existing treatments for breast and other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G. K. Benesch
- Discipline of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL AlB 3V6, Canada
- Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada;
| | - Xiaoyun Tang
- Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada;
| | - David N. Brindley
- Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-780-492-2078
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Khanna D, Tashkin DP, Denton CP, Lubell MW, Vazquez-Mateo C, Wax S. Ongoing clinical trials and treatment options for patients with systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2020; 58:567-579. [PMID: 29893938 PMCID: PMC6434373 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/key151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
SSc is a rare CTD that affects multiple organ systems, resulting in substantial morbidity and mortality. Evidence of interstitial lung disease (ILD) is seen in ∼80% of patients with SSc. Currently there is no approved disease-modifying treatment for ILD and few effective treatment options are available. CYC is included in treatment guidelines, but it has limited efficacy and is associated with toxicity. MMF is becoming the most commonly used medication in clinical practice in North America and the UK, but its use is not universal. Newer agents targeting the pathogenic mechanisms underlying SSc-ILD, including fibrotic and inflammatory pathways, lymphocytes, cell-cell and cell-extracellular membrane interactions, hold promise for better treatment outcomes, including improved lung function, patient-related outcomes and quality of life. Here we review ongoing trials of established and novel agents that are currently recruiting patients with SSc-ILD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Khanna
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Donald P Tashkin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christopher P Denton
- Centre for Rheumatology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Martin W Lubell
- Global Clinical Development, EMD Serono Inc., Billerica, MA, USA
| | | | - Stephen Wax
- Global Clinical Development, EMD Serono Inc., Billerica, MA, USA
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The roles of autotaxin/lysophosphatidic acid in immune regulation and asthma. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158641. [PMID: 32004685 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) species are present in almost all organ systems and play diverse roles through its receptors. Asthma is an airway disease characterized by chronic allergic inflammation where various innate and adaptive immune cells participate in establishing Th2 immune response. Here, we will review the contribution of LPA and its receptors to the functions of immune cells that play a key role in establishing allergic airway inflammation and aggravation of allergic asthma.
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Yanagida K, Valentine WJ. Druggable Lysophospholipid Signaling Pathways. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1274:137-176. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-50621-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Deregulated Lysophosphatidic Acid Metabolism and Signaling in Liver Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11111626. [PMID: 31652837 PMCID: PMC6893780 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11111626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide due to late diagnosis and scarcity of treatment options. The major risk factor for liver cancer is cirrhosis with the underlying causes of cirrhosis being viral infection (hepatitis B or C), metabolic deregulation (Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in the presence of obesity and diabetes), alcohol or cholestatic disorders. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive phospholipid with numerous effects, most of them compatible with the hallmarks of cancer (proliferation, migration, invasion, survival, evasion of apoptosis, deregulated metabolism, neoangiogenesis, etc.). Autotaxin (ATX) is the enzyme responsible for the bulk of extracellular LPA production, and together with LPA signaling is involved in chronic inflammatory diseases, fibrosis and cancer. This review discusses the most important findings and the mechanisms related to ATX/LPA/LPAR involvement on metabolic, viral and cholestatic liver disorders and their progression to liver cancer in the context of human patients and mouse models. It focuses on the role of ATX/LPA in NAFLD development and its progression to liver cancer as NAFLD has an increasing incidence which is associated with the increasing incidence of liver cancer. Bearing in mind that adipose tissue accounts for the largest amount of LPA production, many studies have implicated LPA in adipose tissue metabolism and inflammation, liver steatosis, insulin resistance, glucose intolerance and lipogenesis. At the same time, LPA and ATX play crucial roles in fibrotic diseases. Given that hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is usually developed on the background of liver fibrosis, therapies that both delay the progression of fibrosis and prevent its development to malignancy would be very promising. Therefore, ATX/LPA signaling appears as an attractive therapeutic target as evidenced by the fact that it is involved in both liver fibrosis progression and liver cancer development.
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The Structural Binding Mode of the Four Autotaxin Inhibitor Types that Differentially Affect Catalytic and Non-Catalytic Functions. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11101577. [PMID: 31623219 PMCID: PMC6826961 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is a secreted lysophospholipase D, catalysing the conversion of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) to bioactive lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). LPA acts through two families of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) controlling key cellular responses, and it is implicated in many physiological processes and pathologies. ATX, therefore, has been established as an important drug target in the pharmaceutical industry. Structural and biochemical studies of ATX have shown that it has a bimetallic nucleophilic catalytic site, a substrate-binding (orthosteric) hydrophobic pocket that accommodates the lipid alkyl chain, and an allosteric tunnel that can accommodate various steroids and LPA. In this review, first, we revisit what is known about ATX-mediated catalysis, crucially in light of allosteric regulation. Then, we present the known ATX catalysis-independent functions, including binding to cell surface integrins and proteoglycans. Next, we analyse all crystal structures of ATX bound to inhibitors and present them based on the four inhibitor types that are established based on the binding to the orthosteric and/or the allosteric site. Finally, in light of these data we discuss how mechanistic differences might differentially modulate the activity of the ATX-LPA signalling axis, and clinical applications including cancer.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Systemic sclerosis is a systemic autoimmune disorder wherein interstitial lung disease (ILD) is the major source or morbidity and mortality. Research into mechanisms of fibrosis and its intersection with autoimmunity, specifically lung fibrosis, has accelerated and been applied to autoimmune disorders such as scleroderma. This review highlights important emerging insights and treatment trials. RECENT FINDINGS The important elements of this review focus on the challenges faced in identifying patients not only who develop lung disease but who are at a higher risk for progression given the heterogeneous natural history of ILD in scleroderma. Risk assessment scoring models using radiographic and physiologic parameters are highlighted and recent and ongoing clinical trials in scleroderma ILD are discussed. SUMMARY The implications of much of this ongoing work is a potential paradigm shift in our ability to identify those patients at risk for progression, and to offer novel therapies that can limit the progression of inflammatory and fibrotic lung disease in this challenging group of patients.
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