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Parker GA, Kohn N, Spirina A, McMillen A, Huang W, Mackay TFC. Genetic Basis of Increased Lifespan and Postponed Senescence in Drosophila melanogaster. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2020; 10:1087-1098. [PMID: 31969430 PMCID: PMC7056975 DOI: 10.1534/g3.120.401041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Limited lifespan and senescence are near-universal phenomena. These quantitative traits exhibit variation in natural populations due to the segregation of many interacting loci and from environmental effects. Due to the complexity of the genetic control of lifespan and senescence, our understanding of the genetic basis of variation in these traits is incomplete. Here, we analyzed the pattern of genetic divergence between long-lived (O) Drosophila melanogaster lines selected for postponed reproductive senescence and unselected control (B) lines. We quantified the productivity of the O and B lines and found that reproductive senescence is maternally controlled. We therefore chose 57 candidate genes that are expressed in ovaries, 49 of which have human orthologs, and assessed the effects of RNA interference in ovaries and accessary glands on lifespan and reproduction. All but one candidate gene affected at least one life history trait in one sex or productivity week. In addition, 23 genes had antagonistic pleiotropic effects on lifespan and productivity. Identifying evolutionarily conserved genes affecting increased lifespan and delayed reproductive senescence is the first step toward understanding the evolutionary forces that maintain segregating variation at these loci in nature and may provide potential targets for therapeutic intervention to delay senescence while increasing lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace A Parker
- Department of Biological Sciences
- Program in Genetics
- W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695 and
| | | | | | | | - Wen Huang
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824
| | - Trudy F C Mackay
- Department of Biological Sciences,
- Program in Genetics
- W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695 and
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2
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Carnes MU, Campbell T, Huang W, Butler DG, Carbone MA, Duncan LH, Harbajan SV, King EM, Peterson KR, Weitzel A, Zhou S, Mackay TFC. The Genomic Basis of Postponed Senescence in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138569. [PMID: 26378456 PMCID: PMC4574564 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural populations harbor considerable genetic variation for lifespan. While evolutionary theory provides general explanations for the existence of this variation, our knowledge of the genes harboring naturally occurring polymorphisms affecting lifespan is limited. Here, we assessed the genetic divergence between five Drosophila melanogaster lines selected for postponed senescence for over 170 generations (O lines) and five lines from the same base population maintained at a two week generation interval for over 850 generations (B lines). On average, O lines live 70% longer than B lines, are more productive at all ages, and have delayed senescence for other traits than reproduction. We performed population sequencing of pools of individuals from all B and O lines and identified 6,394 genetically divergent variants in or near 1,928 genes at a false discovery rate of 0.068. A 2.6 Mb region at the tip of the X chromosome contained many variants fixed for alternative alleles in the two populations, suggestive of a hard selective sweep. We also assessed genome wide gene expression of O and B lines at one and five weeks of age using RNA sequencing and identified genes with significant (false discovery rate < 0.05) effects on gene expression with age, population and the age by population interaction, separately for each sex. We identified transcripts that exhibited the transcriptional signature of postponed senescence and integrated the gene expression and genetic divergence data to identify 98 (175) top candidate genes in females (males) affecting postponed senescence and increased lifespan. While several of these genes have been previously associated with Drosophila lifespan, most are novel and constitute a rich resource for future functional validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Ulmer Carnes
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, United States of America
| | - Terry Campbell
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, United States of America
| | - Wen Huang
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, United States of America
- Program in Genetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, United States of America
| | - Daniel G. Butler
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, United States of America
| | - Mary Anna Carbone
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, United States of America
- Program in Genetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, United States of America
- W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, United States of America
| | - Laura H. Duncan
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, United States of America
| | - Sasha V. Harbajan
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, United States of America
| | - Edward M. King
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, United States of America
| | - Kara R. Peterson
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, United States of America
| | - Alexander Weitzel
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, United States of America
| | - Shanshan Zhou
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, United States of America
- Program in Genetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, United States of America
- W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, United States of America
| | - Trudy F. C. Mackay
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, United States of America
- Program in Genetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, United States of America
- W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695, United States of America
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Tsubakiyama R, Mizunuma M, Gengyo A, Yamamoto J, Kume K, Miyakawa T, Hirata D. Implication of Ca2+ in the regulation of replicative life span of budding yeast. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:28681-28687. [PMID: 21712379 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.231415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, Ca(2+)-triggered signaling pathways are used to regulate a wide variety of cellular processes. Calcineurin, a highly conserved Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase, plays key roles in the regulation of diverse biological processes in organisms ranging from yeast to humans. We isolated a mutant of the SIR3 gene, implicated in the regulation of life span, as a suppressor of the Ca(2+) sensitivity of zds1Δ cells in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Therefore, we investigated a relationship between Ca(2+) signaling and life span in yeast. Here we show that Ca(2+) affected the replicative life span (RLS) of yeast. Increased external and intracellular Ca(2+) levels caused a reduction in their RLS. Consistently, the increase in calcineurin activity by either the zds1 deletion or the constitutively activated calcineurin reduced RLS. Indeed, the shortened RLS of zds1Δ cells was suppressed by the calcineurin deletion. Further, the calcineurin deletion per se promoted aging without impairing the gene silencing typically observed in short-lived sir mutants, indicating that calcineurin plays an important role in a regulation of RLS even under normal growth condition. Thus, our results indicate that Ca(2+) homeostasis/Ca(2+) signaling are required to regulate longevity in budding yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Tsubakiyama
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
| | - Masaki Mizunuma
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan.
| | - Anri Gengyo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
| | - Josuke Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kume
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
| | - Tokichi Miyakawa
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
| | - Dai Hirata
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8530, Japan
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Wang Y, Liang Y, Vanhoutte PM. SIRT1 and AMPK in regulating mammalian senescence: a critical review and a working model. FEBS Lett 2010; 585:986-94. [PMID: 21130086 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2010.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Revised: 11/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Ageing in mammals remains an unsolved mystery. Anti-ageing is a recurring topic in the history of scientific research. Lifespan extension evoked by Sir2 protein in lower organisms has attracted a large amount of interests in the last decade. This review summarizes recent evidence supporting the role of a Sir2 mammalian homologue, SIRT1 (Silent information regulator T1), in regulating ageing and cellular senescence. The various signaling networks responsible for the anti-ageing and anti-senescence activity of SIRT1 have been discussed. In particular, a counter-balancing model involving the cross-talks between SIRT1 and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), another stress and energy sensor, is suggested for controlling the senescence program in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Abstract
Yeast SIR2, the most evolutionarily conserved deacetylase, plays an essential role in epigenetic silencing at the silent mating type loci and telomeres. SIR2 has been implicated in chromatin silencing and lifespan determination in several organisms. Discovery that Drosophila SIR2 is also involved in epigenetic silencing mediated by the Polycomb group proteins and is physically associated with a complex containing the E(Z) histone methyltransferase has wide implications. These findings suggest possible link of Polycomb system to diverse cellular processes including senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek S Chopra
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad 500 007, India
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Harkness TAA, Shea KA, Legrand C, Brahmania M, Davies GF. A functional analysis reveals dependence on the anaphase-promoting complex for prolonged life span in yeast. Genetics 2004; 168:759-74. [PMID: 15514051 PMCID: PMC1448841 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.104.027771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2004] [Accepted: 06/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Defects in anaphase-promoting complex (APC) activity, which regulates mitotic progression and chromatin assembly, results in genomic instability, a hallmark of premature aging and cancer. We investigated whether APC-dependent genomic stability affects aging and life span in yeast. Utilizing replicative and chronological aging assays, the APC was shown to promote longevity. Multicopy expression of genes encoding Snf1p (MIG1) and PKA (PDE2) aging-pathway components suppressed apc5CA phenotypes, suggesting their involvement in APC-dependent longevity. While it is known that PKA inhibits APC activity and reduces life span, a link between the Snf1p-inhibited Mig1p transcriptional modulator and the APC is novel. Our mutant analysis supports a model in which Snf1p promotes extended life span by inhibiting the negative influence of Mig1p on the APC. Consistent with this, we found that increased MIG1 expression reduced replicative life span, whereas mig1Delta mutations suppressed the apc5CA chronological aging defect. Furthermore, Mig1p and Mig2p activate APC gene transcription, particularly on glycerol, and mig2Delta, but not mig1Delta, confers a prolonged replicative life span in both APC5 and acp5CA cells. However, glucose repression of APC genes was Mig1p and Mig2p independent, indicating the presence of an uncharacterized factor. Therefore, we propose that APC-dependent genomic stability is linked to prolonged longevity by the antagonistic regulation of the PKA and Snf1p pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy A A Harkness
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada
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Pasyukova EG, Roshina NV, Mackay TFC. Shuttle craft: a candidate quantitative trait gene for Drosophila lifespan. Aging Cell 2004; 3:297-307. [PMID: 15379853 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9728.2004.00114.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Variation in longevity in natural populations is attributable to the segregation of multiple interacting loci, whose effects are sensitive to the environment. Although there has been considerable recent progress towards understanding the environmental factors and genetic pathways that regulate lifespan, little is known about the genes causing naturally occurring variation in longevity. Previously, we used deficiency complementation mapping to map two closely linked quantitative trait loci (QTL) causing female-specific variation in longevity between the Oregon (Ore) and 2b strains of Drosophila melanogaster to 35B9-C3 and 35C3 on the second chromosome. The 35B9-C3 QTL encompasses a 50-kb region including four genes, for one of which, shuttle craft (stc), mutations have been generated. The 35C3 QTL localizes to a 200-kb interval with 15 genes, including three genes for which mutations exist (reduced (rd), guftagu (gft) and ms(2)35Ci). Here, we report quantitative complementation tests to mutations at these four positional candidate genes, and show that ms(2)35Ci and stc are novel candidate quantitative trait genes affecting variation in Drosophila longevity. Complementation tests with stc alleles reveal sex- and allele-specific failure to complement, and complementation effects are dependent on the genetic background, indicating considerable epistasis for lifespan. In addition, a homozygous viable stc allele has a sex-specific effect on lifespan. stc encodes an RNA polymerase II transcription factor, and is an attractive candidate gene for the regulation of longevity and variation in longevity, because it is required for motoneuron development and is expressed throughout development. Quantitative genetic analysis of naturally occurring variants with subtle effects on lifespan can identify novel candidate genes and pathways important in the regulation of longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena G Pasyukova
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 123182, Russia
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Hursting SD, Lavigne JA, Berrigan D, Perkins SN, Barrett JC. Calorie restriction, aging, and cancer prevention: mechanisms of action and applicability to humans. Annu Rev Med 2003; 54:131-52. [PMID: 12525670 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.med.54.101601.152156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 375] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Calorie restriction (CR) is the most effective and reproducible intervention for increasing lifespan in a variety of animal species, including mammals. CR is also the most potent, broadly acting cancer-prevention regimen in experimental carcinogenesis models. Translation of the knowledge gained from CR research to human chronic disease prevention and the promotion of healthy aging is critical, especially because obesity, which is an important risk factor for several chronic diseases, including many cancers, is alarmingly increasing in the Western world. This review synthesizes the key biological mechanisms underlying many of the beneficial effects of CR, with a particular focus on the insulin-like growth factor-1 pathway. We also describe some of the opportunities now available for investigations, including gene expression profiling studies, the development of pharmacological mimetics of CR, and the integration of CR regimens with targeted, mechanism-based interventions. These approaches will facilitate the translation of CR research into strategies for effective human chronic disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D Hursting
- Laboratory of Biosystems and Cancer, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Defossez PA. Restriction calorique et longévité : résultats inattendus chez la levure. Med Sci (Paris) 2002. [DOI: 10.1051/medsci/200218121191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Pasero P, Bensimon A, Schwob E. Single-molecule analysis reveals clustering and epigenetic regulation of replication origins at the yeast rDNA locus. Genes Dev 2002; 16:2479-84. [PMID: 12368258 PMCID: PMC187456 DOI: 10.1101/gad.232902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
How eukaryotes specify their replication origins is an important unanswered question. Here, we analyze the replicative organization of yeast rDNA, which consists of approximately 150 identical repeats, each containing a potential origin. Using DNA combing and single-molecule imaging, we show that functional rDNA origins are clustered and interspersed with large domains where initiation is silenced. This repression is largely mediated by the Sir2p histone-deacetylase. Increased origin firing in sir2 Delta mutants leads to the accumulation of circular rDNA species, a major determinant of yeast aging. We conclude that rDNA replication is regulated epigenetically and that Sir2p may promote genome stability and longevity by suppressing replication-dependent rDNA recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Pasero
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, CNRS UMR 5535 and Université Montpellier II, 34293 Montpellier cedex 5, France
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Abstract
During the past 5 years, it has become increasingly apparent that deregulated transcriptional control is a root cause of hematologic malignancy. Chromosomal translocations yield novel fusion transcription factors that in turn either activate genes critical for cell growth or repress genes important for normal cellular differentiation. Many of the fusion proteins of myeloid leukemia are aberrant transcriptional repressors and share the property of recruiting histone deacetylases (HDACs) to target genes. HDACs, by acting on chromatin and on transcription factors themselves, can modulate gene regulation. HDACs also play major roles in the function of well-characterized tumor suppressors such as p53 and Rb. Thus, HDACs are a compelling therapeutic target for cancer therapy. Several classes of HDAC inhibitors induce differentiation and cell death in myeloid and lymphoid model systems. Some of these are now in clinical trials for hematologic malignancies. The nature of HDAC function, the classes of inhibitors available, and recent experimental and clinical data will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Melnick
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Derald H. Ruttenberg Cancer Center, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
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Abstract
Over the past 10 years, considerable progress has been made in the yeast aging field. Multiple lines of evidence indicate that a cause of yeast aging stems from the inherent instability of repeated ribosomal DNA (rDNA). Over 16 yeast longevity genes have now been identified and the majority of these have been found to affect rDNA silencing or stability. Environmental conditions such as calorie restriction have been shown to modulate this mode of aging via Sir2, an NAD-dependent histone deacetylase (HDAC) that binds at the rDNA locus. Although this mechanism of aging appears to be yeast-specific, the longevity function of Sir2 is conserved in at least one multicellular organism, Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). These findings are consistent with the idea that aging is a by-product of natural selection but longevity regulation is a highly adaptive trait. Characterizing this and other mechanisms of yeast aging should help identify additional components of longevity pathways in higher organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Sinclair
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02115, USA.
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Huang Y. Transcriptional silencing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Nucleic Acids Res 2002; 30:1465-82. [PMID: 11917007 PMCID: PMC101825 DOI: 10.1093/nar/30.7.1465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional silencing is a heritable form of gene inactivation that involves the assembly of large regions of DNA into a specialized chromatin structure that inhibits transcription. This phenomenon is responsible for inhibiting transcription at silent mating-type loci, telomeres and rDNA repeats in both budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, as well as at centromeres in fission yeast. Although transcriptional silencing in both S.cerevisiae and S.pombe involves modification of chromatin, no apparent amino acid sequence similarities have been reported between the proteins involved in establishment and maintenance of silent chromatin in these two distantly related yeasts. Silencing in S.cerevisiae is mediated by Sir2p-containing complexes, whereas silencing in S.pombe is mediated primarily by Swi6-containing complexes. The Swi6 complexes of S.pombe contain proteins closely related to their counterparts in higher eukaryotes, but have no apparent orthologs in S.cerevisiae. Silencing proteins from both yeasts are also actively involved in other chromosome-related nuclear functions, including DNA repair and the regulation of chromatin structure.
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