Protective effect of cistanoside A on dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease via mitophagy

Traditional Chinese medicine as a viable option for managing vascular cognitive impairment: A ray of hope

Vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) is a prevalent cognitive disorder resulting from cerebrovascular disease and encompasses a spectrum of cognitive deficits, ranging from mild impairment to vascular dementia (VD). VCI is responsible for a minimum of 20% to 40% of all cases of dementia, with its prevalence ranking second only to Alzheimer's disease on a global scale. The pathogenesis of VCI is complex and includes a lack of cholinergic nerve cells, inflammation, oxidative stress, alterations in the blood-brain barrier, and cell apoptosis. Current guideline-recommended drugs have unsatisfactory therapeutic effects. However, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has long been associated with treating dementia, and numerous studies regarding treating dementia with TCM have been conducted. The etiology and pathogenesis of VaD are linked to deficiencies in the spleen and kidney, as well as phlegm turbidity. Treatment involves benefiting the spleen and kidney, improving blood circulation, removing blood stasis, and dispelling phlegm. Moreover, TCM presents benefits such as few adverse effects, low cost, long-term use suitability, and preventive effects. This review outlines the pathogenesis of VCI in both modern medicine and TCM, examines traditional prescriptions and single-agent ingredients with their pharmacological effects, emphasizes TCM's unique features, and explores its multi-targeted approach to treating VCI.

Ameliorating Mitochondrial Dysfunction for the Therapy of Parkinson's Disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) is currently the second most incurable central neurodegenerative disease resulting from various pathogenesis. As the "energy factory" of cells, mitochondria play an extremely important role in supporting neuronal signal transmission and other physiological activities. Mitochondrial dysfunction can cause and accelerate the occurrence and progression of PD. How to effectively prevent and suppress mitochondrial disorders is a key strategy for the treatment of PD from the root. Therefore, the emerging mitochondria-targeted therapy has attracted considerable interest. Herein, the relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and PD, the causes and results of mitochondrial dysfunction, and major strategies for ameliorating mitochondrial dysfunction to treat PD are systematically reviewed. The study also prospects the main challenges for the treatment of PD.

Regulation of mitophagy and mitochondrial function: Natural compounds as potential therapeutic strategies for Parkinson's disease

Mitochondrial damage is associated with the development of Parkinson's disease (PD), indicating that mitochondrial-targeted treatments could hold promise as disease-modifying approaches for PD. Notably, natural compounds have demonstrated the ability to modulate mitochondrial-related processes. In this review article, we discussed the possible neuroprotective mechanisms of natural compounds against PD in modulating mitophagy and mitochondrial function. A comprehensive literature search on natural compounds related to the treatment of PD by regulating mitophagy and mitochondrial function was conducted from PubMed, Web of Science and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure databases from their inception until April 2023. We summarize recent advancements in mitophagy's molecular mechanisms, including upstream and downstream processes, and its relationship with PD-related genes or proteins. Importantly, we highlight how natural compounds can therapeutically regulate various mitochondrial processes through multiple targets and pathways to alleviate oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, Lewy's body aggregation and apoptosis, which are key contributors to PD pathogenesis. Unlike the single-target strategy of modern medicine, natural compounds provide neuroprotection against PD by modulating various mitochondrial-related processes, including ameliorating mitophagy by targeting the PINK1/parkin pathway, the NIX/BNIP3 pathway, and autophagosome formation (i.e., LC3 and p62). Given the prevalence of mitochondrial damage in various neurodegenerative diseases, exploring the exact mechanism of natural compounds on mitophagy and mitochondrial dysfunction could shed light on the development of highly effective disease-modifying or adjuvant therapies targeting PD and other neurodegenerative disorders.

Natural Activators of Autophagy

Autophagy is the process by which cell contents, such as aggregated proteins, dysfunctional organelles, and cell structures are sequestered by autophagosome and delivered to lysosomes for degradation. As a process that allows the cell to get rid of non-functional components that tend to accumulate with age, autophagy has been associated with many human diseases. In this regard, the search for autophagy activators and the study of their mechanism of action is an important task for treatment of many diseases, as well as for increasing healthy life expectancy. Plants are rich sources of autophagy activators, containing large amounts of polyphenolic compounds in their composition, which can be autophagy activators in their original form, or can be metabolized by the intestinal microbiota to active compounds. This review is devoted to the plant-based autophagy activators with emphasis on the sources of their production, mechanism of action, and application in various diseases. The review also describes companies commercializing natural autophagy activators.