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Ornoy A, Miller RK. Yolk sac development, function and role in rodent pregnancy. Birth Defects Res 2023; 115:1243-1254. [PMID: 36949669 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.2172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
During the early phases of embryonic development, the yolk sac serves as an initial placenta in many animal species. While in some, this role subsides around the end of active organogenesis, it continues to have important functions in rodents, alongside the chorio-allantoic placenta. The yolk sac is the initial site of hematopoiesis in many animal species including primates. Cells of epiblastic origin form blood islands that are the forerunners of hematopoietic cells and of the primitive endothelial cells that form the vitelline circulation. The yolk sac is also a major route of embryonic and fetal nutrition apparently as long as it functions. In mammals and especially rodents, macro and micronutrients are absorbed by active pinocytosis into the visceral yolk sac, degraded and the degradation products (i.e., amino acids) are then transferred to the embryo. Interference with the yolk sac function may directly reflect on embryonic growth and development, inducing congenital malformations or in extreme damage, causing embryonic and fetal death. In rodents, many agents were found to damage the yolk sac (i.e., anti-yolk sac antibodies or toxic substances interfering with yolk sac pinocytosis) subsequently affecting the embryo/fetus. Often, the damage to the yolk sac is transient while embryonic damage persists. In humans, decreased yolk sac diameter was associated with diabetic pregnancies and increased diameter was associated with pregnancy loss. In addition, culture of rat yolk sacs in serum obtained from pregnant diabetic women or from women with autoimmune diseases induced severe damage to the visceral yolk sac epithelium and embryonic malformations. It can be concluded that as a result of the crucial role of the yolk sac in the well-being of the early embryo, any damage to its normal function may severely and irreversibly affect further development of the embryo/fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asher Ornoy
- Department of Morphological Sciences and Teratology, Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University and Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Richard K Miller
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Departments of Obstetrics/Gynecology, of Pediatrics, of Pathology and of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, 14642, USA
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Cristóbal-Luna JM, Correa-Basurto J, Mendoza-Figueroa HL, Chamorro-Cevallos G. Anti-epileptic activity, toxicity and teratogenicity in CD1 mice of a novel valproic acid arylamide derivative, N-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-2-propylpentanamide. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 399:115033. [PMID: 32387339 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
N-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-2-propylpentamide (HO-AAVPA) is a novel arylamide derivative of valproic acid (VPA) designed in silico, with better antioxidant and antiproliferative effect on cancer cell lines than VPA. This study was aimed to evaluate the anticonvulsant activity, the toxicity and teratogenicity produced in HO-AAVPA-treated CD1 mice using VPA as positive control. With the maximal electroshock (MES)- and pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizure models, HO-AAVPA reduced the time of hind limb extension, stupor and recovery, the number of clonic and tonic seizures and the mortality rate in a dose-dependent manner, obtaining an ED50 of 370 and 348 mg/kg for MES and PTZ, respectively. On the rotarod test, mice administered with 600 mg/kg HO-AAVPA manifested reduced locomotor activity (2.78%); while HO-AAVPA at 300 mg/kg and VPA at 500 mg/kg gave a similar outcome (∼60%). The LD50 of 936.80 mg/kg herein found for HO-AAVPA reflects moderate toxicity. Concerning teratogenicity, the administration of HO-AAVPA to pregnant females at 300 and 600 mg/kg on gestation day (GD) 8.5 generated less visceral and skeletal alterations in the fetuses, as well as, minor rate of modifications in the expression pattern of the neuronal marker Tuj1 and endothelial marker PECAM1 in embryos, that those induced by VPA administration. Altered embryonic development occurred with less frequency and severity with HO-AAVPA at 600 mg/kg than VPA at 500 mg/kg. In conclusion, the protective effect against convulsions provided by HO-AAVPA was comparable to that of VPA in the MES and PZT seizure models, showed lower toxicity and less damage to embryonic and fetal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Melesio Cristóbal-Luna
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Preclínica, Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Wilfrido Massieu, Col. Zacatenco, Del. Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico.
| | - José Correa-Basurto
- Laboratorio de Diseño y Desarrollo de Nuevos Farmacos e Innovación Biotecnológica, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, Del. Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico
| | - Humberto L Mendoza-Figueroa
- Laboratorio de Diseño y Desarrollo de Nuevos Farmacos e Innovación Biotecnológica, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, Del. Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico
| | - Germán Chamorro-Cevallos
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Preclínica, Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Wilfrido Massieu, Col. Zacatenco, Del. Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico
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Pérez-Alvarez I, Islas-Flores H, Gómez-Oliván LM, Barceló D, López De Alda M, Pérez Solsona S, Sánchez-Aceves L, SanJuan-Reyes N, Galar-Martínez M. Determination of metals and pharmaceutical compounds released in hospital wastewater from Toluca, Mexico, and evaluation of their toxic impact. Environ Pollut 2018; 240:330-341. [PMID: 29751329 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.04.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Due to the activities inherent to medical care units, the hospital effluent released contains diverse contaminants such as tensoactives, disinfectants, metals, pharmaceutical products and chemical reagents, which are potentially toxic to the environment since they receive no treatment or are not effectively removed by such treatment before entering the drain. They are incorporated into municipal wastewater, eventually entering water bodies where they can have harmful effects on organisms and can result in ecological damage. To determine the toxicological risk induced by this type of eflluents, eight metals and 11 pharmaceuticals were quantified, in effluent from a hospital. Developmental effects, teratogenesis and oxidative stress induction were evaluated in two bioindicator species: Xenopus laevis and Lithobates catesbeianus. FETAX (frog embryo teratogenesis assay-Xenopus) was used to obtain the median lethal concentration (LC50), effective concentration inducing 50% malformation (EC50), teratogenic index (TI), minimum concentration to inhibit growth (MCIG), and the types of malformation induced. Twenty oocytes in midblastula transition were exposed to six concentrations of effluent (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9, 1%) and negative and positive (6-aminonicotinamide) controls. After 96 h of exposure, diverse biomarkers of oxidative damage were evaluated: hydroperoxide content, lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyl content, and the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase. TI was 3.8 in X. laevis and 4.0 in L. catesbeianus, both exceed the value in the FETAX protocol (1.2), indicating that this effluent is teratogenic to both species. Growth inhibition was induced as well as diverse malformation including microcephaly, cardiac and facial edema, eye malformations, and notochord, tail, fin and gut damage. Significant differences relative to the control group were observed in both species with all biomarkers. This hospital effluent contains contaminants which represents a toxic risk, since these substances are teratogenic to the bioindicators used. The mechanism of damage induction may be associated with oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itzayana Pérez-Alvarez
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n, Col. Residencial Colón, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Hariz Islas-Flores
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n, Col. Residencial Colón, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico.
| | - Leobardo Manuel Gómez-Oliván
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n, Col. Residencial Colón, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico.
| | - Damià Barceló
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA, CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miren López De Alda
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA, CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra Pérez Solsona
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA, CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Livier Sánchez-Aceves
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n, Col. Residencial Colón, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Nely SanJuan-Reyes
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan s/n, Col. Residencial Colón, 50120 Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Marcela Galar-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Acuática, Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Av. Wilfrido Massieu Esq. Cda. Miguel Stampa S/N, Delegación Gustavo a. Madero, México, DF, C.P. 07738, Mexico
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Ornoy A, Koren G, Yanai J. Is post exposure prevention of teratogenic damage possible: Studies on diabetes, valproic acid, alcohol and anti folates in pregnancy: Animal studies with reflection to human. Reprod Toxicol 2018; 80:92-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Abstract
Nitroxides are stable, kinetically-persistent free radicals which have been successfully used in the study and intervention of oxidative stress, a critical issue pertaining to cellular health which results from an imbalance in the levels of damaging free radicals and redox-active species in the cellular environment. This review gives an overview of some of the biological processes that produce radicals and other reactive oxygen species with relevance to oxidative stress, and then discusses interactions of nitroxides with these species in terms of the use of nitroxides as redox-sensitive probes and redox-active therapeutic agents.
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Shang M, Zhao J, Yang L, Lin L. Oxidative stress and antioxidant status in women with gestational diabetes mellitus diagnosed by IADPSG criteria. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2015; 109:404-10. [PMID: 26025697 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The relationship between oxidative stress and the International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG) criteria diagnosed gestational diabetes mellitus GDM isn't well known. Our aim is to evaluate the oxidative stress in women diagnosed by the IADPSG criteria versus the American Diabetes Association (ADA) criteria in China. METHODS Malondialdehyde (MDA), 8-isoprostane (8IsoP), xanthine oxidize (XO), lipid peroxides (LPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), vitamin C (Vc) and vitamins E (Ve) were determined in maternal and cord plasma and placenta of 68 pregnant women. Among these, 28 were diagnosed with GDM while the other 40 were controls. RESULTS The maternal, cord and placental MDA, XO and 8IsoP levels were significantly higher while SOD and TAC levels were significantly lower in GDM women by either criterion (P < 0.05). XO and 8IsoP levels were higher in ADA group than IADPSG only group while TAC levels significant lower (P < 0.05). Cord MDA, cord and placental XO, and maternal and cord 8IsoP showed significant positive relationship with HbA1c values (P < 0.05). Cord XO levels increased (P < 0.05) while maternal and placental SOD levels decreased (P < 0.05) in women who received cesarean section compared with those delivered normally. Increased XO levels and decreased Ve levels in cord plasma were also found in macrosomia (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Oxidative stress is present in women diagnosed by IADPSG but to a lesser degree than by ADA. All these women should be monitored and perhaps antioxidant supplemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Shang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Junpeng Zhao
- Medical Centre for Experiment and Testing, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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Ergaz Z, Guillemin C, Neeman-azulay M, Weinstein-fudim L, Stodgell CJ, Miller RK, Szyf M, Ornoy A. Placental oxidative stress and decreased global DNA methylation are corrected by copper in the Cohen diabetic rat. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 276:220-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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van Gelder MM, van Rooij IA, de Jong-van den Berg LT, Roeleveld N. Teratogenic Mechanisms Associated with Prenatal Medication Exposure. Therapie 2014; 69:13-24. [DOI: 10.2515/therapie/2014003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Ergaz Z, Shoshani-Dror D, Guillemin C, Neeman-azulay M, Fudim L, Weksler-Zangen S, Stodgell CJ, Miller RK, Ornoy A. The effect of copper deficiency on fetal growth and liver anti-oxidant capacity in the Cohen diabetic rat model. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 265:209-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Revised: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Lappas M, Hiden U, Desoye G, Froehlich J, Hauguel-de Mouzon S, Jawerbaum A. The role of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of gestational diabetes mellitus. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:3061-100. [PMID: 21675877 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Normal human pregnancy is considered a state of enhanced oxidative stress. In pregnancy, it plays important roles in embryo development, implantation, placental development and function, fetal development, and labor. However, pathologic pregnancies, including gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), are associated with a heightened level of oxidative stress, owing to both overproduction of free radicals and/or a defect in the antioxidant defenses. This has important implications on the mother, placental function, and fetal well-being. Animal models of diabetes have confirmed the important role of oxidative stress in the etiology of congenital malformations; the relative immaturity of the antioxidant system facilitates the exposure of embryos and fetuses to the damaging effects of oxidative stress. Of note, there are only a few clinical studies evaluating the potential beneficial effects of antioxidants in GDM. Thus, whether or not increased antioxidant intake can reduce the complications of GDM in both mother and fetus needs to be explored. This review provides an overview and updated data on our current understanding of the complications associated with oxidative changes in GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Lappas
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.
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Wilffert B, Altena J, Tijink L, van Gelder MMHJ, de Jong-van den Berg LTW. Pharmacogenetics of drug-induced birth defects: what is known so far? Pharmacogenomics 2011; 12:547-58. [PMID: 21521026 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.10.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A literature review was performed to collect information on the role of pharmacogenetics in six proposed teratogenic mechanisms associated with drug use during pregnancy: folate antagonism, oxidative stress, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and angiotensin II receptor antagonism, cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 inhibition, 5-hydroxytryptamine-reuptake inhibition and drug transporters in the placenta. Data on the direct relationship between pharmacogenetics and drug-induced birth defects were found for folate metabolism, oxidative stress caused by phenytoin exposure and drug transporters in the placenta. Although no specific data to support pharmacogenetic-related birth defects were found for the NSAIDs, paroxetine and fluoxetine, it might be expected that polymorphisms modify their teratogenic effects. The usually low prevalence of drug-induced malformations impedes the demonstration of the contribution of pharmacogenetics. Large-scale studies, preferably case-control studies, are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bob Wilffert
- Unit of Pharmacoepidemiology & Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen 9713AV, The Netherlands.
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Ergaz Z, Mevorach D, Goldzweig G, Cohen A, Patlas N, Yaffe P, Blank M, Shoenfeld Y, Ornoy A. The embryotoxicity of sera from patients with autoimmune diseases on post-implantation rat embryos in culture persists during remission and is not related to oxidative stress. Lupus 2010; 19:1623-31. [PMID: 20813798 DOI: 10.1177/0961203310377218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the embryolethality and embryotoxicity of sera from patients suffering from autoimmune diseases during remission on post-implantation rat embryos cultured on these sera and determined the association between the patients' clinical history, high blood levels of specific antibodies, medications, and oxidative stress parameters. One hundred and eighty, 10.5-day-old rat embryos were cultured in their yolk sacs in 33 sera of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)/antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) patients, and compared with 84 embryos cultured in rat sera and 88 embryos cultured in control human sera. The sera proved to be lethal and embryotoxic but not teratogenic resulting in smaller yolk sacs and embryos, lower protein level and lower developmental score. Significantly less embryos cultured in 'toxic' SLE/APS sera had peak 2 of low molecular weight antioxidants (LMWA) wave, implying a delayed maturation of the antioxidant defense. Lower peak 1 of LMWA correlated with a history of recurrent abortions. Embryonic levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) did not correlate with sera toxicity, patients' clinical history or specific antibodies. We conclude that SLE/APS patients' clinical remission did not prevent death or developmental delay accompanied by later appearance of peak 2 of LMWA in post-implantation rat embryo cultures. The normal levels of the antioxidant enzymes evaluated may indicate that sera toxicity is not related to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Ergaz
- Laboratory of Teratology, Israel Canada Institute of Medical Research, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel.
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van Gelder MMHJ, van Rooij IALM, Miller RK, Zielhuis GA, de Jong-van den Berg LTW, Roeleveld N. Teratogenic mechanisms of medical drugs. Hum Reprod Update 2010; 16:378-94. [DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmp052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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Ornoy A, Avgil Tsadok M, Yaffe P, Zangen SW. The Cohen diabetic rat as a model for fetal growth restriction: Vitamins C and E reduce fetal oxidative stress but do not restore normal growth. Reprod Toxicol 2009; 28:521-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2009.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2008] [Revised: 04/19/2009] [Accepted: 06/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Adam MP, Hudgins L, Carey JC, Hall BD, Coleman K, Gripp KW, Perez-aytes A, Graham JM. Preaxial hallucal polydactyly as a marker for diabetic embryopathy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 85:13-9. [DOI: 10.1002/bdra.20503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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