1
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Kalsoom I, Shehzadi K, Li HS, Wen HL, Yu MJ. Unraveling the Mechanisms of Cannabidiol's Pharmacological Actions: A Comprehensive Research Overview. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2024; 382:20. [PMID: 38829467 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-024-00465-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Cannabis sativa has long been used for neurological and psychological healing. Recently, cannabidiol (CBD) extracted from cannabis sativa has gained prominence in the medical field due to its non-psychotropic therapeutic effects on the central and peripheral nervous systems. CBD, also acting as a potent antioxidant, displays diverse clinical properties such as anticancer, antiinflammatory, antidepressant, antioxidant, antiemetic, anxiolytic, antiepileptic, and antipsychotic effects. In this review, we summarized the structural activity relationship of CBD with different receptors by both experimental and computational techniques and investigated the mechanism of interaction between related receptors and CBD. The discovery of structural activity relationship between CBD and target receptors would provide a direction to optimize the scaffold of CBD and its derivatives, which would give potential medical applications on CBD-based therapies in various illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqra Kalsoom
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 10081, China
| | - Kiran Shehzadi
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 10081, China
| | - Han-Sheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 10081, China
| | - Hong-Liang Wen
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 10081, China
| | - Ming-Jia Yu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 10081, China.
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2
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Martinez Naya N, Kelly J, Corna G, Golino M, Polizio AH, Abbate A, Toldo S, Mezzaroma E. An Overview of Cannabidiol as a Multifunctional Drug: Pharmacokinetics and Cellular Effects. Molecules 2024; 29:473. [PMID: 38257386 PMCID: PMC10818442 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychoactive compound derived from Cannabis Sativa, has garnered increasing attention for its diverse therapeutic potential. This comprehensive review delves into the complex pharmacokinetics of CBD, including factors such as bioavailability, distribution, safety profile, and dosage recommendations, which contribute to the compound's pharmacological profile. CBD's role as a pharmacological inhibitor is explored, encompassing interactions with the endocannabinoid system and ion channels. The compound's anti-inflammatory effects, influencing the Interferon-beta and NF-κB, position it as a versatile candidate for immune system regulation and interventions in inflammatory processes. The historical context of Cannabis Sativa's use for recreational and medicinal purposes adds depth to the discussion, emphasizing CBD's emergence as a pivotal phytocannabinoid. As research continues, CBD's integration into clinical practice holds promise for revolutionizing treatment approaches and enhancing patient outcomes. The evolution in CBD research encourages ongoing exploration, offering the prospect of unlocking new therapeutic utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Martinez Naya
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; (N.M.N.); (J.K.); (A.H.P.); (A.A.); (S.T.)
| | - Jazmin Kelly
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; (N.M.N.); (J.K.); (A.H.P.); (A.A.); (S.T.)
| | - Giuliana Corna
- Interventional Cardiology Department, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1199, Argentina;
| | - Michele Golino
- Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23220, USA;
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 2110 Varese, Italy
| | - Ariel H. Polizio
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; (N.M.N.); (J.K.); (A.H.P.); (A.A.); (S.T.)
| | - Antonio Abbate
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; (N.M.N.); (J.K.); (A.H.P.); (A.A.); (S.T.)
- Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23220, USA;
| | - Stefano Toldo
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; (N.M.N.); (J.K.); (A.H.P.); (A.A.); (S.T.)
| | - Eleonora Mezzaroma
- School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23220, USA
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3
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Denhez C, Lameiras P, Berber H. Atropisomerism about aryl-C(sp 3) bonds: chemically driven rotational pathway in cannabidiol derivatives. Org Biomol Chem 2023. [PMID: 38009203 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01617j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
The conformational behaviour arising from the restricted C(sp2)-C(sp3) axis in ortho O-substituted naphthylcyclohexane and naphthylcyclohexene oxide derivatives of cannabidiol was examined by means of VT-NMR experiments and DFT calculations. Atropisomeric compounds with barriers in the range of 91.1 to 95.1 kJ mol-1 were obtained at 298 K. Two possible transition states (TS1 and TS2) were located, one is more stable depending on the chemical modification made on the monoterpene ring close to the pivot bond. Extended analysis of TS structures to previously reported phenyl derivatives bearing the same O-substituent led to similar rotational pathways according to the series: through TS1 in arylcylohexenes and TS2 in arylcyclohexanes. Likewise, conversion of arylcyclohexenes into both series affects the rotation speed by decelerating it, and the nature of the aryl ring seems to have a very minor effect on this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Denhez
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, CNRS, ICMR UMR 7312, 51097 Reims, France.
| | - Pedro Lameiras
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, CNRS, ICMR UMR 7312, 51097 Reims, France.
| | - Hatice Berber
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, CNRS, ICMR UMR 7312, 51097 Reims, France.
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4
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Wang X, Zhang H, Liu Y, Xu Y, Yang B, Li H, Chen L. An overview on synthetic and biological activities of cannabidiol (CBD) and its derivatives. Bioorg Chem 2023; 140:106810. [PMID: 37659147 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
(-)-Cannabidiol is a class of non-psychoactive plant cannabinoids derived from cannabis plants. Currently, Epidiolex (Cannabidiol) has been approved by the FDA for the treatment of two rare and severe forms of epilepsy related diseases, namely Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS) and Dravet (DS). In addition, Cannabidiol and its structural analogues have received increasing attention due to their potential therapeutic effects such as neuroprotection, anti-epilepsy, anti-inflammation, anti-anxiety, and anti-cancer. Based on literature review, no comprehensive reviews on the synthesis of Cannabidiol and its derivatives have been found in recent years. Therefore, this article summarizes the published synthesis methods of Cannabidiol and the synthesis routes of Cannabidiol derivatives, and introduces the biological activities of some Cannabidiol analogues that have been studied extensively and have significant activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Wang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Huanbang Zhang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heilongjiang 150006, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Bingyou Yang
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Application Research of Beiyao, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Heilongjiang 150006, China.
| | - Hua Li
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; Institute of Structural Pharmacology & TCM Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350122, China.
| | - Lixia Chen
- Wuya College of Innovation, Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
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5
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Stone HV, Topping FJ, Veiga AX, Pop A, Miles D, Knych D, Warren J, Loft MS, López AM, Silcock A, Mann IS, Millet A. Diastereoselective and Scalable Synthesis of 6-( S)-Hydroxycannabidivarin. J Org Chem 2023; 88:11767-11777. [PMID: 37525362 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of 6-(S)-hydroxycannabidivarin was required to assess its biological activity in the treatment of neurological disorders. A novel and scalable synthesis has been developed where the key step involves a Friedel-Crafts alkylation of phloroglucinol with (1S,2R,5R)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-5-(prop-1-en-2-yl)cyclohex-3-en-1-ylbenzoate. Careful optimization of the reaction conditions identified trifluoromethanesulfonic acid in isopropyl acetate as the best catalyst/solvent combination, providing optimum regioselectivity, diastereoselectivity, and yield for this step. This enabled the multigram synthesis of 6-(S)-hydroxycannabidivarin in 10 steps from S-(+)-carvone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah V Stone
- Discovery and Medicinal Chemistry Department, Jazz Pharmaceuticals Inc., Building 735, Kent Science Park, Sittingbourne ME9 8AG, U.K
| | - Frederick J Topping
- Discovery and Medicinal Chemistry Department, Jazz Pharmaceuticals Inc., Building 735, Kent Science Park, Sittingbourne ME9 8AG, U.K
| | - Alberte X Veiga
- Discovery and Medicinal Chemistry Department, Jazz Pharmaceuticals Inc., Building 735, Kent Science Park, Sittingbourne ME9 8AG, U.K
| | - Alexandru Pop
- Discovery and Medicinal Chemistry Department, Jazz Pharmaceuticals Inc., Building 735, Kent Science Park, Sittingbourne ME9 8AG, U.K
| | - Daniel Miles
- Discovery and Medicinal Chemistry Department, Jazz Pharmaceuticals Inc., Building 735, Kent Science Park, Sittingbourne ME9 8AG, U.K
| | - Dominika Knych
- Discovery and Medicinal Chemistry Department, Jazz Pharmaceuticals Inc., Building 735, Kent Science Park, Sittingbourne ME9 8AG, U.K
| | - John Warren
- Discovery and Medicinal Chemistry Department, Jazz Pharmaceuticals Inc., Building 735, Kent Science Park, Sittingbourne ME9 8AG, U.K
| | - Michael S Loft
- Discovery and Medicinal Chemistry Department, Jazz Pharmaceuticals Inc., Building 735, Kent Science Park, Sittingbourne ME9 8AG, U.K
| | - Alejandro Montellano López
- Discovery and Medicinal Chemistry Department, Jazz Pharmaceuticals Inc., Building 735, Kent Science Park, Sittingbourne ME9 8AG, U.K
| | - Alan Silcock
- Discovery and Medicinal Chemistry Department, Jazz Pharmaceuticals Inc., Building 735, Kent Science Park, Sittingbourne ME9 8AG, U.K
| | - Inderjit S Mann
- Discovery and Medicinal Chemistry Department, Jazz Pharmaceuticals Inc., Building 735, Kent Science Park, Sittingbourne ME9 8AG, U.K
| | - Antoine Millet
- Discovery and Medicinal Chemistry Department, Jazz Pharmaceuticals Inc., Building 735, Kent Science Park, Sittingbourne ME9 8AG, U.K
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6
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Martinez Naya N, Kelly J, Corna G, Golino M, Abbate A, Toldo S. Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Action of Cannabidiol. Molecules 2023; 28:5980. [PMID: 37630232 PMCID: PMC10458707 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28165980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) is the primary non-psychoactive chemical from Cannabis Sativa, a plant used for centuries for both recreational and medicinal purposes. CBD lacks the psychotropic effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and has shown great therapeutic potential. CBD exerts a wide spectrum of effects at a molecular, cellular, and organ level, affecting inflammation, oxidative damage, cell survival, pain, vasodilation, and excitability, among others, modifying many physiological and pathophysiological processes. There is evidence that CBD may be effective in treating several human disorders, like anxiety, chronic pain, psychiatric pathologies, cardiovascular diseases, and even cancer. Multiple cellular and pre-clinical studies using animal models of disease and several human trials have shown that CBD has an overall safe profile. In this review article, we summarize the pharmacokinetics data, the putative mechanisms of action of CBD, and the physiological effects reported in pre-clinical studies to give a comprehensive list of the findings and major effects attributed to this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Martinez Naya
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; (N.M.N.); (J.K.); (A.A.)
| | - Jazmin Kelly
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; (N.M.N.); (J.K.); (A.A.)
| | - Giuliana Corna
- Pauley Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 22903, USA; (G.C.); (M.G.)
- Interventional Cardiology Department, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1199, Argentina
| | - Michele Golino
- Pauley Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 22903, USA; (G.C.); (M.G.)
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 2110 Varese, Italy
| | - Antonio Abbate
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; (N.M.N.); (J.K.); (A.A.)
- Pauley Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 22903, USA; (G.C.); (M.G.)
| | - Stefano Toldo
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; (N.M.N.); (J.K.); (A.A.)
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7
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Perini M, Gaggiotti A, Pianezze S, Ziller L, Larcher R. Stable Isotope Ratio Analysis for Authentication of Natural Antioxidant Cannabidiol (CBD) from Cannabis sativa. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1421. [PMID: 37507959 PMCID: PMC10376380 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12071421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) is a non-psychoactive cannabinoid of Cannabis sativa that exhibits several beneficial pharmacological effects, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The molecule can be obtained via extraction from the plant or through a biosynthetic route. The two products have both advantages and disadvantages, thus necessitating the development of methods capable of distinguishing between the two products. In this study, for the first time, the analysis of the stable isotope ratios of oxygen and hydrogen demonstrated high efficiency in the discrimination of CBD of a totally natural origin from that obtained through chemical synthesis. Considering a probability level of 95%, it was possible to identify threshold values for δ2H and δ18O of the totally natural CBD of -215‱ and +23.4‱, respectively. Higher values may indicate a non-entirely natural origin of CBD (i.e., a biosynthetic molecule).
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Perini
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38098 San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Pianezze
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38098 San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Luca Ziller
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38098 San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Roberto Larcher
- Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38098 San Michele all'Adige, Italy
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8
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Luz-Veiga M, Azevedo-Silva J, Fernandes JC. Beyond Pain Relief: A Review on Cannabidiol Potential in Medical Therapies. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:155. [PMID: 37259306 PMCID: PMC9958812 DOI: 10.3390/ph16020155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The phytocannabinoid cannabidiol (CBD) is receiving increasing attention due to its pharmacological properties. Although CBD is extracted from Cannabis sativa, it lacks the psychoactive effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and has become an attractive compound for pharmacological uses due to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticonvulsant, and anxiolytic potential. The molecular mechanisms involved in CBD's biological effects are not limited to its interaction with classical cannabinoid receptors, exerting anti-inflammatory or pain-relief effects. Several pieces of evidence demonstrate that CBD interacts with other receptors and cellular signaling cascades, which further support CBD's therapeutic potential beyond pain management. In this review, we take a closer look at the molecular mechanisms of CBD and its potential therapeutic application in the context of cancer, neurodegeneration, and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Luz-Veiga
- CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina—Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
| | - João Azevedo-Silva
- CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina—Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
| | - João C. Fernandes
- CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina—Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
- Amyris Bio Products Portugal, Unipessoal Lda, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
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9
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Storozhuk MV. Cannabidiol: potential in treatment of neurological diseases, flax as a possible natural source of cannabidiol. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1131653. [PMID: 37138768 PMCID: PMC10150377 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1131653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
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10
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Maiocchi A, Barbieri J, Fasano V, Passarella D. Stereoselective Synthetic Strategies to (−)‐Cannabidiol. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202202400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Maiocchi
- Department of Chemistry Università degli Studi di Milano Via Golgi 19 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Jacopo Barbieri
- Department of Chemistry Università degli Studi di Milano Via Golgi 19 20133 Milan Italy
| | | | - Daniele Passarella
- Department of Chemistry Università degli Studi di Milano Via Golgi 19 20133 Milan Italy
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11
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Park YJ, Na HH, Kwon IS, Hwang YN, Park HJ, Kwon TH, Park JS, Kim KC. Cannabidiol Regulates PPARγ-Dependent Vesicle Formation as well as Cell Death in A549 Human Lung Cancer Cells. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15070836. [PMID: 35890134 PMCID: PMC9319361 DOI: 10.3390/ph15070836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracts of phytocannabinoids from Cannabis sativa have been studied for therapeutic purposes. Although nonpsychoactive CBD has been studied as a promising anticancer drug because it induces apoptosis in many cancer cells, it is also known to induce several physiological changes. In this study, we clarify the functional role it plays in the morphological characteristics of intracellular vesicle formation as well as apoptosis in A549 human lung cancer cells. CBD treatment shows growth inhibition at concentrations above 20 μM, but FACS analysis shows low efficacy in terms of cell death. Microscopic observations suggest that multiple vesicles were detected in the cytoplasmic region of CBD-treated A549 cells. CBD treatment upregulates apoptosis-related proteins, such as p53, PARP, RIP1, RIP3, Atg12, and Beclin, indicating that CBD regulates several types of cell death. CBD treatment also induced E-cadherin, PPARγ, clathrin, β-adaptin, and Tsg101, also known to be cellular-differentiation inducers or vesicle-formation components. Treatment combining CBD with GW9662, a PPARγ inhibitor, reduced CBD-induced cytoplasmic vesicle formation. This indicates that PPARγ regulates the vesicle-formation mechanism. However, CBD-treated E-cad KO clones did not show this regulatory mechanism. These results elucidate the pharmacological and molecular networks associated with CBD in PPARγ-dependent vesicle formation and the induction of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Jong Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (Y.-J.P.); (H.-H.N.); (I.-S.K.); (Y.-N.H.); (H.-J.P.)
| | - Han-Heom Na
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (Y.-J.P.); (H.-H.N.); (I.-S.K.); (Y.-N.H.); (H.-J.P.)
- Kangwon Center for System Imaging, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - In-Seo Kwon
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (Y.-J.P.); (H.-H.N.); (I.-S.K.); (Y.-N.H.); (H.-J.P.)
| | - Yu-Na Hwang
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (Y.-J.P.); (H.-H.N.); (I.-S.K.); (Y.-N.H.); (H.-J.P.)
| | - Hye-Jin Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (Y.-J.P.); (H.-H.N.); (I.-S.K.); (Y.-N.H.); (H.-J.P.)
| | - Tae-Hyung Kwon
- Department of Research and Development, Chuncheon Bioindustry Foundation, Chuncheon 24341, Korea;
| | - Jin-Sung Park
- Korean Pharmacopuncture Institute, Seoul 07525, Korea;
| | - Keun-Cheol Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; (Y.-J.P.); (H.-H.N.); (I.-S.K.); (Y.-N.H.); (H.-J.P.)
- Kangwon Center for System Imaging, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-33-250-8532; Fax: 82-33-259-5665
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12
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Anand R, Cham PS, Gannedi V, Sharma S, Kumar M, Singh R, Vishwakarma RA, Singh PP. Stereoselective Synthesis of Nonpsychotic Natural Cannabidiol and Its Unnatural/Terpenyl/Tail-Modified Analogues. J Org Chem 2022; 87:4489-4498. [PMID: 35289168 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report a three-step concise and stereoselective synthesis route to one of the most important phytocannabinoids, namely, (-)-cannabidiol (-CBD), from inexpensive and readily available starting material R-(+)-limonene. The synthesis involved the diastereoselective bifunctionalization of limonene, followed by effective elimination leading to the generation of key chiral p-mentha-2,8-dien-1-ol. The chiral p-mentha-2,8-dien-1-ol on coupling with olivetol under silver catalysis provided regiospecific (-)-CBD, contrary to reported ones which gave a mixture. The newly developed approach was further extended to its structural analogues cannabidiorcin and other tail/terpenyl-modified analogues. Moreover, its opposite isomer (+)-cannabidiol was also successfully synthesized from S-(-)-limonene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Anand
- Natural Product & Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu180001, India
| | - Pankaj Singh Cham
- Natural Product & Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu180001, India
| | - Veeranjaneyulu Gannedi
- Natural Product & Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu180001, India
| | - Sumit Sharma
- Natural Product & Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu180001, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar
- Natural Product & Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu180001, India
| | - Rohit Singh
- Natural Product & Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu180001, India
| | - Ram A Vishwakarma
- Natural Product & Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu180001, India
| | - Parvinder Pal Singh
- Natural Product & Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu180001, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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13
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Maguire RF, Wilkinson DJ, England TJ, O'Sullivan SE. The Pharmacological Effects of Plant-Derived versus Synthetic Cannabidiol in Human Cell Lines. Med Cannabis Cannabinoids 2022; 4:86-96. [PMID: 35224428 DOI: 10.1159/000517120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cannabidiol (CBD) can be isolated from Cannabis sativa L. or synthetically produced. The aim of this study was to compare the in vitro effects of purified natural and synthetic CBD to establish any pharmacological differences or superiority between sources. Methods Six purified samples of CBD were obtained, 4 of these were natural and 2 synthetic. The anticancer effects of CBD were assessed in a human ovarian cancer cell line (SKOV-3 cells). The neuroprotective effects of CBD were assessed in human pericytes in a model of stroke (oxygen glucose deprivation [OGD]). The ability of CBD to restore inflammation-induced intestinal permeability was assessed in differentiated human Caco-2 cells (a model of enterocytes). Results (1) In proliferating and confluent SKOV-3 cells, all CBD samples similarly reduced resazurin metabolism as a marker of cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner (p < 0.001). (2) In pericytes exposed to OGD, all CBD samples similarly reduced cellular damage (measured by lactate dehydrogenase) at 24 h by 31-48% and reduced inflammation (measured by IL-6 secretion) by 30-53%. Attenuation of IL-6 was inhibited by 5HT1A receptor antagonism for all CBD sources. (3) In differentiated Caco-2 cells exposed to inflammation (TNFα and IFNγ, 10 ng/mL for 24 h), each CBD sample increased the speed of recovery of epithelial permeability compared to control (p < 0.05-0.001), which was inhibited by a CB1 receptor antagonist. Conclusion Our results suggest that there is no pharmacological difference in vitro in the antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, or permeability effects of purified natural versus synthetic CBD. The purity and reliability of CBD samples, as well as the ultimate pharmaceutical preparation, should all be considered above the starting source of CBD in the development of new CBD medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan F Maguire
- Division of Graduate Entry Medicine and Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J Wilkinson
- Division of Graduate Entry Medicine and Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy J England
- Division of Graduate Entry Medicine and Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,Department of Stroke, University Hospitals of Derby and Burton, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Saoirse E O'Sullivan
- Division of Graduate Entry Medicine and Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,Artelo Biosciences, Inc., La Jolla, California, USA
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14
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Kim J, Choi H, Kang EK, Ji GY, Kim Y, Choi IS. In Vitro Studies on Therapeutic Effects of Cannabidiol in Neural Cells: Neurons, Glia, and Neural Stem Cells. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26196077. [PMID: 34641624 PMCID: PMC8512311 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26196077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
(‒)-Cannabidiol (CBD) is one of the major phytocannabinoids extracted from the Cannabis genus. Its non-psychoactiveness and therapeutic potential, partly along with some anecdotal—if not scientific or clinical—evidence on the prevention and treatment of neurological diseases, have led researchers to investigate the biochemical actions of CBD on neural cells. This review summarizes the previously reported mechanistic studies of the CBD actions on primary neural cells at the in vitro cell-culture level. The neural cells are classified into neurons, microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and neural stem cells, and the CBD effects on each cell type are described. After brief introduction on CBD and in vitro studies of CBD actions on neural cells, the neuroprotective capability of CBD on primary neurons with the suggested operating actions is discussed, followed by the reported CBD actions on glia and the CBD-induced regeneration from neural stem cells. A summary section gives a general overview of the biochemical actions of CBD on neural cells, with a future perspective. This review will provide a basic and fundamental, but crucial, insight on the mechanistic understanding of CBD actions on neural cells in the brain, at the molecular level, and the therapeutic potential of CBD in the prevention and treatment of neurological diseases, although to date, there seem to have been relatively limited research activities and reports on the cell culture-level, in vitro studies of CBD effects on primary neural cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungnam Kim
- Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (J.K.); (H.C.); (E.K.K.)
| | - Hyunwoo Choi
- Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (J.K.); (H.C.); (E.K.K.)
| | - Eunhye K. Kang
- Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (J.K.); (H.C.); (E.K.K.)
| | - Gil Yong Ji
- Cannabis Medical, Inc., Sandong-ro 433-31, Eumbong-myeon, Asan-si 31418, Korea; (G.Y.J.); (Y.K.)
| | - Youjeong Kim
- Cannabis Medical, Inc., Sandong-ro 433-31, Eumbong-myeon, Asan-si 31418, Korea; (G.Y.J.); (Y.K.)
| | - Insung S. Choi
- Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (J.K.); (H.C.); (E.K.K.)
- Correspondence:
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15
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Mucoadhesion and Mucopenetration of Cannabidiol (CBD)-Loaded Mesoporous Carrier Systems for Buccal Drug Delivery. Sci Pharm 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/scipharm89030035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmucosal drug delivery represents a promising noninvasive option when drugs are employed which have a low oral bioavailability like CBD. However, this concept can only be successful as long as the formulation provides sufficient buccal retention and mucosal penetration. In this study, mucoadhesive carrier systems were evaluated consisting of CBD-loaded silica (Aeroperl 300) carriers, mucoadhesive polymers (Hypromellose (HPMC), chitosan and carbomer) and propylene glycol as a penetration enhancer. Mucoadhesive effect, drug release and penetration ability were evaluated for each carrier system. The results show that the addition of HPMC and carbomer substantially improve mucoadhesion compared to pure CBD, with an increase of 16-fold and 20-fold, respectively. However, due to their strong swelling, HPMC and carbomer hinder the penetration of CBD and rely on co-administration of propylene glycol as an enhancer to achieve sufficient mucosal absorption. Chitosan, on the other hand, achieves an 8-fold increase in mucoadhesion and enhances the amount of CBD absorbed by three times compared to pure CBD. Thus, chitosan represents a promising polymer to combine both effects. Considering the results, the development of silica-based buccal drug delivery systems is a promising approach for the effective delivery of CBD.
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16
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Holloman BL, Nagarkatti M, Nagarkatti P. Epigenetic Regulation of Cannabinoid-Mediated Attenuation of Inflammation and Its Impact on the Use of Cannabinoids to Treat Autoimmune Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147302. [PMID: 34298921 PMCID: PMC8307988 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is considered to be a silent killer because it is the underlying cause of a wide range of clinical disorders, from cardiovascular to neurological diseases, and from cancer to obesity. In addition, there are over 80 different types of debilitating autoimmune diseases for which there are no cure. Currently, the drugs that are available to suppress chronic inflammation are either ineffective or overtly suppress the inflammation, thereby causing increased susceptibility to infections and cancer. Thus, the development of a new class of drugs that can suppress chronic inflammation is imperative. Cannabinoids are a group of compounds produced in the body (endocannabinoids) or found in cannabis (phytocannabinoids) that act through cannabinoid receptors and various other receptors expressed widely in the brain and immune system. In the last decade, cannabinoids have been well established experimentally to mediate anti-inflammatory properties. Research has shown that they suppress inflammation through multiple pathways, including apoptosis and inducing immunosuppressive T regulatory cells (Tregs) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). Interestingly, cannabinoids also mediate epigenetic alterations in genes that regulate inflammation. In the current review, we highlight how the epigenetic modulations caused by cannabinoids lead to the suppression of inflammation and help identify novel pathways that can be used to target autoimmune diseases.
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17
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Bloemendal VRLJ, van Hest JCM, Rutjes FPJT. Synthetic pathways to tetrahydrocannabinol (THC): an overview. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 18:3203-3215. [PMID: 32259175 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00464b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The therapeutic effects of molecules produced by the plant species Cannabis sativa have since their discovery captured the interest of scientists and society, and have spurred the development of a multidisciplinary scientific field with contributions from biologists, medical specialists and chemists. Decades after the first isolation of some of the most bioactive tetrahydrocannabinols, current research is mostly dedicated to exploiting the chemical versatility of this relevant compound class with regard to its therapeutic potential. This review will primarily focus on synthetic pathways utilised for the synthesis of tetrahydrocannabinols and derivatives thereof, including chiral pool-based and asymmetric chemo- and biocatalytic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor R L J Bloemendal
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands. and Bio-Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513 (STO 3.31), 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Jan C M van Hest
- Bio-Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513 (STO 3.31), 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Floris P J T Rutjes
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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18
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Aguillón AR, Leão RAC, Miranda LSM, de Souza ROMA. Cannabidiol Discovery and Synthesis-a Target-Oriented Analysis in Drug Production Processes. Chemistry 2021; 27:5577-5600. [PMID: 32780909 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The current state of evidence and recommendations for cannabidiol (CBD) and its health effects change the legal landscape and aim to destigmatize its phytotherapeutic research. Recently, some countries have included CBD as an antiepileptic product for compassionate use in children with refractory epilepsy. The growing demand for CBD has led to the need for high-purity cannabinoids on the emerging market. The discovery and development of approaches toward CBD synthesis have arisen from the successful extraction of Cannabis plants for cannabinoid fermentation in brewer's yeast. To understand different contributions to the design and enhancement of the synthesis of CBD and its key intermediates, a detailed analysis of the history behind cannabinoid compounds and their optimization is provided herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson R Aguillón
- Biocatalysis and Organic Synthesis Group, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Raquel A C Leão
- Biocatalysis and Organic Synthesis Group, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909, Brazil.,Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, 21941-170, CEP, 21941-910, Brazil
| | - Leandro S M Miranda
- Biocatalysis and Organic Synthesis Group, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo O M A de Souza
- Biocatalysis and Organic Synthesis Group, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909, Brazil.,Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, 21941-170, CEP, 21941-910, Brazil
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19
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Golliher AE, Tenorio AJ, Dimauro NO, Mairata NR, Holguin FO, Maio W. Using (+)-Carvone to access novel derivatives of (+)- ent-Cannabidiol: the first asymmetric syntheses of (+)- ent-CBDP and (+)- ent-CBDV. Tetrahedron Lett 2021; 67:152891. [PMID: 34658452 PMCID: PMC8513745 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.152891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
(-)-Cannabidiol [(-)-CBD] has recently gained prominence as a treatment for neuro-inflammation and other neurodegenerative disorders; interest is also developing in its synthetic enantiomer, (+)-CBD, which has a higher affinity to CB1 / CB2 receptors than the natural stereoisomer. We have developed an inexpensive, stereoselective route to access ent-CBD derivatives using (+)-carvone as a starting material. In addition to (+)-CBD, we report the first syntheses of (+)-cannabidivarin, (+)-cannabidiphorol as well as C-6 / C-8 homologues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra E. Golliher
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003
| | - Antonio J. Tenorio
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003
| | - Nina O. Dimauro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003
| | - Nicolas R. Mairata
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003
| | - F. Omar Holguin
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003
| | - William Maio
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003
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20
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Citti C, Russo F, Linciano P, Strallhofer SS, Tolomeo F, Forni F, Vandelli MA, Gigli G, Cannazza G. Origin of Δ 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Impurity in Synthetic Cannabidiol. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2021; 6:28-39. [PMID: 33614950 DOI: 10.1089/can.2020.0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Cannabidiol (CBD), the nonintoxicating constituent of cannabis, is largely employed for pharmaceutical and cosmetic purposes. CBD can be extracted from the plant or chemically synthesized. Impurities of psychotropic cannabinoids Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and Δ8-THC have been found in extracted CBD, thus hypothesizing a possible contamination from the plant. Materials and Methods: In this study, synthetic and extracted CBD samples were analyzed by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry and the parameters that can be responsible of the conversion of CBD into THC were evaluated by an accelerated stability test. Results: In synthetic and extracted CBD no trace of THC species was detected. In contrast, CBD samples stored in the dark at room temperature on the benchtop for 3 months showed the presence of such impurities. Experiments carried out under inert atmosphere in the absence of humidity or carbon dioxide led to no trace of THC over time even at high temperature. Conclusions: The results suggested that the copresence of carbon dioxide and water from the air could be the key for creating the acidic environment responsible for the cyclization of CBD. These findings suggest that it might be appropriate to review the storage conditions indicated on the label of commercially available CBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Citti
- Mediteknology s.r.l. (CNR Spin-off Company), Lecce, Italy.,CNR NANOTEC-Institute of Nanotechnology, Lecce, Italy.,Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Fabiana Russo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Pasquale Linciano
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Sarah Sylvana Strallhofer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Flavio Forni
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | | | | | - Giuseppe Cannazza
- CNR NANOTEC-Institute of Nanotechnology, Lecce, Italy.,Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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21
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Chiurchiù E, Sampaolesi S, Allegrini P, Ciceri D, Ballini R, Palmieri A. A Novel and Practical Continuous Flow Chemical Synthesis of Cannabidiol (CBD) and its CBDV and CBDB Analogues. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Chiurchiù
- Green Chemistry Group School of Sciences and Technology Chemistry Division University of Camerino Via S. Agostino n.1 62032 Camerino MC Italy
| | - Susanna Sampaolesi
- Green Chemistry Group School of Sciences and Technology Chemistry Division University of Camerino Via S. Agostino n.1 62032 Camerino MC Italy
| | | | | | - Roberto Ballini
- Green Chemistry Group School of Sciences and Technology Chemistry Division University of Camerino Via S. Agostino n.1 62032 Camerino MC Italy
| | - Alessandro Palmieri
- Green Chemistry Group School of Sciences and Technology Chemistry Division University of Camerino Via S. Agostino n.1 62032 Camerino MC Italy
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22
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Blaskovich MAT, Kavanagh AM, Elliott AG, Zhang B, Ramu S, Amado M, Lowe GJ, Hinton AO, Pham DMT, Zuegg J, Beare N, Quach D, Sharp MD, Pogliano J, Rogers AP, Lyras D, Tan L, West NP, Crawford DW, Peterson ML, Callahan M, Thurn M. The antimicrobial potential of cannabidiol. Commun Biol 2021; 4:7. [PMID: 33469147 PMCID: PMC7815910 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01530-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance threatens the viability of modern medicine, which is largely dependent on the successful prevention and treatment of bacterial infections. Unfortunately, there are few new therapeutics in the clinical pipeline, particularly for Gram-negative bacteria. We now present a detailed evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of cannabidiol, the main non-psychoactive component of cannabis. We confirm previous reports of Gram-positive activity and expand the breadth of pathogens tested, including highly resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Clostridioides difficile. Our results demonstrate that cannabidiol has excellent activity against biofilms, little propensity to induce resistance, and topical in vivo efficacy. Multiple mode-of-action studies point to membrane disruption as cannabidiol's primary mechanism. More importantly, we now report for the first time that cannabidiol can selectively kill a subset of Gram-negative bacteria that includes the 'urgent threat' pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Structure-activity relationship studies demonstrate the potential to advance cannabidiol analogs as a much-needed new class of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A T Blaskovich
- Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - Angela M Kavanagh
- Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Alysha G Elliott
- Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Bing Zhang
- Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Soumya Ramu
- Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Maite Amado
- Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Gabrielle J Lowe
- Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Alexandra O Hinton
- Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Do Minh Thu Pham
- Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Johannes Zuegg
- Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Neil Beare
- BDG Synthesis, Wellington, 5045, New Zealand
| | - Diana Quach
- Linnaeus Bioscience Inc., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Marc D Sharp
- Linnaeus Bioscience Inc., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Joe Pogliano
- Linnaeus Bioscience Inc., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Ashleigh P Rogers
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Dena Lyras
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Lendl Tan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Nicholas P West
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - David W Crawford
- Perfectus Biomed, LLC (formerly Extherid Biosciences), 3545 S Park Dr, Jackson, WY, 83001, USA
| | - Marnie L Peterson
- Perfectus Biomed, LLC (formerly Extherid Biosciences), 3545 S Park Dr, Jackson, WY, 83001, USA
| | - Matthew Callahan
- Botanix Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Level 1, 50 Angove Street, North Perth, WA, 6005, Australia
| | - Michael Thurn
- Botanix Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Level 1, 50 Angove Street, North Perth, WA, 6005, Australia
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23
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Pirrung MC. Synthetic Access to Cannabidiol and Analogs as Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients. J Med Chem 2020; 63:12131-12136. [PMID: 32531156 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoids have surely been one of the most widely self-administered drugs other than caffeine. The U.S. FDA recently approved one cannabinoid-based drug whose active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) is cannabidiol (CBD). The long history of individual use of cannabis for a wide range of conditions has sparked great interest in other uses of CBD, in ethical drugs and botanical supplements as well as in foods and nonprescription wellness products. CBD may be sourced from cannabis plants but can also be prepared synthetically, the topic of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Pirrung
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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24
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Therapeutic Applications of Cannabinoids in Cardiomyopathy and Heart Failure. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:4587024. [PMID: 33194003 PMCID: PMC7641267 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4587024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A large number of cannabinoids have been discovered that could play a role in mitigating cardiac affections. However, none of them has been as widely studied as cannabidiol (CBD), most likely because, individually, the others offer only partial effects or can activate potential harmful pathways. In this regard, CBD has proven to be of great value as a cardioprotective agent since it is a potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory molecule. Thus, we conducted a review to condensate the currently available knowledge on CBD as a therapy for different experimental models of cardiomyopathies and heart failure to detect the molecular pathways involved in cardiac protection. CBD therapy can greatly limit the production of oxygen/nitrogen reactive species, thereby limiting cellular damage, protecting mitochondria, avoiding caspase activation, and regulating ionic homeostasis. Hence, it can affect myocardial contraction by restricting the activation of inflammatory pathways and cytokine secretion, lowering tissular infiltration by immune cells, and reducing the area of infarct and fibrosis formation. These effects are mediated by the activation or inhibition of different receptors and target molecules of the endocannabinoid system. In the final part of this review, we explore the current state of CBD in clinical trials as a treatment for cardiovascular diseases and provide evidence of its potential benefits in humans.
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