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Palmisano VF, Anguita-Ortiz N, Faraji S, Nogueira JJ. Voltage Gated Ion Channels: Structure, Pharmacology and Photopharmacology. Chemphyschem 2024:e202400162. [PMID: 38649320 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Voltage-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins responsible for the generation and propagation of action potentials in excitable cells. In the past few years, crystal structures of ion channels have become accessible and, when combined with mutagenesis data, have aided in the discovery of drugs that can modulate ion conduction. However, many traditional drugs lack selectivity and come with adverse side effects. The emergence of photopharmacology has provided an orthogonal way of controlling the activity of compounds, enabling the regulation of ion conduction with light. In this review, we explore the central pore region of voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels, providing insights from both structural and pharmacological perspectives. We discuss the different binding modes of synthetic compounds that can physically occlude the pore and, therefore, block the ion conduction. Moreover, we examine recent advances in the photopharmacology of voltage-gated ion channels, introducing molecular approaches aimed at controlling their activity by using photosensitive drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shirin Faraji
- University of Groningen, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, NETHERLANDS
| | - Juan Jose Nogueira
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid: Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Chemistry, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, Calle Francisco Tomás y Valiente, 7, 28049, Madrid, SPAIN
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2
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Hashim PK, Sahu S, Takahashi K, Thazhathethil S, Nakamura T, Tamaoki N. Geometry-Induced Oligomerization of Fluorine-Substituted Phenylazothiazole Photoswitches. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400047. [PMID: 38278760 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Photoswitches are molecules that can absorb light of specific wavelengths and undergo a reversible transformation between their trans and cis isomeric forms. In phenylazo photoswitches, it is common for the less stable cis (Z) isomer to convert back to the more stable trans (E) isomer either through photochemical or thermal means. In this research, we designed new derivatives of phenylazothiazole (PAT) photoswitches, PAT-Fn, which feature fluorine substituents on their phenyl component. These derivatives can reversibly isomerize under visible light exposure with the enrichment of E and Z isomers at photostationary state (PSS). Surprisingly, we observed an unconventional phenomenon when these PAT-Fn (n≧2) photoswitches were in their cis isomeric state in the absence of light. Instead of the anticipated transformation from cis to trans isomer, these compounds converted to an oligomeric compound. Our detailed experimental investigation and theoretical calculations, indicated the crucial role of fluorine substituents and the distinctive geometric arrangement of the cis isomer in driving the unexpected oligomerization process originating from the cis isomeric state.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Hashim
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 20, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0020, Japan
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Saugata Sahu
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 20, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0020, Japan
| | - Kiyonori Takahashi
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 20, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0020, Japan
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10, Nishi 5, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Shakkeeb Thazhathethil
- Research Center for Macromolecules and Biomaterials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0047, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Nakamura
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 20, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0020, Japan
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10, Nishi 5, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Tamaoki
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 20, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0020, Japan
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan
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Philip AM, Krogh ME, Laursen BW. Robust Red-Absorbing Donor-Acceptor Stenhouse Adduct Photoswitches. Chemistry 2024:e202400621. [PMID: 38536207 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Donor-Acceptor Stenhouse Adduct (DASA), a class of push-pull negative photochrome, has received large interest lately owing to its versatile synthesis, modularity and excellent photoswitching in solutions. From a technological perspective, it is imperative for this class of photoswitches to work robustly in solid state, e. g. thin films. We feature a molecular framework for the optimized design of DASAs by introducing a new thioindoline donor (D3) and assessing its performance against known 2nd generation indoline-based donors. The systematic structure-function investigations suggest that to achieve robust reversible photoswitching, a ground state with low charge separation is desired. DASAs with stronger electron donors and a larger charge separation in the ground state result in a low population of the photothermalstationary state (PTSS) and reduced photostability. The DASA with thioindoline donor (D3A3) seems to be a special case among the donor series as it causes a red shift (ca. 15 nm), however with less polarization of the ground state and marginally better photostability as compared to the unsubstituted 2-methyl indoline (D1A3). We also emphasize the consideration of the key additional factors that can modulate the red-light photoswitching properties of DASA chromophores in polymer thin films, which might not be dominant in homogenous solution state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbey M Philip
- Nano-Science Center & Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Marie E Krogh
- Nano-Science Center & Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Bo W Laursen
- Nano-Science Center & Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
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4
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Meng X, Lin S, Chen S, Shen X, Guo D, Guo J. Recent Advances in Smart Windows Based on Photo-Responsive Liquid Crystals Featuring Phase Transition. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202300700. [PMID: 38230830 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
A smart window is an optical dimming device with intelligent functions that can control its relevant performances through external stimuli, achieving functions such as privacy protection and temperature regulation. Light is an ideal stimulus for regulating smart windows, which is noninvasive and allows self-adaptable manipulation of materials. This review highlights recent significant achievements in smart windows constructed by photo-responsive liquid crystals (LCs) systems that can undergo the transition between different phases. The smart windows based on photo-responsive LCs are used in a plethora of areas, including privacy protection, absorption glass, building decoration, energy saving, and climate modulation applications. The review concludes with a brief perspective on some significant challenges and opportunities for the future development of photo-responsive smart windows, which is crucial for expanding the applications of smart windows and improving their performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianyu Meng
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fibers and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, and College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Siyang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fibers and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, and College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Shuo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fibers and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, and College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xuanzhe Shen
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fibers and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, and College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Dekang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fibers and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, and College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jinbao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fibers and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, and College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
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5
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Bargstedt J, Reinschmidt M, Tydecks L, Kolmar T, Hendrich CM, Jäschke A. Photochromic Nucleosides and Oligonucleotides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202310797. [PMID: 37966433 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Photochromism is a reversible phenomenon wherein a material undergoes a change in color upon exposure to light. In organic photochromes, this effect often results from light-induced isomerization reactions, leading to alterations in either the spatial orientation or electronic properties of the photochrome. The incorporation of photochromic moieties into biomolecules, such as proteins or nucleic acids, has become a prevalent approach to render these biomolecules responsive to light stimuli. Utilizing light as a trigger for the manipulation of biomolecular structure and function offers numerous advantages compared to other stimuli, such as chemical or electrical treatments, due to its non-invasive nature. Consequently, light proves particularly advantageous in cellular and tissue applications. In this review, we emphasize recent advancements in the field of photochromic nucleosides and oligonucleotides. We provide an overview of the design principles of different classes of photochromes, synthetic strategies, critical analytical challenges, as well as structure-property relationships. The applications of photochromic nucleic acid derivatives encompass diverse domains, ranging from the precise photoregulation of gene expression to the controlled modulation of the three-dimensional structures of oligonucleotides and the development of DNA-based fluorescence modulators. Moreover, we present a future perspective on potential modifications and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörn Bargstedt
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Reinschmidt
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Leon Tydecks
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Theresa Kolmar
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph M Hendrich
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andres Jäschke
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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6
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Kolarski D, Steinbach P, Bannwarth C, Klaue K, Hecht S. Diaryltriazolium Photoswitch: Reaching a Millisecond Cycloreversion with High Stability and NIR Absorption. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318015. [PMID: 38116882 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The exceptional thermal stability of diarylethene closed isomers enabled many applications but also prevented utilization in photochromic systems that require rapid thermal reversibility. Herein, we report the diaryltriazolium (DAT+ ) photoswitch undergoing thermal cycloreversion within a few milliseconds and absorption of the closed form in the near-infrared region above 900 nm. Click chemistry followed by alkylation offers modular and fast access to the electron-deficient DAT+ scaffold. In addition to excellent fatigue resistance, the introduced charge increases water solubility, rendering this photoswitch an ideal candidate for exploring biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dušan Kolarski
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, NanoBioPhotonics, Am Faßberg 11, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Pit Steinbach
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Melatener Str. 20, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christoph Bannwarth
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Melatener Str. 20, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kristin Klaue
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
- Center for the Science of Materials Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Zum Großen Windkanal 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Hecht
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
- Center for the Science of Materials Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Zum Großen Windkanal 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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7
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Nieland E, Voss J, Schmidt BM. Photoresponsive Supramolecular Cages and Macrocycles. Chempluschem 2023; 88:e202300353. [PMID: 37638597 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
The utilisation of light to achieve precise manipulation and control over the structure and function of supramolecular assemblies has emerged as a highly promising approach in the development of complex, configurable, or multifunctional systems and nanoscopic machine-like entities. In this minireview, we highlight recent examples of self-assembled and covalently bound cages and macrocycles with a focus on the external and internal functionalisation of a structure with a photoswitchable unit or the embedment of a photoswitch into the framework of a structure. Functionalising the interior or exterior of a supramolecular cage or macrocycle with a photoresponsive group enables control over different properties, such as guest binding or assembly in the solid-state, while the overall shape of the assembly often undergoes no significant change. By directly integrating a photoswitchable unit into the framework of a supramolecular structure, the isomerisation can either induce a geometry change, the disassembly, or the disassembly and reassembly of the structure. Historical and recent examples covered in this review are based on azobenzene, diarylethene, stilbene photoswitches, or alkene motors that were incorporated into macrocycles and cages constructed by metal-organic, dynamic covalent, or covalent bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Nieland
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jona Voss
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Bernd M Schmidt
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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8
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Sangchai T, Al Shehimy S, Penocchio E, Ragazzon G. Artificial Molecular Ratchets: Tools Enabling Endergonic Processes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202309501. [PMID: 37545196 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Non-equilibrium chemical systems underpin multiple domains of contemporary interest, including supramolecular chemistry, molecular machines, systems chemistry, prebiotic chemistry, and energy transduction. Experimental chemists are now pioneering the realization of artificial systems that can harvest energy away from equilibrium. In this tutorial Review, we provide an overview of artificial molecular ratchets: the chemical mechanisms enabling energy absorption from the environment. By focusing on the mechanism type-rather than the application domain or energy source-we offer a unifying picture of seemingly disparate phenomena, which we hope will foster progress in this fascinating domain of science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thitiporn Sangchai
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS) UMR 7006, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Shaymaa Al Shehimy
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS) UMR 7006, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Emanuele Penocchio
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Giulio Ragazzon
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS) UMR 7006, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
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9
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Pal A, Das KM, Sau S, Thakur A. Co(II) Acetate-Assisted Direct Synthesis of Acyl Hydrazones from Acyl Hydrazides under Mild Conditions. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202300755. [PMID: 37814533 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Acyl hydrazones are a class of synthetically important organic compounds that are recurrently in high demand for synthesis and use in various fields of chemistry and biology. We report the first Co(II) catalyzed one-component one-pot sustainable synthesis of acyl hydrazones only from acyl hydrazides under mild reaction conditions. Traditional and contemporary methodologies use two components (usually acyl hydrazides and aldehydes/ketones/alcohols/styrene) as the coupling partners. Our protocol, on the other hand, involves the in situ generation of aldehyde intermediate (detected by gas chromatography) from the acyl hydrazide, which then undergoes condensation with another molecule of the same acyl hydrazide in the same pot to yield acyl hydrazones in presence of mild base K2 CO3 and low-cost Co(OAc)2 ⋅ 4H2 O as catalyst. This method shows good functional group tolerance with good to excellent yield of products. Furthermore, some of the resulting acyl hydrazones have been used as synthetic precursors and explored in various post-synthetic modifications to afford N-heterocyclic compounds. Furthermore, photoswitchable properties of few synthesized acyl hydrazones are also explored using their E/Z isomerization around the C=N bond, as realized by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and UV-vis spectroscopic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adwitiya Pal
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Krishna Mohan Das
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Subham Sau
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Arunabha Thakur
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, West Bengal, India
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Zhu J, Sun XW, Yang X, Yu SN, Liang L, Chen YZ, Zheng X, Yu M, Yan L, Tang J, Zhao W, Yang XJ, Wu B. In Situ Photoisomerization of an Azobenzene-Based Triple Helicate with a Prolonged Thermal Relaxation Time. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023:e202314510. [PMID: 37926915 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The phosphate-coordination triple helicates A2 L3 (A=anion) with azobenzene-spaced bis-bis(urea) ligands (L) have proven to undergo a rare in situ photoisomerization (without disassembly of the structure) rather than the typically known, stepwise "disassembly-isomerization-reassembly" process. This is enabled by the structural self-adaptability of the "aniono" assembly arising from multiple relatively weak and flexible hydrogen bonds between the phosphate anion and bis(urea) units. Notably, the Z→E thermal relaxation rate of the isomerized azobenzene unit is significantly decreased (up to 20-fold) for the triple helicates compared to the free ligands. Moreover, the binding of chiral guest cations inside the cavity of the Z-isomerized triple helicate can induce optically pure diastereomers, thus demonstrating a new strategy for making light-activated chiroptical materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Xiao-Wen Sun
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Xintong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Shu-Na Yu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Lin Liang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Ya-Zhi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Meng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Li Yan
- Analysis & Testing Center, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Juan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Biao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China
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11
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Ahmad M, Gartland SA, Langton MJ. Photo- and Redox-Regulated Transmembrane Ion Transporters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308842. [PMID: 37478126 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic supramolecular ion transporters find applications as potential therapeutics and as tools for engineering functional membranes. Stimuli-responsive systems enable external control over transport, which is necessary for targeted activation. The Minireview provides an overview of current approaches to developing stimuli-responsive ion transport systems, including channels and mobile carriers, that can be controlled using photo or redox inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manzoor Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Shaun A Gartland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Matthew J Langton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
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12
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Mukherjee A, Seyfried MD, Ravoo BJ. Azoheteroarene and Diazocine Molecular Photoswitches: Self-Assembly, Responsive Materials and Photopharmacology. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202304437. [PMID: 37212536 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202304437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic units tethered with an azo (-N=N-) functionality comprise a unique class of compounds, known as molecular photoswitches, exhibiting a reversible transformation between their E- and Z-isomers in response to photo-irradiation. Photoswitches have been explored extensively in the recent past to prepare dynamic self-assembled materials, optoelectronic devices, responsive biomaterials, and more. Most of such materials involve azobenzenes as the molecular photoswitch and to date, SciFinder lists more than 7000 articles and 1000 patents. Subsequently, a great deal of effort has been invested to improve the photo-isomerization efficiency and related mesoscopic properties of azobenzenes. Recently, azoheteroarenes and cyclic azobenzenes, such as arylazopyrazoles, arylazoisoxazoles, arylazopyridines, and diazocines, have emerged as second generation molecular photoswitches beyond conventional azobenzenes. These photoswitches offer distinct photoswitching behavior and responsive properties which make them highly promising candidates for multifaceted applications ranging from photoresponsive materials to photopharmacophores. In this minireview, we introduce the structural refinement and photoresponsive properties of azoheteroarenes and diazocines and summarize the state-of-the-art on utilizing these photoswitches as responsive building blocks in supramolecular assembly, material science and photopharmacology, highlighting their versatile photochemical behavior, enhanced functionality, and latest applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag Mukherjee
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Maximilian D Seyfried
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Bart Jan Ravoo
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
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13
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Hillers-Bendtsen AE, Elholm JL, Obel OB, Hölzel H, Moth-Poulsen K, Mikkelsen KV. Searching the Chemical Space of Bicyclic Dienes for Molecular Solar Thermal Energy Storage Candidates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202309543. [PMID: 37489860 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Photoswitches are molecular systems that are chemically transformed subsequent to interaction with light and they find potential application in many new technologies. The design and discovery of photoswitch candidates require intricate molecular engineering of a range of properties to optimize a candidate to a specific applications, a task which can be tackled efficiently using quantum chemical screening procedures. In this paper, we perform a large scale screening of approximately half a million bicyclic diene photoswitches in the context of molecular solar thermal energy storage using ab initio quantum chemical methods. We further device an efficient strategy for scoring the systems based on their predicted solar energy conversion efficiency and elucidate potential pitfalls of this approach. Our search through the chemical space of bicyclic dienes reveals systems with unprecedented solar energy conversion efficiencies and storage densities that show promising design guidelines for next generation molecular solar thermal energy storage systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacob Lynge Elholm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
- The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oscar Berlin Obel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Helen Hölzel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE, Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE, Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019, Barcelona, Spain
- The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, 412 96, Sweden
| | - Kurt V Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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14
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Thaggard GC, Haimerl J, Fischer RA, Park KC, Shustova NB. Traffic Lights for Catalysis: Stimuli-Responsive Molecular and Extended Catalytic Systems. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023:e202302859. [PMID: 36995914 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202302859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
The advances made in the field of stimuli-responsive catalysis during the last five years with a focus on the novel recently-emerged directions and applications have been surveyed. Metal-free catalysts and organometallic complexes, as well as biomimetic systems and extended structures, which display switchable catalytic activity for a variety of organic transformations, are discussed. Light-activated systems comprised of photochromic molecules capable of modulating reaction rate, yield, or enantioselectivity based on geometric and electronic changes associated with photoisomerization are the focus of the detailed discussion. Alternative stimuli, including pH and temperature, which could be applied either alone or in combination with light, are also addressed. Recent advances clearly demonstrate that the capability to finely tune catalyst behavior via an external stimulus is a powerful tool that could alter the landscape of sustainable chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace C Thaggard
- University of South Carolina, Chemistry and Biochemistry, UNITED STATES
| | - Johanna Haimerl
- University of South Carolina, Chemistry and Biochemistry, UNITED STATES
| | - Roland A Fischer
- Technical University of Munich: Technische Universitat Munchen, Chemistry, GERMANY
| | - Kyoung Chul Park
- University of South Carolina, Chemistry and Biochemistry, UNITED STATES
| | - Natalia B Shustova
- University of South Carolina, Chemistry and Biochemistry, 631 Sumter street GSRC-533, SC, Columbia, UNITED STATES
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15
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Qiu Q, Sun Z, Joubran D, Li X, Wan J, Schmidt-Rohr K, Han GGD. Optically Controlled Recovery and Recycling of Homogeneous Organocatalysts Enabled by Photoswitches. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202300723. [PMID: 36688731 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202300723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We address a critical challenge of recovering and recycling homogeneous organocatalysts by designing photoswitchable catalyst structures that display a reversible solubility change in response to light. Initially insoluble catalysts are UV-switched to a soluble isomeric state, which catalyzes the reaction, then back-isomerizes to the insoluble state upon completion of the reaction to be filtered and recycled. The molecular design principles that allow for the drastic solubility change over 10 times between the isomeric states, 87 % recovery by the light-induced precipitation, and multiple rounds of catalyst recycling are revealed. This proof of concept will open up opportunities to develop highly recyclable homogeneous catalysts that are important for the synthesis of critical compounds in various industries, which is anticipated to significantly reduce environmental impact and costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianfeng Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| | - Zhenhuan Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| | - Danielle Joubran
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| | - Joshua Wan
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| | - Klaus Schmidt-Rohr
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| | - Grace G D Han
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
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16
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Pan G, Wu Z, Liu Z, Xu B, Tian W. Photoinduced Fluorescence Switching in Molecular Aggregates via Topological [2+2] Cycloaddition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202303152. [PMID: 36939262 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202303152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
Optical modulation of fluorescence characteristics in molecular aggregates, which mainly involves diverse molecular stacking and the consequent intermolecular interactions, remains a significant challenge for the potential applications in optical anticounterfeiting, data storage and imaging. Here we successfully realize in situ fluorescence switching in molecular aggregates of thianaphthene-dioxide derivatives via topological [2+2] photocycloaddition, which represents a promising way to regulate the molecular stacking and alter photophysical processes. Notably, the 2-(3,5-Bis-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)benzo[b]thiophene-dioxide (BTO-TF) in both crystal and powder forms exhibits a unique switching from an initial non-fluorescent state to a highly fluorescent state (ΦPL = 0.46) upon UV irradiation, because the destruction of [2+2] cycloaddition process by the volume expansion of the dimer. Furthermore, we demonstrate such [2+2] photocycloaddition can occur when 2-(4-carboxypheny)ben-zo[b]thiophene-dioxide (BTO-OH) are doped within the selective polymer matrixes, which can be utilized for the visualization of macrophase separation in polymer blends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guocui Pan
- Jilin University, State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, CHINA
| | - Zhiyuan Wu
- Jilin University, State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, CHINA
| | - Zhaoyang Liu
- Jilin University, State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, CHINA
| | - Bin Xu
- Jilin University, State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun, CHINA
| | - Wenjing Tian
- Jilin University, State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, CHINA
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17
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Trauner D, Mukhopadhyay TK, Willems S, Arp CJ, Morstein J, Haake CT, Merk D. Development of Light Activated LXR Agonists. ChemMedChem 2023:e202200647. [PMID: 36896647 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Activation of the oxysterol-sensing transcription factor liver X receptor (LXR) has been studied as a therapeutic strategy in metabolic diseases and cancer but is compromised by the side effects of LXR agonists. Local LXR activation in cancer treatment may offer an opportunity to overcome this issue suggesting potential uses of photopharmacology. We report the computer-aided development of photoswitchable LXR agonists based on the T0901317 scaffold, which is a known LXR agonist. Azologization and structure-guided structure-activity relationship evaluation enabled the design of an LXR agonist, which activated LXR with low micromolar potency in its light-induced (Z)-state and was inactive as (E)-isomer. This tool sensitized human lung cancer cells to chemotherapeutic treatment in a light-dependent manner supporting potential of locally activated LXR agonists as adjuvant cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Trauner
- New York University, Department of Chemistry, 100 Washington Square East, 10003, New York, UNITED STATES
| | | | - Sabine Willems
- University of Munich: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, Pharmacy, GERMANY
| | | | | | | | - Daniel Merk
- University of Munich: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, Pharmacy, GERMANY
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18
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Ovalle M, Kathan M, Toyoda R, Stindt CN, Crespi S, Feringa BL. Light-Fueled Transformations of a Dynamic Cage-Based Molecular System. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202214495. [PMID: 36453623 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
In a chemical equilibrium, the formation of high-energy species-in a closed system-is inefficient due to microscopic reversibility. Here, we demonstrate how this restriction can be circumvented by coupling a dynamic equilibrium to a light-induced E/Z isomerization of an azobenzene imine cage. The stable E-cage resists intermolecular imine exchange reactions that would "open" it. Upon switching, the strained Z-cage isomers undergo imine exchange spontaneously, thus opening the cage. Subsequent isomerization of the Z-open compounds yields a high-energy, kinetically trapped E-open species, which cannot be efficiently obtained from the initial E-cage, thus shifting an imine equilibrium energetically uphill in a closed system. Upon heating, the nucleophile is displaced back into solution and an opening/closing cycle is completed by regenerating the stable all-E-cage. Using this principle, a light-induced cage-to-cage transformation is performed by the addition of a ditopic aldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Ovalle
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG, Groningen (The, Netherlands
| | - Michael Kathan
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG, Groningen (The, Netherlands.,Present address: Department of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ryojun Toyoda
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG, Groningen (The, Netherlands.,Present address: Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aobaku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Charlotte N Stindt
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG, Groningen (The, Netherlands
| | - Stefano Crespi
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG, Groningen (The, Netherlands.,Present address: Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG, Groningen (The, Netherlands
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19
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Jiang Y, Danowski W, Feringa BL, Heinke L. Nanoporous Films with Oriented Arrays of Molecular Motors for Photoswitching the Guest Adsorption and Diffusion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202214202. [PMID: 36367076 PMCID: PMC10107543 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Molecular motors are fascinating nanomachines. However, constructing smart materials from such functional molecules presents a severe challenge in material science. Here, we present a bottom-up layer-by-layer assembly of oriented overcrowded-alkene molecular motors forming a crystalline metal-organic framework thin film. While all stator parts of the overcrowded-alkene motors are oriented perpendicular to the substrate, the rotors point into the pores, which are large enough allowing for the light-induced molecular rotation. Taking advantage of the thin film's transparency, the motor rotation and its activation energy are determined by UV/Vis spectroscopy. As shown by gravimetric uptake experiments, molecular motors in crystalline porous materials are used, for the first time, to control the adsorption and diffusion properties of guest molecules in the pores, here, by switching with light between the (meta-)stable states. The work demonstrates the potential of designed materials with molecular motors and indicates a path for the future development of smart materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunzhe Jiang
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Wojciech Danowski
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, AG, The Netherlands.,University of Strasbourg CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006, 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, AG, The Netherlands
| | - Lars Heinke
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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20
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Nikolaev MV, Strashkov DM, Ryazantsev MN, Tikhonov DB. Development of a quaternary ammonium photoswitchable antagonist of NMDA receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 938:175448. [PMID: 36470444 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
NMDA receptors play critical roles in numerous physiological and pathological processes in CNS that requires development of modulating ligands. In particular, photoswitchable compounds that selectively target NMDA receptors would be particularly useful for analysis of receptor contributions to various processes. Recently, we identified a light-dependent anti-NMDA activity of the azobenzene-containing quaternary ammonium compounds DENAQ (diethylamine-azobenzene-quaternary ammonium) and DMNAQ (dimethylamine-azobenzene-quaternary ammonium). Here, we developed a series of light-sensitive compounds based on the DENAQ structure, and studied their action on glutamate receptors in rat brain neurons using patch-clamp method. We found that the activities of the compounds and the influence of illumination strongly depended on the structural details, as even minor structural modifications greatly altered the activity and sensitivity to illumination. The compound PyrAQ (pyrrolidine-azobenzene-quaternary ammonium) was the most active and produced fast and fully reversible inhibition of NMDA receptors. The IC50 values under ambient and monochromic light conditions were 2 and 14 μM, respectively. The anti-AMPA activity was much weaker. The action of PyrAQ did not depend on NMDA receptor activity, agonist concentration, or membrane voltage, making it a useful tool for photopharmacological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim V Nikolaev
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of RAS, 194223, Saint Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Daniil M Strashkov
- Saint Petersburg National Research Academic University of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 194021, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Mikhail N Ryazantsev
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 198504, Saint Petersburg, Russia; Institute of Biomedical Systems and Biotechnologies, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Denis B Tikhonov
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of RAS, 194223, Saint Petersburg, Russia
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21
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Franz E, Kunz A, Oberhof N, Heindl AH, Bertram M, Fusek L, Taccardi N, Wasserscheid P, Dreuw A, Wegner HA, Brummel O, Libuda J. Electrochemically Triggered Energy Release from an Azothiophene-Based Molecular Solar Thermal System. ChemSusChem 2022; 15:e202200958. [PMID: 35762102 PMCID: PMC9796447 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202200958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Molecular solar thermal (MOST) systems combine solar energy conversion, storage, and release in simple one-photon one-molecule processes. Here, we address the electrochemically triggered energy release from an azothiophene-based MOST system by photoelectrochemical infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (PEC-IRRAS) and density functional theory (DFT). Specifically, the electrochemically triggered back-reaction from the energy rich (Z)-3-cyanophenylazothiophene to its energy lean (E)-isomer using highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) as the working electrode was studied. Theory predicts that two reaction channels are accessible, an oxidative one (hole-catalyzed) and a reductive one (electron-catalyzed). Experimentally it was found that the photo-isomer decomposes during hole-catalyzed energy release. Electrochemically triggered back-conversion was possible, however, through the electron-catalyzed reaction channel. The reaction rate could be tuned by the electrode potential within two orders of magnitude. It was shown that the MOST system withstands 100 conversion cycles without detectable decomposition of the photoswitch. After 100 cycles, the photochemical conversion was still quantitative and the electrochemically triggered back-reaction reached 94 % of the original conversion level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evanie Franz
- Interface Research and CatalysisErlangen Center for Interface Research and CatalysisFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Anne Kunz
- Institute of Organic ChemistryJustus-Liebig-UniversitätHeinrich-Buff-Ring 1735392GiessenGermany
| | - Nils Oberhof
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific ComputingUniversität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 205 A69120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Andreas H. Heindl
- Institute of Organic ChemistryJustus-Liebig-UniversitätHeinrich-Buff-Ring 1735392GiessenGermany
| | - Manon Bertram
- Interface Research and CatalysisErlangen Center for Interface Research and CatalysisFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Lukas Fusek
- Interface Research and CatalysisErlangen Center for Interface Research and CatalysisFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Nicola Taccardi
- Institute of Chemical Reaction EngineeringFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 3D-91058ErlangenGermany
| | - Peter Wasserscheid
- Institute of Chemical Reaction EngineeringFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 3D-91058ErlangenGermany
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbHHelmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable EnergyEgerlandstraße 3D-91058ErlangenGermany
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific ComputingUniversität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 205 A69120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Hermann A. Wegner
- Institute of Organic ChemistryJustus-Liebig-UniversitätHeinrich-Buff-Ring 1735392GiessenGermany
| | - Olaf Brummel
- Interface Research and CatalysisErlangen Center for Interface Research and CatalysisFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Jörg Libuda
- Interface Research and CatalysisErlangen Center for Interface Research and CatalysisFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
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22
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Zhang Z, Wang W, O'Hagan M, Dai J, Zhang J, Tian H. Stepping Out of the Blue: From Visible to Near-IR Triggered Photoswitches. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202205758. [PMID: 35524420 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202205758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Light offers unique opportunities for controlling the activity of materials and biosystems with high spatiotemporal resolution. Molecular photoswitches are chromophores that undergo reversible isomerization between different states upon irradiation with light, allowing a convenient means to control their influence over the system of interest. However, a significant limitation of classical photoswitches is the requirement to initiate the switching in one or both directions using deleterious UV light with poor tissue penetration. Red-shifted photoswitches are hence in high demand and have attracted keen recent research interest. In this Review, we highlight recent progress towards the development of visible- and NIR-activated photoswitches characterized by distinct photochromic reaction mechanisms. We hope to inspire further endeavors in this field, allowing the full potential of these tools in biotechnology and materials chemistry applications to be realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Wenhui Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Michael O'Hagan
- Institute of Chemistry, The Minerva Center for Bio-hybrid Complex Systems, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Jinghong Dai
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Junji Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - He Tian
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
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23
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Kumar P, Gupta D, Grewal S, Srivastava A, Kumar Gaur A, Venkataramani S. Multiple Azoarenes Based Systems - Photoswitching, Supramolecular Chemistry and Application Prospects. CHEM REC 2022; 22:e202200074. [PMID: 35860915 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202200074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In the recent decades, the investigations on photoresponsive molecular systems with multiple azoarenes are quite popular in diverse perspectives ranging from fundamental understanding of multiple photoswitches, supramolecular chemistry, and various application prospects. In fact, several insightful and conceptual designs of such systems were investigated with architectural distinctions. In particular, the demonstration of applications such as data storage with the help of multistate or orthogonal photoswitches, light modulation of catalysis via cooperative switching, sensors using supramolecular host-guest interactions, and materials such as liquid crystals, grating, actuators, etc. are some of the milestones in this area. Herein, we cover the recent advancements in the research areas of multiazoarenes containing systems that have been classified into Type-1 {linear, non-linear, and core-based (A)}, Type-2 {tripodal C3 -symmetric (C3)} and Type-3 {macrocyclic (M)} structural motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravesh Kumar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector 81, Knowledge City, SAS Nagar, Manauli (PO), Punjab, 140306, INDIA
| | - Debapriya Gupta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector 81, Knowledge City, SAS Nagar, Manauli (PO), Punjab, 140306, INDIA
| | - Surbhi Grewal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector 81, Knowledge City, SAS Nagar, Manauli (PO), Punjab, 140306, INDIA
| | - Anjali Srivastava
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector 81, Knowledge City, SAS Nagar, Manauli (PO), Punjab, 140306, INDIA
| | - Ankit Kumar Gaur
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector 81, Knowledge City, SAS Nagar, Manauli (PO), Punjab, 140306, INDIA
| | - Sugumar Venkataramani
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector 81, Knowledge City, SAS Nagar, Manauli (PO), Punjab, 140306, INDIA
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24
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Yang R, Ren X, Mei L, Pan G, Li XZ, Wu Z, Zhang S, Ma W, Yu W, Fang HH, Li C, Zhu MQ, Hu Z, Sun T, Xu B, Tian W. Reversible Three-Color Fluorescence Switching of an Organic Molecule in the Solid State via "Pump-Trigger" Optical Manipulation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202117158. [PMID: 35102683 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202117158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In photoswitches that undergo fluorescence switching upon ultraviolet irradiation, photoluminescence and photoisomerization often occur simultaneously, leading to unstable fluorescence properties. Here, we successfully demonstrated reversible solid-state triple fluorescence switching through "Pump-Trigger" multiphoton manipulation. A novel fluorescence photoswitch, BOSA-SP, achieved green, yellow, and red fluorescence under excitation by pump light and isomerization induced by trigger light. The energy ranges of photoexcitation and photoisomerization did not overlap, enabling appropriate selection of the multiphoton light for "pump" and "trigger" photoswitching, respectively. Additionally, the large free volume of the spiropyran (SP) moiety in the solid state promoted reversible photoisomerization. Switching between "pump" and "trigger" light is useful for three-color tunable switching cell imaging, which can be exploited in programmable fluorescence switching. Furthermore, we exploited reversible dual-fluorescence switching in a single molecular system to successfully achieve two-color super-resolution imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runqing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street No. 2699, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Xue Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street No. 2699, Changchun, 130012, China.,Department of Oncological Gynecology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Lijun Mei
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), School of Optics and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Guocui Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street No. 2699, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Xiao-Ze Li
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology & Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhiyuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street No. 2699, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Song Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street No. 2699, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Wenyue Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street No. 2699, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Weili Yu
- GPL Photonic Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Hong-Hua Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology & Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Chong Li
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), School of Optics and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Ming-Qiang Zhu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), School of Optics and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Zheng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration & Transplantation of Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130061, China
| | - Tianmeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration & Transplantation of Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130061, China
| | - Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street No. 2699, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Wenjing Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street No. 2699, Changchun, 130012, China
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25
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Zheng Y, Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Deng P, Zhao X, Jiang S, Du G, Shen X, Xie X, Su Z, Yu Z. Water-Involved Ring-Opening of 4-Phenyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione for "Photo-Clicked" Access to Carbamoyl Formazan Photoswitches In Situ. Chem Asian J 2021; 17:e202101239. [PMID: 34851039 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202101239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic azodicarbonyl derivatives, particularly 4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione (PTAD), commonly serve as arenophile, dienophile, enophile and electrophile. Perplexed by its instability in aqueous environment, there are few studies focused on the transient intermediate produced by hydrolysis of PTAD to achieve synthetic significance. Herein, we describe a "photo-click" method that involves nitrile imine (NI) from diarylsydnone to capture the diazenecarbonyl-phenyl-carbamic acid (DACPA) generated by water-promoted ring-opening of PTAD. DFT calculation reveal that H-bonding interactions between PTAD and water are vital to form DACPA which exhibited an umpolung effect during ligation by nature bond orbit (NBO) analysis. The ultra-fast ligation resulted in carbamoyl formazans, as a unique Z↔E photo-switchable linker on target molecules, including peptide and drugs, with excellent anti-fatigue performance. This strategy is showcased to construct highly functionalized carbamoyl formazans in situ for photo-pharmacology and material studies, which also expands the chemistry of PTAD in aqueous media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanqin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Yuqiao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Pengchi Deng
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Shichao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Guangxi Du
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Xin Shen
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Xinyu Xie
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Zhishan Su
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
| | - Zhipeng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Road, Chengdu, 610064, P. R. China
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26
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Cardenuto MH, Cezar HM, Mikkelsen KV, Sauer SPA, Coutinho K, Canuto S. A QM/MM study of the conformation stability and electronic structure of the photochromic switches derivatives of DHA/VHF in acetonitrile solution. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2021; 251:119434. [PMID: 33465576 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.119434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We present a detailed theoretical study of the electronic absorption spectra and thermochemistry of molecular photoswitches composed of one and two photochromic units of dihydroazulene (DHA)/vinylheptafulvene (VHF) molecules. Six different isomers are considered depending on the ring opening/closure forms of the DHA units. The solvent effect of acetonitrile is investigated using a sequential Molecular Mechanics/Quantum Mechanics approach. The thermochemical investigations of these photochromic molecules were performed using the Free Energy Perturbation method, and the simulations were performed using Configurational Bias Monte Carlo. We show that to open the 5-member ring of the DHA, there is no significant gain in thermal release of energy for the back reaction when a unit or two DHA units are considered. Overall, we found agreement between the solvation free energy based on Monte Carlo simulations and the continuum solvent model. However, the cavitation term in the continuum model is shown to be a source of disagreement when the non-electrostatic terms are compared. The electronic absorption spectra are calculated using TDDFT CAM-B3LYP/cc-pVDZ. Agreement with experiment is obtained within 0.1 eV, considering statistically uncorrelated configurations from the simulations. Inhomogeneous broadening is also considered and found to be well described in all cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Hidalgo Cardenuto
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 1371, Cidade Universitária, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Henrique M Cezar
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 1371, Cidade Universitária, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kurt V Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stephan P A Sauer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kaline Coutinho
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 1371, Cidade Universitária, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Sylvio Canuto
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 1371, Cidade Universitária, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil.
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27
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Abstract
Light is a uniquely powerful tool for controlling molecular events in biology. No other external input (e.g., heat, ultrasound, magnetic field) can be so tightly focused or so highly regulated as a clinical laser. Drug delivery vehicles that can be photonically activated have been developed across many platforms, from the simplest "caging" of therapeutics in a prodrug form, to more complex micelles and circulating liposomes that improve drug uptake and efficacy, to large-scale hydrogel platforms that can be used to protect and deliver macromolecular agents including full-length proteins. In this Review, we discuss recent innovations in photosensitive drug delivery and highlight future opportunities to engineer and exploit such light-responsive technologies in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa L Rapp
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Cole A DeForest
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA; Institute of Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Molecular Engineering & Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
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28
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION BY ANA-NICOLETA BONDAR, BIOPHYSICS SECTION HEAD EDITOR: This issue of the Journal of Membrane Biology inaugurates Up-and-Coming Scientist, in which investigators at early career stages are invited to present recent research in the broad context of their discipline. We inaugurate Up-and-Coming Scientist with the essay by Dr. Elena Lesca of the ETH Zürich and the Paul Scherrer Institut, Switzerland. Dr. Lesca has completed her doctoral degree at the Technical University München, Germany, in 2014, and pursued postdoctoral research at the ETH Zürich and Paul Scherrer Institut, where she is Senior Assistant since 2019. Two recent papers by Dr. Lesca et al. (references 33 and 39) have used X-ray crystallography and experimental biophysics approaches to shed light on the mechanism of action of a membrane receptor from the G Protein-Coupled Receptor (GPCR) family, Jumping Spider Rhodopsin-1 (JSR-1). JSR-1 is a visual rhodopsin activated upon absorption of light by its covalently bound retinal chromophore. Unlike the better-understood bovine rhodopsin GPCR, which is monostable, JSR-1 is bistable (i.e., in JSR-1 the Schiff base that binds retinal to the protein stays protonated throughout the reaction cycle), and absorption of a second photon resets the retinal ligand to the resting state configuration. In her essay, Dr. Lesca discusses the implications of her work on JSR-1 and, more broadly, GPCR research, for state-of-the-art applications in optogenetics and drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Lesca
- Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland.
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29
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Nitschke P, Lokesh N, Gschwind RM. Combination of illumination and high resolution NMR spectroscopy: Key features and practical aspects, photochemical applications, and new concepts. Prog Nucl Magn Reson Spectrosc 2019; 114-115:86-134. [PMID: 31779887 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, photochemical and photocatalytic applications have developed into one of the dominant research fields in chemistry. However, mechanistic investigations to sustain this enormous progress are still relatively sparse and in high demand by the photochemistry community. UV/Vis spectroscopy and EPR spectroscopy have been the main spectroscopic tools to study the mechanisms of photoreactions due to their higher time resolution and sensitivity. On the other hand, application of NMR in photosystems has been mainly restricted to photo-CIDNP, since the initial photoexcitation was thought to be the single key to understand photoinduced reactions. In 2015 the Gschwind group showcased the possibility that different reaction pathways could occur from the same photoexcited state depending on the reaction conditions by using in situ LED illumination NMR. This was the starting point to push the active participation of NMR in photosystems to its full potential, including reaction profiling, structure determination of intermediates, downstream mechanistic studies, dark pathways, intermediate sequencing with CEST etc. Following this, multiple studies using in situ illumination NMR have been reported focusing on mechanistic investigations in photocatalysis, photoswitches, and polymerizations. The recent increased popularity of this technique can be attributed to the simplicity of the experimental setup and the availability of low cost, high power LEDs. Here, we review the development of experimental design, applications and new concepts of illuminated NMR. In the first part, we describe the development of different designs of NMR illumination apparatus, illuminating from the bottom/side/top/inside, and discuss their pros and cons for specific applications. Furthermore, we address LASERs and LEDs as different light sources as well as special cases such as UVNMR(-illumination), FlowNMR, NMR on a Chip etc. To complete the discussion on experimental apparatus, the advantages and disadvantages of in situ LED illumination NMR versus ex situ illumination NMR are described. The second part of this review discusses different facets of applications of inside illumination experiments. It highlights newly revealed mechanistic and structural information and ideas in the fields of photocatalyis, photoswitches and photopolymerization. Finally, we present new concepts and methods based on the combination of NMR and illumination such as sensitivity enhancement, chemical pump probes, experimental access to transition state combinations and NMR actinometry. Overall this review presents NMR spectroscopy as a complementary tool to UV/Vis spectroscopy in mechanistic and structural investigations of photochemical processes. The review is presented in a way that is intended to assist the photochemistry and photocatalysis community in adopting and understanding this astonishingly powerful in situ LED illumination NMR method for their investigations on a daily basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Nitschke
- Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Ruth M Gschwind
- Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
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30
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Saima B, Khan N, Al-Faiyz YSS, Ludwig R, Rehman W, Habib-Ur-Rehman M, Sheikh NS, Ayub K. Photo-tunable linear and nonlinear optical response of cyclophanediene-dihydropyrene photoswitches. J Mol Graph Model 2019; 88:261-272. [PMID: 30780115 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2019.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cyclophanediene (CPD)-dihydropyrene (DHP) is a negative T-type photochrome pair having a thermodynamically stable colored form, i.e., DHP. Interconversion between cyclophanediene and dihydropyrene is associated with significant changes in dipole moment, absorption wavelength and polarizability, which can impart substantial linear and nonlinear optical response. In this study, phototunable linear and nonlinear optical response of cyclophanediene-dihdyropyrene photoswitches is described. Cyclophanedienes and dihydropyrenes are functionalized at the internal position for maximum changes in volume and polarizability. The UV-Vis spectra are calculated at ɷB97XD, which was validated through a benchmark approach. An excellent correlation is observed between theoretical and experimental absorption spectra. Several CPD-DHP pairs have been recognized for clean interconversion in UV-Vis light without formation of a photostationary state. Nonlinear optical response of dihydropyrenes is remarkably higher than that of cyclophanedienes. In general, the calculated hyperpolarizability values of dihydropyrenes are about two to three orders of magnitude higher than those for cyclophanedienes. The trends in calculated hyperpolarizabilities are rationalized through two level method. The high nonlinear optical response of dihydropyrenes stems from low excitation energies. The remarkable difference in hyperpolarizabilities of these isomeric forms paves path for the design of phototunable nonlinear optical materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibi Saima
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University, Abbottabad Campus, 22060, Pakistan
| | - Nasir Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan
| | - Yasair S S Al-Faiyz
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 380, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ralf Ludwig
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Rostock, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 1, 18059, Rostock, Germany; Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse an der Universität Rostock e, V. Alebert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Wajid Rehman
- Department of Chemistry, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan
| | - Mian Habib-Ur-Rehman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Education Lahore, Faisalabad Campus, Pakistan
| | - Nadeem S Sheikh
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 380, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Khurshid Ayub
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University, Abbottabad Campus, 22060, Pakistan.
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31
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Abstract
Cellular optogenetic switches, a novel class of biological tools, have improved our understanding of biological phenomena that were previously intractable. While the design and engineering of these proteins has historically varied, they are all based on borrowed elements from plant and bacterial photoreceptors. In general terms, each of the optogenetic switches designed to date exploits the endogenous light-induced change in photoreceptor conformation while repurposing its effect to target a different biological phenomenon. We focus on the well-characterized light-oxygen-voltage 2 (LOV2) domain from Avena sativa phototropin 1 as our cornerstone for design. While the function of the LOV2 domain in the context of the phototropin protein is not fully elucidated, its thorough biophysical characterization as an isolated domain has created a strong foundation for engineering of photoswitches. In this chapter, we examine the biophysical characteristics of the LOV2 domain that may be exploited to produce an optogenetic switch and summarize previous design efforts to provide guidelines for an effective design. Furthermore, we provide protocols for assays including fluorescence polarization, phage display, and microscopy that are optimized for validating, improving, and using newly designed photoswitches.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Zimmerman
- University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - B Kuhlman
- University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.
| | - H Yumerefendi
- University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.
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32
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Abstract
In neurons, ligand-gated ion channels decode the chemical signal of neurotransmitters into an electric response, resulting in a transient excitation or inhibition. Neurotransmitters act on multiple receptor types and subtypes, with spatially and temporally precise patterns. Hence, understanding the neural function of a given receptor requires methods for its targeted, rapid activation/inactivation in defined brain regions. To address this, we have developed a versatile optochemical genetic strategy, which allows the reversible control of defined receptor subtypes in designated cell types, with millisecond and micrometer precision. In this chapter, we describe the engineering of light-activated and -inhibited neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, as well as their characterization and use in cultured cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Lemoine
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UM 119, 9 Quai St Bernard, 75005, Paris, France.,Neuroscience Paris Seine, CNRS, UMR 8246, 75005, Paris, France.,Neuroscience Paris Seine, INSERM, U1130, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Romain Durand-de Cuttoli
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UM 119, 9 Quai St Bernard, 75005, Paris, France.,Neuroscience Paris Seine, CNRS, UMR 8246, 75005, Paris, France.,Neuroscience Paris Seine, INSERM, U1130, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Mourot
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UM 119, 9 Quai St Bernard, 75005, Paris, France. .,Neuroscience Paris Seine, CNRS, UMR 8246, 75005, Paris, France. .,Neuroscience Paris Seine, INSERM, U1130, 75005, Paris, France.
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33
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Abstract
In recent years, interest in controlling protein function with light has increased. Light offers a number of unique advantages over other methods, including spatial and temporal control and high selectivity. Here, we describe a general protocol for engineering a protein to be controllable with light via reaction with an exogenously introduced photoisomerizable small molecule and illustrate our protocol with two examples from the literature: the engineering of the calcium affinity of the cell-cell adhesion protein cadherin, which is an example of a protein that switches from a native to a disrupted state (Ritterson et al. J Am Chem Soc (2013) 135:12516-12519), and the engineering of the opening and closing of the chaperonin Mm-cpn, an example of a switch between two functional states (Hoersch et al.: Nat Nanotechn (2013) 8:928-932). This protocol guides the user from considering which proteins may be most amenable to this type of engineering, to considerations of how and where to make the desired changes, to the assays required to test for functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S Ritterson
- California Institute for Quantitative Biomedical Research and Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, 1700 4th Street, Byers Hall 308 E, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Daniel Hoersch
- California Institute for Quantitative Biomedical Research and Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, 1700 4th Street, Byers Hall 308 E, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kyle A Barlow
- Graduate Program in Bioinformatics, California Institute for Quantitative Biomedical Research, and Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, 1700 4th Street, Byers Hall 308 E, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Tanja Kortemme
- California Institute for Quantitative Biomedical Research and Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, 1700 4th Street, Byers Hall 308 E, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
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