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Santo Domingo Peñaranda J, Nisula M, Vandenbroucke SST, Minjauw MM, Li J, Werbrouck A, Keukelier J, Pitillas Martínez AI, Dendooven J, Detavernier C. Converting molecular layer deposited alucone films into Al 2O 3/alucone hybrid multilayers by plasma densification. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:1224-1232. [PMID: 33351866 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt03896b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Alucones are one of the best-known films in the Molecular Layer Deposition (MLD) field. In this work, we prove that alucone/Al2O3 nanolaminate synthesis can be successfully performed by alternating alucone MLD growth with static O2 plasma exposures. Upon plasma treatment, only the top part of the alucone is densified into Al2O3, while the rest of the film remains relatively unaltered. X-ray reflectivity (XRR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) depth profiling show that the process yields a bilayer structure, which remains stable in air. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) measurements show that Al2O3 features are generated after plasma treatment, while the original alucone features remain, confirming that plasma treatment results in a bilayer structure. Also, an intermediate carboxylate is created in the interface. Calculations of Al atom density during plasma exposure point towards a partial loss of Al atoms during plasma treatment, in addition to the removal of the glycerol backbone. The effect of different process parameters has been studied. Densification at the highest temperature possible (200 °C) has the best alucone preservation without hindering its thermal stability. In addition, operating at the lowest plasma power is found the most beneficial for the film, but there is a threshold that must be surpassed to achieve successful densification. About 70% of the original alucone film thickness can be expected to remain after densification, but thicker films may result in more diffuse interfaces. Additionally, this process has also been successfully performed in multilayers, showing real potential for encapsulation applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Santo Domingo Peñaranda
- Department of Solid State Sciences, CoCooN research group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S1, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
| | - Mikko Nisula
- Department of Solid State Sciences, CoCooN research group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S1, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
| | - Sofie S T Vandenbroucke
- Department of Solid State Sciences, CoCooN research group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S1, 9000 Gent, Belgium. and IMEC, Kapeldreef 75, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matthias M Minjauw
- Department of Solid State Sciences, CoCooN research group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S1, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Solid State Sciences, CoCooN research group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S1, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
| | - Andreas Werbrouck
- Department of Solid State Sciences, CoCooN research group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S1, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
| | - Jonas Keukelier
- Department of Solid State Sciences, CoCooN research group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S1, 9000 Gent, Belgium. and IMEC, Kapeldreef 75, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Andrea I Pitillas Martínez
- Department of Solid State Sciences, CoCooN research group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S1, 9000 Gent, Belgium. and IMEC, Kapeldreef 75, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium and M2S, Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jolien Dendooven
- Department of Solid State Sciences, CoCooN research group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S1, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
| | - Christophe Detavernier
- Department of Solid State Sciences, CoCooN research group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S1, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
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Wei GT, Liu FK, Wang CR. Shape separation of nanometer gold particles by size-exclusion chromatography. Anal Chem 2012; 71:2085-91. [PMID: 21662743 DOI: 10.1021/ac990044u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The shape separations of suspended gold nanoparticles were investigated using size-exclusion chromatography. The separations in shapes were identified by examining the 3-D chromatograms obtained by employing a diode-array detection system and were further confirmed by analyzing TEM images of fractional collection of particles. This shape separation was achieved by adding a mixed-surfactant system containing sodium dodecyl sulfate and poluoxyethylene (23) dodecanol (Brij-35) into the eluent, which apparently affects the adsorption behaviors of both rodlike and spherical Au nanoparticles onto the column packing materials. While the overall particle gross sizes of these two shapes were similar, the baseline resolution was unfortunately not obtainable. However, the absorption spectra from the diode-array detector could be utilized to interpret the shapes of Au nanoparticles. The potential capability for the size separation of Au nanoparticles by size-exclusion chromatography with diode-array detection was also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- G T Wei
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung-Cheng University, Ming-Hsiung, Chia-Yi, 621 Taiwan
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Ryu SY, Choi J, Balcerski W, Lee TK, Hoffmann MR. Photocatalytic Production of H2 on Nanocomposite Catalysts. Ind Eng Chem Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/ie0703033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Su Young Ryu
- W.M. Keck Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Jina Choi
- W.M. Keck Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - William Balcerski
- W.M. Keck Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Tai Kyu Lee
- W.M. Keck Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | - Michael R. Hoffmann
- W.M. Keck Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
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Choi MMF, Douglas AD, Murray RW. Ion-Pair Chromatographic Separation of Water-Soluble Gold Monolayer-Protected Clusters. Anal Chem 2006; 78:2779-85. [PMID: 16615793 DOI: 10.1021/ac052167m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate the efficacy of ion-pair chromatography for separations of samples of charged, polydisperse, water-soluble gold nanoparticles protected by monolayers of N-acetyl-l-cysteine and of tiopronin ligands. These nanoparticle mixtures have 1-2-nm-diameter Au core sizes as estimated from UV-visible spectra of the separated components. This size range encompasses the transition from bulk metal to molecular properties. The nanoparticle mixtures were resolved, the smallest nanoparticles eluting first, on an octadecylsilyl (C18) column using isocratic elution with a methanol/water mobile phase containing tetrabutylammonium fluoride (Bu4N+F-) and phosphate buffer. The column retention increases with Bu4N+F- concentration, lowered pH, and decreasing methanol volume fraction. The retention mechanism is dominated by ion-pairing in either the mobile phase or at the stationary/mobile-phase interface. Size exclusion effects, used in many previous nanoparticle separations, are insignificant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin M F Choi
- Kenan Laboratories of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, USA
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