1
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Farac NF, Lough AJ, Bender TP. Bulking Up the Bay-Position Substituents Enables Enhanced Selectivity of Cs-Symmetric Boron Subphthalocyanine-Subnaphthalocyanine Hybrids. PRECISION CHEMISTRY 2024; 2:161-181. [PMID: 38665332 PMCID: PMC11041118 DOI: 10.1021/prechem.4c00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The precise synthesis of subporphyrinoid hybrids with π-expanded topologies and unique material properties plays a promising role in the design of functional macrocycles. Easy, selective, and controllable routes to boron subphthalocyanine-subnaphthalocyanine hybrids, Bsub(Pc3-p-Ncp)s, are desirable for this purpose yet synthetically challenging due to random mixtures of Cs-, C3v-, and, in some cases, C1-symmetric compounds that form during traditional statistical mixed cyclotrimerizations. Herein, we addressed this issue by developing a sterically driven mixed cyclotrimerization with enhanced selectivity for the targeted Cs-symmetric hybrid and complete suppression of sterically crowded macrocyclic byproducts. This process, coupled with a rationally designed precursor bearing bulky phenyl substituents, enabled the synthesis and characterization of bay-position phenylated Ph2-(Rp)8Bsub(Pc2-Nc1) hybrids with halogens (Rp = Cl or F) in their peripheral isoindole rings. Reaction selectivity ranged between 59 and 72% with remarkable yields, significantly higher than that of conventional mixed cyclotrimerizations. These findings were augmented by theoretical calculations on precursor Lewis basicity as guiding principles into hybrid macrocycle formation. Additionally, the incorporation of unfused phenyl groups and halogen atoms into the hybrid framework resulted in fine-tuned optical, structural, electronic, and electrochemical properties. This straightforward approach achieved improved selectivity and controlled narrowing of the product distribution, affording the efficient synthesis of structurally sophisticated Bsub(Pc2-Nc1) hybrids. This then expands the library of 3-dimensional π-extended macrocycles for use in a range of applications, such as in optoelectronic devices with precisely tailored optical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina F. Farac
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Alan J. Lough
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Timothy P. Bender
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Toronto, 184 College
Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E4, Canada
- Department
of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King’s College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
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2
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Franco LR, Cardenuto MH. Unraveling the Impact of Flexibility and Solvent Effects on the UV-Vis Absorption Spectrum of Subphthalocyanine in Liquid Chloroform within the Born-Oppenheimer Molecular Dynamics Approach. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:7937-7942. [PMID: 37703093 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c04711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
A study based on Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics (BOMD) of the subphthalocyanine (SubPc) with a chloride attached to the central boron atom was carried out. The BOMD simulation is used to access the dynamic evolution of the SubPc in liquid chloroform, and the electronic absorption spectrum is calculated using the Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory (TDDFT) considering explicit solvent models. We show that the conformational changes and solvent effects produce a red shift of the Q-band, where the largest contribution is due to the geometry changes of the symmetric structure of SubPc. A large splitting (0.2 eV) of the first electronic transition is also described, and it originates as a shoulder in the Q-band, which according to previous experimental studies is attributed to a vibronic origin. The red shift is obtained in agreement with experiment within less than 0.1 eV. The splitting is a consequence of the symmetry breaking in the SubPc central ring structure occurring during the molecular dynamics, with a significant contribution to the large red shift and the broadening of the spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcelo Hidalgo Cardenuto
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 1371, Cidade Universitária, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
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3
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Storm FE, Folkmann LM, Hansen T, Mikkelsen KV. Machine learning the frontier orbital energies of SubPc based triads. J Mol Model 2022; 28:313. [PMID: 36098806 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-022-05262-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Organic photovoltaic devices are promising candidates for efficient energy harvesting from sunlight. Designing new dye molecules suitable for such devices is a challenging task restricted by the rapid increase of computational cost with system size. Solar cell material properties are closely related to the electronic structure of the dye, and an effective molecular orbital energy screening method for a family of dyes is therefore desired. In this work, a machine learning approach is used to sort through the chemical space of peripheral double-substituted boron-Subphthalocyanine dyes. A database of 12,102 PM6 optimized structures was built and for each of the structures time-dependent density functional theory (LC-[Formula: see text]HPBE/6-31+G(d)) calculations were performed. We investigated the changes of the molecular orbital energies of the molecular orbitals related to reduction and oxidation of the compounds. With the Electrotopological-state index moleculear representation all the tested algorithms, Support Vector Machine, Random Forest Regression, Neural Network, and Simple Linear Regression, captured the calculated frontier orbital energies with a prediction root-mean-square-error in the order of 0.05 eV. Finally, frontier orbital energies were predicted for more than 40,000 new structures by the trained Support Vector Machine algorithm. Compared to the parent boron-Subphthalocyanine structure, 237 and 132 functionalized dyes were predicted to have upshifted molecular orbital energies using the Electrotopological-state index and OneHot encoding feature vector, respectively. Out of 27 investigated donor and acceptor ligands, the acetamide and hydroxyl ligands gave rise to the desired increase in frontier molecular orbital energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freja E Storm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Linnea M Folkmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thorsten Hansen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Kurt V Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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4
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Nikoloudakis E, López-Duarte I, Charalambidis G, Ladomenou K, Ince M, Coutsolelos AG. Porphyrins and phthalocyanines as biomimetic tools for photocatalytic H 2 production and CO 2 reduction. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:6965-7045. [PMID: 35686606 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00183g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The increasing energy demand and environmental issues caused by the over-exploitation of fossil fuels render the need for renewable, clean, and environmentally benign energy sources unquestionably urgent. The zero-emission energy carrier, H2 is an ideal alternative to carbon-based fuels especially when it is generated photocatalytically from water. Additionally, the photocatalytic conversion of CO2 into chemical fuels can reduce the CO2 emissions and have a positive environmental and economic impact. Inspired by natural photosynthesis, plenty of artificial photocatalytic schemes based on porphyrinoids have been investigated. This review covers the recent advances in photocatalytic H2 production and CO2 reduction systems containing porphyrin or phthalocyanine derivatives. The unique properties of porphyrinoids enable their utilization both as chromophores and as catalysts. The homogeneous photocatalytic systems are initially described, presenting the various approaches for the improvement of photosensitizing activity and the enhancement of catalytic performance at the molecular level. On the other hand, for the development of the heterogeneous systems, numerous methods were employed such as self-assembled supramolecular porphyrinoid nanostructures, construction of organic frameworks, combination with 2D materials and adsorption onto semiconductors. The dye sensitization on semiconductors opened the way for molecular-based dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical cells (DSPECs) devices based on porphyrins and phthalocyanines. The research in photocatalytic systems as discussed herein remains challenging since there are still many limitations making them unfeasible to be used at a large scale application before finding a large-scale application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil Nikoloudakis
- University of Crete, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Voutes Campus, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | - Ismael López-Duarte
- Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Georgios Charalambidis
- University of Crete, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Voutes Campus, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | - Kalliopi Ladomenou
- International Hellenic University, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Agios Loucas, 65404, Kavala Campus, Greece.
| | - Mine Ince
- Department of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Tarsus University, Mersin, Turkey.
| | - Athanassios G Coutsolelos
- University of Crete, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Voutes Campus, Heraklion, Crete, Greece. .,Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL) Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas (FORTH), Vassilika Vouton, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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5
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Lavarda G, Labella J, Martínez-Díaz MV, Rodríguez-Morgade MS, Osuka A, Torres T. Recent advances in subphthalocyanines and related subporphyrinoids. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:9482-9619. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00280a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Subporphyrinoids constitute a class of extremely versatile and attractive compounds. Herein, a comprehensive review of the most recent advances in the fundamentals and applications of these cone-shaped aromatic macrocycles is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Lavarda
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Labella
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Victoria Martínez-Díaz
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Salomé Rodríguez-Morgade
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomás Torres
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA-Nanociencia, c/Faraday 9, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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6
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Ding W, Yan L, Cao F, Luo Q. Axial and peripheral tetraarylethylene-modified subphthalocyanines with distinctive fluorescent performances. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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7
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García-Aboal R, García H, Remiro-Buenamañana S, Atienzar P. Expanding the photoresponse of multidimensional hybrid lead bromide perovskites into the visible region by incorporation of subphthalocyanine. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:6100-6108. [PMID: 33687040 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt04132g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This work explores a new methodology to adsorb a subphthalocyanine molecule (SubPc) on a hybrid lead bromide perovskite crystal structure with the aim of extending its photoresponse into the visible region. This process consists in the preparation of multidimensional 2D-3D perovskites. The use of large organic cations allows the possibility to insert guest molecules in the crystal structure of the perovskite. In this work, layered and 3D materials are obtained modifying the ratio of the organic cations (A/R) in the perovskite structure (RNH3)2An-1BnX3n+1. The present results show that incorporation of metal-free subphthalocyanine in the interlayer space provided by the 2D phase is a valid procedure to enhance the photoresponse of the perovskite solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío García-Aboal
- Instituto Universitario de Tecnología Química CSIC-UPV, Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, Av. de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
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8
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Li X, Song P, Zhao D, Li Y. Theoretical Investigation on Photophysical Properties of Triphenylamine and Coumarin Dyes. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E4834. [PMID: 33137902 PMCID: PMC7663121 DOI: 10.3390/ma13214834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Organic molecules with donor and acceptor configures are widely used in optoelectronic materials. Triphenylamine dyes (TPCTh and TPCRh) are investigated via density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT. Some microscopic parameters related to light absorption and photoelectric formation are calculated to interpret the experimental performance in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCS). Considering that coumarin derivatives (Dye 10 and Dye 11) have good donor and acceptor structures, they also have a COOH group used as an anchoring group to connect with semiconductors. Thus, the two dyes' photophysical and photoelectric properties are analyzed to estimate the performance and application in DSSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrui Li
- Department of Physics, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China;
| | - Peng Song
- Department of Physics, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China;
| | - Dongpeng Zhao
- College of Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China;
| | - Yuanzuo Li
- College of Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China;
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9
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Celil Yüzer A, Genc E, Harputlu E, Yanalak G, Aslan E, Ocakoglu K, Hatay Patir I, Ince M. Subphthalocyanine-sensitized TiO 2 photocatalyst for photoelectrochemical and photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:12550-12554. [PMID: 32902548 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt02565h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of SubPcs comprising a carboxylic acid anchoring group at the peripheral (SubPcs 1, 2) or axial position (SubPc 3) were synthesized and used as sensitizers for photocatalytic H2 production, for the first time. SubPc 3/TiO2 shows the best photocatalytic activity with a hydrogen evolution rate of 1396 μmol h-1, which is much higher than that of SubPcs 1 and 2 (771 and 658 μmol g-1, respectively). This work clearly shows that considering their optical and redox properties, SubPcs are promising candidates for light-driven water splitting systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Celil Yüzer
- Department of Engineering Fundamental Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Tarsus University, 33400, Tarsus, Turkey.
| | - Eminegül Genc
- Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Selcuk University, 42250, Konya, Turkey
| | - Ersan Harputlu
- Department of Engineering Fundamental Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Tarsus University, 33400, Tarsus, Turkey.
| | - Gizem Yanalak
- Department of Biochemistry, Selcuk University, 42250, Konya, Turkey
| | - Emre Aslan
- Department of Biochemistry, Selcuk University, 42250, Konya, Turkey
| | - Kasim Ocakoglu
- Department of Engineering Fundamental Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Tarsus University, 33400, Tarsus, Turkey.
| | - Imren Hatay Patir
- Department of Biotechnology, Selcuk University, 42250, Konya, Turkey
| | - Mine Ince
- Department of Engineering Fundamental Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Tarsus University, 33400, Tarsus, Turkey.
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10
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Light Harvesting and Optical-Electronic Properties of Two Quercitin and Rutin Natural Dyes. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9122567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The photovoltaic properties of two dyes (quercitin (Q) and rutin (R)) were experimentally investigated. The results showed that Q had excellent photoelectric properties with J s c of 5.480 mA·cm−2, V o c of 0.582 V, η of 2.151% larger than R with J s c of 1.826 mA·cm−2, V o c of 0.547 V, and η of 0.713%. For a better understanding of the photoelectric properties of two molecules and illustrating why the performances of Q is better than R from the micro-level, the UV-VIs spectrum, Fourier transforms infrared (FT-IR) spectrum, and cyclic voltage current characteristics were experimentally investigated. What is more, density functional theory (DFT) and time dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) have been implemented in theoretical calculation. Based on the calculated results, frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs), charge differential density (CDD), infrared vibration, first hyperpolarizability, projected density orbital analysis (PDOS), electrostatic potential (ESP), and natural bond orbital (NBO) were analyzed. Hole/electron reorganization energies ( λ h / λ e ), light harvesting efficiency (LHE), fluorescent lifetime (τ), absorption peak, and the vertical dipole moment ( μ n o r m a l ) were calculated, and the shift of conduction band edge of a semiconductor (ΔECB) has been analyzed, which has a close relationship with J s c and V o c . The results demonstrated that, due to the higher LHE, τ, μ n o r m a l , and red-shifted absorption peak, Q has better photoelectric properties than R as a promising sensitizer.
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11
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Gotfredsen H, Neumann T, Storm FE, Muñoz AV, Jevric M, Hammerich O, Mikkelsen KV, Freitag M, Boschloo G, Nielsen MB. Donor−Acceptor-Functionalized Subphthalocyanines for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201800135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Gotfredsen
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Timo Neumann
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory; Uppsala University; PO Box 523 75120 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Freja Eilsø Storm
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Alberto Viñas Muñoz
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Martyn Jevric
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Ole Hammerich
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Kurt V. Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Marina Freitag
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory; Uppsala University; PO Box 523 75120 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Gerrit Boschloo
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory; Uppsala University; PO Box 523 75120 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Mogens Brøndsted Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
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12
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Ren P, Zhang Y, Luo Z, Song P, Li Y. Theoretical and experimental study on spectra, electronic structure and photoelectric properties of three nature dyes used for solar cells. J Mol Liq 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2017.09.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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13
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Shi WJ, Kinoshita T, Ng DKP. Push-Pull Distyryl Boron Dipyrromethenes as Near-Infrared Sensitizers for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201700282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jing Shi
- Department of Chemistry; The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T.; Hong Kong China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Guangzhou University; Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Takumi Kinoshita
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology; The University of Tokyo; 4-6-1, Komaba, Meguro-ku Tokyo 153-8904 Japan
| | - Dennis K. P. Ng
- Department of Chemistry; The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T.; Hong Kong China
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14
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Shi WJ, Kinoshita T, Ng DKP. Ethynyl-Linked Donor-π-Acceptor Boron Dipyrromethenes for Panchromatic Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201700121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jing Shi
- Department of Chemistry; The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T.; Hong Kong China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Guangzhou University; Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Takumi Kinoshita
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology; The University of Tokyo; 4-6-1, Komaba, Meguro-ku Tokyo 153-8904 Japan
| | - Dennis K. P. Ng
- Department of Chemistry; The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T.; Hong Kong China
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