1
|
Jørgensen P, Olsen J, Johansen MB, von Buchwald TJ, Hillers-Bendtsen AE, Mikkelsen KV, Helgaker T. A variational reformulation of molecular properties in electronic-structure theory. Sci Adv 2024; 10:eadn3454. [PMID: 38657075 PMCID: PMC11042728 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adn3454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Conventional quantum-mechanical calculations of molecular properties, such as dipole moments and electronic excitation energies, give errors that depend linearly on the error in the wave function. An exception is the electronic energy, whose error depends quadratically on the error in wave function. We here describe how all properties may be calculated with a quadratic error, by setting up a variational Lagrangian for the property of interest. Because the construction of the Lagrangian is less expensive than the calculation of the wave function, this approach substantially improves the accuracy of quantum-chemical calculations without increasing cost. As illustrated for excitation energies, this approach enables the accurate calculation of molecular properties for larger systems, with a short time-to-solution and in a manner well suited for modern computer architectures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Poul Jørgensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aarhus, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jeppe Olsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aarhus, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Magnus Bukhave Johansen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Theo Juncker von Buchwald
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
- DTU Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Bldg. 260, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Kurt V. Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Trygve Helgaker
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P. O. Box 1033, Blindern, N-0315 Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hillers-Bendtsen AE, Todarwal Y, Norman P, Mikkelsen KV. Dynamical Effects of Solvation on Norbornadiene/Quadricyclane Systems. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:2602-2610. [PMID: 38511966 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Molecules that can undergo reversible chemical transformations following the absorption of light, the so-called molecular photoswitches, have attracted increasing attention in technologies, such as solar energy storage. Here, the optical and thermochemical properties of the photoswitch are central to its applicability, and these properties are influenced significantly by solvation. We investigate the effects of solvation on two norbornadiene/quadricyclane photoswitches. Emphasis is put on the energy difference between the two isomers and the optical absorption as these are central to the application of the systems in solar energy storage. Using a combined classical molecular dynamics and quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical computational scheme, we showcase that the dynamic effects of solvation are important. In particular, it is found that standard implicit solvation models generally underestimate the energy difference between the two isomers and overestimate the strength of the absorption, while the explicit solvation spectra are also less red-shifted than those obtained using implicit solvation models. We also find that the absorption spectra of the two systems are strongly correlated with specific dihedral angles. Altogether, this highlights the importance of including the dynamic effects of solvation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yogesh Todarwal
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patrick Norman
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kurt V Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hillers-Bendtsen AE, Jensen F, Mikkelsen KV, Olsen J, Jørgensen P. Cluster perturbation theory IX: Perturbation series for the coupled cluster singles and doubles ground state energy. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:104108. [PMID: 38477336 DOI: 10.1063/5.0192388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we develop and analyze a number of perturbation series that target the coupled cluster singles and doubles (CCSD) ground state energy. We show how classical Møller-Plesset perturbation theory series can be restructured to target the CCSD energy based on a reference CCS calculation and how the corresponding cluster perturbation series differs from the classical Møller-Plesset perturbation series. Subsequently, we reformulate these series using the coupled cluster Lagrangian framework to obtain series, where fourth and fifth order energies are determined only using parameters through second order. To test the methods, we perform a series of test calculations on molecular photoswitches of both total energies and reaction energies. We find that the fifth order reaction energies are of CCSD quality and that they are of comparable accuracy to state-of-the-art approximations to the CCSD energy based on local pair natural orbitals. The advantage of the present approach over local correlation methods is the absence of user defined threshold parameters for neglecting or approximating contributions to the correlation energy. Fixed threshold parameters lead to discontinuous energy surfaces, although this effect is often small enough to be ignored, but the present approach has a differentiable energy that will facilitate derivation and implementation of gradients and higher derivatives. A further advantage is that the calculation of the perturbation correction is non-iterative and can, therefore, be calculated in parallel, leading to a short time-to-solution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Frank Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Kurt V Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Jeppe Olsen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Poul Jørgensen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hillers-Bendtsen AE, Mikkelsen KV, Martinez TJ. Tensor Hypercontraction of Cluster Perturbation Theory: Quartic Scaling Perturbation Series for the Coupled Cluster Singles and Doubles Ground-State Energies. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:1932-1943. [PMID: 38380846 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c01038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Even though cluster perturbation theory has been shown to be a robust noniterative alternative to coupled cluster theory, it is still plagued by high order polynomial computational scaling and the storage of higher order tensors. We present a proof-of-concept strategy for implementing a cluster perturbation theory ground-state energy series for the coupled cluster singles and doubles energy with N4 computational scaling using tensor hypercontraction (THC). The reduction in computational scaling by two orders is achieved by decomposing two electron repulsion integrals, doubles amplitudes and multipliers, as well as selected double intermediates to the THC format. Using the outlined strategy, we showcase that the THC pilot implementations retain numerical accuracy to within 1 kcal/mol relative to corresponding conventional and density fitting implementations, and we empirically verify the N4 scaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kurt V Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen Ø DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Todd J Martinez
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liasi Z, Jensen L, Mikkelsen KV. A Combined Quantum Mechanics and Molecular Mechanics Approach for Simulating the Optical Properties of DNA-Stabilized Silver Nanoclusters. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:937-945. [PMID: 38164716 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c01022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
DNA-stabilized silver nanoclusters have emerged as an intriguing type of nanomaterial due to their unique optical and electronic properties, with potential applications in areas such as biosensing and imaging. The development of efficient methods for modeling these properties is paramount for furthering the understanding and utilization of these clusters. In this study, a hybrid quantum mechanical and molecular mechanical approach for modeling the optical properties of a DNA-templated silver nanocluster is evaluated. The influence of different parameters, including ligand fragmentation, damping, embedding potential, basis set, and density functional, is investigated. The results demonstrate that the most important parameter is the type of atomic properties used to represent the ligands, with isotropic dipole-dipole polarizabilities outperforming the rest. This underscores the importance of an appropriate representation of the ligands, particularly through the selection of the properties used to represent them. Moreover, the results are compared to experimental data, showing that the applied methodology is reliable and effective for the modeling of DNA-stabilized silver nanoclusters. These findings offer valuable insights that may guide future computational efforts to explore and harness the potential of these novel systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zacharias Liasi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen Ø 2100, Denmark
| | - Lasse Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Kurt V Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen Ø 2100, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Granhøj J, Zalibera M, Malček M, Bliksted Roug Pedersen V, Erbs Hillers-Bendtsen A, Mikkelsen KV, Rapta P, Brøndsted Nielsen M. Extended Tetrathiafulvalenes with Fluoreno[3,2-b]fluorene and Diindeno[1,2-b : 1',2'-i]anthracene Cores. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302688. [PMID: 37930277 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
In one-dimensional polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) containing five- and six-membered rings fused together, one key question is whether the structures possess a quinoidal or aromatic diradical character. Here, we generate such PAHs by reversible oxidation of PAH-extended tetrathiafulvalenes (TTFs). Extended TTFs were thus prepared and studied for their geometrical properties (crystallography), redox properties, and UV/Vis/NIR/EPR characteristics as a function of charge state. The EPR measurements of radical cations showed unique features for each PAH-TTF. The dications, formally composed of fluoreno[3,2-b]fluorene and diindeno[1,2-b:1',2'-i]anthracene cores, were experimentally found to exhibit singlet ground states. For the latter, calculations reveal the closed shell, quinoid singlet state to be isoenergetic with the open shell singlet diradical. Each charge state exhibited unique optical properties with radical cations absorbing strongly in the NIR region with signatures from π-dimers for the large core. The experimental results were paralleled and supported by detailed computations, including spin density distribution calculations, EPR simulations, and nucleus independent chemical shift (NICS) xy scans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeppe Granhøj
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Michal Zalibera
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Radlinského 9, SK-81237, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Michal Malček
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Radlinského 9, SK-81237, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | | | | | - Kurt V Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Peter Rapta
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Radlinského 9, SK-81237, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Mogens Brøndsted Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hillers-Bendtsen AE, Zhou Y, Mikkelsen KV. Investigation of Solvent Effects on the Molecular Energy Storage and Optical Properties of Bicyclooctadiene/Tetracyclooctane Photoswitches. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:41-50. [PMID: 38152898 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c04760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we investigate the effects of solvation on the solar energy storage properties of bicyclooctadiene/tetracyclooctane (BOD/TCO) photoswitches. The solvent effects on the thermochemical and optical properties are studied in cyclohexane, toluene, dichloromethane, ethanol, acetonitrile, and a vacuum using density functional theory and coupled cluster theory. Our results show that the energy storage capacity of the BOD/TCO system increases as the solvent polarity increases, and the change is more significant with an unsubstituted system. The energy storage capacity of the substituted system is not dependent on the polarity of the solvent. As the solvent polarity increases, the absorption peaks shift away from each other and the absorption intensities increase. Overall, the solvents improve the performance of the optical properties and the energy storage capacities of the BOD/TCO molecular solar thermal systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yiwei Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Kurt V Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ekstrøm ET, Pedersen J, Mikkelsen KV. Solvent-Induced Symmetry Breaking of the Photoinduced Charge Transfer Dynamics in the Bridged Perylene Dimer. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:9601-9611. [PMID: 37931218 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c04359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
The charge transfer dynamics of the bridged perylene dimer were investigated with the recently developed solvent coupling Redfield time propagation model. The results are compared with previous experimental findings to showcase the significance and applicability of the model. The charge transfer dynamics in vacuum showed that no breaking of the charge transfer direction symmetry occurred upon optical excitation, in perfect agreement with the experiment. Meanwhile, attractive solute-solvent interactions facilitated by the dipole moments of the polar solvents were observed to break the charge transfer direction symmetry. The conformational isomerism effect on the transfer dynamics manifested itself by promoting different transport channels upon solvation. Consequently, the solvent coupling Redfield time propagation model was indeed found to be able to quantitatively describe the charge transfer dynamics including exotic phenomena such as symmetry breaking of charge transfer direction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen T Ekstrøm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Jacob Pedersen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Kurt V Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Warthegau SS, Hillers-Bendtsen AE, Pedersen SK, Rindom C, Braestrup C, Jensen JS, Hammerich O, Thomsen MS, Kamounah FS, Norman P, Mikkelsen KV, Brock-Nannestad T, Pittelkow M. Heterocyclic [9]Helicenes Exhibiting Bright Circularly Polarized Luminescence. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301815. [PMID: 37458527 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
We describe a concise synthetic strategy for the preparation of heterocyclic [9]helicenes and a simple preparative-scale protocol for the optical resolution of the resulting M- and P-enantiomers. The helicenes were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction along with a range of spectroscopic and computational techniques. A fluorescence quantum yield of up to 65 % was observed, and the chiroptical properties of both M- and P-helicenes revealed large dissymmetry factors. The circularly polarized luminescence brightness reaches up to 17 M-1 cm-1 , as measured experimentally and verified computationally, which makes this the highest circularly polarized luminescence brightness among heterocyclic helicenes. We describe how chiroptical properties (both circular dichroism and circularly polarized luminescence) can be described and predicted using quantum chemical calculations. The synthetic approach also reveals by-products that originate from internal oxidation reactions, presumably mediated by the close proximity of the π-surfaces in the helicene structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan S Warthegau
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | | | - Stephan K Pedersen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Cecilie Rindom
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Christoffer Braestrup
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Jeppe S Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Ole Hammerich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Maria S Thomsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Fadhil S Kamounah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Patrick Norman
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kurt V Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Theis Brock-Nannestad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Michael Pittelkow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hillers-Bendtsen AE, Elholm JL, Obel OB, Hölzel H, Moth-Poulsen K, Mikkelsen KV. Searching the Chemical Space of Bicyclic Dienes for Molecular Solar Thermal Energy Storage Candidates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202309543. [PMID: 37489860 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Photoswitches are molecular systems that are chemically transformed subsequent to interaction with light and they find potential application in many new technologies. The design and discovery of photoswitch candidates require intricate molecular engineering of a range of properties to optimize a candidate to a specific applications, a task which can be tackled efficiently using quantum chemical screening procedures. In this paper, we perform a large scale screening of approximately half a million bicyclic diene photoswitches in the context of molecular solar thermal energy storage using ab initio quantum chemical methods. We further device an efficient strategy for scoring the systems based on their predicted solar energy conversion efficiency and elucidate potential pitfalls of this approach. Our search through the chemical space of bicyclic dienes reveals systems with unprecedented solar energy conversion efficiencies and storage densities that show promising design guidelines for next generation molecular solar thermal energy storage systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacob Lynge Elholm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
- The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oscar Berlin Obel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Helen Hölzel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE, Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE, Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019, Barcelona, Spain
- The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, 412 96, Sweden
| | - Kurt V Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kjeldsen ILH, Høvring JF, Hillers-Bendtsen AE, Mikkelsen KV. The Effects of Solvent Dynamics on the Back Reaction of Solar-Thermal Energy Storage Systems. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:7058-7069. [PMID: 37607346 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c02294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated dynamic solvent effects on molecular solar-thermal energy storage systems using models describing the effects of frequency dependent viscosities and dielectric constants on chemical reaction rates. We have utilized the generalized Langevin model for understanding how the reactions are affected by the frequency dependent viscosities and dielectric constants. Our results show that the rate constants of the molecular solar-thermal energy storage systems depend strongly on the dielectric electric solvent properties and the frequency dependent viscosities of the solvents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ida Lützen Hoff Kjeldsen
- Department of Chemistry, H. C. Ørsted Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julie Franck Høvring
- Department of Chemistry, H. C. Ørsted Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas Erbs Hillers-Bendtsen
- Department of Chemistry, H. C. Ørsted Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kurt V Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, H. C. Ørsted Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Elholm JL, Liasi Z, Mikkelsen MK, Hillers-Bendtsen AE, Mikkelsen KV. Computational investigation of photoswitch conjugates for molecular solar energy storage. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:21964-21969. [PMID: 37554092 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp02555a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Solar energy conversion and storage are vital for combating climate change. Molecular solar thermal systems offer a promising solution, where energy is stored in molecular compounds. This study investigates dyad molecular photoswitches by combining bicyclooctadiene/tetracyclooctane and dihydroazulene/vinylheptafulvene systems with phenyl and cyano groups. Density functional theory calculations were employed to determine molecular properties and consider solvation effects in toluene and dichloromethane. The results show that the combined systems have a predicted storage energy of up to 206.14 kJ mol-1 and an absorption peak at 390.26 nm with appreciable intensity. These dyad photoswitches exhibit favorable properties for molecular solar thermal storage and other applications. A comparison with individual photoswitches reveals advantages and disadvantages. The most effective conjugate has a slightly lower storage density than an equal mixture of individual systems, but it demonstrates better absorption characteristics, with improved overlap with the solar spectrum and higher absorption intensity. These findings contribute to the understanding of dyad molecular photoswitches, showcasing their potential for advanced energy storage and conversion technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Lynge Elholm
- The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Zacharias Liasi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | - Marie Kathrine Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | | | - Kurt V Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Corzo HH, Hillers-Bendtsen AE, Barnes A, Zamani AY, Pawłowski F, Olsen J, Jørgensen P, Mikkelsen KV, Bykov D. Corrigendum: Coupled cluster theory on modern heterogeneous supercomputers. Front Chem 2023; 11:1256510. [PMID: 37654900 PMCID: PMC10466216 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1256510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1154526.].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Abdulrahman Y. Zamani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Chemical Computation and Theory, University of California, Merced, CA, United States
| | - Filip Pawłowski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Jeppe Olsen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Poul Jørgensen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kurt V. Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dmytro Bykov
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
This presentation considers the effects that DNA-templating has on the optical properties of a 16-atom silver cluster. To accomplish this, hybrid quantum mechanical and molecular mechanical simulations of a Ag16-DNA complex have been carried out and compared with pure time-dependent density functional theory calculations of two Ag16 clusters in vacuum. The presented results show that the templating DNA polymers both red-shift the one-photon absorption of the silver cluster and increase its intensity. This occurs through a change in cluster shape prompted by the structural constraints of the DNA ligands combined with silver-DNA interactions. The overall charge of the cluster also contributes to the observed optical response, as oxidation of the cluster results in a simultaneous blue-shift of the one-photon absorption and a decrease in intensity. Additionally, the changes in shape and environment also lead to a blue-shift and enhancement of the two-photon absorption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zacharias Liasi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | | | - Lasse Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Kurt V Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Corzo HH, Hillers-Bendtsen AE, Barnes A, Zamani AY, Pawłowski F, Olsen J, Jørgensen P, Mikkelsen KV, Bykov D. Coupled cluster theory on modern heterogeneous supercomputers. Front Chem 2023; 11:1154526. [PMID: 37388945 PMCID: PMC10303140 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1154526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examines the computational challenges in elucidating intricate chemical systems, particularly through ab-initio methodologies. This work highlights the Divide-Expand-Consolidate (DEC) approach for coupled cluster (CC) theory-a linear-scaling, massively parallel framework-as a viable solution. Detailed scrutiny of the DEC framework reveals its extensive applicability for large chemical systems, yet it also acknowledges inherent limitations. To mitigate these constraints, the cluster perturbation theory is presented as an effective remedy. Attention is then directed towards the CPS (D-3) model, explicitly derived from a CC singles parent and a doubles auxiliary excitation space, for computing excitation energies. The reviewed new algorithms for the CPS (D-3) method efficiently capitalize on multiple nodes and graphical processing units, expediting heavy tensor contractions. As a result, CPS (D-3) emerges as a scalable, rapid, and precise solution for computing molecular properties in large molecular systems, marking it an efficient contender to conventional CC models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Abdulrahman Y. Zamani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Chemical Computation and Theory, University of California, Merced, CA, United States
| | - Filip Pawłowski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Jeppe Olsen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Poul Jørgensen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kurt V. Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dmytro Bykov
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
O'Shea CA, Fromsejer R, Sauer SPA, Mikkelsen KV, Hemmingsen L. Calculation of electric field gradients in Cd(II) model complexes of the CueR protein metal site. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:12277-12283. [PMID: 37078770 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05574k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
With this work we first test various DFT functionals against CCSD(T) for calculation of EFGs at the position of Cd(II) in a very small model system, Cd(SCH3)2. Moreover, the available basis sets in ADF are tested in terms of basis set convergence, and the effect of including relativistic effects using the scalar relativistic and spin orbit ZORA Hamiltonians is explored. The results indicate that an error of up to around 10% on the calculated EFG may be expected using spin-orbit ZORA and the BHandHLYP functional with a locally dense basis set. Next, this method was applied to model systems of the CueR protein, aiming to interpret 111Ag-PAC spectroscopic data. Note that 111Ag decays to 111Cd on which the PAC data are recorded. Surprisingly, model systems truncated - as is often done - at the first C-C bond from the central Cd(II) are inadequate in size, and larger model systems must be employed to achieve reliable EFG calculations. The calculated EFGs agree well with experimental PAC data, and indicate that shortly after the nuclear decay the structure relaxes from linear two-coordinate AgS2 in the native protein, to a structure (or structures) where Cd(II) recruits additional ligands such as backbone carbonyl oxygens to achieve higher coordination number(s).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catriona A O'Shea
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Rasmus Fromsejer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Stephan P A Sauer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Kurt V Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Lars Hemmingsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hillers-Bendtsen AE, Bykov D, Barnes AL, Liakh D, Hernandez-Corzo H, Olsen J, Jorgensen P, Mikkelsen KV. Massively Parallel GPU Enabled Third Order Cluster Perturbation Excitation Energies for Cost-Effective Large Scale Excitation Energy Calculations. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:144111. [PMID: 37061462 DOI: 10.1063/5.0142780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
We present here a massively parallel implementation of the recently developed CPS(D-3) <p>excitation energy model which is based on Cluster Perturbation Theory. The new algorithm</p> <p>extends the one developed in [P. Baudin, et al, J. Chem. Phys., 150.13, 134110 (2019)] to</p> <p>leverage multiple nodes and to utilize graphical processing units for acceleration of heavy</p> <p>tensor contractions. Furthermore, we show that the extended algorithm scales efficiently</p> <p>with increasing amounts of computational resources and that the developed code enables</p> <p>CPS(D-3) excitation energy calculations on large molecular systems with a low time-tosolution.</p> <p>More specifically, calculations on systems with over 100 atoms and 1000 basis</p> <p>functions are possible in a few hours of wall clock time. This establishes CPS(D-3) excitation</p> <p>energies as a computationally efficient alternative to those obtained from the Coupled</p> <p>Cluster Singles and Doubles model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dmytro Bykov
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, United States of America
| | - Ashleigh L. Barnes
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tennessee Knoxville, United States of America
| | - Dmitry Liakh
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, United States of America
| | | | - Jeppe Olsen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University Department of Chemistry, Denmark
| | | | - Kurt V. Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen Institute of Chemistry, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sanz Rodrigo J, Hillers-Bendtsen AE, Kjeldal FØ, Høyer NM, Mikkelsen KV, Sauer SPA. Indirect nuclear spin-spin couplings with third order contributions added to the SOPPA method. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:124118. [PMID: 37003784 DOI: 10.1063/5.0140117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In this article, a modification of the second order polarization propagator approximation (SOPPA) method is introduced and illustrated for the calculation of the indirect nuclear spin-spin couplings. The standard SOPPA method, although cheaper in terms of computational cost, offers less accurate results than the ones obtained with coupled cluster methods. A new method, named SOPPA+A3-3, was therefore developed by adding the terms of the third order A matrix that rely on the second order double amplitudes. The performance of this third order contribution was studied using the CCSD method as a reference, calculating the spin-spin couplings of molecules of diverse sizes and compositions, and comparing them to the SOPPA method. The results show that inclusion of this third order contribution gives more accurate results than the standard SOPPA method with a level of accuracy close to that of the coupled cluster method with only small increase of computational cost of the response calculation that dominates the computational cost for small to medium sized molecules. The implementation of the first contributions to the third order polarization propagator approximation (TOPPA) in the Dalton program thus already shows a significant change in these molecular properties over those obtained with the standard SOPPA method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kurt V. Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen Institute of Chemistry, Denmark
| | - Stephan P. A. Sauer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen Institute of Chemistry, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Henke P, Rindom C, Kanta Aryal U, Frydenlund Jespersen M, Broløs L, Mansø M, Turkovic V, Madsen M, Mikkelsen KV, Ogilby PR, Brøndsted Nielsen M. Imparting Stability to Organic Photovoltaic Components through Molecular Engineering: Mitigating Reactions with Singlet Oxygen. ChemSusChem 2023:e202202320. [PMID: 36897647 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202202320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
One key challenge in the development of viable organic photovoltaic devices is to design component molecules that do not degrade during combined exposure to oxygen and light. Such molecules should thus remain comparatively unreactive towards singlet molecular oxygen and not act as photosensitizers for the generation of this undesirable species. Here, novel redox-active chromophores that combine these two properties are presented. By functionalizing indenofluorene-extended tetrathiafulvalenes (IF-TTFs) with cyano groups at the indenofluorene core using Pd-catalyzed cyanation reactions, we find that the reactivity of the exocyclic fulvene carbon-carbon double bonds towards singlet oxygen is considerably reduced. The new cyano-functionalized IF-TTFs were tested in non-fullerene acceptor based organic photovoltaic proof-of-principle devices, revealing enhanced device stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petr Henke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aarhus, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Cecilie Rindom
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Um Kanta Aryal
- Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics and Thin Film Energy Devices (SDU CAPE), Mads Clausen Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Alsion 2, DK-6400, Sønderborg, Denmark
| | | | - Line Broløs
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Mads Mansø
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Vida Turkovic
- Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics and Thin Film Energy Devices (SDU CAPE), Mads Clausen Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Alsion 2, DK-6400, Sønderborg, Denmark
| | - Morten Madsen
- Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics and Thin Film Energy Devices (SDU CAPE), Mads Clausen Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Alsion 2, DK-6400, Sønderborg, Denmark
| | - Kurt V Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Peter R Ogilby
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aarhus, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mogens Brøndsted Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Pedersen J, Mikkelsen KV. A Benchmark Study of Aromaticity Indexes for Benzene, Pyridine, and the Diazines - II. Excited State Aromaticity. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:122-130. [PMID: 36548541 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c07059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In this work, one geometrical aromaticity index and four electron sharing indexes are benchmarked for their application in excited state aromaticity calculations. Two computationally feasible and reliable procedures are identified, namely, CAM-B3LYP/cc-pVTZ and ωB97X-D/cc-pVTZ. Topological effects on the first excited singlet and triplet electronic manifold were investigated, and the latter was in general found to display more aromatic character compared to the S1 surface. Besides, geometrical relaxation on each of the manifolds was observed to hamper the aromaticity, thereby resulting in more antiaromatic character. The relative order of excited state aromaticity within the studied molecules was noted to resemble the reversed version of the relative order of ground state aromaticity. Thereby, the following generalization was postulated: The more aromatic a molecule is in its ground state, the more antiaromatic it will be in its electronic first excited manifolds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Pedersen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, CopenhagenDK-2100, Denmark.,Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens LyngbyDK-2800, Denmark
| | - Kurt V Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, CopenhagenDK-2100, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Pedersen J, Rasmussen MH, Mikkelsen KV. Redfield Propagation of Photoinduced Electron Transfer Reactions in Vacuum and Solution. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:7052-7072. [PMID: 36413807 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Dynamical simulations of ultrafast electron transfer reactions are of utmost interest. To allow for energy dissipation directly into an external surrounding environment, a solvent coupling model has been deduced, implemented, and utilized to describe the photoinduced electron transfer dynamics within a model triad system herein. The model is based on Redfield theory, and the environment is represented by harmonic oscillators filled with bosonic quanta. To imitate real solvents, the oscillators have been equipped with frequencies and polarization lifetimes characteristic of the corresponding solvent. The population was found to transfer through the energetically lowest electron transfer route regardless of the medium. The condensed population transfer dynamics were observed to be highly dependent on the solvent parameters. In particular, an increase in the solvent coupling entailed a detainment in the population transfer from the initially prepared diabatic state and a promotion in the population transfer through the other electron transfer route. Two explanations based on the diagonal and off-diagonal matrix elements of the Kohn-Sham Fock matrix, respectively, have been provided. The lifetime of the populated partially charge-separated state was prolonged with increasing solvent polarity, and it was explained in terms of attractive interactions between the solvent's dipole moments and the fragments' charges. The high-frequency vibrational fine-structure in the correlation function was demonstrated to be important for the transfer dynamics, and the importance of dephasing effects in polar solvents was verified and precised to concern the optical polarization of the solvents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Pedersen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Maria H Rasmussen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Kurt V Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Storm FE, Folkmann LM, Hansen T, Mikkelsen KV. Machine learning the frontier orbital energies of SubPc based triads. J Mol Model 2022; 28:313. [PMID: 36098806 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-022-05262-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Organic photovoltaic devices are promising candidates for efficient energy harvesting from sunlight. Designing new dye molecules suitable for such devices is a challenging task restricted by the rapid increase of computational cost with system size. Solar cell material properties are closely related to the electronic structure of the dye, and an effective molecular orbital energy screening method for a family of dyes is therefore desired. In this work, a machine learning approach is used to sort through the chemical space of peripheral double-substituted boron-Subphthalocyanine dyes. A database of 12,102 PM6 optimized structures was built and for each of the structures time-dependent density functional theory (LC-[Formula: see text]HPBE/6-31+G(d)) calculations were performed. We investigated the changes of the molecular orbital energies of the molecular orbitals related to reduction and oxidation of the compounds. With the Electrotopological-state index moleculear representation all the tested algorithms, Support Vector Machine, Random Forest Regression, Neural Network, and Simple Linear Regression, captured the calculated frontier orbital energies with a prediction root-mean-square-error in the order of 0.05 eV. Finally, frontier orbital energies were predicted for more than 40,000 new structures by the trained Support Vector Machine algorithm. Compared to the parent boron-Subphthalocyanine structure, 237 and 132 functionalized dyes were predicted to have upshifted molecular orbital energies using the Electrotopological-state index and OneHot encoding feature vector, respectively. Out of 27 investigated donor and acceptor ligands, the acetamide and hydroxyl ligands gave rise to the desired increase in frontier molecular orbital energy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Freja E Storm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Linnea M Folkmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thorsten Hansen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Kurt V Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Hillers-Bendtsen AE, Todarwal Y, Pittelkow M, Norman P, Mikkelsen KV. Modeling Absorption and Emission Spectroscopies of Symmetric and Asymmetric Azaoxahelicenes in Vacuum and Solution. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:6467-6472. [PMID: 36095036 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c05721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Helicenes are of general interest due to the significant chiral signals in both absorption- and emission-based spectroscopy. Herein, the spectroscopic properties of four recently synthesized azaoxahelicenes are studied using density functional theory methods. The azaoxahelicenes have 7, 9, 10, and 13 units and one to two complete turns of the structure. UV-vis absorption and electronic circular dichroism spectra are determined both in vacuum and in solution using explicit solvation through a combined molecular dynamics/polarizable embedding framework. Additionally, emission and circularly polarized luminescence spectra are determined based on vibronic calculations. The resulting spectra are in good agreement with the experimentally available data, highlighting that both absorption- and emission-based spectra of the systems can be modeled computationally such that reliable predictions can be made for systems that are yet to be synthesized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yogesh Todarwal
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael Pittelkow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Patrick Norman
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kurt V Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
|
25
|
Hillers-Bendtsen AE, Høyer NM, Kjeldal FØ, Mikkelsen KV, Olsen J, Jorgensen P. Cluster perturbation theory. VIII. First order properties for a coupled cluster state. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:024108. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0082585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We have extended cluster perturbation (CP) theory to comprehend the calculation of first order properties (FOPs). We have determined CP FOP series where FOPs are determined as a first energy derivative and also where the FOPs are determined as a generalized expectation value of the external perturbation operator over the coupled cluster state and its biorthonormal multiplier state. For S(D) orbital excitation spaces, we find that the CP series for FOPs that are determined as a first derivative in general in second order have errors of a few per cent in the singles and doubles correlation contribution relative to the targeted coupled cluster (CC) results. For a SD(T) orbital excitation space, we find that the CP series for FOPs determined as a generalized expectation value in second order have errors of about ten percent in the triples correlation contribution relative to the targeted CC results. These second order models therefore constitute viable alternatives for determining high quality FOPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kurt V. Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen Institute of Chemistry, Denmark
| | - Jeppe Olsen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University Department of Chemistry, Denmark
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Hillers-Bendtsen AE, Kjeldal FØ, Mikkelsen KV. Electric Properties of Photochromic Molecules Physisorbed on Silver and Copper Nanoparticles. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:3145-3156. [PMID: 35583037 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c01003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This paper investigates the electric properties of the photochromic dihydroazulene/vinylheptafulvene system as it is physisorbed onto silver and copper nanoparticles. Our focus is on how the polarizability and hyperpolarizability of the dihydroazulene, s-cis-vinylheptafulvene, and s-trans-vinylheptafulvene molecules depend on molecular orientation with respect to the nanoparticles, the molecule-cluster separation, and the type of nanoparticle. The computational approach utilizes a combined quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical method in which the molecules are treated quantum mechanically while the nanoparticles are treated with a simpler classical method. The molecules are described with density functional theory. The electric properties are calculated using response theory utilizing the long-range-corrected functional CAM-B3LYP and the correlation consistent basis set aug-cc-pVDZ. The atoms of the nanoparticles are represented using atomic polarizabilities. The interactions between the nanoparticles and the molecular systems are calculated using a polarizable embedding scheme after which the molecular properties are calculated with time-dependent density functional theory. The results show that the electric properties are indeed affected by the presence of the nanoparticles. It is also clear that it is the hyperpolarizabilities that change the most while the polarizabilities are less affected. Furthermore, the influence of the nanoparticles on the molecules depends heavily on the relative molecular orientation with respect to the nanoparticles and molecular conformation. Finally, it is observed that a copper nanoparticle has a larger influence on the molecular systems than a silver nanoparticle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Frederik Ørsted Kjeldal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Kurt V Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Høyer NM, Johnson MS, Mikkelsen KV. Perturbation of the UV transitions of formaldehyde by TiO 2 photocatalysts and Au n nanoclusters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:11395-11411. [PMID: 35503101 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05820g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the gas phase, formaldehyde has an electric-dipole forbidden transition that becomes allowed by vibronic coupling. In this paper we explore whether perturbation by surfaces could also enhance light absorption by CH2O. We investigate the electronic transitions of formaldehyde in the gas phase and interacting with rutile (110) TiO2, Aun nanoclusters, and Aun on (110)-TiO2. These surfaces are chosen as being representative of metals and metal-oxide minerals, and also because of specific interest in photocatalysts and noble metal nanocluster catalysts. The oscillator strength of the forbidden n → π* transition of formaldehyde in vacuum is investigated by modelling vibrational coupling to the electronic transition with equation-of-motion coupled cluster theory. The excitation energies and oscillator strengths of formaldehyde are calculated for different orientations and distances to the surfaces using the coupled cluster singles and doubles linear response method within the Quantum Mechanical and Molecular Mechanical (QM/MM) model using the aug-cc-pVTZ basis set and compared with the values calculated in vacuo. The electronic transitions of formaldehyde vary very little when placed near a pure TiO2-surface with only minor variations depending on the orientation of formaldehyde. Introducing a gold nanoparticle (by itself or supported by TiO2) induces dramatic changes in the absorption properties. This is due to vibronic interactions and the effect of the broken symmetry on the n → π* transition. We see a large redshift in the transition of 90 nm and oscillator strengths larger than 1.0 × 10-4 for CH2O interacting with Aun.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai Machholdt Høyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | - Matthew S Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | - Kurt V Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Hillers-Bendtsen AE, Iuel Lunøe Dünweber PG, Olsen LH, Mikkelsen KV. Prospects of Improving Molecular Solar Energy Storage of the Norbornadiene/Quadricyclane System through Bridgehead Modifications. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:2670-2676. [PMID: 35467862 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c00950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated novel bicyclic diene molecular solar thermal energy storage systems that presently are the ones with the highest predicted energy density. Using a variety of different ab initio quantum chemical methods, we report storage energies, absorption spectra, and reaction barriers for the release of stored energy for a series of bicyclic dienes. The bicyclic dienes are all constructed by modifying the bridgehead of the well-known norbornadiene/quadricyclane (NBD/QC) system. In conclusion, we find it promising that it is possible to significantly amplify the storage energy of the NBD/QC system without seriously compromising other crucial properties by introducing simple modifications to the bridgehead.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lars Henrik Olsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen Ø 2100, Denmark
| | - Kurt V Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen Ø 2100, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Rasmussen MG, Jespersen MF, Blacque O, Mikkelsen KV, Juríček M, Nielsen MB. Subphthalocyanine-triangulene dyads: Property tuning for light-harvesting device applications. Energy Sci Eng 2022; 10:1752-1762. [PMID: 35909459 PMCID: PMC9306930 DOI: 10.1002/ese3.1071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Organic photovoltaics relies on the development of stable chromophores and redox-active organic molecules with tailor-made HOMO/LUMO energies. Here, we present the synthesis and properties of novel dyads composed of boron subphthalocyanine (SubPc) and triangulene units, connected either at the peripheral position of the subphthalocyanine or at the axial boron. The connectivity has strong implications for the absorption and fluorescence properties of the dyads, as well as their redox properties. While the SubPc unit has a bowl shape, triangulene is a planar structural unit that allows dyads to dimerize in the solid state on account of π-stacking interactions as shown by X-ray crystallography of one of the dyads. The electronic properties were also studied computationally by density functional theory methods. Excellent agreement between experimental and computed data were obtained, showing that our computational method is a strong tool in the rational design of optimum molecules to ultimately obtain finely tuned molecules for device applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Olivier Blacque
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | | | - Michal Juríček
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Olsen J, Hillers-Bendtsen AE, Kjeldal FØ, Høyer NM, Mikkelsen KV, Jorgensen P. Cluster Perturbation Theory. VII. The convergence of Cluster Perturbation Expansions. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:024107. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0082584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The convergence of the recently developed cluster perturbation CP expansions (Pawlowski et al, J. Chem. Phys. 150 134108(2019)) is analyzed with the double purpose of developing the mathematical tools and concepts needed to describe these expansions at general order and to identify the factors that define the rate of convergence of CP series. To this end, the CP energy, amplitude, and Lagrangian multiplier equations as functions of the perturbation strength are developed. By determining the critical points, defined as the perturbation strengths for which the Jacobian become singular, the rate of convergence as well as the intruder and critical states are determined for five simple molecules: BH, CO, H2O, NH3, and HF. To describe the patterns of convergence for these expansions at orders lower than the high-order asymptotic limit, a model is developed, where the perturbation corrections arise from two critical points. It is shown that this model allows rationalization of the behavior of the perturbation corrections at much lower order than required for the onset of the asymptotic convergence. For the H2O, CO, and HF molecules, the pattern and rate of convergence is defined by critical states where the Fock-operator underestimates the excitation energies, whereas the pattern and rate of convergence for BH is defined by critical states where the Fock-operator overestimates the excitation energy. For the NH3 molecule, both forms of critical points are required to describe the convergence behavior up to at least order 25.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeppe Olsen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University Department of Chemistry, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Kurt V. Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen Institute of Chemistry, Denmark
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Høyer NM, Kjeldal FØ, Hillers-Bendtsen AE, Mikkelsen KV, Olsen J, Jorgensen P. Cluster perturbation theory. VI. Ground-state energy series using the Lagrangian. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:024106. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0082583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we derive alternative cluster perturbation series to the energy cluster perturbation (ECP) series of Paper I. The ECP series were derived using the standard coupled cluster energy framework. Here, we use the coupled cluster Lagrangian framework to derive the Lagrangian cluster perturbation (LCP) series and show that a slightly modified order concept means that the ECP and the LCP series become identical. Using the Lagrangian, we also derive a perturbation series where total cluster amplitudes and multipliers are determined through the same orders as dictated by the 2n+1/2n+2 rule, the VCP series. The VCP energies have errors that are bilinear in the errors of the total cluster amplitudes and multipliers. Test calculations have been performed for S(D) and SD(T) orbital excitation spaces. The convergence of the test calculations can be divided into two groups. The first group contains molecules that exhibit a slow monotonic geometric convergence pattern in both orbital spaces. The second group, containing the rest of the molecules, exhibits a fast low order convergence. For the S(D) calculations, the deviations in fourth order from the coupled cluster singles and doubles energy are below 1.3 per cent for the LCP series and 0.3 per cent for the VCP series, respectively. For the SD(T) calculations, the second group hardly shows any difference between the low order convergence of the three series ECP, LCP, and LCP and at fourth order the deviations from the triples correlation energy are less than 1 per cent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kurt V. Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen Institute of Chemistry, Denmark
| | - Jeppe Olsen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University Department of Chemistry, Denmark
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Christensen O, Schlosser RD, Nielsen RB, Johansen J, Koerstz M, Jensen JH, Mikkelsen KV. A Neural Network Approach for Property Determination of Molecular Solar Cell Candidates. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:1681-1688. [PMID: 35245050 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c00351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The dihydroazulene/vinylheptafulvene (DHA/VHF) photocouple is a promising candidate for molecular solar heat batteries, storing and releasing energy in a closed cycle. Much work has been done on improving the energy storage capacity and the half-life of the high-energy isomer via substituent functionalization, but similarly important is keeping these improved properties in common polar solvents, along with being soluble in these, which is tied to the dipole properties. However, the number of possible derivatives makes an overview of this combinatorial space impossible both for experimental work and traditional computational chemistry. Due to the time-consuming nature of running many thousands of computations, we look to machine learning, which bears the advantage that once a model has been trained, it can be used to rapidly estimate approximate values for the given system. Applying a convolutional neural network, we show that it is possible to reach good agreement with traditional computations on a scale that allows us to rapidly screen tens of thousands of the DHA/VHF photocouple, eliminating bad candidates and allowing computational resources to be directed toward meaningful compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Christensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Rasmus Buus Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jes Johansen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mads Koerstz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan H Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kurt V Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Hillers-Bendtsen AE, Kjeldal FØ, Høyer NM, Mikkelsen KV. Optimization of the thermochemical properties of the norbornadiene/quadricyclane photochromic couple for solar energy storage using nanoparticles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:5506-5521. [PMID: 35171973 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00226d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we present an investigation concerning the prospects of using nanoparticles to improve solar energy storage properties of three different norbornadiene/quadricyclane derivatives. Computationally, we study how different nanoparticles influence the properties of the systems that relate to the storage of solar energy, namely, the storage energy and the back reaction barrier. Our approach employs hybrid quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical calculations in which the molecular systems are described using density functional theory while the nanoparticles are described using molecular mechanics. The interactions between the two subsystems are determined using polarization dynamics. The results show that the influence of the nanoparticles on the thermochemical properties largely depends on the type of nanoparticle used, the relative orientation with respect to the nanoparticle, and the distance between the the nanoparticle and the molecular system. Additionally, we find indications that copper and/or titanium dioxide nanoparticles can lower the energy barrier of the back reaction for all of the studied systems without significantly lowering the storage capability of the systems. Consequently, the study shows that nanoparticles can potentially be employed in the optimization of molecular photoswitches towards solar energy storage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Erbs Hillers-Bendtsen
- Department of Chemistry, H. C. Ørsted Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Frederik Ørsted Kjeldal
- Department of Chemistry, H. C. Ørsted Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Nicolai Machholdt Høyer
- Department of Chemistry, H. C. Ørsted Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Kurt V Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, H. C. Ørsted Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Kjeldsen ILH, Høvring JF, von Buchwald TJ, Hillers-Bendtsen AE, Mikkelsen KV. The effects of solvation on the back reaction and storage capabilities of solar thermal energy storage systems. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:5564-5577. [PMID: 35174838 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00401a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Solvent effects on molecular solar thermal energy storage systems have been investigated using density functional theory combined with solvent models describing the effects of viscosities and dielectric constants on chemical reaction rates. We have addressed the following issues concerning how solvents influence both the thermochemical properties and the thermal relaxation kinetics of the studied systems, how the friction of the solvent influences the recrossing of the reactions along with the dynamics and force constants of the transition state. We observe that the rate constants for the chemical reactions of the molecular solar thermal energy storage systems depend strongly on the dielectric solvent properties and the viscosities of the solvents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ida Lützen Hoff Kjeldsen
- Department of Chemistry, H. C. Ørsted Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Julie Franck Høvring
- Department of Chemistry, H. C. Ørsted Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Theo Juncker von Buchwald
- Department of Chemistry, H. C. Ørsted Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Andreas Erbs Hillers-Bendtsen
- Department of Chemistry, H. C. Ørsted Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Kurt V Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, H. C. Ørsted Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Bjerregaard JD, Mikkelsen KV, Johnson MS. Hybrid DFT small-cluster model of CO oxidation on CeO2/(110). Chem Phys Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2022.139436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
36
|
Quant M, Hillers-Bendtsen AE, Ghasemi S, Erdelyi M, Wang Z, Muhammad LM, Kann N, Mikkelsen KV, Moth-Poulsen K. Synthesis, characterization and computational evaluation of bicyclooctadienes towards molecular solar thermal energy storage. Chem Sci 2022; 13:834-841. [PMID: 35173948 PMCID: PMC8768882 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05791j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular solar-thermal energy storage (MOST) systems are based on photoswitches that reversibly convert solar energy into chemical energy. In this context, bicyclooctadienes (BODs) undergo a photoinduced transformation to the corresponding higher energy tetracyclooctanes (TCOs), but the photoswitch system has not until now been evaluated for MOST application, due to the short half-life of the TCO form and limited available synthetic methods. The BOD system degrades at higher temperature via a retro-Diels-Alder reaction, which complicates the synthesis of the compounds. We here report a cross-coupling reaction strategy that enables an efficient synthesis of a series of 4 new BOD compounds. We show that the BODs were able to switch to the corresponding tetracyclooctanes (TCOs) in a reversible way and can be cycled 645 times with only 0.01% degradation. Half-lives of the TCOs were measured, and we illustrate how the half-life could be engineered from seconds to minutes by molecular structure design. A density functional theory (DFT) based modelling framework was developed to access absorption spectra, thermal half-lives, and storage energies which were calculated to be 143-153 kJ mol-1 (0.47-0.51 MJ kg-1), up to 76% higher than for the corresponding norbornadiene. The combined computational and experimental findings provide a reliable way of designing future BOD/TCO systems with tailored properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Quant
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemigården 4 412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
| | | | - Shima Ghasemi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemigården 4 412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Mate Erdelyi
- Department of Chemistry - BMC, Uppsala University Husargatan 3 752 37 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Zhihang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemigården 4 412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Lidiya M Muhammad
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemigården 4 412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Nina Kann
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemigården 4 412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Kurt V Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemigården 4 412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
- The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC 08193, Bellaterra Barcelona Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research & Advanced Studies, ICREA Pg. Lluís Companys 23 Barcelona Spain
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Pedersen J, Mikkelsen KV. A benchmark study of aromaticity indexes for benzene, pyridine and the diazines - I. Ground state aromaticity. RSC Adv 2022; 12:2830-2842. [PMID: 35425306 PMCID: PMC8979194 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra00093h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Five different aromaticity indexes are benchmarked for benzene, pyridine and the diazines in their ground states. A basis set study was performed using the Pople style, Karlsruhe and Dunning's correlation consistent basis sets. Ten different DFT functionals, including LSDA, PBE, PBE0, B3LYP, CAM-B3LYP, wB97XD, M06-2X, SOGGA11X, M11 and MN15 were benchmarked by comparison with CCSD, CASSCF and MP2. Large out-of-plane imaginary frequencies were observed for some of the optimized structures at the correlated wavefunction level of theory. It was found that the DFT functionals in general predict the para-delocalization index, multicenter index and aromatic fluctuation index to be approximately 70%, 50% and 45% larger, respectively, compared to the CCSD method. Comparisons of the DFT functionals showed that the wB97XD, CAM-B3LYP and M06-2X functionals performed the best. Furthermore, the basis set dependence of the DFT functionals was found to be large for the electron sharing indexes. Based on these findings, it is recommended to perform ground state calculations of aromaticity indexes at the wB97XD, CAM-B3LYP or M06-2X level of theory utilizing a simple basis set of triple-ζ quality. Five different aromaticity indexes are benchmarked for benzene, pyridine and the diazines in their ground states.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Pedersen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen DK-2100 Denmark
| | - Kurt V Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen DK-2100 Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Elholm JL, Hillers-Bendtsen AE, Hölzel H, Moth-Poulsen K, Mikkelsen KV. High Throughput Screening of Norbornadiene/Quadricyclane Derivates for Molecular Solar Thermal Energy Storage. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:28956-28964. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp03032b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We present a procedure for performing high throughput screening of molecular compounds for molecular solar thermal energy storage devices using extended tight binding (xTB) methods. In order to validate our...
Collapse
|
39
|
Hillers-Bendtsen AE, Kjeldal FØ, Ree N, Matito E, Mikkelsen KV. Excited State Dynamics and Conjugation Effects of the Photoisomerization Reactions of Dihydroazulene. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:28934-28943. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02706b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we present an investigation of the excited state dynamics of the Dihydroazulene photoswitch and its photoinduced reaction to Vinylheptafulvene. The focus is on how the introduction of a benzannulated...
Collapse
|
40
|
Hillers-Bendtsen AE, Quant M, Moth-Poulsen K, Mikkelsen KV. Investigation of the Structural and Thermochemical Properties of [2.2.2]-Bicyclooctadiene Photoswitches. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:10330-10339. [PMID: 34809434 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c07737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Molecular photoswitches can under certain conditions be used to store solar energy in the so-called molecular solar thermal storage systems, which is an interesting technology for renewable energy solutions. The current investigations focus on the performance of seven different density functional theory (DFT) methods (B3LYP, CAM-B3LYP, PBE0, M06-2X, ωB97X-D, B2PLYP, and PBE0DH) when predicting geometries and thermochemical properties of the [2.2.2]-bicyclooctadiene (BOD) photoswitch. We find that all of the investigated DFT methods provide geometries that are in good agreement with those obtained using coupled cluster singles and doubles (CCSD) calculations. The dependence on the employed basis set is not large when predicting geometries. With respect to the thermochemical properties, we find that the M06-2X, CAM-B3LYP, PBE0, and ωB97X-D functionals all predict thermochemical properties that are in good agreement with the results of the CCSD, the CCSD including perturbative triples (CCSD(T)), and the explicitly correlated CCSD-F12 and CCSD(T)-F12 models. Lastly, for energy calculations, we tested the newly developed fourth-order cluster perturbation theory singles and doubles CPS(D-4) model, which in this study provides energy differences that are of CCSD and sometimes also CCSD(T) quality at a relatively low cost. We find that the CPS(D-4) model is an excellent choice for further investigation of BOD derivatives because accurate energies can be obtained routinely using this methodology. From the results, we also note that the predicted storage energies and storage energy densities for the BOD photoswitch are very large compared to other molecular solar thermal storage systems and that these systems could be candidates for such applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Quant
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden.,The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain.,Catalan Institution for Research Advanced Studies, ICREA, Pg. Lluis Companys 23, Barcelona 08010, Spain
| | - Kurt V Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen Ø 2100, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Fromsejer R, Mikkelsen KV, Hemmingsen L. Dynamics of nuclear recoil: QM-BOMD simulations of model systems following β-decay. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:25689-25698. [PMID: 34755727 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02112e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The kinetic recoil energy received by the daughter nucleus in a nuclear decay is often large enough to affect the structure around the nucleus in chemical systems. The coinciding element change which typically occurs in a nuclear decay may additionally incur a structural reorganization. The effects of these phenomena on chemical systems where radio-isotopes are used are often little-known or neglected because the dynamics of nuclear decay is difficult to observe experimentally. In this work, QM-MD simulations are used to investigate local fs to ps dynamics following the β-decay of 111Ag to 111Cd in systems modelled on the metal-sensing CueR protein. An adiabatic approximation is applied, assuming that the electronic structure relaxes rapidly after the decay. PM7-MD simulations of recoil dynamics of the model systems show significant structural changes and bonding interactions that depend on the magnitude and direction of the recoil. We find that, in general, the kinetic recoil energy is rapidly distributed (<5 ps) uniformly throughout the systems in the studied scenarios.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Fromsejer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 København Ø, Denmark.
| | - Kurt V Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 København Ø, Denmark.
| | - Lars Hemmingsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 København Ø, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Ree N, Koerstz M, Mikkelsen KV, Jensen JH. Virtual screening of norbornadiene-based molecular solar thermal energy storage systems using a genetic algorithm. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:184105. [PMID: 34773961 DOI: 10.1063/5.0063694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a computational methodology for the screening of a chemical space of 1025 substituted norbornadiene molecules for promising kinetically stable molecular solar thermal (MOST) energy storage systems with high energy densities that absorb in the visible part of the solar spectrum. We use semiempirical tight-binding methods to construct a dataset of nearly 34 000 molecules and train graph convolutional networks to predict energy densities, kinetic stability, and absorption spectra and then use the models together with a genetic algorithm to search the chemical space for promising MOST energy storage systems. We identify 15 kinetically stable molecules, five of which have energy densities greater than 0.45 MJ/kg, and the main conclusion of this study is that the largest energy density that can be obtained for a single norbornadiene moiety with the substituents considered here, while maintaining a long half-life and absorption in the visible spectrum, is around 0.55 MJ/kg.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai Ree
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Mads Koerstz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Kurt V Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Jan H Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
|
44
|
Mengots A, Erbs Hillers-Bendtsen A, Doria S, Ørsted Kjeldal F, Machholdt Høyer N, Ugleholdt Petersen A, Mikkelsen KV, Di Donato M, Cacciarini M, Brøndsted Nielsen M. Dihydroazulene-Azobenzene-Dihydroazulene Triad Photoswitches. Chemistry 2021; 27:12437-12446. [PMID: 34096662 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Photoswitch triads comprising two dihydroazulene (DHA) units in conjugation with a central trans-azobenzene (AZB) unit were prepared in stepwise protocols starting from meta- and para-disubstituted azobenzenes. The para-connected triad had significantly altered optical properties and lacked the photoactivity of the separate photochromes. In contrast, for the meta-connected triad, all three photochromes could be photoisomerized to generate an isomer with two vinylheptafulvene (VHF) units and a cis-azobenzene unit. Ultrafast spectroscopy of the photoisomerizations revealed a fast DHA-to-VHF photoisomerization and a slower trans-to-cis AZB photoisomerization. This meta triad underwent thermal VHF-to-DHA back-conversion with a similar rate of all VHFs, independent of the identity of the neighboring units, and in parallel thermal cis-to-trans AZB conversion. The experimental observations were supported by computation (excitation spectra and orbital analysis of the transitions).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alvis Mengots
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | | | - Sandra Doria
- ICCOM-CNR, via Madeonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy.,LENS, via N. Carrara1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Frederik Ørsted Kjeldal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Nicolai Machholdt Høyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Anne Ugleholdt Petersen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Kurt V Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Mariangela Di Donato
- ICCOM-CNR, via Madeonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy.,LENS, via N. Carrara1, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Martina Cacciarini
- Department of Chemistry "U. Schiff", University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Mogens Brøndsted Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Bliksted Roug Pedersen V, Granhøj J, Erbs Hillers-Bendtsen A, Kadziola A, Mikkelsen KV, Brøndsted Nielsen M. Fulvalene-Based Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Ladder-Type Structures: Synthesis and Properties. Chemistry 2021; 27:8315-8324. [PMID: 33856724 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have found strong interest for their electronic properties and as model systems for graphene. While PAHs have been studied intensively as single units, here PAHs were constructed in ladder-type arrangements using cross-conjugated fulvalene and dithiafulvalene motifs as connecting units and moving forward a convenient synthetic approach for dimerizing (thio)ketones into olefins by the action of Lawesson's reagent. Some of the PAHs can also be regarded as "super-extended" tetrathiafulvalenes (TTFs) with some of the largest cores ever explored, being multi-redox systems that exhibit both reversible oxidations and reductions. Concomitant absorption redshifts were observed when expanding the ladder-type structures from one to two to three indenofluorene units, and optical and electrochemical HOMO-LUMO gaps were found to correlate linearly. Various conformations (and solid-state packing arrangements) were studied by X-ray crystallography and computations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeppe Granhøj
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | | | - Anders Kadziola
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Kurt V Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Mogens Brøndsted Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Bliksted Roug Pedersen V, Granhøj J, Erbs Hillers‐Bendtsen A, Kadziola A, Mikkelsen KV, Brøndsted Nielsen M. Cover Feature: Fulvalene‐Based Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Ladder‐Type Structures: Synthesis and Properties (Chem. Eur. J. 32/2021). Chemistry 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeppe Granhøj
- Department of Chemistry University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | | | - Anders Kadziola
- Department of Chemistry University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Kurt V. Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Hillers-Bendtsen AE, Johansen MB, Mikkelsen KV. Promoting the thermal back reaction of vinylheptafulvene to dihydroazulene by physisorbtion on nanoparticles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:12889-12899. [PMID: 34075905 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp02893b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigate the effects of nanoparticles on molecular solar thermal energy storage systems and how one can tune chemical reactivities of a molecular photo- and thermoswitch by changing the nanoparticles. We have selected the dihydroazulene/vinylheptafulvene system to illustrate the effects of the nanoparticles on the chemical reactivities of the molecular photo- and thermoswitch. We have utilized the following nanoparticles: a TiO2 nanoparticle along with nanoparticles of gold, silver and copper. We calculate the rate constants for the release of the thermal energy utilizing a QM/MM method coupled to a transition state method. The molecular systems are described by density functional theory whereas the nanoparticles are given by molecular mechanics including electrostatic and polarization dynamics. In order to investigate whether the significant stabilization of the transitions state provided by the nanoparticles is general to the DHA/VHF system, we calculated the transition state rate constant of the parent- and 3-amino-substituted-DHA/VHF systems at 298.15 K in the four different orientations and at the three different separations. We observe that the transition state rate constant of the parent system is only increased as the cyano groups are oriented towards the nanoparticle while the presence of the nanoparticle actually impedes the reactions using the three other orientations. On the other hand, for the substituted system the nanoparticle generally leads to a significant increase in the rate of the reaction. We find that the nanoparticles can have a substantial effect on the calculated rate constants. We observe, depending on the nanoparticle and the molecular orientation, increases of the rate constants by a factor of 106. This illustrates the prospects of utilizing nanoparticles for controlling the release of the stored thermal energy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Erbs Hillers-Bendtsen
- Department of Chemistry, H. C. Ørsted Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Cardenuto MH, Cezar HM, Mikkelsen KV, Sauer SPA, Coutinho K, Canuto S. A QM/MM study of the conformation stability and electronic structure of the photochromic switches derivatives of DHA/VHF in acetonitrile solution. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2021; 251:119434. [PMID: 33465576 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.119434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We present a detailed theoretical study of the electronic absorption spectra and thermochemistry of molecular photoswitches composed of one and two photochromic units of dihydroazulene (DHA)/vinylheptafulvene (VHF) molecules. Six different isomers are considered depending on the ring opening/closure forms of the DHA units. The solvent effect of acetonitrile is investigated using a sequential Molecular Mechanics/Quantum Mechanics approach. The thermochemical investigations of these photochromic molecules were performed using the Free Energy Perturbation method, and the simulations were performed using Configurational Bias Monte Carlo. We show that to open the 5-member ring of the DHA, there is no significant gain in thermal release of energy for the back reaction when a unit or two DHA units are considered. Overall, we found agreement between the solvation free energy based on Monte Carlo simulations and the continuum solvent model. However, the cavitation term in the continuum model is shown to be a source of disagreement when the non-electrostatic terms are compared. The electronic absorption spectra are calculated using TDDFT CAM-B3LYP/cc-pVDZ. Agreement with experiment is obtained within 0.1 eV, considering statistically uncorrelated configurations from the simulations. Inhomogeneous broadening is also considered and found to be well described in all cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Hidalgo Cardenuto
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 1371, Cidade Universitária, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Henrique M Cezar
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 1371, Cidade Universitária, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kurt V Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stephan P A Sauer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kaline Coutinho
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 1371, Cidade Universitária, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Sylvio Canuto
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 1371, Cidade Universitária, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Heuser B, Mikkelsen KV, Avery JE. Simulating fullerene polyhedral formation from planar precursors. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:6561-6573. [PMID: 33704274 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp04901h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis path of the C60-Buckyball fullerene from a planar precursor developed by Scott et al. [Science, 2002, 295, 5559] is investigated with density functional theory (DFT) methods. Various theoretically possible closing paths are analysed with respect to structural and energetic properties. The initial geometries were obtained by geometric interpolation of a cardboard-like model comprising rigid rings connected by hinges, which were then fully optimized with a selection of DFT-functionals. Analysis of the fully optimised geometries shows remarkable stability of face planarity, bond lengths and bond angles for all studied geometries, indicating soundness of the "cardboard with hinges"-model for approximating reaction paths for molecules of this type. This raises hope for development of a force field description of fullerene precursor molecules that can aid in discovery and analysis of good precursor candidates for rational synthesis of new fullerenes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Heuser
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Koerstz M, Christensen AS, Mikkelsen KV, Nielsen MB, Jensen JH. High throughput virtual screening of 230 billion molecular solar heat battery candidates. PeerJ Physical Chemistry 2021. [DOI: 10.7717/peerj-pchem.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The dihydroazulene/vinylheptafulvene (DHA/VHF) thermocouple is a promising candidate for thermal heat batteries that absorb and store solar energy as chemical energy without the need for insulation. However, in order to be viable the energy storage capacity and lifetime of the high energy form (i.e., the free energy barrier to the back reaction) of the canonical parent compound must be increased significantly to be of practical use. We use semiempirical quantum chemical methods, machine learning, and density functional theory to virtually screen over 230 billion substituted DHA molecules to identify promising candidates. We identify a molecule with a predicted energy density of 0.38 kJ/g, which is significantly larger than the 0.14 kJ/g computed for the parent compound. The free energy barrier to the back reaction is 11 kJ/mol higher than the parent compound, which should correspond to a half-life of about 10 days—4 months. This is considerably longer than the 3–39 h (depending on solvent) observed for the parent compound and sufficiently long for many practical applications. Our paper makes two main important contributions: (1) a novel and generally applicable methodological approach that makes screening of huge libraries for properties involving chemical reactivity with modest computational resources, and (2) a clear demonstration that the storage capacity of the DHA/VHF thermocouple cannot be increased to >0.5 kJ/g by combining simple substituents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mads Koerstz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Danmark, Denmark
| | | | - Kurt V. Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Danmark, Denmark
| | | | - Jan H. Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Danmark, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|