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Perico L, Remuzzi G, Benigni A. Sirtuins in kidney health and disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2024; 20:313-329. [PMID: 38321168 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-024-00806-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Sirtuins (SIRTs) are putative regulators of lifespan in model organisms. Since the initial discovery that SIRTs could promote longevity in nematodes and flies, the identification of additional properties of these proteins has led to understanding of their roles as exquisite sensors that link metabolic activity to oxidative states. SIRTs have major roles in biological processes that are important in kidney development and physiological functions, including mitochondrial metabolism, oxidative stress, autophagy, DNA repair and inflammation. Furthermore, altered SIRT activity has been implicated in the pathophysiology and progression of acute and chronic kidney diseases, including acute kidney injury, diabetic kidney disease, chronic kidney disease, polycystic kidney disease, autoimmune diseases and renal ageing. The renoprotective roles of SIRTs in these diseases make them attractive therapeutic targets. A number of SIRT-activating compounds have shown beneficial effects in kidney disease models; however, further research is needed to identify novel SIRT-targeting strategies with the potential to treat and/or prevent the progression of kidney diseases and increase the average human healthspan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Perico
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Remuzzi
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Ariela Benigni
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Bergamo, Italy.
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2
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Wei Z, Yang B, Wang H, Lv S, Chen H, Liu D. Caloric restriction, Sirtuins, and cardiovascular diseases. Chin Med J (Engl) 2024; 137:921-935. [PMID: 38527930 PMCID: PMC11046024 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000003056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Caloric restriction (CR) is a well-established dietary intervention known to extend healthy lifespan and exert positive effects on aging-related diseases, including cardiovascular conditions. Sirtuins, a family of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + )-dependent histone deacetylases, have emerged as key regulators of cellular metabolism, stress responses, and the aging process, serving as energy status sensors in response to CR. However, the mechanism through which CR regulates Sirtuin function to ameliorate cardiovascular disease remains unclear. This review not only provided an overview of recent research investigating the interplay between Sirtuins and CR, specifically focusing on their potential implications for cardiovascular health, but also provided a comprehensive summary of the benefits of CR for the cardiovascular system mediated directly via Sirtuins. CR has also been shown to have considerable impact on specific metabolic organs, leading to the production of small molecules that enter systemic circulation and subsequently regulate Sirtuin activity within the cardiovascular system. The direct and indirect effects of CR offer a potential mechanism for Sirtuin modulation and subsequent cardiovascular protection. Understanding the interplay between CR and Sirtuins will provide new insights for the development of interventions to prevent and treat cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Bo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Huiyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Shuangjie Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Houzao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Depei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
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3
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Ianni A, Kumari P, Tarighi S, Braun T, Vaquero A. SIRT7: a novel molecular target for personalized cancer treatment? Oncogene 2024; 43:993-1006. [PMID: 38383727 PMCID: PMC10978493 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-024-02976-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
The Sirtuin family of NAD+-dependent enzymes assumes a pivotal role in orchestrating adaptive responses to environmental fluctuations and stress stimuli, operating at both genomic and metabolic levels. Within this family, SIRT7 emerges as a versatile player in tumorigenesis, displaying both pro-tumorigenic and tumor-suppressive functions in a context-dependent manner. While other sirtuins, such as SIRT1 and SIRT6, exhibit a similar dual role in cancer, SIRT7 stands out due to distinctive attributes that sharply distinguish it from other family members. Among these are a unique key role in regulation of nucleolar functions, a close functional relationship with RNA metabolism and processing -exceptional among sirtuins- and a complex multienzymatic nature, which provides a diverse range of molecular targets. This review offers a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of the role of SIRT7 in various malignancies, placing particular emphasis on the intricate molecular mechanisms employed by SIRT7 to either stimulate or counteract tumorigenesis. Additionally, it delves into the unique features of SIRT7, discussing their potential and specific implications in tumor initiation and progression, underscoring the promising avenue of targeting SIRT7 for the development of innovative anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Ianni
- Chromatin Biology Laboratory, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Ctra de Can Ruti, Camí de les Escoles, Badalona, Barcelona, Catalonia, 08916, Spain.
- Department of Cardiac Development and Remodeling, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, 61231, Germany.
| | - Poonam Kumari
- Department of Cardiac Development and Remodeling, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, 61231, Germany
| | - Shahriar Tarighi
- Department of Cardiac Development and Remodeling, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, 61231, Germany
| | - Thomas Braun
- Department of Cardiac Development and Remodeling, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, 61231, Germany
| | - Alejandro Vaquero
- Chromatin Biology Laboratory, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Ctra de Can Ruti, Camí de les Escoles, Badalona, Barcelona, Catalonia, 08916, Spain.
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4
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Raza U, Tang X, Liu Z, Liu B. SIRT7: the seventh key to unlocking the mystery of aging. Physiol Rev 2024; 104:253-280. [PMID: 37676263 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00044.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is a chronic yet natural physiological decline of the body. Throughout life, humans are continuously exposed to a variety of exogenous and endogenous stresses, which engender various counteractive responses at the cellular, tissue, organ, as well as organismal levels. The compromised cellular and tissue functions that occur because of genetic factors or prolonged stress (or even the stress response) may accelerate aging. Over the last two decades, the sirtuin (SIRT) family of lysine deacylases has emerged as a key regulator of longevity in a variety of organisms. SIRT7, the most recently identified member of the SIRTs, maintains physiological homeostasis and provides protection against aging by functioning as a watchdog of genomic integrity, a dynamic sensor and modulator of stresses. SIRT7 decline disrupts metabolic homeostasis, accelerates aging, and increases the risk of age-related pathologies including cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, pulmonary and renal disorders, inflammatory diseases, and cancer, etc. Here, we present SIRT7 as the seventh key to unlock the mystery of aging, and its specific manipulation holds great potential to ensure healthiness and longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umar Raza
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Systemic Aging and Intervention (SKL-SAI), National Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology (Shenzhen), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaolong Tang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Zuojun Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Baohua Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Systemic Aging and Intervention (SKL-SAI), National Engineering Research Center for Biotechnology (Shenzhen), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, China
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5
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Wątroba M, Szewczyk G, Szukiewicz D. The Role of Sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) in the Physiology and Pathophysiology of the Human Placenta. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16210. [PMID: 38003402 PMCID: PMC10671790 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Sirtuins, especially SIRT1, play a significant role in regulating inflammatory response, autophagy, and cell response to oxidative stress. Since their discovery, sirtuins have been regarded as anti-ageing and longevity-promoting enzymes. Sirtuin-regulated processes seem to participate in the most prevalent placental pathologies, such as pre-eclampsia. Furthermore, more and more research studies indicate that SIRT1 may prevent pre-eclampsia development or at least alleviate its manifestations. Having considered this, we reviewed recent studies on the role of sirtuins, especially SIRT1, in processes determining normal or abnormal development and functioning of the placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dariusz Szukiewicz
- Department of Biophysics, Physiology & Pathophysiology, Medical University of Warsaw, Chałubinskiego 5, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland; (M.W.); (G.S.)
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Zullo A, Guida R, Sciarrillo R, Mancini FP. Redox Homeostasis in Cardiovascular Disease: The Role of Mitochondrial Sirtuins. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:858330. [PMID: 35370975 PMCID: PMC8971707 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.858330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is still the leading cause of death worldwide. Despite successful advances in both pharmacological and lifestyle strategies to fight well-established risk factors, the burden of CVD is still increasing. Therefore, it is necessary to further deepen our knowledge of the pathogenesis of the disease for developing novel therapies to limit even more its related morbidity and mortality. Oxidative stress has been identified as a common trait of several manifestations of CVD and could be a promising target for innovative treatments. Mitochondria are a major source of oxidative stress and sirtuins are a family of enzymes that generate different post-translational protein modifications, thus regulating important cellular processes, including cell cycle, autophagy, gene expression, and others. In particular, three sirtuins, SIRT3, SIRT4, and SIRT5 are located within the mitochondrial matrix where they regulate energy production and antioxidant pathways. Therefore, these sirtuins are strongly involved in the balance between oxidant and antioxidant mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the activities of these sirtuins with a special focus on their role in the control of oxidative stress, in relation to energy metabolism, atherosclerosis, and CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Zullo
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
- CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies s.c.a.r.l., Naples, Italy
| | - Rosa Guida
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - Rosaria Sciarrillo
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
- *Correspondence: Francesco P. Mancini, ; Rosaria Sciarrillo,
| | - Francesco P. Mancini
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
- Clinical Scientific Institutes Maugeri IRCCS, Cardiac Rehabilitation Unit of Telese Terme Institute, Telese Terme, Italy
- *Correspondence: Francesco P. Mancini, ; Rosaria Sciarrillo,
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Yang X, Feng J, Liang W, Zhu Z, Chen Z, Hu J, Yang D, Ding G. Roles of SIRT6 in kidney disease: a novel therapeutic target. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 79:53. [PMID: 34950960 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-04061-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SIRT6 is an NAD+ dependent deacetylase that belongs to the mammalian sirtuin family. SIRT6 is mainly located in the nucleus and regulates chromatin remodeling, genome stability, and gene transcription. SIRT6 extensively participates in various physiological activities such as DNA repair, energy metabolism, oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis. In recent years, the role of epigenetics such as acetylation modification in renal disease has gradually received widespread attention. SIRT6 reduces oxidative stress, inflammation, and renal fibrosis, which is of great importance in maintaining cellular homeostasis and delaying the chronic progression of kidney disease. Here, we review the structure and biological function of SIRT6 and summarize the regulatory mechanisms of SIRT6 in kidney disease. Moreover, the role of SIRT6 as a potential therapeutic target for the progression of kidney disease will be discussed. SIRT6 plays an important role in kidney disease. SIRT6 regulates mitochondrial dynamics and mitochondrial biogenesis, induces G2/M cycle arrest, and plays an antioxidant role in nephrotoxicity, IR, obstructive nephropathy, and sepsis-induced AKI. SIRT6 prevents and delays progressive CKD induced by hyperglycemia, kidney senescence, hypertension, and lipid accumulation by regulating mitochondrial biogenesis, and has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antifibrosis effects. Additionally, hypoxia, inflammation, and fibrosis are the main mechanisms of the AKI-to-CKD transition. SIRT6 plays a critical role in the AKI-to-CKD transition and kidney repair through anti-inflammatory, antifibrotic, and mitochondrial quality control mechanisms. AKI Acute kidney injury, CKD Chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan Yang
- Division of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
- Nephrology and Urology Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jun Feng
- Division of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
- Nephrology and Urology Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Liang
- Division of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
- Nephrology and Urology Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zijing Zhu
- Division of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
- Nephrology and Urology Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhaowei Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
- Nephrology and Urology Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jijia Hu
- Division of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
- Nephrology and Urology Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Dingping Yang
- Division of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China
- Nephrology and Urology Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Guohua Ding
- Division of Nephrology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, Hubei, China.
- Nephrology and Urology Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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8
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Abstract
The ability to ward off pathogens with minimal damage to the host determines the immune system's robustness. Multiple factors, including pathogen processing, identification, secretion of mediator and effector molecules, and immune cell proliferation and differentiation into various subsets, constitute the success of mounting an effective immune response. Cellular metabolism controls all of these intricate processes. Cells utilize diverse fuel sources and switch back and forth between different metabolic pathways depending on their energy needs. The three most critical metabolic pathways on which immune cells depend to meet their energy needs are oxidative metabolism, glycolysis, and glutaminolysis. Dynamic switching between these metabolic pathways is needed for optimal function of the immune cells. Moreover, switching between these metabolic pathways needs to be tightly regulated to achieve the best results. Immune cells depend on the Warburg effect for their growth, proliferation, secretory, and effector functions. Here, we hypothesize that the sirtuin, SIRT6, could be a negative regulator of the Warburg effect. We also postulate that SIRT6 could act as a master regulator of immune cell metabolism and function by regulating critical signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinodkumar B Pillai
- Department of Surgery (Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery), Pritzker School of Medicine, Basic Science Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Mahesh P Gupta
- Department of Surgery (Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery), Pritzker School of Medicine, Basic Science Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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9
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Xu K, He Y, Moqbel SAA, Zhou X, Wu L, Bao J. SIRT3 ameliorates osteoarthritis via regulating chondrocyte autophagy and apoptosis through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 175:351-360. [PMID: 33556400 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of joint disease. The aim of this study was to explore the functions of SIRT3 on OA pathophysiology and the mechanism involved. Rat chondrocytes and destabilized medial meniscus (DMM) rat OA model were used as in vitro and in vivo models. In addition, lentivirus and plasmid were used to overexpress SIRT3, while siRNA was applied to establish SIRT3 knockdown. IL-1β induced inflammation, apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and chondrocyte degeneration were inhibited by SIRT3 overexpression, which were enhanced in SIRT3-knockdown rat chondrocytes. Furthermore, overexpression of SIRT3 could restore IL-1β-induced autophagy inhibition. We also found that IL-1β-induced PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway activation was inhibited by SIRT3 overexpression, which was enhanced by SIRT3 knockdown. Last, intra-articular SIRT3 overexpression alleviated the severity of OA-induced rat joint damage. Our results demonstrated that SIRT3 is an important protective agent against OA pathophysiology via inhibiting PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Xu
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuzhe He
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Safwat Adel Abdo Moqbel
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xing Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lidong Wu
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Jiapeng Bao
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
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Kratz EM, Sołkiewicz K, Kubis-Kubiak A, Piwowar A. Sirtuins as Important Factors in Pathological States and the Role of Their Molecular Activity Modulators. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020630. [PMID: 33435263 PMCID: PMC7827102 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sirtuins (SIRTs), enzymes from the family of NAD+-dependent histone deacetylases, play an important role in the functioning of the body at the cellular level and participate in many biochemical processes. The multi-directionality of SIRTs encourages scientists to undertake research aimed at understanding the mechanisms of their action and the influence that SIRTs have on the organism. At the same time, new substances are constantly being sought that can modulate the action of SIRTs. Extensive research on the expression of SIRTs in various pathological conditions suggests that regulation of their activity may have positive results in supporting the treatment of certain metabolic, neurodegenerative or cancer diseases or this connected with oxidative stress. Due to such a wide spectrum of activity, SIRTs may also be a prognostic markers of selected pathological conditions and prove helpful in assessing their progression, especially by modulating their activity. The article presents and discusses the activating or inhibiting impact of individual SIRTs modulators. The review also gathered selected currently available information on the expression of SIRTs in individual disease cases as well as the biological role that SIRTs play in the human organism, also in connection with oxidative stress condition, taking into account the progress of knowledge about SIRTs over the years, with particular reference to the latest research results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Maria Kratz
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Division of Laboratory Diagnostics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-(71)-784-01-52
| | - Katarzyna Sołkiewicz
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Division of Laboratory Diagnostics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Adriana Kubis-Kubiak
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.K.-K.); (A.P.)
| | - Agnieszka Piwowar
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.K.-K.); (A.P.)
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11
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Sirtuins are a family of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide+-dependent enzymes catalyzing target protein deacetylation to modulate cellular metabolism, response to oxidative stress and inflammation, senescence, autophagy and apoptosis. In this review, we provide an overview of recent studies regarding the alterations and roles of sirtuins in a variety of renal and cardiovascular diseases. We are also going to highlight activators and inhibitors of sirtuins in the prevention of these diseases. This will help us to understand how this field may change in the future. RECENT FINDING Recent studies have elucidated how physical or diseased conditions alter the expressions and enzyme activity of sirtuins and expounded sexual differences in sirtuins functions. In addition, interventions by targeting sirtuins have been applied in preclinical and clinical studies to prevent or slow the development of related diseases. SUMMARY The advantages of female sex in renal and cardiovascular diseases are partially due to the expression and function of sirtuins. Estrogen activates sirtuins and in turn sirtuins promote estrogen receptor signaling. In addition, the hypoglycemic agents, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors protect against diabetic nephropathy at least in part via activating SIRT-1. Although several compounds targeted sirtuins are promising drug candidates in a variety of renal and cardiovascular diseases, well designed large clinical trials are still required to identify their efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanning Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Departments of Pediatrics, Radiation Oncology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pediatric Research Institute, The University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Lu Cai
- Departments of Pediatrics, Radiation Oncology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pediatric Research Institute, The University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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12
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Wang Q, Pan Y, Zhao B, Qiao L, Liu J, Liang Y, Liu W. MiR-33a inhibits the adipogenic differentiation of ovine adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction cells by targeting SIRT6. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2021; 74:106513. [PMID: 32653737 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2020.106513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue is important for the regulation of energy balance through its metabolic, cellular, and endocrine functions. Furthermore, the excessive storage of subcutaneous fat can seriously affect the health and carcass traits of domestic animals. Stromal vascular fraction (SVF) cell adipogenic differentiation increases the number of differentiated adipocytes and plays a role in lipid deposition. The adipogenic differentiation of SVF cells is regulated by various factors, including microRNAs and cytokines. Sirt6 and miR-33a are known to be involved in metabolism and adipogenesis, respectively; however, their effects on the adipogenic differentiation of ovine SVF cells were previously unknown. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate this. The results showed that SIRT6 is a binding target for miR-33a. Moreover, overexpression or inhibition of miR-33a was found to change the expression of SIRT6 messenger RNA and protein. Furthermore, modulating SIRT6 altered the expression of adipogenic marker genes. In addition, miR-33a and SIRT6 were found to play opposing roles in adipogenesis. Specifically, we demonstrated that miR-33a is involved in the negative regulation of ovine SVF cell adipogenic differentiation by inhibiting the expression of SIRT6. These findings reveal a key role for miR-33a and SIRT6 in adipogenesis, which will enrich our understanding of the regulatory factors associated with SVF cell adipogenic differentiation and provide a basis for further study on this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Wang
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - Y Pan
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - B Zhao
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - L Qiao
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - J Liu
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - Y Liang
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - W Liu
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi 030801, China.
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13
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Xie L, Wang Y, Chen Z. LncRNA Blnc1 mediates the permeability and inflammatory response of cerebral hemorrhage by regulating the PPAR-γ/SIRT6/FoxO3 pathway. Life Sci 2020; 267:118942. [PMID: 33359247 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) induces serious neuroinflammation and damage of blood-brain barrier. We aim to investigate the role of brown fat enriched lncRNA 1 (Blnc1) in the development of ICH in mice. METHODS An ICH model was established with autologous blood injection in C57BL/6 mice, and Blnc1 siRNA was injected intracranially. Blnc1 levels were detected and brain injury was evaluated at day 3. Primary brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVECs) were isolated from new born mice and gain- and loss-of-function experiments were performed to investigate the role of Blnc1. Then, ICH cell model was established by treating BMVECs with oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) plus hemin, and Blnc1 siRNA was transfected into the cells. BMVEC functions, including viability, invasion, apoptosis, permeability and secretion of inflammatory cytokines were analyzed. KEY FINDINGS Blnc1 was upregulated in perihematomal edema, hematoma and microvessel in the brain of ICH mice. Blnc1 negatively regulated viability and migration, and facilitated apoptosis, permeability and inflammatory cytokine secretion in BMVECs. Silencing Blnc1 restrained OGD plus hemin-caused reduction of BMVEC viability and migration and the induction of apoptosis, permeability and inflammation response, and suppressed PPAR-γ/SIRT6-mediated FoxO3 activation, which could be reversed by T0070907 (PPAR-γ inhibitor). Downregulation of Blnc1 ameliorated ICH-induced nerve injury, brain edema, blood brain barrier destruction, inflammation response and hematoma. Moreover, Blnc1 levels were positively correlated with PPAR-γ levels, and Blnc1 interference suppressed PPAR-γ/SIRT6-mediated activation of FoxO3 signaling in ICH mice. SIGNIFICANCE Silencing Blnc1 alleviated nerve injury and inflammatory response caused by ICH through activating PPAR-γ/SIRT6/FoxO3 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Xie
- Department of Vascular Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yingying Wang
- Ward 4 of Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Ward 1 of Department of Neurosurgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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14
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Guo J, Zhang XLN, Bao ZR, Yang XK, Li LS, Zi Y, Li F, Wu CY, Li JJ, Yuan Y. Gastrodin Regulates the Notch Signaling Pathway and Sirt3 in Activated Microglia in Cerebral Hypoxic-Ischemia Neonatal Rats and in Activated BV-2 Microglia. Neuromolecular Med 2020; 23:348-362. [PMID: 33095377 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-020-08627-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In response to hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD), microglia activation and its mediated inflammation contribute to neuronal damage. Inhibition of over-activated microglia is deemed to be a potential therapeutic strategy. Our previous studies showed that gastrodin efficiently depressed the neuroinflammation mediated by activated microglia in HIBD neonatal rats. The underlying mechanisms through which gastrodin acts on activated microglia have not been fully elucidated. This study is designed to determine whether gastrodin would regulate the Notch signaling pathway and Sirtuin3 (Sirt3), which are implicated in regulating microglia activation. The present results showed that gastrodin markedly suppressed the expression of members of Notch signaling pathway (Notch-1, NICD, RBP-JK and Hes-1) in activated microglia both in vivo and in vitro. Conversely, Sirt3 expression was enhanced. In BV-2 microglia treated with a γ-secretase inhibitor of Notch pathway- DAPT, the expression of RBP-JK, Hes-1, and NICD was suppressed in activated microglia. Treatment with DAPT and gastrodin further decreased NICD and Hes-1 expression. Sirt3 expression was also decreased after DAPT treatment. However, Sirt3 expression in activated BV-2 microglia given a combined DAPT and gastrodin treatment was not further increased. In addition, combination of DAPT and Gastrodin cumulatively decreased tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) expression. The results suggest that gastrodin regulates microglia activation via the Notch signaling pathway and Sirt3. More importantly, interference of the Notch signaling pathway inhibited Sirt3 expression, indicating that Sirt3 is a downstream gene of the Notch signaling pathway. It is suggested that Notch and Sirt3 synergistically regulate microglia activation such as in TNF-α production.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Benzyl Alcohols/pharmacokinetics
- Benzyl Alcohols/pharmacology
- Carotid Artery, Common
- Cells, Cultured
- Cerebral Cortex/pathology
- Corpus Callosum/pathology
- Diamines/pharmacology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Synergism
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Glucosides/pharmacokinetics
- Glucosides/pharmacology
- Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain/drug therapy
- Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain/metabolism
- Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain/pathology
- Ligation
- Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology
- Microglia/drug effects
- Microglia/metabolism
- Neuroinflammatory Diseases/drug therapy
- Random Allocation
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, Notch1/biosynthesis
- Receptor, Notch1/genetics
- Receptor, Notch1/physiology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Sirtuins/biosynthesis
- Sirtuins/genetics
- Sirtuins/physiology
- Thiazoles/pharmacology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/biosynthesis
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Guo
- Department of Anatomy and Histology/Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Xiao-Li-Na Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Histology/Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Kunming, 650500, China
- First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, 295 Xichang Road, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Zhang-Rui Bao
- Department of Anatomy and Histology/Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Xue-Ke Yang
- Department of Anatomy and Histology/Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Ling-Shuang Li
- Department of Anatomy and Histology/Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Yu Zi
- Department of Anatomy and Histology/Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Fan Li
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Chun-Yun Wu
- Department of Anatomy and Histology/Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Juan-Juan Li
- Department of Anatomy and Histology/Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Yun Yuan
- Department of Anatomy and Histology/Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Kunming, 650500, China.
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15
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Kaiser A, Schmidt M, Huber O, Frietsch JJ, Scholl S, Heidel FH, Hochhaus A, Müller JP, Ernst T. SIRT7: an influence factor in healthy aging and the development of age-dependent myeloid stem-cell disorders. Leukemia 2020; 34:2206-2216. [PMID: 32214204 PMCID: PMC8318878 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-020-0803-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Molecular alterations within the hematopoietic system influence cellular longevity and development of age-related myeloid stem-cell disorders like acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). A reduced SIRT7-expression in aged murine hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) resulted in reduced longevity and increased proliferation. In this study we investigated age-related changes of SIRT7-expression in healthy humans and relevant pathomechanisms in AML and CML. SIRT7-expression in leukocytes of healthy people decreased in an age-dependent manner. Low SIRT7 mRNA levels were also detected in AML and CML patients. With positive treatment response, SIRT7-expression increased, but showed reduction when patients progressed or relapsed. Pharmacologic inhibition of driver mutations in AML (FLT3-ITD) or CML (BCR-ABL) also restored SIRT7 levels in cell lines and patient samples. Furthermore, SIRT7-expression increased with time during PMA-mediated monocyte differentiation of THP-1 cells. SIRT7-overexpression in THP-1 cells resulted in increased expression of differentiation markers. BCR-ABL, FLT3-ITD, and differentiation-associated SIRT7-expression in general were positively regulated by C/EBPα, -β, and -ε binding to two different C/EBP-binding sites within the SIRT7 promoter. SIRT7 is important in human hematopoietic cell aging and longevity. It might act as tumor suppressor and could potentially serve as general biomarker for monitoring treatment response in myeloid stem-cell disorders.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Age Factors
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-alpha/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/antagonists & inhibitors
- Healthy Aging
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/etiology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/etiology
- Middle Aged
- Mutation
- Sirtuins/genetics
- Sirtuins/physiology
- THP-1 Cells
- fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 3/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kaiser
- Klinik für Innere Medizin II, Abteilung Hämatologie und Internistische Onkologie, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Schmidt
- Institut für Biochemie II, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Jena, Germany
| | - Otmar Huber
- Institut für Biochemie II, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Jena, Germany
| | - Jochen J Frietsch
- Klinik für Innere Medizin II, Abteilung Hämatologie und Internistische Onkologie, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Sebastian Scholl
- Klinik für Innere Medizin II, Abteilung Hämatologie und Internistische Onkologie, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Florian H Heidel
- Klinik für Innere Medizin II, Abteilung Hämatologie und Internistische Onkologie, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Jena, Germany
- Leibniz-Institute on Aging (Fritz-Lipmann-Institute), Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Hochhaus
- Klinik für Innere Medizin II, Abteilung Hämatologie und Internistische Onkologie, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Jörg P Müller
- Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, CMB, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Ernst
- Klinik für Innere Medizin II, Abteilung Hämatologie und Internistische Onkologie, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Jena, Germany.
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Abstract
Diabetes-induced tissue injuries in target organs such as the kidney, heart, eye, liver, skin, and nervous system contribute significantly to the morbidity and mortality of diabetes. However, whether the lung should be considered a diabetic target organ has been discussed for decades. Accumulating evidence shows that both pulmonary histological changes and functional abnormalities have been observed in diabetic patients, suggesting that the lung is a diabetic target organ. Mechanisms underlying diabetic lung are unclear, however, oxidative stress, systemic inflammation, and premature aging convincingly contribute to them. Circadian system and Sirtuins have been well-documented to play important roles in above mechanisms. Circadian rhythms are intrinsic mammalian biological oscillations with a period of near 24 h driven by the circadian clock system. This system plays an important role in the regulation of energy metabolism, oxidative stress, inflammation, cellular proliferation and senescence, thus impacting metabolism-related diseases, chronic airway diseases and cancers. Sirtuins, a family of adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent histone deacetylases, have been demonstrated to regulate a series of physiological processes and affect diseases such as obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes (T2DM), heart disease, cancer, and aging. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the understanding of the roles of the circadian clock and Sirtuins in regulating cellular processes and highlight the potential interactions of the circadian clock and Sirtuins in the context of diabetic lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhou
- Department of Rheumatology, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Shuang Zhou
| | - Yi-Min Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Zeng
- Department of Rheumatology, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hou-Zao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Hou-Zao Chen ;
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17
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Chiba T, Peasley KD, Cargill KR, Maringer KV, Bharathi SS, Mukherjee E, Zhang Y, Holtz A, Basisty N, Yagobian SD, Schilling B, Goetzman ES, Sims-Lucas S. Sirtuin 5 Regulates Proximal Tubule Fatty Acid Oxidation to Protect against AKI. J Am Soc Nephrol 2019; 30:2384-2398. [PMID: 31575700 PMCID: PMC6900790 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2019020163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The primary site of damage during AKI, proximal tubular epithelial cells, are highly metabolically active, relying on fatty acids to meet their energy demands. These cells are rich in mitochondria and peroxisomes, the two organelles that mediate fatty acid oxidation. Emerging evidence shows that both fatty acid pathways are regulated by reversible posttranslational modifications, particularly by lysine acylation. Sirtuin 5 (Sirt5), which localizes to both mitochondria and peroxisomes, reverses post-translational lysine acylation on several enzymes involved in fatty acid oxidation. However, the role of the Sirt5 in regulating kidney energy metabolism has yet to be determined. METHODS We subjected male Sirt5-deficient mice (either +/- or -/-) and wild-type controls, as well as isolated proximal tubule cells, to two different AKI models (ischemia-induced or cisplatin-induced AKI). We assessed kidney function and injury with standard techniques and measured fatty acid oxidation by the catabolism of 14C-labeled palmitate to 14CO2. RESULTS Sirt5 was highly expressed in proximal tubular epithelial cells. At baseline, Sirt5 knockout (Sirt5-/- ) mice had modestly decreased mitochondrial function but significantly increased fatty acid oxidation, which was localized to the peroxisome. Although no overt kidney phenotype was observed in Sirt5-/- mice, Sirt5-/- mice had significantly improved kidney function and less tissue damage compared with controls after either ischemia-induced or cisplatin-induced AKI. This coincided with higher peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation compared with mitochondria fatty acid oxidation in the Sirt5-/- proximal tubular epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that Sirt5 regulates the balance of mitochondrial versus peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation in proximal tubular epithelial cells to protect against injury in AKI. This novel mechanism might be leveraged for developing AKI therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuto Chiba
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Kevin D Peasley
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Kasey R Cargill
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Katherine V Maringer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Sivakama S Bharathi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Elina Mukherjee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Yuxun Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Anja Holtz
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California
| | - Nathan Basisty
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California
| | - Shiva D Yagobian
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and
| | | | - Eric S Goetzman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Sunder Sims-Lucas
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and
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18
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Yang H, Zhu R, Zhao X, Liu L, Zhou Z, Zhao L, Liang B, Ma W, Zhao J, Liu J, Huang G. Sirtuin-mediated deacetylation of hnRNP A1 suppresses glycolysis and growth in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncogene 2019; 38:4915-4931. [PMID: 30858544 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0764-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Tumor cells undergo a metabolic shift in order to adapt to the altered microenvironment, although the underlying mechanisms have not been fully explored. HnRNP A1 is involved in the alternative splicing of the pyruvate kinase (PK) mRNA, allowing tumor cells to specifically produce the PKM2 isoform. We found that the acetylation status of hnRNP A1 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells was dependent on glucose availability, which affected the PKM2-dependent glycolytic pathway. In the glucose-starved HCC cells, SIRT1 and SIRT6, members of deacetylase sirtuin family, were highly expressed and deacetylated hnRNP A1 after direct binding. We identified four lysine residues in hnRNP A1 that were deacetylated by SIRT1 and SIRT6, resulting in significant inhibition of glycolysis in HCC cells. Deacetylated hnRNP A1 reduced PKM2 and increased PKM1 alternative splicing in HCC cells under normal glucose conditions, thereby reducing the metabolic activity of PK and the non-metabolic PKM2-β-catenin signaling pathway. However, under glucose starvation, the low levels of acetylated hnRNP A1 reduced HCC cell metabolism to adapt to the nutrient deficiency. Taken together, sirtuin-mediated hnRNP A1 deacetylation inhibits HCC cell proliferation and tumorigenesis in a PKM2-dependent manner. These findings point to the metabolic reprogramming induced by hnRNP A1 acetylation in order to adapt to the nutritional status of the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318, China
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Rongxuan Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Liu Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Zhaoli Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Beibei Liang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318, China
| | - Wenjing Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- International Joint Cancer Institute, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China.
| | - Gang Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, 201318, China.
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China.
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19
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Bode II, Medvedev DS, Kvetnoy IM, Polyakova VO. [The sirtuin family of proteins: the role in the aging processes and regulation of cell metabolism.]. Adv Gerontol 2019; 32:686-692. [PMID: 32145157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the key role of sirtuins in the regulation of the most important cellular processes has been established. Sirtuins are involved in histone deacetylation, regulation of fat and glucose metabolism. Violations of their synthesis and secretion can induce carcinogenesis, aging and cell death. The wide range of processes in which sirtuins are involved indicates their possible role in the pathogenesis of many diseases including metabolic syndrome, neurodegenerative diseases, inflammation associated diseases and tumor growth. All of these diseases are associated with aging. In this article, we analyze the existing data on sirtuins and their role in the pathogenesis of aging, as well as their possible verification as markers for the diagnosis of age-related diseases and as targets of geriatric therapy and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- I I Bode
- Saint-Petersburg State University, 7-9 Universitetskaya emb., St. Petersburg 199034, Russian Federation, e-mail:
| | - D S Medvedev
- I.I.Mechnikov North-Western State Medical University, 47 Piskarevskij pr., St. Petersburg 195067, Russian Federation
- Research Institute of Hygiene, Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology, Build. 93 Kapitolovo station, urban settlement Kuzmolovsky, Vsevolozhsk district, Leningrad region 188663, Russian Fedeartion
| | - I M Kvetnoy
- Saint-Petersburg State University, 7-9 Universitetskaya emb., St. Petersburg 199034, Russian Federation, e-mail:
- D.O.Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, 3 Mendeleevskaya line, St. Petersburg 199034, Russian Fedeartion
| | - V O Polyakova
- Saint-Petersburg State University, 7-9 Universitetskaya emb., St. Petersburg 199034, Russian Federation, e-mail:
- D.O.Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, 3 Mendeleevskaya line, St. Petersburg 199034, Russian Fedeartion
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20
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Zhang D, Jing J, Lou F, Li R, Ping Y, Yu F, Wu F, Yang X, Xu R, Li F, Wang K, Bai M, Pi C, Xie J, Zheng L, Ye L, Zhou X. Evidence for excessive osteoclast activation in SIRT6 null mice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10992. [PMID: 30030453 PMCID: PMC6054613 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28716-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
SIRT6 is a NAD-dependent histone 3 deacetylase. SIRT6 null mice have been reported suffering osteopenia. However, the role of SIRT6 in bone resorption is still not well understood. In this study, we focused on the role of SIRT6 in osteoclast. We performed histological analysis on the femur, spine, alveolar bone and even tail of mutant mice, and found the bone mass is sharply decreased while the osteoclast activity is significantly increased. These phenotypes were further demonstrated by the osteoclast differentiation in cell-cultures with TRAP staining and Pit Resorption Assay. We next found the proliferation activity of mutant osteoclast precursors was increased, which might account for the enhanced osteoclast formation. The concentration of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b, a marker of osteoclast differentiation, was significantly higher in the mutant mice than control. Besides, the osteoclastogenic and NF-κB signaling related genes were significantly up-regulated. Moreover, osteoblast/osteoclast co-culture demonstrated that SIRT6 regulated osteoclast mainly through osteoblast paracrine manner, rather than osteoclast-autonomous behavior. Together, the enhanced osteoclast activation in SIRT6 null mice might be regulated by the hyperactive NF-κB signaling and the enhanced proliferation activity of osteoclast precursors through osteoblast paracrine manner at the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junjun Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Feng Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruimin Li
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatology Hospital, General Hospital of NingXia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yilin Ping
- Department of Stomatology, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fanyuan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fanzi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruoshi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Feifei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Mingru Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Caixia Pi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Liwei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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21
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Qin K, Zhang N, Zhang Z, Nipper M, Zhu Z, Leighton J, Xu K, Musi N, Wang P. SIRT6-mediated transcriptional suppression of Txnip is critical for pancreatic beta cell function and survival in mice. Diabetologia 2018; 61:906-918. [PMID: 29322219 PMCID: PMC6203439 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4542-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Better understanding of how genetic and epigenetic components control beta cell differentiation and function is key to the discovery of novel therapeutic approaches to prevent beta cell dysfunction and failure in the progression of type 2 diabetes. Our goal was to elucidate the role of histone deacetylase sirtuin 6 (SIRT6) in beta cell development and homeostasis. METHODS Sirt6 endocrine progenitor cell conditional knockout and beta cell-specific knockout mice were generated using the Cre-loxP system. Mice were assayed for islet morphology, glucose tolerance, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and susceptibility to streptozotocin. Transcriptional regulatory functions of SIRT6 in primary islets were evaluated by RNA-Seq analysis. Reverse transcription-quantitative (RT-q)PCR and immunoblot were used to verify and investigate the gene expression changes. Chromatin occupancies of SIRT6, H3K9Ac, H3K56Ac and active RNA polymerase II were evaluated by chromatin immunoprecipitation. RESULTS Deletion of Sirt6 in pancreatic endocrine progenitor cells did not affect endocrine morphology, beta cell mass or insulin production but did result in glucose intolerance and defective glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in mice. Conditional deletion of Sirt6 in adult beta cells reproduced the insulin secretion defect. Loss of Sirt6 resulted in aberrant upregulation of thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) in beta cells. SIRT6 deficiency led to increased acetylation of histone H3 lysine residue at 9 (H3K9Ac), acetylation of histone H3 lysine residue at 56 (H3K56Ac) and active RNA polymerase II at the promoter region of Txnip. SIRT6-deficient beta cells exhibited a time-dependent increase in H3K9Ac, H3K56Ac and TXNIP levels. Finally, beta cell-specific SIRT6-deficient mice showed increased sensitivity to streptozotocin. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our results reveal that SIRT6 suppresses Txnip expression in beta cells via deacetylation of histone H3 and plays a critical role in maintaining beta cell function and viability. DATA AVAILABILITY Sequence data have been deposited in the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) with the accession code GSE104161.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunhua Qin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Centre at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Cell Systems & Anatomy, University of Texas Health Science Centre at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229-3900, USA
| | - Ning Zhang
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Centre at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Centre at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Michael Nipper
- Department of Cell Systems & Anatomy, University of Texas Health Science Centre at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229-3900, USA
| | - Zhenxin Zhu
- Department of Cell Systems & Anatomy, University of Texas Health Science Centre at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229-3900, USA
| | - Jake Leighton
- Department of Cell Systems & Anatomy, University of Texas Health Science Centre at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229-3900, USA
| | - Kexin Xu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Centre at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Nicolas Musi
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Centre at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Pei Wang
- Department of Cell Systems & Anatomy, University of Texas Health Science Centre at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229-3900, USA.
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22
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Luo YX, Tang X, An XZ, Xie XM, Chen XF, Zhao X, Hao DL, Chen HZ, Liu DP. SIRT4 accelerates Ang II-induced pathological cardiac hypertrophy by inhibiting manganese superoxide dismutase activity. Eur Heart J 2018; 38:1389-1398. [PMID: 27099261 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Oxidative stress contributes to the development of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. One of the mitochondrial sirtuins, Sirt4, is highly expressed in the heart, but its function remains unknown. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of Sirt4 in the pathogenesis of pathological cardiac hypertrophy and the molecular mechanism by which Sirt4 regulates mitochondrial oxidative stress. Methods and results Male C57BL/6 Sirt4 knockout mice, transgenic (Tg) mice exhibiting cardiac-specific overexpression of Sirt4 (Sirt4-Tg) and their respective controls were treated with angiotensin II (Ang II, 1.1 mg/kg/day). At 4 weeks, hypertrophic growth of cardiomyocytes, fibrosis and cardiac function were analysed. Sirt4 deficiency conferred resistance to Ang II infusion by significantly suppressing hypertrophic growth, and the deposition of fibrosis. In Sirt4-Tg mice, aggravated hypertrophy and reduced cardiac function were observed compared with non-Tg mice following Ang II treatment. Mechanistically, Sirt4 inhibited the binding of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) to Sirt3, another member of the mitochondrial sirtuins, and increased MnSOD acetylation levels to reduce its activity, resulting in elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation upon Ang II stimulation. Furthermore, inhibition of ROS with manganese 5, 10, 15, 20-tetrakis-(4-benzoic acid) porphyrin, a mimetic of SOD, blocked the Sirt4-mediated aggravation of the hypertrophic response in Ang II-treated Sirt4-Tg mice. Conclusions Sirt4 promotes hypertrophic growth, the generation of fibrosis and cardiac dysfunction by increasing ROS levels upon pathological stimulation. These findings reveal a role of Sirt4 in pathological cardiac hypertrophy, providing a new potential therapeutic strategy for this disease.
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Hershberger KA, Abraham DM, Martin AS, Mao L, Liu J, Gu H, Locasale JW, Hirschey MD. Sirtuin 5 is required for mouse survival in response to cardiac pressure overload. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:19767-19781. [PMID: 28972174 PMCID: PMC5712617 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.809897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In mitochondria, the sirtuin SIRT5 is an NAD+-dependent protein deacylase that controls several metabolic pathways. Although a wide range of SIRT5 targets have been identified, the overall function of SIRT5 in organismal metabolic homeostasis remains unclear. Given that SIRT5 expression is highest in the heart and that sirtuins are commonly stress-response proteins, we used an established model of pressure overload-induced heart muscle hypertrophy caused by transverse aortic constriction (TAC) to determine SIRT5's role in cardiac stress responses. Remarkably, SIRT5KO mice had reduced survival upon TAC compared with wild-type mice but exhibited no mortality when undergoing a sham control operation. The increased mortality with TAC was associated with increased pathological hypertrophy and with key abnormalities in both cardiac performance and ventricular compliance. By combining high-resolution MS-based metabolomic and proteomic analyses of cardiac tissues from wild-type and SIRT5KO mice, we found several biochemical abnormalities exacerbated in the SIRT5KO mice, including apparent decreases in fatty acid oxidation and glucose oxidation as well as an overall decrease in mitochondrial NAD+/NADH. Together, these abnormalities suggest that SIRT5 deacylates protein substrates involved in cellular oxidative metabolism to maintain mitochondrial energy production. Overall, the functional and metabolic results presented here suggest an accelerated development of cardiac dysfunction in SIRT5KO mice in response to TAC, explaining increased mortality upon cardiac stress. Our findings reveal a key role for SIRT5 in maintaining cardiac oxidative metabolism under pressure overload to ensure survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen A Hershberger
- From the Duke Molecular Physiology Institute and Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27701
- the Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Dennis M Abraham
- the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology and Duke Cardiovascular Physiology Core, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Angelical S Martin
- From the Duke Molecular Physiology Institute and Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27701
- the Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Lan Mao
- the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology and Duke Cardiovascular Physiology Core, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Juan Liu
- From the Duke Molecular Physiology Institute and Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27701
- the Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Hongbo Gu
- Cell Signaling Technology Inc., Danvers, Massachusetts 01923, and
| | - Jason W Locasale
- From the Duke Molecular Physiology Institute and Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27701
- the Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Matthew D Hirschey
- From the Duke Molecular Physiology Institute and Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27701,
- the Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
- the Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
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Sundaram H. The Mechanisms and Potential Impact of Stem Cell Activation in Skin Rejuvenation: An Evidence-Based Analysis. J Drugs Dermatol 2017; 16:378-384. [PMID: 28403273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
<p>Stem cells can propagate indefinitely in an undifferentiated state; or, with appropriate signals, differentiate into various types of mature cells. Strong interest in stem cell therapies for degenerative diseases has extended to skin aging, itself a degenerative process. This article reviews mechanisms of skin aging, and enables an evidence-based approach to topical skin rejuvenation - specifically, to formulations labeled as stem cell products.</p> <p><em>J Drugs Dermatol. 2017;16(4):378-384.</em></p>.
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Abstract
The epigenetic regulation of DNA structure and function is essential for changes in gene expression involved in development, growth, and maintenance of cellular function. Epigenetic changes include histone modifications such as methylation, acetylation, ubiquitination, and phosphorylation. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) proteins have a major role in epigenetic regulation of chromatin structure. HDACs are enzymes that catalyze the removal of acetyl groups from lysine residues within histones, as well as a range of other proteins including transcriptional factors. HDACs are highly conserved proteins divided into two families and based on sequence similarity in four classes. Here we will discuss the roles of Rpd3 in physiology and longevity with emphasis on its role in flies. Rpd3, the Drosophila HDAC1 homolog, is a class I lysine deacetylase and a member of a large family of HDAC proteins. Rpd3 has multiple functions including control of proliferation, development, metabolism, and aging. Pharmacological and dietary HDAC inhibitors have been used as therapeutics in psychiatry, cancer, and neurology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared K Woods
- Department of Genetics & Genome Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Blanka Rogina
- Department of Genetics & Genome Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA; Institute for Systems Genomics, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA.
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26
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Lee N, Ryu HG, Kwon JH, Kim DK, Kim SR, Wang HJ, Kim KT, Choi KY. SIRT6 Depletion Suppresses Tumor Growth by Promoting Cellular Senescence Induced by DNA Damage in HCC. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165835. [PMID: 27824900 PMCID: PMC5100879 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of Sirtuin 6 (SIRT6) as a tumor suppressor or oncogene in liver cancer remains controversial. Thus, we identified the specific role of SIRT6 in the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). SIRT6 expression was significantly higher in HCC cell lines and HCC tissues from 138 patients than in an immortalized hepatocyte cell line, THLE-2 and non-tumor tissues, respectively. SIRT6 knockdown by shRNA suppressed the growth of HCC cells and inhibited HCC tumor growth in vivo. In addition, SIRT6 silencing significantly prevented the growth of HCC cell lines by inducing cellular senescence in the p16/Rb- and p53/p21-pathway independent manners. Microarray analysis revealed that the expression of genes involved in nucleosome assembly was apparently altered in SIRT6-depleted Hep3B cells. SIRT6 knockdown promoted G2/M phase arrest and downregulation of genes encoding histone variants associated with nucleosome assembly, which could be attributed to DNA damage. Taken together, our findings suggest that SIRT6 acts as a tumor promoter by preventing DNA damage and cellular senescence, indicating that SIRT6 represents a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namgyu Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Korea
| | - Hye Guk Ryu
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Korea
| | | | - Dae-Kyum Kim
- Donnelly Centre, Departments of Molecular Genetics and Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sae Rom Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Korea
| | - Hee Jung Wang
- Department of Surgery, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Kyong-Tai Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Korea
- Division of Integrative Biosciences & Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwan Yong Choi
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Korea
- Division of Integrative Biosciences & Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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27
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Timucin AC, Basaga H. SIRT6 Is a Positive Regulator of Aldose Reductase Expression in U937 and HeLa cells under Osmotic Stress: In Vitro and In Silico Insights. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161494. [PMID: 27536992 PMCID: PMC4990240 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
SIRT6 is a protein deacetylase, involved in various intracellular processes including suppression of glycolysis and DNA repair. Aldose Reductase (AR), first enzyme of polyol pathway, was proposed to be indirectly associated to these SIRT6 linked processes. Despite these associations, presence of SIRT6 based regulation of AR still remains ambiguous. Thus, regulation of AR expression by SIRT6 was investigated under hyperosmotic stress. A unique model of osmotic stress in U937 cells was used to demonstrate the presence of a potential link between SIRT6 and AR expression. By overexpressing SIRT6 in HeLa cells under hyperosmotic stress, its role on upregulation of AR was revealed. In parallel, increased SIRT6 activity was shown to upregulate AR in U937 cells under hyperosmotic milieu by using pharmacological modulators. Since these modulators also target SIRT1, binding of the inhibitor, Ex-527, specifically to SIRT6 was analyzed in silico. Computational observations indicated that Ex-527 may also target SIRT6 active site residues under high salt concentration, thus, validating in vitro findings. Based on these evidences, a novel regulatory step by SIRT6, modifying AR expression under hyperosmotic stress was presented and its possible interactions with intracellular machinery was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Can Timucin
- Molecular Biology, Genetics and Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Orhanli, Tuzla, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Huveyda Basaga
- Molecular Biology, Genetics and Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Orhanli, Tuzla, Istanbul, Turkey
- * E-mail:
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28
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Gao T, Li MT, Hou TY, Yang Y. [The Roles of Sirtuins in DNA Damage and Repair]. Sheng Li Ke Xue Jin Zhan 2016; 47:249-254. [PMID: 29888894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Sirtuins, class III HDAC, has originally been defined as a family of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent enzymes. There are seven mammalian sirtuins (SIRTI07), which mainly deaceylate lysine residue on various proteins as a deacetylase. Sirtuins regulate a diverse array of biological processes, including DNA damage and repair, gene transcription regulation, apoptosis, metabolism and aging. In this research perspective we review the role and molecular mechanism of Sirtuin in DNA damage and repair.
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29
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Kurylowicz A. In Search of New Therapeutic Targets in Obesity Treatment: Sirtuins. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17040572. [PMID: 27104517 PMCID: PMC4849028 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17040572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the available non-invasive medical therapies for obesity are non-efficient in a long-term evaluation; therefore there is a constant need for new methods of treatment. Research on calorie restriction has led to the discovery of sirtuins (silent information regulators, SIRTs), enzymes regulating different cellular pathways that may constitute potential targets in the treatment of obesity. This review paper presents the role of SIRTs in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism as well as in the differentiation of adipocytes. How disturbances of SIRTs’ expression and activity may lead to the development of obesity and related complications is discussed. A special emphasis is placed on polymorphisms in genes encoding SIRTs and their possible association with susceptibility to obesity and metabolic complications, as well as on data regarding altered expression of SIRTs in human obesity. Finally, the therapeutic potential of SIRTs-targeted strategies in the treatment of obesity and related disorders is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Kurylowicz
- Department of Human Epigenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawinskiego Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
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30
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Abstract
SIRT6 (sirtuin 6) is a member of sirtuin family of deacetylases involved in diverse processes including genome stability, metabolic homeostasis, and tumorigenesis. However, the role of SIRT6 deacetylase activity in its tumor-suppressor functions is not well understood. Here we report that SIRT6 binds to and deacetylates nuclear PKM2 (pyruvate kinase M2) at the lysine 433 residue. PKM2 is a glycolytic enzyme with nonmetabolic nuclear oncogenic functions. SIRT6-mediated deacetylation results in PKM2 nuclear export. We further have identified exportin 4 as the specific transporter mediating PKM2 nuclear export. As a result of SIRT6-mediated deacetylation, PKM2 nuclear protein kinase and transcriptional coactivator functions are abolished. Thus, SIRT6 suppresses PKM2 oncogenic functions, resulting in reduced cell proliferation, migration potential, and invasiveness. Furthermore, studies in mouse tumor models demonstrate that PKM2 deacetylation is integral to SIRT6-mediated tumor suppression and inhibition of metastasis. Additionally, reduced SIRT6 levels correlate with elevated nuclear acetylated PKM2 levels in increasing grades of hepatocellular carcinoma. These findings provide key insights into the pivotal role of deacetylase activity in SIRT6 tumor-suppressor functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Bhardwaj
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi-110067, India
| | - Sanjeev Das
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi-110067, India
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31
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Xiong X, Wang G, Tao R, Wu P, Kono T, Li K, Ding WX, Tong X, Tersey SA, Harris RA, Mirmira RG, Evans-Molina C, Dong XC. Sirtuin 6 regulates glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in mouse pancreatic beta cells. Diabetologia 2016; 59:151-160. [PMID: 26471901 PMCID: PMC4792692 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-015-3778-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Sirtuin 6 (SIRT6) has been implicated in ageing, DNA repair and metabolism; however, its function in pancreatic beta cells is unclear. The aim of this study is to elucidate the role of SIRT6 in pancreatic beta cells. METHODS To investigate the function of SIRT6 in pancreatic beta cells, we performed Sirt6 gene knockdown in MIN6 cells and generated pancreatic- and beta cell-specific Sirt6 knockout mice. Islet morphology and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) were analysed. Glycolysis and oxygen consumption rates in SIRT6-deficient beta cells were measured. Cytosolic calcium was monitored using the Fura-2-AM fluorescent probe (Invitrogen, Grand Island, NY, USA). Mitochondria were analysed by immunoblots and electron microscopy. RESULTS Sirt6 knockdown in MIN6 beta cells led to a significant decrease in GSIS. Pancreatic beta cell Sirt6 knockout mice showed a ~50% decrease in GSIS. The knockout mouse islets had lower ATP levels compared with the wild-type controls. Mitochondrial oxygen consumption rates were significantly decreased in the SIRT6-deficient beta cells. Cytosolic calcium dynamics in response to glucose or potassium chloride were attenuated in the Sirt6 knockout islets. Numbers of damaged mitochondria were increased and mitochondrial complex levels were decreased in the SIRT6-deficient islets. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These data suggest that SIRT6 is important for GSIS from pancreatic beta cells and activation of SIRT6 may be useful to improve insulin secretion in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiwen Xiong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, MS1021D, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Gaihong Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, MS1021D, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Rongya Tao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, MS1021D, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Pengfei Wu
- Richard Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Tatsuyoshi Kono
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kevin Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Wen-Xing Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Xin Tong
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Sarah A Tersey
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Robert A Harris
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, MS1021D, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Richard Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Raghavendra G Mirmira
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Carmella Evans-Molina
- Richard Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - X Charlie Dong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 635 Barnhill Drive, MS1021D, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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32
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Abstract
SIRT6, a member of the mammalian sirtuins family, functions as a mono-ADP-ribosyl transferase and NAD(+)-dependent deacylase of both acetyl groups and long-chain fatty acyl groups. SIRT6 regulates diverse cellular functions such as transcription, genome stability, telomere integrity, DNA repair, inflammation and metabolic related diseases such as diabetes, obesity and cancer. In this review, we will discuss the implication of SIRT6 in the biology of cancer and the relevance to organism homeostasis and lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batia Lerrer
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Asaf A Gertler
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Haim Y Cohen
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
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33
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Abstract
The sirtuins (SIRTs; of which there are seven in mammals) are NAD(+)-dependent enzymes that regulate a large number of cellular pathways and forestall the progression of ageing and age-associated diseases. In recent years, the role of sirtuins in cancer biology has become increasingly apparent, and growing evidence demonstrates that sirtuins regulate many processes that go awry in cancer cells, such as cellular metabolism, the regulation of chromatin structure and the maintenance of genomic stability. In this article, we review recent advances in our understanding of how sirtuins affect cancer metabolism, DNA repair and the tumour microenvironment and how activating or inhibiting sirtuins may be important in preventing or treating cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeliki Chalkiadaki
- Department of Biology, The Paul F. Glenn Center for the Science of Aging, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Bldg 68-280 Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Leonard Guarente
- Department of Biology, The Paul F. Glenn Center for the Science of Aging, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Bldg 68-280 Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Main Street, Kendall Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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34
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Abstract
Genomic instability and altered metabolism are key features of most cancers. Recent studies suggest that metabolic reprogramming is part of a systematic response to cellular DNA damage. Thus, defining the molecules that fine-tune metabolism in response to DNA damage will enhance our understanding of molecular mechanisms of tumorigenesis and have profound implications for the development of strategies for cancer therapy. Sirtuins have been established as critical regulators in cellular homeostasis and physiology. Here, we review the emerging data revealing a pivotal function of sirtuins in genome maintenance and cell metabolism, and highlight current advances about the phenotypic consequences of defects in these critical regulators in tumorigenesis. While many questions should be addressed about the regulation and context-dependent functions of sirtuins, it appears clear that sirtuins may provide a promising, exciting new avenue for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Min Jeong
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701,
Korea
- Institute for Aging and Metabolic Diseases, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701,
Korea
| | - Marcia C. Haigis
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,
USA
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35
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Abstract
The sirtuins comprise a highly conserved family proteins present in virtually all species from bacteria to mammals. Sirtuins are members of the highly conserved class III histone deacetylases, and seven sirtuin genes (sirtuins 1-7) have been identified and characterized in mammals. Sirtuin activity is linked to metabolic control, apoptosis, cell survival, development, inflammation, and healthy aging. In this review, we summarize and discuss the potential mutual relations between each sirtuin and cardiovascular health and the impact of sirtuins on oxidative stress and so age-related cardiovascular disorders, underlining the possibility that sirtuins will be novel targets to contrast cardiovascular risks induced by aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Favero
- />Anatomy and Physiopathology Division, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Franceschetti
- />Anatomy and Physiopathology Division, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Luigi Fabrizio Rodella
- />Anatomy and Physiopathology Division, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
- />Interdipartimental University Center of Research “Adaption and Regeneration of Tissues and Organs (ARTO)”, Brescia, Italy
| | - Rita Rezzani
- />Anatomy and Physiopathology Division, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy
- />Interdipartimental University Center of Research “Adaption and Regeneration of Tissues and Organs (ARTO)”, Brescia, Italy
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Ruetenik A, Barrientos A. Dietary restriction, mitochondrial function and aging: from yeast to humans. Biochim Biophys Acta 2015; 1847:1434-47. [PMID: 25979234 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Dietary restriction (DR) attenuates many detrimental effects of aging and consequently promotes health and increases longevity across organisms. While over the last 15 years extensive research has been devoted towards understanding the biology of aging, the precise mechanistic aspects of DR are yet to be settled. Abundant experimental evidence indicates that the DR effect on stimulating health impinges several metabolic and stress-resistance pathways. Downstream effects of these pathways include a reduction in cellular damage induced by oxidative stress, enhanced efficiency of mitochondrial functions and maintenance of mitochondrial dynamics and quality control, thereby attenuating age-related declines in mitochondrial function. However, the literature also accumulates conflicting evidence regarding how DR ameliorates mitochondrial performance and whether that is enough to slow age-dependent cellular and organismal deterioration. Here, we will summarize the current knowledge about how and to which extent the influence of different DR regimes on mitochondrial biogenesis and function contribute to postpone the detrimental effects of aging on health-span and lifespan. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antoni Barrientos
- Neuroscience Graduate Program; Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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Merrick CJ, Jiang RHY, Skillman KM, Samarakoon U, Moore RM, Dzikowski R, Ferdig MT, Duraisingh MT. Functional analysis of sirtuin genes in multiple Plasmodium falciparum strains. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118865. [PMID: 25780929 PMCID: PMC4364008 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum, the causative agent of severe human malaria, employs antigenic variation to avoid host immunity. Antigenic variation is achieved by transcriptional switching amongst polymorphic var genes, enforced by epigenetic modification of chromatin. The histone-modifying 'sirtuin' enzymes PfSir2a and PfSir2b have been implicated in this process. Disparate patterns of var expression have been reported in patient isolates as well as in cultured strains. We examined var expression in three commonly used laboratory strains (3D7, NF54 and FCR-3) in parallel. NF54 parasites express significantly lower levels of var genes compared to 3D7, despite the fact that 3D7 was originally a clone of the NF54 strain. To investigate whether this was linked to the expression of sirtuins, genetic disruption of both sirtuins was attempted in all three strains. No dramatic changes in var gene expression occurred in NF54 or FCR-3 following PfSir2b disruption, contrasting with previous observations in 3D7. In 3D7, complementation of the PfSir2a genetic disruption resulted in a significant decrease in previously-elevated var gene expression levels, but with the continued expression of multiple var genes. Finally, rearranged chromosomes were observed in the 3D7 PfSir2a knockout line. Our results focus on the potential for parasite genetic background to contribute to sirtuin function in regulating virulence gene expression and suggest a potential role for sirtuins in maintaining genome integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine J. Merrick
- Department of Immunology & Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rays H. Y. Jiang
- Department of Immunology & Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kristen M. Skillman
- Department of Immunology & Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Upeka Samarakoon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Rachel M. Moore
- Department of Immunology & Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ron Dzikowski
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, The Kuvin Center for the Study of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, IMRIC, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Michael T. Ferdig
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Manoj T. Duraisingh
- Department of Immunology & Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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38
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Zhou Y, Tang YL, Wang YP, Wang JW, Ding JC. [Effect of SIRT6/NF-κB signal axis in delaying hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell senescence with ginsenoside Rg1]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2015; 40:511-515. [PMID: 26084179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of SIRT6/NF-κB signal axis in delaying hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell senescence with ginsenoside Rg1, in order to provide theatrical and experimental basis for looking for methods for delaying HSC senescence. METHOD Sca-1 + HSC/HPC was isolated by magnetic cell sorting (MACS) and divided into five groups: the normal control group, the aging group, the positive control group, the Rg1 anti-senescence group, and the Rg1-treated group. Senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-Gal) staining, cell cycle analysis and hemopoietic progenitor cell mix (CFU-Mix) were adopted to determine the effect Rg1 in delaying or treating Sca-1 + HSC/HPC senescence biology. The mRNA and protein of senescence regulation molecules SIRT6 and NF-KB were examined by realtime fluorescence quantitative PCR (FQ-PCR) and western blotting. RESULT Compared with the senescence group, the Rg1 anti-senescence group and the Rg1-treated group showed lower percentage in SA-β-Gal-stained positive cells, decreased cell proportion in G1 phase, increased number of CFU-Mix, up-regulated in SIRT6 mRNA and protein expression, down-regulation in NF-KB mRNA and protein expression. The Rg1 anti-senescence group showed more evident changes in indexes than the Rg1-treated group. CONCLUSION Rg, may inhibit Sca-1 + HSC/HPC senescence induced by t-BHP by regulating SIRT6/NF-KB signal path.
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Zhang G, Liu Z, Qin S, Li K. Decreased expression of SIRT6 promotes tumor cell growth correlates closely with poor prognosis of ovarian cancer. EUR J GYNAECOL ONCOL 2015; 36:629-632. [PMID: 26775341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cancer is a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells. If the spread is not con-trolled, it can result in death. Sirtunins belong to a protein family and it is present in all organisms. SIRT6 is downregulated in tumor and acts as tumor suppressor. These sirtunin proteins are linked to repair DNA and metabolism. MATERIAL AND METHODS To measure the role of SIRT6 in tumor cell, 20 mice were used and European Collection of Cell Cultures (ECACC) cell lines were used for the analysis. A histopathological technique showed the level of tumor cells. RESULTS A recent study provided exceptional insight into the mechanism of SIRT6-related chromatin regulation. According to the histopathology of cancer, SIRT1 localizes to the promoters of several aberrantly silenced tumor suppressor genes whose DNA is hypermethylated. SIRT1 has a role associated with the epigenetic hallmarks of cancer. CONCLUSION The link between SIRT6 and cancer provide new insight into the therapeutic potential of small molecule activators or specific targets of SIRT6 for the prevention and treatment of cancer. Further investigation into the specific mechanism of SIRT6 is required to realize this potential.
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Abstract
SIRT6 is a SIR2 family member that regulates multiple molecular pathways involved in metabolism, genomic stability, and aging. It has been proposed previously that SIRT6 is a tumor suppressor in cancer. Here, we challenge this concept by presenting evidence that skin-specific deletion of SIRT6 in the mouse inhibits skin tumorigenesis. SIRT6 promoted expression of COX-2 by repressing AMPK signaling, thereby increasing cell proliferation and survival in the skin epidermis. SIRT6 expression in skin keratinocytes was increased by exposure to UVB light through activation of the AKT pathway. Clinically, we found that SIRT6 was upregulated in human skin squamous cell carcinoma. Taken together, our results provide evidence that SIRT6 functions as an oncogene in the epidermis and suggest greater complexity to its role in epithelial carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Ming
- Department of Medicine, Section of Dermatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Weinong Han
- Department of Medicine, Section of Dermatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Baozhong Zhao
- Department of Medicine, Section of Dermatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Nagalingam R Sundaresan
- Department of Surgery, Committee on Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois. Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Chu-Xia Deng
- National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, US NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mahesh P Gupta
- Department of Surgery, Committee on Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Yu-Ying He
- Department of Medicine, Section of Dermatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
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Abstract
Longevity is different for every animal species as well as their genome, suggesting a correlation between genes and life-span. Estimates put the genetic effect from 5 to 35% approximately, suggesting that even genetic effects are dependent on environmental conditions. This contention is largely confirmed by the study of identical twins raised apart. They do not die at the same age and also for different reasons. Aging is not "genetically programmed", it is outside evolutionary constraint. Evolution favors early and efficient reproduction, but does not care for longevity. A number of mechanisms were shown to be involved in the age-dependent decline of vital functions, among them the Maillard reaction (non-enzymatic glycosylation) and the age-dependent upregulation of proteolytic activity. Aging of ECM is a complex process, comprising progressive modification of its macromolecular components and of cell-matrix interactions. An important process is the uncoupling with age of the elastin-receptor from its "young" transmission pathway loosing all physiological effects, but enhancing free radical and elastase release. These processes contribute to age-related ECM degradation, production of matrikins (ECM degradation products with biological activity) aggravating functional loss with age. Both genetic and post-genetic mechanisms are susceptible to be influenced by medical, pharmacological and dietary interventions. Among the genetic mechanisms, those attributed to Sirtuins (7 orthologs identified in the human genome) are especially important. Among the environmental effects, nutrition, hygiene and weather conditions play a role. These data justify some predictions on the evolution of life expectancy taking in account also socio-economic factors. Biological constraints become evident by the comparison of centenarians and supercentenarians (less than 1% of the centenarians) putting an upper limit to the attainable human lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Robert
- Faculté de médecine Paris Descartes, université Sorbonne Paris Cité, 15, rue de l'ecole de medecine, 75006, Paris, France,
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Abstract
Sir2, an NAD+-dependent protein deacetylase, extends the lifespan in diverse species from yeast to flies. Mammals have seven homologs of Sir2, SIRT1-7, which affect aging and metabolism and which are potential targets for pharmacologic intervention. We identified SIRT2, which preferentially deacetylates tubulin and histone H4, as a downregulated protein in gliomas due to its epigenetic aberration. We herein discuss the role of SIRT2 in the mitotic checkpoint function and show that it may be as a potential target of anti-cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Inoue
- Division of Human Genome Science, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Tottori, Japan.
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Jenwitheesuk A, Nopparat C, Mukda S, Wongchitrat P, Govitrapong P. Melatonin regulates aging and neurodegeneration through energy metabolism, epigenetics, autophagy and circadian rhythm pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:16848-84. [PMID: 25247581 PMCID: PMC4200827 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150916848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain aging is linked to certain types of neurodegenerative diseases and identifying new therapeutic targets has become critical. Melatonin, a pineal hormone, associates with molecules and signaling pathways that sense and influence energy metabolism, autophagy, and circadian rhythms, including insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), Forkhead box O (FoxOs), sirtuins and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathways. This review summarizes the current understanding of how melatonin, together with molecular, cellular and systemic energy metabolisms, regulates epigenetic processes in the neurons. This information will lead to a greater understanding of molecular epigenetic aging of the brain and anti-aging mechanisms to increase lifespan under healthy conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anorut Jenwitheesuk
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakornpathom 73170, Thailand.
| | - Chutikorn Nopparat
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakornpathom 73170, Thailand.
| | - Sujira Mukda
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakornpathom 73170, Thailand.
| | - Prapimpun Wongchitrat
- Center for Innovation Development and Technology Transfer, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakornpathom 73170, Thailand.
| | - Piyarat Govitrapong
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakornpathom 73170, Thailand.
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Kaeberlein M, Steffen KK, Hu D, Dang N, Kerr EO, Tsuchiya M, Fields S, Kennedy BK. Comment on "HST2 Mediates SIR2-Independent Life-Span Extension by Calorie Restriction". Science 2014; 312:1312; author reply 1312. [PMID: 16741098 DOI: 10.1126/science.1124608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Calorie restriction (CR) increases life span in yeast independently of Sir2. Lamming et al. (Reports, 16 September 2005, p. 1861) recently proposed that Sir2-independent life-span extension by CR is mediated by the Sir2 paralogs Hst1 and Hst2. Contradictory to this, we find that CR greatly increases life span in cells lacking Sir2, Hst1, and Hst2, which suggests that CR is not mediated by Sir2, Hst2, or Hst1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt Kaeberlein
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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45
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Chen Y, Wang H, Luo G, Dai X. SIRT4 inhibits cigarette smoke extracts-induced mononuclear cell adhesion to human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells via regulating NF-κB activity. Toxicol Lett 2014; 226:320-7. [PMID: 24603126 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is an important risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), yet its pathogenic mechanisms are not yet fully understood. Endothelial dysfunction is known to be involved in the pathogenesis of COPD. A detailed understanding of the mechanism involved in its progression would have a substantial impact on the optimization and development of treatment strategies. Here, we report that the expression of SIRT4, a mitochondrial sirtuin, is markedly down-regulated in cigarette smoke extract (CSE)-treated human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HPMECs). Overexpression of SIRT4 significantly inhibits CSE-induced mononuclear cell adhesion to HPMECs. Consistently, we found that overexpression of SIRT4 attenuates the induction of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) and E-selectin. Importantly, SIRT4 was found to negatively regulate CSE-induced NF-κB activation via inhibiting the degradation of IκBα. Moreover, we also found that proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and IL-6, the downstream target genes of NF-κB, are also inhibited by overexpression of SIRT4. These results suggest that SIRT4 protects HPMECs exposed to CSE stress via a mechanism that may involve the NF-κB pathway. Strategies based on the enhancement of SIRT4 may prove to be beneficial in the treatment of cigarette smoking caused COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Chen
- Department of Respiratory, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, China
| | - Haijing Wang
- Department of Respiratory, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, China
| | - Guangming Luo
- Department of Respiratory, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, China
| | - Xiaotian Dai
- Department of Respiratory, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, China.
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Itoh H. [Programs for continuing medical education: B session; 6. Metabolic syndrome and chronic kidney disease]. Nihon Naika Gakkai Zasshi 2014; 103:710-6. [PMID: 24796141 DOI: 10.2169/naika.103.710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Takasaka N, Araya J, Hara H, Ito S, Kobayashi K, Kurita Y, Wakui H, Yoshii Y, Yumino Y, Fujii S, Minagawa S, Tsurushige C, Kojima J, Numata T, Shimizu K, Kawaishi M, Kaneko Y, Kamiya N, Hirano J, Odaka M, Morikawa T, Nishimura SL, Nakayama K, Kuwano K. Autophagy induction by SIRT6 through attenuation of insulin-like growth factor signaling is involved in the regulation of human bronchial epithelial cell senescence. J Immunol 2014; 192:958-68. [PMID: 24367027 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke (CS)-induced cellular senescence has been implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and SIRT6, a histone deacetylase, antagonizes this senescence, presumably through the attenuation of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-Akt signaling. Autophagy controls cellular senescence by eliminating damaged cellular components and is negatively regulated by IGF-Akt signaling through the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). SIRT1, a representative sirtuin family, has been demonstrated to activate autophagy, but a role for SIRT6 in autophagy activation has not been shown. Therefore, we sought to investigate the regulatory role for SIRT6 in autophagy activation during CS-induced cellular senescence. SIRT6 expression levels were modulated by cDNA and small interfering RNA transfection in human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs). Senescence-associated β-galactosidase staining and Western blotting of p21 were performed to evaluate senescence. We demonstrated that SIRT6 expression levels were decreased in lung homogenates from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients, and SIRT6 expression levels correlated significantly with the percentage of forced expiratory volume in 1 s/forced vital capacity. CS extract (CSE) suppressed SIRT6 expression in HBECs. CSE-induced HBEC senescence was inhibited by SIRT6 overexpression, whereas SIRT6 knockdown and mutant SIRT6 (H133Y) without histone deacetylase activity enhanced HBEC senescence. SIRT6 overexpression induced autophagy via attenuation of IGF-Akt-mTOR signaling. Conversely, SIRT6 knockdown and overexpression of a mutant SIRT6 (H133Y) inhibited autophagy. Autophagy inhibition by knockdown of ATG5 and LC3B attenuated the antisenescent effect of SIRT6 overexpression. These results suggest that SIRT6 is involved in CSE-induced HBEC senescence via autophagy regulation, which can be attributed to attenuation of IGF-Akt-mTOR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Takasaka
- Division of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
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Abstract
Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) is an NAD(+)-dependent deacetylase that connects cellular energy levels to homeostatic responses by deacetylating and modulating the activities of many transcriptional regulators. Discovered as a longevity protein in yeast, the mammalian SIRT1 has been intensively studied because of its great potential as a therapeutic target to benefit human health by preventing and improving many age-related diseases. There has been, therefore, substantial interest in developing agents that upregulate SIRT1 expression and activity. SIRT1 is regulated at multiple levels, including post-transcriptionally by microRNAs (miRs), powerful regulators of diverse biological pathways. Here we discuss how expression and activity of SIRT1 and other sirtuins are inhibited by miRs and further discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting miRs for age-related diseases that involve SIRT1 dysfunction, focusing on obesityrelated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-E Choi
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Chronic Inflammatory Disease Research Center, Ajou University, Suwon 442-749, Korea
| | - Jongsook Kim Kemper
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Downey M, Knight B, Vashisht AA, Seller CA, Wohlschlegel JA, Shore D, Toczyski DP. Gcn5 and sirtuins regulate acetylation of the ribosomal protein transcription factor Ifh1. Curr Biol 2013; 23:1638-48. [PMID: 23973296 PMCID: PMC3982851 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2013.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In eukaryotes, ribosome biosynthesis involves the coordination of ribosomal RNA and ribosomal protein (RP) production. In S. cerevisiae, the regulation of ribosome biosynthesis occurs largely at the level of transcription. The transcription factor Ifh1 binds at RP genes and promotes their transcription when growth conditions are favorable. Although Ifh1 recruitment to RP genes has been characterized, little is known about the regulation of promoter-bound Ifh1. RESULTS We used a novel whole-cell-extract screening approach to identify Spt7, a member of the SAGA transcription complex, and the RP transactivator Ifh1 as highly acetylated nonhistone species. We report that Ifh1 is modified by acetylation specifically in an N-terminal domain. These acetylations require the Gcn5 histone acetyltransferase and are reversed by the sirtuin deacetylases Hst1 and Sir2. Ifh1 acetylation is regulated by rapamycin treatment and stress and limits the ability of Ifh1 to act as a transactivator at RP genes. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest a novel mechanism of regulation whereby Gcn5 functions to titrate the activity of Ifh1 following its recruitment to RP promoters to provide more than an all-or-nothing mode of transcriptional regulation. We provide insights into how the action of histone acetylation machineries converges with nutrient-sensing pathways to regulate important aspects of cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Downey
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center University of California, San Francisco, 1450 3 Street, San Francisco, California, 94158, U.S.A
| | - Britta Knight
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, 30, quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Ajay A. Vashisht
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 615 Charles E. Young Dr. South BSRB 377A, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Charles A. Seller
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center University of California, San Francisco, 1450 3 Street, San Francisco, California, 94158, U.S.A
| | - James A. Wohlschlegel
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 615 Charles E. Young Dr. South BSRB 377A, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - David Shore
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, 30, quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - David P. Toczyski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center University of California, San Francisco, 1450 3 Street, San Francisco, California, 94158, U.S.A
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Ortiz-Bautista RJ, Aguilar-Salinas CA, Monroy-Guzmán A. [Caloric restriction: about its positive metabolic effects and cellular impact]. CIR CIR 2013; 81:459-464. [PMID: 25125067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Caloric restriction, as a 30 to 60% decrease of ad libitum balanced caloric intake, without malnutrition, is the non-genetic strategy that has consistently extended the average and maximum lifespan of most living beings, and it has been tested from unicellular organisms like yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to Rhesus primates. In addition, various genetic and pharmacological caloric restriction models have shown to protect against cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Primate studies suggest that this intervention delays the onset of age-related diseases; in humans, it has physiological, biochemical and metabolic effects decreasing diabetes and cardiovascular disease risk factor. Although currently the mechanism by which caloric restriction has its positive effects at the cellular level is unknown, it has been reported to decrease oxidative stress and increase in mitochondrial biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlos Alberto Aguilar-Salinas
- Departamento de Endocrinología y Metabolismo, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico
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