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Growth Pattern of Magnetic Field-Treated Bacteria. Curr Microbiol 2019; 77:194-203. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-019-01820-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Bodewein L, Schmiedchen K, Dechent D, Stunder D, Graefrath D, Winter L, Kraus T, Driessen S. Systematic review on the biological effects of electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields in the intermediate frequency range (300 Hz to 1 MHz). ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 171:247-259. [PMID: 30690271 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many novel technologies, including induction cookers or wireless power transfer, produce electric fields (EF), magnetic fields (MF) or electromagnetic fields (EMF) in the intermediate frequency (IF) range. The effects of such fields on biological systems, however, have been poorly investigated. The aim of this systematic review was to provide an update of the state of research and to evaluate the potential for adverse effects of EF, MF and EMF in the IF range (300 Hz to 1 MHz) on biological systems. METHODS The review was prepared in accordance with PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. Methodical limitations in individual studies were assessed using the Office of Health Assessment and Translation (OHAT) Risk of Bias Rating Tool for Human and Animal Studies. RESULTS Fifty-six studies exposing humans, animals or in vitro systems were eligible for this review. In these studies, many different endpoints were examined and most of the findings were obtained in studies with exposure to MF. For most endpoints, however, the reviewed studies yielded inconsistent results, with some studies indicating no effect and some linking IF exposure with adverse effects. In the majority of the included studies, the applied field strengths were above the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) reference levels for the general public and the applied frequencies were mainly below 100 kHz. Furthermore, many of the reviewed studies suffered from methodical limitations which lowered the credibility of the reported results. CONCLUSION Due to the large heterogeneity in study designs, endpoints and exposed systems, as well as the inconsistent results and methodical limitations in many studies, the quality of evidence for adverse effects remains inadequate for drawing a conclusion on investigated biological effects of IF fields for most endpoints. We recommend that in future studies, effects of EF, MF and EMF in the IF range should be investigated more systematically, i.e., studies should consider various frequencies to identify potential frequency-dependent effects and apply different field strengths, especially if threshold-dependent effects are expected. Priority should be given to the investigation of acute effects, like induction of phosphenes, perception, excitation of nerves or muscles and thermal effects. This would be an important step towards the validation of the reference levels recommended by ICNIRP. Furthermore, we recommend that any new studies aim at implementing high quality dosimetry and minimizing sources of risk of bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lambert Bodewein
- Research Center for Bioelectromagnetic Interaction (femu) - Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Kristina Schmiedchen
- Research Center for Bioelectromagnetic Interaction (femu) - Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Dagmar Dechent
- Research Center for Bioelectromagnetic Interaction (femu) - Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Dominik Stunder
- Research Center for Bioelectromagnetic Interaction (femu) - Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - David Graefrath
- Research Center for Bioelectromagnetic Interaction (femu) - Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Lukas Winter
- Research Center for Bioelectromagnetic Interaction (femu) - Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Thomas Kraus
- Research Center for Bioelectromagnetic Interaction (femu) - Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Sarah Driessen
- Research Center for Bioelectromagnetic Interaction (femu) - Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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Mhamdi L, Mhamdi N, Mhamdi N, Lejeune P, Jaffrezic N, Burais N, Scorretti R, Pokorny J, Ponsonnet L. Effect of a static magnetic field on Escherichia coli adhesion and orientation. Can J Microbiol 2016; 62:944-952. [PMID: 27590823 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2015-0839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This preliminary study focused on the effect of exposure to 0.5 T static magnetic fields on Escherichia coli adhesion and orientation. We investigated the difference in bacterial adhesion on the surface of glass and indium tin oxide-coated glass when exposed to a magnetic field either perpendicular or parallel to the adhesion surface (vectors of magnetic induction are perpendicular or parallel to the adhesion surface, respectively). Control cultures were simultaneously grown under identical conditions but without exposure to the magnetic field. We observed a decrease in cell adhesion after exposure to the magnetic field. Orientation of bacteria cells was affected after exposure to a parallel magnetic field. On the other hand, no effect on the orientation of bacteria cells was observed after exposure to a perpendicular magnetic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotfi Mhamdi
- a Institut de Biotechnologie de Monastir, B.P. 74, Avenue Tahar Haddad, 5000 Monastir, Tunisie
| | - Nejib Mhamdi
- b Ecole polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Philippe Lejeune
- d Unité de Microbiologie et Génétique, UMR CNRS 5122, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Nicole Jaffrezic
- e Laboratoire Ampère, Université Lyon 1, 69622 Villeurbanne CEDEX, Lyon, France
| | - Nöel Burais
- e Laboratoire Ampère, Université Lyon 1, 69622 Villeurbanne CEDEX, Lyon, France
| | - Riccardo Scorretti
- e Laboratoire Ampère, Université Lyon 1, 69622 Villeurbanne CEDEX, Lyon, France
| | - Jiry Pokorny
- f Institute of Photonics and Electronics, Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic, Chaberska 57, 18251 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Laurence Ponsonnet
- g Laboratoire des Polymères, Biopolymères et Membranes, UMR CNRS, 6522, Rouen, France
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Differential viability response of prokaryotes and eukaryotes to high strength pulsed magnetic stimuli. Bioelectrochemistry 2015; 106:276-89. [PMID: 26254844 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study examines the efficacy of a high strength pulsed magnetic field (PMF) towards bacterial inactivation in vitro, without compromising eukaryotic cell viability. The differential response of prokaryotes [Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Escherichia coli], and eukaryotes [C2C12 mouse myoblasts and human mesenchymal stem cells, hMSCs] upon exposure to varying PMF stimuli (1-4 T, 30 pulses, 40 ms pulse duration) is investigated. Among the prokaryotes, ~60% and ~70% reduction was recorded in the survival of staphylococcal species and E. coli, respectively at 4 T PMF as evaluated by colony forming unit (CFU) analysis and flow cytometry. A 2-5 fold increase in intracellular ROS (reactive oxygen species) levels suggests oxidative stress as the key mediator in PMF induced bacterial death/injury. The 4 T PMF treated staphylococci also exhibited longer doubling times. Both TEM and fluorescence microscopy revealed compromised membranes of PMF exposed bacteria. Under similar PMF exposure conditions, no immediate cytotoxicity was recorded in C2C12 mouse myoblasts and hMSCs, which can be attributed to the robust resistance towards oxidative stress. The ion interference of iron containing bacterial proteins is invoked to analytically explain the PMF induced ROS accumulation in prokaryotes. Overall, this study establishes the potential of PMF as a bactericidal method without affecting eukaryotic viability. This non-invasive stimulation protocol coupled with antimicrobial agents can be integrated as a potential methodology for the localized treatment of prosthetic infections.
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Huwiler SG, Beyer C, Fröhlich J, Hennecke H, Egli T, Schürmann D, Rehrauer H, Fischer HM. Genome-wide transcription analysis of Escherichia coli in response to extremely low-frequency magnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics 2012; 33:488-96. [DOI: 10.1002/bem.21709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Fojt L, Strašák L, Vetterl V. Extremely-low frequency magnetic field effects on sulfate reducing bacteria viability. Electromagn Biol Med 2010; 29:177-85. [PMID: 20923330 DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2010.513304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
50 Hz magnetic fields effects on Sulfate Reducing Bacteria (SRB) viability were studied by colony forming units (CFU) counting. We found a 15% decrease of CFU number after magnetic field exposure (B=7.1 mT, f=50 Hz, t=24 min) compared to the control samples. These results are in good agreement with our previous work on other bacterial strains. The magnetic field effects on SRB are relatively large for small magnetic fields. The data correlations have been subjected to a simple physical chemical analysis, yielding surprisingly large estimates for the characteristic magnetic reaction susceptibility, even when the entire bacterium is assumed to be the direct target of interaction of the magnetic ac fields for the exposures in the time range from 3-24 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukáš Fojt
- Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Královopolská 135, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Goodman EM, Greenebaum B, Marron MT, Carrick K. Effects of Intermittent Electromagnetic Fields on Mitosis and Respiration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/15368378409035959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Poiata A, Creanga DE, Morariu VV. Life in Zero Magnetic Field. V.E. coliResistance to Antibiotics. Electromagn Biol Med 2009. [DOI: 10.1081/jbc-120024626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Juutilainen J, Liimatainen A. Mutation frequency in Salmonella exposed to weak 100-Hz magnetic fields. Hereditas 2008; 104:145-7. [PMID: 3710825 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.1986.tb00527.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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Ishizaki Y, Horiuchi S, Okuno K, Ano T, Shoda M. Twelve hours exposure to inhomogeneous high magnetic field after logarithmic growth phase is sufficient for drastic suppression of Escherichia coli death. Bioelectrochemistry 2001; 54:101-5. [PMID: 11694389 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5394(01)00108-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
When Escherichia coli B was aerobically grown at 43 degrees C in a medium whose concentration was one-fourth that of the Luria-Bertani (LB) medium supplemented with 1.5 g/l of glutamic acid, drastic cell death was observed after the end of the logarithmic growth phase. However, when the same experiment was conducted under inhomogeneous 5.2-6.1 T magnetic field, cell death was extremely suppressed and the ratio of viable cell number under high magnetic field to that under geomagnetic field reached as much as 100,000. When the magnetic field exposure was restricted to 12 h after the logarithmic growth phase, a similar high degree of suppressive effect on the death was observed. The findings that the amount of sigma S protein encoded by the rpoS gene under the high magnetic field was larger than that under the geomagnetic field, and that the magnetic field effect disappeared when the rpoS gene-deficient strain was cultivated under the high magnetic field, suggest the interaction of magnetic field with a stationary phase specific gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ishizaki
- Chemical Resources Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
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Brent RL. Reproductive and teratologic effects of low-frequency electromagnetic fields: a review of in vivo and in vitro studies using animal models. TERATOLOGY 1999; 59:261-86. [PMID: 10331529 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9926(199904)59:4<261::aid-tera12>3.0.co;2-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In order to evaluate the reproductive risks of low-frequency electromagnetic fields (EMF), it is important to include epidemiological and animal studies in the evaluation, as well as the appropriate basic science information in developmental biology and teratology. This review presents a critical review of in vivo animal studies and in vitro tests, as well as the biological plausibility of the allegations of reproductive risks. In vitro or in vivo studies in nonhuman species can be used to study mechanisms and the effects that have been suggested by human investigations. Only well designed whole-animal teratology studies are appropriate when the epidemiologists and clinical teratologists are uncertain about the environmental risks. Even the inference of teratogenesis cannot be drawn from culture experiments, because the investigator is not in a position to know whether any of his observations will be manifested in living organisms at term. Other aspects of reproductive failure such as abortion, infertility, stillbirth, and prematurity, cannot be addressed by in vitro or culture experiments. In fact, they are very difficult to design and interpret in nonprimate in vivo models. The biological plausibility some of the basic mechanisms involved in reproductive pathology were evaluated, concentrating primarily on the mechanisms involved in the production of birth defects. The studies dealing with mutagenesis, cell death and cell proliferation using in vitro systems do not indicate that EMFs have the potential for deleteriously affecting proliferating and differentiating embryonic cells at the exposures to which populations are usually exposed. Of course, there is no environmental agent that has no effect, deleterious or not, at very high exposures. The animal and in vitro studies dealing with the reproductive effects of EMF exposure are extensive. There are >70 EMF research projects that deal with some aspect of reproduction and growth. Unfortunately, a large proportion of the embryology studies used the chick embryo and evaluated the presence or absence of teratogenesis after 48-52 h of development. This is not a stage of development at which an investigator could determine whether teratogenesis occurred. The presence of clinically relevant teratogenesis can only be determined at the end of the gestational period. The chick embryo studies are also of little assistance to the epidemiologist or clinician in determining whether EMF represents a hazard to the human embryo, and the results are, in any event, inconsistent. On the other hand, the studies involving nonhuman mammalian organisms dealing with fetal growth, congenital malformations, embryonic loss, and neurobehavioral development were predominantly negative and are therefore not supportive of the hypothesis that low-frequency EMF exposures result in reproductive toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Brent
- Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
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Galt S, Wahlström J, Hamnerius Y, Holmgvist D, Johannesson T. Study of effects of 50 Hz magnetic fields on chromosome aberrations and the growth-related enzyme ODC in human amniotic cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0302-4598(93)01702-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Brent RL, Gordon WE, Bennett WR, Beckman DA. Reproductive and teratologic effects of electromagnetic fields. Reprod Toxicol 1993; 7:535-80. [PMID: 8118107 DOI: 10.1016/0890-6238(93)90033-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The reproductive risks of electromagnetic fields (EMF) were evaluated based on an extensive review of the scientific literature pertaining to human epidemiologic studies, secular trend data, in vivo animal studies and in vitro studies, and biologic plausibility. The epidemiologic studies involving the reproductive effects of EMF exposures to human populations have included populations exposed to: (1) video display terminals (VDTs), and (2) power lines and household appliances. The clinical use of diagnostic MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) has been increasing, but there are few reports or studies of pregnant women or individuals of reproductive age who have been exposed to MRI, and whose reproductive performance has been evaluated. The population that has been studied most frequently are women exposed to VDTs, but their EMF exposures are extremely low and frequently are at the level of the ambient EMF in a house or office. The results of epidemiologic studies involving VDTs are generally negative for the reproductive effects that have been studied. Based on the number of studies, the exposure levels, and the fairly consistent results, it can be argued that VDT epidemiologic studies should no longer be given priority. There have been fewer studies concerned with the reproductive risks of power lines, electric substations, and home appliances. In some publications, positive findings for reproductive risks were reported, but the more consistent findings indicate that EMF, even at these higher exposures, do not generate a measurable increase in reproductive failures in the human population. When compared to other fields of human epidemiology, it is obvious that these studies have many difficulties. Exposures are rarely determined. Studies frequently involve small sample sizes and the investigators rarely have a combined expertise in EMF physics, engineering, and reproductive biology. Because of the allegation that there may be particular windows of frequency, wave shape, and intensity that may be deleterious, it is impossible to disregard low frequency EMF exposures as having no deleterious reproductive effects. Yet the epidemiologic data that are available would point in that direction. Secular trend data analysis of birth defect incidence data indicate that increasing generation of electric power during this century is not associated with a concomitant rise in the incidence of birth defects. There are over 70 EMF research projects dealing with animal and in vitro studies that are concerned with some aspect of reproduction and growth. Unfortunately, a large proportion of the embryology studies utilized the chick embryo and evaluated the presence or absence of teratogenesis after 48 to 52 hours of development.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Brent
- Alfred I. duPont Institute, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Wilmington, Delaware
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Okuno K, Tuchiya K, Ano T, Shoda M. Effect of super high magnetic field on the growth of escherichia coli under various medium compositions and temperatures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0922-338x(93)90218-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Frank CB, Szeto AY. A review of electromagnetically enhanced soft tissue healing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1983; 2:27-32. [DOI: 10.1109/memb.1983.5005988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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