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Zhou X, Lin WS, Zou FY, Zhong SS, Deng YY, Luo XW, Shen LS, Wang SH, Guo RM. Biomarkers of preschool children with autism spectrum disorder: quantitative analysis of whole-brain tissue component volumes, intelligence scores, ADOS-CSS, and ages of first-word production and walking onset. World J Pediatr 2024:10.1007/s12519-024-00800-7. [PMID: 38526835 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-024-00800-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preschooling is a critical time for intervention in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD); thus, we analyzed brain tissue component volumes (BTCVs) and clinical indicators in preschool children with ASD to identify new biomarkers for early screening. METHODS Eighty preschool children (3-6 years) with ASD were retrospectively included. The whole-brain myelin content (MyC), white matter (WM), gray matter (GM), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and non-WM/GM/MyC/CSF brain component volumes were obtained using synthetic magnetic resonance imaging (SyMRI). Clinical data, such as intelligence scores, autism diagnostic observation schedule-calibrated severity scores, age at first production of single words (AFSW), age at first production of phrases (AFP), and age at walking onset (AWO), were also collected. The correlation between the BTCV and clinical data was evaluated, and the effect of BTCVs on clinical data was assessed by a regression model. RESULTS WM and GM volumes were positively correlated with intelligence scores (both P < 0.001), but WM and GM did not affect intelligence scores (P = 0.116, P = 0.290). AWO was positively correlated with AFSW and AFP (both P < 0.001). The multivariate linear regression analysis revealed that MyC, AFSW, AFP, and AWO were significantly different (P = 0.005, P < 0.001, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS This study revealed positive correlations between WM and GM volumes and intelligence scores. Whole-brain MyC affected AFSW, AFP, and AWO in preschool children with ASD. Noninvasive quantification of BTCVs via SyMRI revealed a new visualizable and quantifiable biomarker (abnormal MyC) for early ASD screening in preschool children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhou
- Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Wu-Sheng Lin
- Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Feng-Yun Zou
- Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Shuang-Shuang Zhong
- Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Ya-Yin Deng
- Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Xiao-Wen Luo
- Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Li-Shan Shen
- Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Shi-Huan Wang
- Department of Child Development and Behavior Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, China.
| | - Ruo-Mi Guo
- Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, China.
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Anshu K, Nair AK, Srinath S, Laxmi TR. Altered Developmental Trajectory in Male and Female Rats in a Prenatal Valproic Acid Exposure Model of Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 2023; 53:4390-4411. [PMID: 35976506 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-022-05684-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Early motor and sensory developmental delays precede Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) diagnosis and may serve as early indicators of ASD. The literature on sensorimotor development in animal models is sparse, male centered, and has mixed findings. We characterized early development in a prenatal valproic acid (VPA) model of ASD and found sex-specific developmental delays in VPA rats. We created a developmental composite score combining 15 test readouts, yielding a reliable gestalt measure spanning physical, sensory, and motor development, that effectively discriminated between VPA and control groups. Considering the heterogeneity in ASD phenotype, the developmental composite offers a robust metric that can enable comparison across different animal models of ASD and can serve as an outcome measure for early intervention studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumari Anshu
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Main Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560029, India
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, 53705, WI, USA
| | - Ajay Kumar Nair
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Main Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560029, India
- Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, 53703, WI, USA
| | - Shoba Srinath
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Main Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560029, India
| | - T Rao Laxmi
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Main Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560029, India.
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Dillon EF, Kanne S, Landa RJ, Annett R, Bernier R, Bradley C, Carpenter L, Kim SH, Parish-Morris J, Schultz R, Wodka EL. Sex Differences in Autism: Examining Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors in Children and Adolescents Enrolled in a National ASD Cohort. J Autism Dev Disord 2023; 53:1305-1318. [PMID: 34859339 PMCID: PMC9181723 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-05385-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Discernment of possible sex-based variations in presentations of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) symptoms is limited by smaller female samples with ASD and confounds with ASD ascertainment. A large national cohort of individuals with autism, SPARK, allowed parent report data to be leveraged to examine whether intrinsic child characteristics and extrinsic factors differentially impact males and females with ASD. Small but consistent sex differences in individuals with ASD emerged related to both intrinsic and extrinsic factors, with different markers for males and females. Language concerns in males may make discernment of ASD more straightforward, while early motor concerns in females may hamper diagnosis as such delays are not identified within traditional ASD diagnostic criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily F Dillon
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Autism and Related Disorders, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Autism Assessment Research Training and Service (AARTS), Center at RUSH University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Stephen Kanne
- Thompson Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Cornell University, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Rebecca J Landa
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Autism and Related Disorders, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robert Annett
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Raphael Bernier
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Catherine Bradley
- Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Laura Carpenter
- Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - So Hyun Kim
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Clinical Psychiatry, New York, NY, USA
| | - Julia Parish-Morris
- Center for Autism and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Robert's Center for Pediatric Research, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Robert Schultz
- Center for Autism and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ericka L Wodka
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Center for Autism and Related Disorders, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Dehghani M, Jafarnezhadgero AA, Darvishani MA, Aali S, Granacher U. Effects of an 8-week multimodal exercise program on ground reaction forces and plantar pressure during walking in boys with autism spectrum disorder. Trials 2023; 24:170. [PMID: 36890589 PMCID: PMC9993582 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-023-07158-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorder is a developmental disability with first signs appearing in children aged 3 years and younger. Given that autism spectrum disorder is accompanied by a broad range of symptoms such as impaired sensory, neurological, and neuromotor functions, it appears plausible to argue that an intervention program focusing on multimodal exercise rather than single-mode exercise might be more effective in treating this wide variety of symptoms. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a multimodal exercise program entitled Sports, Play, and Active Recreation for Kids on variables of ground reaction forces and plantar pressure during walking in boys with autism spectrum disorder. METHODS Twenty-four autism spectrum disorder boys aged 7-11 years were recruited and randomly allocated into an intervention or a waiting control group. Sports, Play, and Active Recreation for Kids was conducted over a period of 8 weeks with three weekly sessions. This training protocol includes aerobic dance and jump rope exercises as well as running games. Pre- and post-training, ground reaction forces and plantar pressure variables were recorded while walking at a constant walking speed of 0.9 m/s using a foot scan embedded in a 15-m walkway. RESULTS Significant group-by-time interactions were found for the first peak of vertical ground reaction force, loading rate, and peak pressure at the medial heel region (all p = 0.001-0.49, d = 0.89-1.40). Post-hoc analyses showed significant pre-post decreases for the first peak of vertical ground reaction force (p = 0.001, d = 1.27), loading rate (p = 0.009, d = 1.11), and peak pressure at the medial heel region (p = 0.021, d = 1.01). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that a joyful and multimodal exercise program has positive effects on kinetic walking characteristics of autism spectrum disorder boys. Accordingly, we recommend to implement this type of exercise in prepubertal autism spectrum disorder boys to improve gait kinetics. TRIAL REGISTRATION Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials IRCT20170806035517N4. Registered on November 8, 2021. This study was approved by the Ethical Committee of the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran (IR.UMA.REC.1400.019). The study was conducted in accordance with the latest version of the Declaration of Helsinki.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahrokh Dehghani
- Department of Sport Managements and Biomechanics, Faculty of Educational Science and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Amir Ali Jafarnezhadgero
- Department of Sport Managements and Biomechanics, Faculty of Educational Science and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Mohamad Abdollahpour Darvishani
- Department of Sport Managements and Biomechanics, Faculty of Educational Science and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Shirin Aali
- Sport Science Department, Farhangian University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Urs Granacher
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, Exercise and Human Movement Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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Franchini M, Smith IM, Sacrey L, Duku E, Brian J, Bryson SE, Vaillancourt T, Armstrong V, Szatmari P, Roberts W, Roncadin C, Zwaigenbaum L. Continuity of trajectories of autism symptom severity from infancy to childhood. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2022; 64:895-906. [PMID: 36562606 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Behavioral symptom trajectories are informative of the development of young children at increased likelihood for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). METHODS Developmental trajectories of early signs were examined in a cohort of siblings of children diagnosed with ASD (n = 502) from 6 to 18 months using the Autism Observation Scale for Infants (AOSI), and from 18 months to 5-7 years using the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS). Diagnostic outcomes for ASD at age 3 confirmed diagnosis for 137 children. We further analyzed the conditional probability of a switch from a trajectory measured with the AOSI to a trajectory measured with the ADOS as well as predictors from age 6 months. RESULTS We derived three early trajectories of behavioral signs ("Low," "Intermediate," and "Increasing") from 6 to 18 months using the AOSI. We then derived three similar, distinct trajectories for the evolution of symptom severity between 18 and 60-84 months of age (Low, Intermediate, Increasing) using the ADOS. Globally, the Low trajectory included children showing fewer ASD signs or symptoms and the Increasing trajectory included children showing more severe symptoms. We also found that most children in the Low AOSI trajectory stayed in the corresponding ADOS trajectory, whereas children in an Increasing AOSI trajectory tended to transition to an Intermediate or Increasing ADOS trajectory. Developmental measures taken at 6 months (early signs of ASD, Fine Motor, and Visual Reception skills) were predictive of trajectory membership. CONCLUSIONS Results confirm substantial heterogeneity in the early emergence of ASD signs in children at increased likelihood for ASD. Moreover, we showed that the way those early behavioral signs emerge in infants is predictive of later symptomatology. Results yield clear clinical implications, supporting the need to repeatedly assess infants at increased likelihood for ASD as this can be highly indicative of their later development and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Franchini
- Fondation Pôle Autisme and Faculty of Educational Psychology and Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Isabel M Smith
- Autism Research Centre, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Canada.,Departments of Pediatrics and Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Lori Sacrey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Eric Duku
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jessica Brian
- Bloorview Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Susan E Bryson
- Autism Research Centre, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Canada.,Departments of Pediatrics and Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Tracy Vaillancourt
- Counselling Psychology, Faculty of Education, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Peter Szatmari
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Wendy Roberts
- Integrated Services for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Caroline Roncadin
- McMaster Children's Hospital Autism Program, Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Canada
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Valagussa G, Purpura G, Nale A, Pirovano R, Mazzucchelli M, Grossi E, Perin C. Sensory Profile of Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Tip-Toe Behavior: Results of an Observational Pilot Study. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:children9091336. [PMID: 36138645 PMCID: PMC9497722 DOI: 10.3390/children9091336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Atypical sensory processing is frequently reported in persons with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), and it is one of the described diagnostic criteria for ASD. There is also mounting literature supporting the presence of motor impairments in individuals with ASD. Among these motor signs, tip-toe behavior (TTB) is a possible clinical finding, but its etiology is not clearly understood. It is suggested that TTB in ASD could be a sign of a sensory modulation impairment, but evidence is lacking and controversial. The main aim of this pilot study is to explore sensory features in a sample (4 females; 28 males) of children and adolescents with ASD (age range: 7-18). All participants also presented Intellectual Disability. Participants were divided in two groups, matched for age and gender, on the basis of the presence or absence of TTB (16 ASD TTB group vs. 16 ASD NO-TTB group) and then evaluated by using the Short Sensory Profile. We found that both ASD groups tend to significantly present sensory-related behavioral symptoms, but ASD TTB individuals more frequently showed the specific pattern of "under responsive/seeks sensation" than ASD NO-TTB individuals. These preliminary findings support that sensory-motor features might be taken into consideration when rehabilitation for TTB in children and adolescents with ASD is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Valagussa
- Autism Research Unit, Villa S. Maria Foundation, Tavernerio, 22100 Como, Italy
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Giulia Purpura
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Alessandra Nale
- Autism Research Unit, Villa S. Maria Foundation, Tavernerio, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Rita Pirovano
- Autism Research Unit, Villa S. Maria Foundation, Tavernerio, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Miryam Mazzucchelli
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Enzo Grossi
- Autism Research Unit, Villa S. Maria Foundation, Tavernerio, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Cecilia Perin
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Zerbi V, Pagani M, Markicevic M, Matteoli M, Pozzi D, Fagiolini M, Bozzi Y, Galbusera A, Scattoni ML, Provenzano G, Banerjee A, Helmchen F, Basson MA, Ellegood J, Lerch JP, Rudin M, Gozzi A, Wenderoth N. Brain mapping across 16 autism mouse models reveals a spectrum of functional connectivity subtypes. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:7610-7620. [PMID: 34381171 PMCID: PMC8873017 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01245-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is characterized by substantial, yet highly heterogeneous abnormalities in functional brain connectivity. However, the origin and significance of this phenomenon remain unclear. To unravel ASD connectopathy and relate it to underlying etiological heterogeneity, we carried out a bi-center cross-etiological investigation of fMRI-based connectivity in the mouse, in which specific ASD-relevant mutations can be isolated and modeled minimizing environmental contributions. By performing brain-wide connectivity mapping across 16 mouse mutants, we show that different ASD-associated etiologies cause a broad spectrum of connectional abnormalities in which diverse, often diverging, connectivity signatures are recognizable. Despite this heterogeneity, the identified connectivity alterations could be classified into four subtypes characterized by discrete signatures of network dysfunction. Our findings show that etiological variability is a key determinant of connectivity heterogeneity in ASD, hence reconciling conflicting findings in clinical populations. The identification of etiologically-relevant connectivity subtypes could improve diagnostic label accuracy in the non-syndromic ASD population and paves the way for personalized treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Zerbi
- Neural Control of Movement Lab, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M Pagani
- Functional Neuroimaging Lab, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, Rovereto, Italy
| | - M Markicevic
- Neural Control of Movement Lab, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M Matteoli
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Pathology, Neurocenter, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano, Mi, Italy
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Milano, Italy
| | - D Pozzi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Brain Pathology, Neurocenter, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano, Mi, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
| | - M Fagiolini
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Department, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Y Bozzi
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences (CIMeC), University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | - A Galbusera
- Functional Neuroimaging Lab, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, Rovereto, Italy
| | - M L Scattoni
- Research Coordination and Support Service, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - G Provenzano
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology. (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - A Banerjee
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - F Helmchen
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M A Basson
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, UK
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College, London, London, UK
| | - J Ellegood
- Mouse Imaging Ctr., Hosp. For Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - J P Lerch
- Mouse Imaging Ctr., Hosp. For Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - M Rudin
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - A Gozzi
- Functional Neuroimaging Lab, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, Rovereto, Italy.
| | - N Wenderoth
- Neural Control of Movement Lab, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Elshahawi HH, Taha GRA, Azzam HME, El Ghamry RH, Abdelgawad AAM, Elshiekh MAAA. N-Methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antibody in relation to autism spectrum disorder (ASD): presence and association with symptom profile. MIDDLE EAST CURRENT PSYCHIATRY 2021. [PMCID: PMC8557968 DOI: 10.1186/s43045-021-00141-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several studies pointed to immune dysregulation abnormalities linked to autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Of those, several autoantibodies had been identified. Recent findings of N-methyl d-aspartate (NMDA) antibodies in autoimmune encephalitis suggested that it caused symptoms like autistic regression. Thus, the purpose of the study was to test for the presence of anti-NMDAR antibodies in the ASD disorder population and to correlate this with the clinical findings. Results Eighty-seven autistic children, 4–12 years old, were enrolled in the study and were matched with sixty typically developing children used as controls. The diagnosis of cases was confirmed by ADOS-2 and clinical evaluation. None of the control children had positive anti-NMDAR antibodies, while 26.4% (23 children) of the patients’ group were positive for serum anti-NMDA receptor antibodies (> 200 pg/ml, p = 0.0157). The positive anti-NMDAR antibody was statistically correlated with better speech stage (p = 0.017), more severe stereotyped behavior (p ≤ 0.001), and abnormal EEG findings (p = 0.025). Conclusions There is a possibility of the presence of anti-NMDAR antibodies in the autism spectrum disorder population with certain characteristics, especially the severity of the stereotyped behaviors.
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Karadaş C, Bakkaloğlu H, Demir Ş. Exploring the effect of motor coordination on repetitive behaviours in children with autism spectrum disorder. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2021; 69:238-247. [PMID: 37025329 PMCID: PMC10071942 DOI: 10.1080/20473869.2021.1948318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Objective: This study was conducted to explore the effect of motor coordination on repetitive behaviors in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) aged 5-15 years. Methods: The study employed the causal-comparative design, one of the correlational survey designs. The study was carried out with data obtained from parents of 241 children with ASD. The parents were administered the measurement tools of Gilliam Autism Rating Scale-2-Turkish Version to confirm the diagnosis of ASD, Demographic Information Form to obtain information about the child and the parent, Repetitive Behavior Scale-Revised-Turkish Version to evaluate the repetitive behaviors, and Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire-07-Turkish Version to evaluate the motor coordination performance. The data were analyzed MANCOVA in the R package program. Results: The study results revealed that 72% of children with ASD had a risk of Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD). The repetitive behaviors of children with and without DCD risk differed significantly. The severity and intensity of the repetitive behaviors of children with DCD risk were higher than those without DCD risk when age, gender, and comorbidity were taken under control. Conclusion: The motor coordination problems in children with ASD are effective on repetitive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cebrail Karadaş
- Department of Special Education, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Şeyda Demir
- Department of Special Education, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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10
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Jequier Gygax M, Maillard AM, Favre J. Could Gait Biomechanics Become a Marker of Atypical Neuronal Circuitry in Human Development?-The Example of Autism Spectrum Disorder. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:624522. [PMID: 33796508 PMCID: PMC8009281 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.624522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This perspective paper presents converging recent knowledge in neurosciences (motor neurophysiology, neuroimaging and neuro cognition) and biomechanics to outline the relationships between maturing neuronal network, behavior, and gait in human development. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) represents a particularly relevant neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD) to study these convergences, as an early life condition presenting with sensorimotor and social behavioral alterations. ASD diagnosis relies solely on behavioral criteria. The absence of biological marker in ASD is a main challenge, and hampers correlations between behavioral development and standardized data such as brain structure alterations, brain connectivity, or genetic profile. Gait, as a way to study motor system development, represents a well-studied, early life ability that can be characterized through standardized biomechanical analysis. Therefore, developmental gait biomechanics might appear as a possible motor phenotype and biomarker, solid enough to be correlated to neuronal network maturation, in normal and atypical developmental trajectories—like in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Jequier Gygax
- Service des Troubles du Spectre de l'Autisme, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anne M Maillard
- Service des Troubles du Spectre de l'Autisme, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julien Favre
- Swiss BioMotion Lab, Department of Musculoskeletal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne (CHUV-UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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11
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Ketcheson LR, Pitchford EA, Wentz CF. The Relationship Between Developmental Coordination Disorder and Concurrent Deficits in Social Communication and Repetitive Behaviors Among Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Autism Res 2021; 14:804-816. [DOI: 10.1002/aur.2469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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12
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Uljarević M, Cooper MN, Bebbington K, Glasson EJ, Maybery MT, Varcin K, Alvares GA, Wray J, Leekam SR, Whitehouse AJO. Deconstructing the repetitive behaviour phenotype in autism spectrum disorder through a large population-based analysis. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2020; 61:1030-1042. [PMID: 32037582 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Restricted and repetitive pattern of behaviours and interests (RRB) are a cardinal feature of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), but there remains uncertainty about how these diverse behaviours vary according to individual characteristics. This study provided the largest exploration to date of the relationship between Repetitive Motor Behaviours, Rigidity/Insistence on Sameness and Circumscribed Interests with other individual characteristics in newly diagnosed individuals with ASD. METHOD Participants (N = 3,647; 17.7% females; Mage = 6.6 years [SD = 4.7]) were part of the Western Australian (WA) Register for ASD, an independent, prospective collection of demographic and diagnostic data of newly diagnosed cases of ASD in WA. Diagnosticians rated each of the DSM-IV-TR criteria on a 4-point Likert severity scale, and here we focused on the Repetitive Motor Behaviours, Insistence on Sameness and Circumscribed Interests symptoms. RESULTS The associations between RRB domains, indexed by Kendall's Tau, were weak, ranging from non-significant for both Circumscribed Interests and Repetitive Motor Behaviours to significant (.20) for Insistence on Sameness and Repetitive Motor Behaviours. Older age at diagnosis was significantly associated with lower Circumscribed Interests and significantly associated with higher Insistence on Sameness and Repetitive Motor Behaviours. Male sex was significantly associated with higher Repetitive Motor Behaviours but not Insistence on Sameness or Circumscribed Interests. CONCLUSIONS The pattern of associations identified in this study provides suggestive evidence for the distinctiveness of Repetitive Motor Behaviours, Insistence on Sameness and Circumscribed Interests, highlighting the potential utility of RRB domains for stratifying the larger ASD population into smaller, more phenotypically homogeneous subgroups that can help to facilitate efforts to understand diverse ASD aetiology and inform design of future interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Uljarević
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford Autism Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Matthew N Cooper
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Keely Bebbington
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Emma J Glasson
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Murray T Maybery
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Kandice Varcin
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Gail A Alvares
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - John Wray
- Child Development Service, WA Department of Health, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Susan R Leekam
- Wales Autism Research Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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13
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Gong L, Liu Y, Yi L, Fang J, Yang Y, Wei K. Abnormal Gait Patterns in Autism Spectrum Disorder and Their Correlations with Social Impairments. Autism Res 2020; 13:1215-1226. [DOI: 10.1002/aur.2302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Gong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, School of Psychological and Cognitive SciencesPeking University Beijing China
- Key Laboratory of Machine Perception (Ministry of Education)Peking University Beijing China
| | - Yajie Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, School of Psychological and Cognitive SciencesPeking University Beijing China
- Key Laboratory of Machine Perception (Ministry of Education)Peking University Beijing China
| | - Li Yi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, School of Psychological and Cognitive SciencesPeking University Beijing China
- Key Laboratory of Machine Perception (Ministry of Education)Peking University Beijing China
| | - Jing Fang
- Qingdao Autism Research Institute Qingdao Shangdong China
| | - Yisheng Yang
- Qingdao Autism Research Institute Qingdao Shangdong China
| | - Kunlin Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, School of Psychological and Cognitive SciencesPeking University Beijing China
- Key Laboratory of Machine Perception (Ministry of Education)Peking University Beijing China
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14
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Xiao R, Zhong H, Li X, Ma Y, Zhang R, Wang L, Zang Z, Fan X. Abnormal Cerebellar Development Is Involved in Dystonia-Like Behaviors and Motor Dysfunction of Autistic BTBR Mice. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:231. [PMID: 32318573 PMCID: PMC7154340 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor control and learning impairments are common complications in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Abnormal cerebellar development during critical phases may disrupt these motor functions and lead to autistic motor dysfunction. However, the underlying mechanisms behind these impairments are not clear. Here, we utilized BTBR T+ Itprtf/J (BTBR) mice, an animal model of autism, to investigate the involvement of abnormal cerebellar development in motor performance. We found BTBR mice exhibited severe dystonia-like behavior and motor coordination or motor learning impairments. The onset of these abnormal movements coincided with the increased proliferation of granule neurons and enhanced foliation, and Purkinje cells displayed morphological hypotrophy with increased dendritic spine formation but suppressed maturation. The migration of granule neurons seemed unaffected. Transcriptional analyses confirmed the differential expression of genes involved in abnormal neurogenesis and revealed TRPC as a critical regulator in proliferation and synaptic formation. Taken together, these findings indicate that abnormal cerebellar development is closely related to dystonia-like behavior and motor dysfunction of BTBR mice and that TRPC may be a novel risk gene for ASD that may participate in the pathological process of autistic movement disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xiao
- Department of Military Cognitive Psychology, School of Psychology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongyu Zhong
- Department of Military Cognitive Psychology, School of Psychology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Military Cognitive Psychology, School of Psychology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ma
- Department of Military Cognitive Psychology, School of Psychology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Basic Nursing, School of Nursing, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ruiyu Zhang
- Department of Military Cognitive Psychology, School of Psychology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lian Wang
- Department of Military Cognitive Psychology, School of Psychology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhenle Zang
- Department of Military Cognitive Psychology, School of Psychology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaotang Fan
- Department of Military Cognitive Psychology, School of Psychology, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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15
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Hillus J, Moseley R, Roepke S, Mohr B. Action Semantic Deficits and Impaired Motor Skills in Autistic Adults Without Intellectual Impairment. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:256. [PMID: 31404247 PMCID: PMC6669914 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies indicate the functional importance of the motor cortex for higher cognition, language and semantic processing, and place the neural substrate of these processes in sensorimotor action-perception circuits linking motor, sensory and perisylvian language regions. Interestingly, in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), semantic processing of action and emotion words seems to be impaired and is associated with hypoactivity of the motor cortex during semantic processing. In this study, the relationship between semantic processing, fine motor skills and clinical symptoms was investigated in 19 individuals with ASD and 22 typically-developing matched controls. Participants completed two semantic decision tasks involving words from different semantic categories, a test of alexithymia (the Toronto Alexithymia Scale), and a test of fine motor skills (the Purdue Pegboard Test). A significant Group × Word Category interaction in accuracy (p < 0.05) demonstrated impaired semantic processing for action words, but not object words in the autistic group. There was no significant group difference when processing abstract emotional words or abstract neutral words. Moreover, our study revealed deficits in fine motor skills as well as evidence for alexithymia in the ASD group, but not in neurotypical controls. However, these motor deficits did not correlate significantly with impairments in action-semantic processing. We interpret the data in terms of an underlying dysfunction of the action-perception system in ASD and its specific impact on semantic language processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephina Hillus
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rachel Moseley
- Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University, Poole, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Roepke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bettina Mohr
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
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16
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Infant motor skill predicts later expressive language and autism spectrum disorder diagnosis. Infant Behav Dev 2019; 54:37-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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17
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Valagussa G, Trentin L, Signori A, Grossi E. Toe Walking Assessment in Autism Spectrum Disorder Subjects: A Systematic Review. Autism Res 2018; 11:1404-1415. [PMID: 30199607 DOI: 10.1002/aur.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that autism spectrum disorder (ASD) subjects have also motor impairments. Toe walking (TW) is a phenomenon that can be found in ASD subjects during gait, even if this condition was found not to be necessarily related only to walking, since these children often also stand and run on their tiptoes. Since persistent TW in ASD subjects may contribute to secondary shortening of the Achilles's tendon, it becomes important to have an assessment tool and/or outcome measure for both the clinical and rehabilitative settings. The aim of this systematic review is to critically evaluate and describe the methods employed to assess toe walking in ASD subjects. The systematic review protocol was previously registered on PROSPERO. We conducted an extensive literature search in PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, The Cochrane Library, and Scopus databases. There were no restrictions on the types of study design eligible for inclusion. Ten studies were included in the systematic review. Risk of bias of the included studies was conducted using the following instruments depending on the study types: STROBE Statement, Cochrane risk of bias tool, and CARE checklist. Almost all the included studies (8/10) proposed a tip-toe behavior (TTB) assessment only during walking. Nine out of ten of the included studies assessed TTB using a qualitative methodology. The results evidenced the heterogeneity of qualitative methods and a lack of a structured quantitative test to assess toe walking in ASD subjects. Autism Res 2018, 11: 1404-1415. © 2018 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY ABSTRACT: Toe walking (TW) is a phenomenon that can be found during ASD subject's gait. The persistence of this behavior may contribute to secondary Achilles's tendon shortening. In this perspective it becomes important to have an assessment tool and/or outcome measure for both the clinical and rehabilitative settings. The current systematic review aimed to describe the methods employed to assess TW. The results evidenced the lack and the need of a structured quantitative test to assess TW in ASD subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Valagussa
- Autism Research Unit, Villa Santa Maria Foundation, Tavernerio, CO, Italy
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Trentin
- Autism Research Unit, Villa Santa Maria Foundation, Tavernerio, CO, Italy
| | - Alessio Signori
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), Section of Biostatistics, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Enzo Grossi
- Autism Research Unit, Villa Santa Maria Foundation, Tavernerio, CO, Italy
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18
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Moseley RL, Pulvermüller F. What can autism teach us about the role of sensorimotor systems in higher cognition? New clues from studies on language, action semantics, and abstract emotional concept processing. Cortex 2018; 100:149-190. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2017.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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19
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Fulceri F, Grossi E, Contaldo A, Narzisi A, Apicella F, Parrini I, Tancredi R, Calderoni S, Muratori F. Motor Skills as Moderators of Core Symptoms in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Preliminary Data From an Exploratory Analysis With Artificial Neural Networks. Front Psychol 2018; 9:2683. [PMID: 30687159 PMCID: PMC6333655 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Motor disturbances have been widely observed in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and motor problems are currently reported as associated features supporting the diagnosis of ASD in the current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). Studies on this issue reported disturbances in different motor domains, including both gross and fine motor areas as well as coordination, postural control, and standing balance. However, they failed to clearly state whether motor impairments are related to demographical and developmental features of ASD. Both the different methodological approaches assessing motor skills and the heterogeneity in clinical features of participants analyzed have been implicated as contributors to variance in findings. However, the non-linearity of the relationships between variables may account for the inability of the traditional analysis to grasp the core problem suggesting that the "single symptom approach analysis" should be overcome. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are computational adaptive systems inspired by the functioning processes of the human brain particularly adapted to solving non-linear problems. This study aimed to apply the ANNs to reveal the entire spectrum of the relationship between motor skills and clinical variables. Thirty-two male children with ASD [mean age: 48.5 months (SD: 8.8); age range: 30-60 months] were recruited in a tertiary care university hospital. A multidisciplinary comprehensive diagnostic evaluation was associated with a standardized assessment battery for motor skills, the Peabody Developmental Motor Scale-Second Edition. Exploratory analyses were performed through the ANNs. The findings revealed that poor motor skills were a common clinical feature of preschoolers with ASD, relating both to the high level of repetitive behaviors and to the low level of expressive language. Moreover, unobvious trends among motor, cognitive and social skills have been detected. In conclusion, motor abnormalities in preschoolers with ASD were widespread, and the degree of impairment may inform clinicians about the severity of ASD core symptoms. Understanding motor disturbances in children with ASD may be relevant to clarify neurobiological basis and ultimately to guide the development of tailored treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Fulceri
- Research Coordination and Support Service, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Enzo Grossi
- Autism Research Unit, Villa Santa Maria Institute, Tavernerio, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sara Calderoni
- IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- *Correspondence: Sara Calderoni, ;
| | - Filippo Muratori
- IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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20
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Stevenson JL, Lindley CE, Murlo N. Retrospectively Assessed Early Motor and Current Pragmatic Language Skills in Autistic and Neurotypical Children. Percept Mot Skills 2017; 124:777-794. [DOI: 10.1177/0031512517710379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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