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Sylvester-Armstrong KR, Reeder CF, Powell A, Becker MW, Hagan DW, Chen J, Mathews CE, Wasserfall CH, Atkinson MA, Egerman R, Phelps EA. Serum from pregnant donors induces human beta cell proliferation. Islets 2024; 16:2334044. [PMID: 38533763 PMCID: PMC10978022 DOI: 10.1080/19382014.2024.2334044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic beta cells are among the slowest replicating cells in the human body and have not been observed to increase in number except during the fetal and neonatal period, in cases of obesity, during puberty, as well as during pregnancy. Pregnancy is associated with increased beta cell mass to meet heightened insulin demands. This phenomenon raises the intriguing possibility that factors present in the serum of pregnant individuals may stimulate beta cell proliferation and offer insights into expansion of the beta cell mass for treatment and prevention of diabetes. The primary objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that serum from pregnant donors contains bioactive factors capable of inducing human beta cell proliferation. An immortalized human beta cell line with protracted replication (EndoC-βH1) was cultured in media supplemented with serum from pregnant and non-pregnant female and male donors and assessed for differences in proliferation. This experiment was followed by assessment of proliferation of primary human beta cells. Sera from five out of six pregnant donors induced a significant increase in the proliferation rate of EndoC-βH1 cells. Pooled serum from the cohort of pregnant donors also increased the rate of proliferation in primary human beta cells. This study demonstrates that serum from pregnant donors stimulates human beta cell proliferation. These findings suggest the existence of pregnancy-associated factors that can offer novel avenues for beta cell regeneration and diabetes prevention strategies. Further research is warranted to elucidate the specific factors responsible for this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Callie F. Reeder
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Andrece Powell
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Matthew W. Becker
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - D. Walker Hagan
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine and University of Florida Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Clayton E. Mathews
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine and University of Florida Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Clive H. Wasserfall
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine and University of Florida Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Mark A. Atkinson
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine and University of Florida Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Robert Egerman
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Edward A. Phelps
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine and University of Florida Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Shilleh AH, Viloria K, Broichhagen J, Campbell JE, Hodson DJ. GLP1R and GIPR expression and signaling in pancreatic alpha cells, beta cells and delta cells. Peptides 2024; 175:171179. [PMID: 38360354 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2024.171179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP1R) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor (GIPR) are transmembrane receptors involved in insulin, glucagon and somatostatin secretion from the pancreatic islet. Therapeutic targeting of GLP1R and GIPR restores blood glucose levels in part by influencing beta cell, alpha cell and delta cell function. Despite the importance of the incretin-mimetics for diabetes therapy, our understanding of GLP1R and GIPR expression patterns and signaling within the islet remain incomplete. Here, we present the evidence for GLP1R and GIPR expression in the major islet cell types, before addressing signaling pathway(s) engaged, as well as their influence on cell survival and function. While GLP1R is largely a beta cell-specific marker within the islet, GIPR is expressed in alpha cells, beta cells, and (possibly) delta cells. GLP1R and GIPR engage Gs-coupled pathways in most settings, although the exact outcome on hormone release depends on paracrine communication and promiscuous signaling. Biased agonism away from beta-arrestin is an emerging concept for improving therapeutic efficacy, and is also relevant for GLP1R/GIPR dual agonism. Lastly, dual agonists exert multiple effects on islet function through GIPR > GLP1R imbalance, increased GLP1R surface expression and cAMP signaling, as well as beneficial alpha cell-beta cell-delta cell crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali H Shilleh
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Katrina Viloria
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Jonathan E Campbell
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - David J Hodson
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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3
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Idevall-Hagren O, Incedal Nilsson C, Sanchez G. Keeping pace: the primary cilium as the conducting baton of the islet. Diabetologia 2024; 67:773-782. [PMID: 38353726 PMCID: PMC10955035 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-024-06096-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Primary cilia are rod-like sensory organelles that protrude from the surface of most mammalian cells, including the cells of the islet, and mounting evidence supports important roles of these structures in the regulation of beta cell function and insulin secretion. The sensory abilities of the cilium arise from local receptor activation that is coupled to intrinsic signal transduction, and ciliary signals can propagate into the cell and influence cell function. Here, we review recent advances and studies that provide insights into intra-islet cues that trigger primary cilia signalling; how second messenger signals are generated and propagated within cilia; and how ciliary signalling affects beta cell function. We also discuss the potential involvement of primary cilia and ciliary signalling in the development and progression of type 2 diabetes, identify gaps in our current understanding of islet cell cilia function and provide suggestions on how to further our understanding of this intriguing structure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gonzalo Sanchez
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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4
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Toftdal MS, Christensen NP, Kadumudi FB, Dolatshahi-Pirouz A, Grunnet LG, Chen M. Mechanically reinforced hydrogel vehicle delivering angiogenic factor for beta cell therapy. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 667:54-63. [PMID: 38615623 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a chronic disease affecting millions worldwide. Insulin therapy is currently the golden standard for treating T1DM; however, it does not restore the normal glycaemic balance entirely, which increases the risk of secondary complications. Beta-cell therapy may be a possible way of curing T1DM and has already shown promising results in the clinic. However, low retention rates, poor cell survival, and limited therapeutic potential are ongoing challenges, thus increasing the need for better cell encapsulation devices. This study aimed to develop a mechanically reinforced vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-delivering encapsulation device suitable for beta cell encapsulation and transplantation. Poly(l-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) (PLCL)/gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA)/alginate coaxial nanofibres were produced using electrospinning and embedded in an alginate hydrogel. The encapsulation device was physically and biologically characterised and was found to be suitable for INS-1E beta cell encapsulation, vascularization, and transplantation in terms of its biocompatibility, porosity, swelling ratio and mechanical properties. Lastly, VEGF was incorporated into the hydrogel and the release kinetics and functional studies revealed a sustained release of bioactive VEGF for at least 14 days, making the modified alginate system a promising candidate for improving the beta cell survival after transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Steen Toftdal
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Department of Cell Formulation and Delivery, Novo Nordisk A/S, 2760 Måløv, Denmark
| | | | - Firoz Babu Kadumudi
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Lars Groth Grunnet
- Department of Cell Formulation and Delivery, Novo Nordisk A/S, 2760 Måløv, Denmark
| | - Menglin Chen
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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5
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Suda N, Bartolomé A, Liang J, Son J, Yagishita Y, Siebel C, Accili D, Ding H, Pajvani UB. β-cell Jagged1 is sufficient but not necessary for islet Notch activity and insulin secretory defects in obese mice. Mol Metab 2024; 81:101894. [PMID: 38311286 PMCID: PMC10877406 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2024.101894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Notch signaling, re-activated in β cells from obese mice and causal to β cell dysfunction, is determined in part by transmembrane ligand availability in a neighboring cell. We hypothesized that β cell expression of Jagged1 determines the maladaptive Notch response and resultant insulin secretory defects in obese mice. METHODS We assessed expression of Notch pathway components in high-fat diet-fed (HFD) or leptin receptor-deficient (db/db) mice, and performed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq) in islets from patients with and without type 2 diabetes (T2D). We generated and performed glucose tolerance testing in inducible, β cell-specific Jagged1 gain-of- and loss-of-function mice. We also tested effects of monoclonal neutralizing antibodies to Jagged1 in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) assays in isolated islets. RESULTS Jag1 was the only Notch ligand that tracked with increased Notch activity in HFD-fed and db/db mice, as well as in metabolically-inflexible β cells enriched in patients with T2D. Neutralizing antibodies to block Jagged1 in islets isolated from HFD-fed and db/db mice potentiated GSIS ex vivo. To demonstrate if β cell Jagged1 is sufficient to cause glucose tolerance in vivo, we generated inducible β cell-specific Jag1 transgenic (β-Jag1TG) and loss-of-function (iβ-Jag1KO) mice. While forced Jagged1 impaired glucose intolerance due to reduced GSIS, loss of β cell Jagged1 did not protect against HFD-induced insulin secretory defects. CONCLUSIONS Jagged1 is increased in islets from obese mice and in patients with T2D, and neutralizing Jagged1 antibodies lead to improved GSIS, suggesting that inhibition of Jagged1-Notch signaling may have therapeutic benefit. However, genetic loss-of-function experiments suggest that β cells are not a likely source of the Jagged1 signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Suda
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Jiani Liang
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jinsook Son
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yoko Yagishita
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christian Siebel
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Domenico Accili
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hongxu Ding
- Department of Pharmacy Practice & Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Utpal B Pajvani
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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Ciftel S, Tumkaya L, Saral S, Mercantepe T, Akyildiz K, Yilmaz A, Mercantepe F. The impact of apelin-13 on cisplatin-induced endocrine pancreas damage in rats: an in vivo study. Histochem Cell Biol 2024:10.1007/s00418-024-02269-x. [PMID: 38368592 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-024-02269-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Apelin-13 is a peptide hormone that regulates pancreatic endocrine functions, and its benefits on the endocrine pancreas are of interest. This study aims to investigate the potential protective effects of apelin-13 in cisplatin-induced endocrine pancreatic damage. Twenty-four rats were divided into four groups: control, apelin-13, cisplatin, and cisplatin + apelin-13. Caspase-3, TUNEL, and Ki-67 immunohistochemical staining were used as markers of apoptosis and mitosis. NF-κB/p65 and TNFα were used to show inflammation. β-cells and α-cells were also evaluated with insulin and glucagon staining in the microscopic examination. Pancreatic tissue was subjected to biochemical analyses of glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Apelin-13 ameliorated cisplatin-induced damage in the islets of Langerhans. The immunopositivity of apelin-13 on β-cells and α-cells was found to be increased compared to the cisplatin group (p = 0.001, p = 0.001). Mitosis and apoptosis were significantly higher in the cisplatin group (p = 0.001). Apelin-13 reduced TNFα, NF-κB/p65 positivity, and apoptosis caused by cisplatin (p = 0.001, p = 0.001, p = 0.001). While cisplatin caused a significant increase in MDA levels (p = 0.001), apelin caused a significant decrease in MDA levels (p = 0.001). The results demonstrated a significant decrease in pancreatic tissue GSH levels following cisplatin treatment (p = 0.001). Nevertheless, apelin-13 significantly enhanced cisplatin-induced GSH reduction (p = 0.001). On the other hand, the serum glucose level, which was measured as 18.7 ± 2.5 mmol/L in the cisplatin group, decreased to 13.8 ± 0.7 mmol/L in the cisplatin + apelin-13 group (p = 0.001). The study shows that apelin-13 ameliorated cisplatin-induced endocrine pancreas damage by reducing oxidative stress and preventing apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serpil Ciftel
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Erzurum Regional Training and Research Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Levent Tumkaya
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Sinan Saral
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Tolga Mercantepe
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Kerimali Akyildiz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Adnan Yilmaz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Filiz Mercantepe
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine Recep, Tayyip Erdogan University, 53010, Rize, Turkey.
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7
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Song SE, Shin SK, Ju HY, Im SS, Song DK. Role of cytosolic and endoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ in pancreatic beta-cells: pros and cons. Pflugers Arch 2024; 476:151-161. [PMID: 37940681 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-023-02872-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic beta cells utilize Ca2+ to secrete insulin in response to glucose. The glucose-dependent increase in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]C) activates a series of insulin secretory machinery in pancreatic beta cells. Therefore, the amount of insulin secreted in response to glucose is determined in a [Ca2+]C-dependent manner, at least within a moderate range. However, the demand for insulin secretion may surpass the capability of beta cells. Abnormal elevation of [Ca2+]C levels beyond the beta-cell endurance capacity can damage them by inducing endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and cell death programs such as apoptosis. Therefore, while Ca2+ is essential for the insulin secretory functions of beta cells, it could affect their survival at pathologically higher levels. Because an increase in beta-cell [Ca2+]C is inevitable under certain hazardous conditions, understanding the regulatory mechanism for [Ca2+]C is important. Therefore, this review discusses beta-cell function, survival, ER stress, and apoptosis associated with intracellular and ER Ca2+ homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Eun Song
- Department of Physiology & Obesity-Mediated Disease Research Center, Keimyung University School of Medicine, 1095 Dalgubeol-Daeroro, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu, 42601, South Korea
| | - Su-Kyung Shin
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Hyeon Yeong Ju
- Department of Physiology & Obesity-Mediated Disease Research Center, Keimyung University School of Medicine, 1095 Dalgubeol-Daeroro, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu, 42601, South Korea
| | - Seung-Soon Im
- Department of Physiology & Obesity-Mediated Disease Research Center, Keimyung University School of Medicine, 1095 Dalgubeol-Daeroro, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu, 42601, South Korea
| | - Dae-Kyu Song
- Department of Physiology & Obesity-Mediated Disease Research Center, Keimyung University School of Medicine, 1095 Dalgubeol-Daeroro, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu, 42601, South Korea.
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8
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Abstract
Maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY) describes a group of non-autoimmune forms of diabetes that are characterized by mostly autosomal dominant, monogenic mutations resulting in decreased beta cell function in the pancreas. MODY accounts for roughly 1% to 5% of diabetes cases, and the optimal treatment for each MODY depends on the causative mutation. This article provides a review of MODY to aid providers with knowing what aspects of the history and physical exam should prompt further investigation for this group of conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany Auble
- Medical College of Wisconsin, 9000 West Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
| | - Justin Dey
- Medical College of Wisconsin Affiliated Hospitals, Inc., Graduate Medical Education, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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9
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Sims EK, Geyer SM, Long SA, Herold KC. High proinsulin:C-peptide ratio identifies individuals with stage 2 type 1 diabetes at high risk for progression to clinical diagnosis and responses to teplizumab treatment. Diabetologia 2023; 66:2283-2291. [PMID: 37667106 PMCID: PMC10914155 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-023-06003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Tractable precision biomarkers to identify immunotherapy responders are lacking in type 1 diabetes. We hypothesised that proinsulin:C-peptide (PI:C) ratios, a readout of beta cell stress, could provide insight into type 1 diabetes progression and responses to immunotherapy. METHODS In this post hoc analysis, proinsulin and C-peptide levels were determined in baseline serum samples from 63 participants with stage 2 type 1 diabetes in the longitudinal TrialNet Teplizumab Prevention Study (n=41 in the teplizumab arm; n=22 in the placebo arm). In addition, previously tested demographic, C-peptide, glucose and proinsulin data were used for the new data analyses. The ratio of intact (unprocessed) proinsulin to C-peptide was analysed and relationships with progression to stage 3 diabetes were investigated. RESULTS Elevated baseline PI:C was strongly associated with more rapid progression of diabetes in both the placebo and teplizumab treatment groups, but teplizumab abrogated the impact of high pre-treatment PI:C on type 1 diabetes progression. Differential responses of drug treatment in those with high vs low PI:C ratios were independent of treatment effects of teplizumab on the PI:C ratio or on relevant immune cells. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION High pre-treatment PI:C identified individuals with stage 2 type 1 diabetes who were exhibiting rapid progression to stage 3 disease and who displayed benefit from teplizumab treatment. These data suggest that readouts of active disease, such as PI:C ratio, could serve to identify optimal candidates or timing for type 1 diabetes disease-modifying therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Sims
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology and Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Susan M Geyer
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - S Alice Long
- Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kevan C Herold
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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10
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Tinklepaugh J, Mamrak NE. Imaging in Type 1 Diabetes, Current Perspectives and Directions. Mol Imaging Biol 2023; 25:1142-1149. [PMID: 37934378 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-023-01873-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is characterized by the autoimmune-mediated attack of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas, leading to reliance on exogenous insulin to control a patient's blood glucose levels. As progress is being made in understanding the pathophysiology of the disease and how to better develop therapies to treat it, there is an increasing need for monitoring technologies to quantify beta cell mass and function throughout T1D progression and beta cell replacement therapy. Molecular imaging techniques offer a possible solution through both radiologic and non-radiologic means including positron emission tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, electron paramagnetic resonance imaging, and spatial omics. This commentary piece outlines the role of molecular imaging in T1D research and highlights the need for further applications of such methodologies in T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Tinklepaugh
- Research Department, JDRF, 200 Vesey Street, New York, NY, USA
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11
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de Baat A, Meier DT, Rachid L, Fontana A, Böni-Schnetzler M, Donath MY. Cystine/glutamate antiporter System x c- deficiency impairs insulin secretion in mice. Diabetologia 2023; 66:2062-2074. [PMID: 37650924 PMCID: PMC10541846 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-023-05993-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Glutamate-induced cytotoxicity (excitotoxicity) has been detected in pancreatic beta cells. The cystine/glutamate antiporter System xc- exports glutamate to the extracellular space and is therefore implicated as driving excitotoxicity. As of yet, it has not been investigated whether System xc- contributes to pancreatic islet function. METHODS This study describes the implications of deficiency of System xc- on glucose metabolism in both constitutive and myeloid cell-specific knockout mice using metabolic tests and diet-induced obesity. Pancreatic islets were isolated and analysed for beta cell function, glutathione levels and ER stress. RESULTS Constitutive System xc- deficiency led to an approximately threefold decrease in glutathione levels in the pancreatic islets as well as cystine shortage characterised by upregulation of Chac1. This shortage further manifested as downregulation of beta cell identity genes and a tonic increase in endoplasmic reticulum stress markers, which resulted in diminished insulin secretion both in vitro and in vivo. Myeloid-specific deletion did not have a significant impact on metabolism or islet function. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These findings suggest that System xc- is required for glutathione maintenance and insulin production in beta cells and that the system is dispensable for islet macrophage function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel de Baat
- Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Daniel T Meier
- Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Leila Rachid
- Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Adriano Fontana
- Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marianne Böni-Schnetzler
- Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marc Y Donath
- Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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12
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Luterbacher F, Blouin JL, Schwitzgebel VM. Atypical diabetes with spontaneous remission associated with systemic lupus erythematosus in an adolescent girl of African ancestry, a case report. BMC Endocr Disord 2023; 23:228. [PMID: 37864241 PMCID: PMC10588024 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-023-01478-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND New-onset diabetes in youth encompasses type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, monogenic diabetes, and rarer subtypes like Type B insulin resistance syndrome and ketosis-prone atypical diabetes in African populations. Some cases defy classification, posing management challenges. Here, we present a case of a unique, reversible diabetes subtype. CASE PRESENTATION We describe an adolescent African girl recently diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus. At age 15, she presented with ketoacidosis, HbA1c of 108.7 mmol/mol (12.1%), and positive anti-insulin antibodies. Initially diagnosed with type 1 diabetes, insulin was prescribed. Due to the presence of obesity and signs of insulin resistance, we added metformin. Concurrently, she received treatment for lupus with hydroxychloroquine, mycophenolate mofetil, and prednisone. After discharge, she stopped insulin due to cultural beliefs. Five months later, her glycemia and HbA1c normalized (37 mmol/mol or 5.5%) without insulin, despite corticosteroid therapy and weight gain. Autoantibodies normalized, and lupus activity decreased. Genetic testing for monogenic diabetes was negative, and the type 1 genetic risk score was exceptionally low. CONCLUSIONS We present a complex, reversible diabetes subtype. Features suggest an autoimmune origin, possibly influenced by overlapping HLA risk haplotypes with lupus. Lupus treatment or immunomodulation may have impacted diabetes remission. Ancestry-tailored genetic risk scores are currently designed to improve diagnostic accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Luterbacher
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Pediatrics, Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospitals of Geneva, Rue Willy-Donzé 6, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Louis Blouin
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Diagnostics, University Hospitals of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Valerie M Schwitzgebel
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Pediatrics, Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospitals of Geneva, Rue Willy-Donzé 6, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland.
- Diabetes Center of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.
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13
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Penno JRCZ, Santos-Bezerra DP, Cavaleiro AM, da Silva Sousa AM, Zaccara TA, da Costa RA, Francisco RPV, Correa-Giannella ML. Variant rs17619600 in the gene encoding serotonin receptor 2B (HTR2B) increases the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a case-control study. Eur J Med Res 2023; 28:243. [PMID: 37480094 PMCID: PMC10362639 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01211-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During pregnancy, the increase in maternal insulin resistance is compensated by hyperplasia and increased function of maternal pancreatic beta cells; the failure of this compensatory mechanism is associated with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Serotonin participates in beta cell adaptation, acting downstream of the prolactin pathway; the blocking of serotonin receptor B (HTR2B) signaling in pregnant mice impaired beta cell expansion and caused glucose intolerance. Thus, given the importance of the serotoninergic system for the adaptation of beta cells to the increased insulin demand during pregnancy, we hypothesized that genetic variants (single nucleotide polymorphisms [SNPs]) in the gene encoding HTR2B could influence the risk of developing GDM. METHODS This was a case-control study. Five SNPs (rs4973377, rs765458, rs10187149, rs10194776, and s17619600) in HTR2B were genotyped by real-time polymerase chain reaction in 453 women with GDM and in 443 pregnant women without GDM. RESULTS Only the minor allele C of SNP rs17619600 conferred an increased risk for GDM in the codominant model (odds ratio [OR] 2.15; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.53-3.09; P < 0.0001) and in the rare dominant model (OR 2.32; CI 1.61-3.37; P < 0.0001). No associations were found between the SNPs and insulin use, maternal weight gain, newborn weight, or the result of postpartum oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). In the overall population, carriers of the XC genotype (rare dominant model) presented a higher area under the curve (AUC) of plasma glucose during the OGTT, performed for diagnostic purposes, compared with carriers of the TT genotype of rs17619600. CONCLUSIONS SNP rs17619600 in the HTR2B gene influences glucose homeostasis, probably affecting insulin release, and the presence of the minor allele C was associated with a higher risk of GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Regina Chamlian Zucare Penno
- Laboratório de Carboidratos e Radioimunoensaios (LIM-18), Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 455, Sala #3321, CEP, 01246-000, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniele Pereira Santos-Bezerra
- Laboratório de Carboidratos e Radioimunoensaios (LIM-18), Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 455, Sala #3321, CEP, 01246-000, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 1524, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Mercedes Cavaleiro
- Laboratório de Carboidratos e Radioimunoensaios (LIM-18), Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 455, Sala #3321, CEP, 01246-000, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria da Silva Sousa
- Disciplina de Obstetrícia, Departamento de Obstetrícia e Ginecologia, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto Central-Hospital das Clínicas, Av. Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar 255, 10º Andar, Sala 10.093, CEP, 05403-000, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Assunção Zaccara
- Disciplina de Obstetrícia, Departamento de Obstetrícia e Ginecologia, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto Central-Hospital das Clínicas, Av. Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar 255, 10º Andar, Sala 10.093, CEP, 05403-000, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Alkmin da Costa
- Disciplina de Obstetrícia, Departamento de Obstetrícia e Ginecologia, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto Central-Hospital das Clínicas, Av. Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar 255, 10º Andar, Sala 10.093, CEP, 05403-000, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rossana Pulcineli Vieira Francisco
- Disciplina de Obstetrícia, Departamento de Obstetrícia e Ginecologia, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto Central-Hospital das Clínicas, Av. Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar 255, 10º Andar, Sala 10.093, CEP, 05403-000, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Lucia Correa-Giannella
- Laboratório de Carboidratos e Radioimunoensaios (LIM-18), Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 455, Sala #3321, CEP, 01246-000, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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14
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Abstract
'The clock to type 1 diabetes has started when islet antibodies are first detected', commented George Eisenbarth with regard to the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. This review focuses on 'starting the clock', i.e. the initiation of pre-symptomatic islet autoimmunity/the first appearance of islet autoantibodies. In particular, this review addresses why susceptibility to developing islet autoimmunity is greatest in the first 2 years of life and why beta cells are a frequent target of the immune system during this fertile period. A concept for the development of beta cell autoimmunity in childhood is discussed and three factors are highlighted that contribute to this early predisposition: (1) high beta cell activity and potential vulnerability to stress; (2) high rates of and first exposures to infection; and (3) a heightened immune response, with a propensity for T helper type 1 (Th1) immunity. Arguments are presented that beta cell injury, accompanied by activation of an inflammatory immune response, precedes the initiation of autoimmunity. Finally, the implications for strategies aimed at primary prevention for a world without type 1 diabetes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette-Gabriele Ziegler
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Munich, German Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany.
- Forschergruppe Diabetes, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.
- Forschergruppe Diabetes e.V. at Helmholtz Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany.
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15
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van Tienhoven R, Kracht MJL, van der Slik AR, Thomaidou S, Wolters AHG, Giepmans BNG, Riojas JPR, Nelson MS, Carlotti F, de Koning EJP, Hoeben RC, Zaldumbide A, Roep BO. Presence of immunogenic alternatively spliced insulin gene product in human pancreatic delta cells. Diabetologia 2023; 66:884-896. [PMID: 36884057 PMCID: PMC10036285 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-023-05882-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Transcriptome analyses revealed insulin-gene-derived transcripts in non-beta endocrine islet cells. We studied alternative splicing of human INS mRNA in pancreatic islets. METHODS Alternative splicing of insulin pre-mRNA was determined by PCR analysis performed on human islet RNA and single-cell RNA-seq analysis. Antisera were generated to detect insulin variants in human pancreatic tissue using immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy and single-cell western blot to confirm the expression of insulin variants. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activation was determined by MIP-1β release. RESULTS We identified an alternatively spliced INS product. This variant encodes the complete insulin signal peptide and B chain and an alternative C-terminus that largely overlaps with a previously identified defective ribosomal product of INS. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the translation product of this INS-derived splice transcript was detectable in somatostatin-producing delta cells but not in beta cells; this was confirmed by light and electron microscopy. Expression of this alternatively spliced INS product activated preproinsulin-specific CTLs in vitro. The exclusive presence of this alternatively spliced INS product in delta cells may be explained by its clearance from beta cells by insulin-degrading enzyme capturing its insulin B chain fragment and a lack of insulin-degrading enzyme expression in delta cells. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our data demonstrate that delta cells can express an INS product derived from alternative splicing, containing both the diabetogenic insulin signal peptide and B chain, in their secretory granules. We propose that this alternative INS product may play a role in islet autoimmunity and pathology, as well as endocrine or paracrine function or islet development and endocrine destiny, and transdifferentiation between endocrine cells. INS promoter activity is not confined to beta cells and should be used with care when assigning beta cell identity and selectivity. DATA AVAILABILITY The full EM dataset is available via www.nanotomy.org (for review: http://www.nanotomy.org/OA/Tienhoven2021SUB/6126-368/ ). Single-cell RNA-seq data was made available by Segerstolpe et al [13] and can be found at https://sandberglab.se/pancreas . The RNA and protein sequence of INS-splice was uploaded to GenBank (BankIt2546444 INS-splice OM489474).
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Affiliation(s)
- René van Tienhoven
- Department of Diabetes and Cancer Discovery Science, Arthur Riggs Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Maria J L Kracht
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Arno R van der Slik
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Sofia Thomaidou
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Anouk H G Wolters
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ben N G Giepmans
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Michael S Nelson
- Light Microscopy Core, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Françoise Carlotti
- Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Eelco J P de Koning
- Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Rob C Hoeben
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Arnaud Zaldumbide
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Bart O Roep
- Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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16
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Mattis KK, Krentz NAJ, Metzendorf C, Abaitua F, Spigelman AF, Sun H, Ikle JM, Thaman S, Rottner AK, Bautista A, Mazzaferro E, Perez-Alcantara M, Manning Fox JE, Torres JM, Wesolowska-Andersen A, Yu GZ, Mahajan A, Larsson A, MacDonald PE, Davies B, den Hoed M, Gloyn AL. Loss of RREB1 in pancreatic beta cells reduces cellular insulin content and affects endocrine cell gene expression. Diabetologia 2023; 66:674-694. [PMID: 36633628 PMCID: PMC9947029 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-022-05856-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Genome-wide studies have uncovered multiple independent signals at the RREB1 locus associated with altered type 2 diabetes risk and related glycaemic traits. However, little is known about the function of the zinc finger transcription factor Ras-responsive element binding protein 1 (RREB1) in glucose homeostasis or how changes in its expression and/or function influence diabetes risk. METHODS A zebrafish model lacking rreb1a and rreb1b was used to study the effect of RREB1 loss in vivo. Using transcriptomic and cellular phenotyping of a human beta cell model (EndoC-βH1) and human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived beta-like cells, we investigated how loss of RREB1 expression and activity affects pancreatic endocrine cell development and function. Ex vivo measurements of human islet function were performed in donor islets from carriers of RREB1 type 2 diabetes risk alleles. RESULTS CRISPR/Cas9-mediated loss of rreb1a and rreb1b function in zebrafish supports an in vivo role for the transcription factor in beta cell mass, beta cell insulin expression and glucose levels. Loss of RREB1 also reduced insulin gene expression and cellular insulin content in EndoC-βH1 cells and impaired insulin secretion under prolonged stimulation. Transcriptomic analysis of RREB1 knockdown and knockout EndoC-βH1 cells supports RREB1 as a novel regulator of genes involved in insulin secretion. In vitro differentiation of RREB1KO/KO hiPSCs revealed dysregulation of pro-endocrine cell genes, including RFX family members, suggesting that RREB1 also regulates genes involved in endocrine cell development. Human donor islets from carriers of type 2 diabetes risk alleles in RREB1 have altered glucose-stimulated insulin secretion ex vivo, consistent with a role for RREB1 in regulating islet cell function. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Together, our results indicate that RREB1 regulates beta cell function by transcriptionally regulating the expression of genes involved in beta cell development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia K Mattis
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicole A J Krentz
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Christoph Metzendorf
- Beijer Laboratory and Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University and SciLifeLab, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fernando Abaitua
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Aliya F Spigelman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Han Sun
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer M Ikle
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Swaraj Thaman
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Antje K Rottner
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Austin Bautista
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Eugenia Mazzaferro
- Beijer Laboratory and Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University and SciLifeLab, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Jocelyn E Manning Fox
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jason M Torres
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Grace Z Yu
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Anubha Mahajan
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Anders Larsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Patrick E MacDonald
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Benjamin Davies
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Marcel den Hoed
- Beijer Laboratory and Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University and SciLifeLab, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna L Gloyn
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK.
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17
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Westholm E, Edlund A, Karagiannopoulos A, Wendt A, Eliasson L. Interleukin-4 reduces insulin secretion in human islets from healthy but not type-2 diabetic donors. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 649:87-92. [PMID: 36758483 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.01.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with low-grade inflammation. Here we investigate if the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-4 (IL-4) affects glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in human islets from non-diabetic (ND) and type-2 diabetic (T2D) donors. We first confirmed that GSIS is reduced in islets from T2D donors. Treatment with IL-4 for 48 h had no further effect on GSIS in these islets but significantly reduced secretion in ND islets. Acute treatment with IL-4 for 1 h had no effect on GSIS in ND islets which led us to suspect that IL-4 affects a slow cellular mechanism such as gene transcription. IL-4 has been reported to regulate miR-378a-3p and, indeed, we found that this microRNA was increased with IL-4 treatment. However, overexpression of miR-378a-3p in the human beta cell line EndoC-βH1 did not affect GSIS. MiR-378a-3p is transcribed from the same gene as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1 beta (PCG-1β) and we found that IL-4 treatment showed a clear tendency to increased gene expression of PCG-1β. PCG-1β is a co-activator of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and, the gene expression of PPARγ was also increased with IL-4 treatment. Our data suggests that the protective role of IL-4 on beta cell survival comes at the cost of lowered insulin secretion, presumably involving the PPARγ-pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efraim Westholm
- Unit of Islet Cell Exocytosis, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Anna Edlund
- Unit of Islet Cell Exocytosis, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Alexandros Karagiannopoulos
- Unit of Islet Cell Exocytosis, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Anna Wendt
- Unit of Islet Cell Exocytosis, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Lena Eliasson
- Unit of Islet Cell Exocytosis, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.
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18
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Vanderkruk B, Maeshima N, Pasula DJ, An M, McDonald CL, Suresh P, Luciani DS, Lynn FC, Hoffman BG. Methylation of histone H3 lysine 4 is required for maintenance of beta cell function in adult mice. Diabetologia 2023; 66:1097-1115. [PMID: 36912927 PMCID: PMC10163146 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-023-05896-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Beta cells control glucose homeostasis via regulated production and secretion of insulin. This function arises from a highly specialised gene expression programme that is established during development and then sustained, with limited flexibility, in terminally differentiated cells. Dysregulation of this programme is seen in type 2 diabetes but mechanisms that preserve gene expression or underlie its dysregulation in mature cells are not well resolved. This study investigated whether methylation of histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4), a marker of gene promoters with unresolved functional importance, is necessary for the maintenance of mature beta cell function. METHODS Beta cell function, gene expression and chromatin modifications were analysed in conditional Dpy30 knockout mice, in which H3K4 methyltransferase activity is impaired, and in a mouse model of diabetes. RESULTS H3K4 methylation maintains expression of genes that are important for insulin biosynthesis and glucose responsiveness. Deficient methylation of H3K4 leads to a less active and more repressed epigenome profile that locally correlates with gene expression deficits but does not globally reduce gene expression. Instead, developmentally regulated genes and genes in weakly active or suppressed states particularly rely on H3K4 methylation. We further show that H3K4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) is reorganised in islets from the Leprdb/db mouse model of diabetes in favour of weakly active and disallowed genes at the expense of terminal beta cell markers with broad H3K4me3 peaks. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Sustained methylation of H3K4 is critical for the maintenance of beta cell function. Redistribution of H3K4me3 is linked to gene expression changes that are implicated in diabetes pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Vanderkruk
- Diabetes Research Group, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Nina Maeshima
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Daniel J Pasula
- Diabetes Research Group, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Meilin An
- Diabetes Research Group, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Cassandra L McDonald
- Diabetes Research Group, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Priya Suresh
- Diabetes Research Group, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Dan S Luciani
- Diabetes Research Group, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Francis C Lynn
- Diabetes Research Group, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Brad G Hoffman
- Diabetes Research Group, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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19
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Hatipoglu BA, Blanchette J. Islet Cell Therapy and Stem Cell Therapy for Type 1 Diabetes: There Will Always Be a Hope. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2023; 52:187-193. [PMID: 36754494 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
To date, people living with type 1 diabetes depend on external subcutaneous insulin while waiting for a cure, or a feasible method to preserve, replace, and generate fully functioning β cells that secrete appropriate insulin in response to glucose. Current work includes evaluating renewable sources of β cells, transplantation methods without immunosuppressives, and methods to preserve β-cell function. Such methods include β-cell encapsulation, scaffolding, immune modulation, gene editing, and disease-modifying therapies. The purpose of this article is to review the progress and describe β-cell therapies over the past 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betul A Hatipoglu
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA; Adult Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Julia Blanchette
- Division of Endocrinology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Center for Diabetes and Obesity, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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20
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O'Kell AL, Davison LJ. Etiology and Pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus in Dogs. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2023; 53:493-510. [PMID: 36854636 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2023.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Canine diabetes results from a wide spectrum of clinical pathophysiological processes that cause a similar set of clinical signs. Various causes of insulin deficiency and beta cell loss, insulin resistance, or both characterize the disease, with genetics and environment playing a role. Understanding the genetic and molecular causes of beta cell loss will provide future opportunities for precision medicine, both from a therapeutic and preventative perspective. This review presents current knowledge of the etiology and pathophysiology of canine diabetes, including the importance of disease classification. Examples of potential targets for future precision medicine-based approaches to therapy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison L O'Kell
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, 2015 Southwest 16th Avenue, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Lucy J Davison
- Royal Veterinary College, Clinical Sciences and Services, Hawkshead Lane, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK.
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21
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Steffen BT, Tang W, Lutsey PL, Demmer RT, Selvin E, Matsushita K, Morrison AC, Guan W, Rooney MR, Norby FL, Pankratz N, Couper D, Pankow JS. Proteomic analysis of diabetes genetic risk scores identifies complement C2 and neuropilin-2 as predictors of type 2 diabetes: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Diabetologia 2023; 66:105-115. [PMID: 36194249 PMCID: PMC9742300 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-022-05801-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Genetic predisposition to type 2 diabetes is well-established, and genetic risk scores (GRS) have been developed that capture heritable liabilities for type 2 diabetes phenotypes. However, the proteins through which these genetic variants influence risk have not been thoroughly investigated. This study aimed to identify proteins and pathways through which type 2 diabetes risk variants may influence pathophysiology. METHODS Using a proteomics data-driven approach in a discovery sample of 7241 White participants in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study (ARIC) cohort and a replication sample of 1674 Black ARIC participants, we interrogated plasma levels of 4870 proteins and four GRS of specific type 2 diabetes phenotypes related to beta cell function, insulin resistance, lipodystrophy, BMI/blood lipid abnormalities and a composite score of all variants combined. RESULTS Twenty-two plasma proteins were identified in White participants after Bonferroni correction. Of the 22 protein-GRS associations that were statistically significant, 10 were replicated in Black participants and all but one were directionally consistent. In a secondary analysis, 18 of the 22 proteins were found to be associated with prevalent type 2 diabetes and ten proteins were associated with incident type 2 diabetes. Two-sample Mendelian randomisation indicated that complement C2 may be causally related to greater type 2 diabetes risk (inverse variance weighted estimate: OR 1.65 per SD; p=7.0 × 10-3), while neuropilin-2 was inversely associated (OR 0.44 per SD; p=8.0 × 10-3). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Identified proteins may represent viable intervention or pharmacological targets to prevent, reverse or slow type 2 diabetes progression, and further research is needed to pursue these targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T Steffen
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Weihong Tang
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Pamela L Lutsey
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ryan T Demmer
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elizabeth Selvin
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kunihiro Matsushita
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alanna C Morrison
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Weihua Guan
- Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Mary R Rooney
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Faye L Norby
- Department of Cardiology, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Health System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Nathan Pankratz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - David Couper
- University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - James S Pankow
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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22
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Castillo JJ, Aplin AC, Hackney DJ, Hogan MF, Esser N, Templin AT, Akter R, Kahn SE, Raleigh DP, Zraika S, Hull RL. Islet amyloid polypeptide aggregation exerts cytotoxic and proinflammatory effects on the islet vasculature in mice. Diabetologia 2022; 65:1687-1700. [PMID: 35871651 PMCID: PMC10208275 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-022-05756-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The islet vasculature, including its constituent islet endothelial cells, is a key contributor to the microenvironment necessary for normal beta cell health and function. In type 2 diabetes, islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) aggregates, forming amyloid deposits that accumulate between beta cells and islet capillaries. This process is known to be toxic to beta cells but its impact on the islet vasculature has not previously been studied. Here, we report the first characterisation of the effects of IAPP aggregation on islet endothelial cells/capillaries using cell-based and animal models. METHODS Primary and immortalised islet endothelial cells were treated with amyloidogenic human IAPP (hIAPP) alone or in the presence of the amyloid blocker Congo Red or the Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2/4 antagonist OxPAPc. Cell viability was determined0 along with mRNA and protein levels of inflammatory markers. Islet capillary abundance, morphology and pericyte coverage were determined in pancreases from transgenic mice with beta cell expression of hIAPP using conventional and confocal microscopy. RESULTS Aggregated hIAPP decreased endothelial cell viability in immortalised and primary islet endothelial cells (by 78% and 60%, respectively) and significantly increased expression of inflammatory markers Il6, Vcam1 and Edn1 mRNA relative to vehicle treatment in both cell types (p<0.05; n=4). Both cytotoxicity and the proinflammatory response were ameliorated by Congo Red (p<0.05; n=4); whereas TLR2/4-inhibition blocked inflammatory gene expression (p<0.05; n=6) without improving viability. Islets from high-fat-diet-fed amyloid-laden hIAPP transgenic mice also exhibited significantly increased expression of most markers of endothelial inflammation (p<0.05; n=5) along with decreased capillary density compared with non-transgenic littermates fed the same diet (p<0.01). Moreover, a 16% increase in capillary diameter was observed in amyloid-adjacent capillaries (p<0.01), accompanied by a doubling in pericyte structures positive for neuron-glial antigen 2 (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Islet endothelial cells are susceptible to hIAPP-induced cytotoxicity and exhibit a TLR2/4-dependent proinflammatory response to aggregated hIAPP. Additionally, we observed amyloid-selective effects that decreased islet capillary density, accompanied by increased capillary diameter and increased pericyte number. Together, these data demonstrate that the islet vasculature is a target of the cytotoxic and proinflammatory effects of aggregated hIAPP that likely contribute to the detrimental effects of hIAPP aggregation on beta cell function and survival in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Castillo
- Department of Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alfred C Aplin
- Department of Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Daryl J Hackney
- Department of Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Meghan F Hogan
- Department of Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nathalie Esser
- Department of Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrew T Templin
- Department of Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rehana Akter
- Department of Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Steven E Kahn
- Department of Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Daniel P Raleigh
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
- Research Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sakeneh Zraika
- Department of Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rebecca L Hull
- Department of Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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23
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Racine KC, Iglesias-Carres L, Herring JA, Ferruzzi MG, Kay CD, Tessem JS, Neilson AP. Cocoa extract exerts sex-specific anti-diabetic effects in an aggressive type-2 diabetes model: A pilot study. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 626:205-210. [PMID: 35994831 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is characterized by hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. Cocoa may slow T2D development and progression. This study employed male and female BTBR.Cg-Lepob/ob/WiscJ (ob/ob) and wild type (WT) controls to assess the potential for cocoa to ameliorate progressive T2D and compare responses between sexes. Mice received diet without (WT, ob/ob) or with cocoa extract (ob/ob + c) for 10 weeks. Acute cocoa reduced fasting hyperglycemia in females, but not males, after 2 weeks. Chronic cocoa supplementation (6-10 weeks) ameliorated hyperinsulinemia in males and worsened hyperlipidemia and hyperinsulinemia in females, yet also preserved and enhanced beta cell survival in females. The underlying mechanisms of these differences warrant further study. If sex differences are apparent in subsequent preclinical studies, clinical studies will be warranted to establish whether these differences are relevant in humans. Sex differences may need to be considered when designing human dietary interventions for T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn C Racine
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA.
| | - Lisard Iglesias-Carres
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA.
| | - Jacob A Herring
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, & Food Science, Brigham Young University, S-243 ESC, Provo, UT, 84042, USA.
| | - Mario G Ferruzzi
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA.
| | - Colin D Kay
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA.
| | - Jeffery S Tessem
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, & Food Science, Brigham Young University, S-243 ESC, Provo, UT, 84042, USA.
| | - Andrew P Neilson
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, 600 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA.
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24
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Abstract
Islet dysfunction is central in type 2 diabetes and full-blown type 2 diabetes develops first when the beta cells lose their ability to secrete adequate amounts of insulin in response to raised plasma glucose. Several mechanisms behind beta cell dysfunction have been put forward but many important questions still remain. Furthermore, our understanding of the contribution of each islet cell type in type 2 diabetes pathophysiology has been limited by technical boundaries. Closing this knowledge gap will lead to a leap forward in our understanding of the islet as an organ and potentially lead to improved treatments. The development of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) has led to a breakthrough for characterising the transcriptome of each islet cell type and several important observations on the regulation of cell-type-specific gene expression have been made. When it comes to identifying type 2 diabetes disease mechanisms, the outcome is still limited. Several studies have identified differentially expressed genes, although there is very limited consensus between the studies. As with all new techniques, scRNAseq has limitations; in addition to being extremely expensive, genes expressed at low levels may not be detected, noise may not be appropriately filtered and selection biases for certain cell types are at hand. Furthermore, recent advances suggest that commonly used computational tools may be suboptimal for analysis of scRNAseq data in small-scale studies. Fortunately, development of new computational tools holds promise for harnessing the full potential of scRNAseq data. Here we summarise how scRNAseq has contributed to increasing the understanding of various aspects of islet biology as well as type 2 diabetes disease mechanisms. We also focus on challenges that remain and propose steps to promote the utilisation of the full potential of scRNAseq in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nils Wierup
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden.
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25
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Chen P, Yao F, Lu Y, Peng Y, Zhu S, Deng J, Wu Z, Chen J, Deng K, Li Q, Pu Z, Mou L. Single-Cell Landscape of Mouse Islet Allograft and Syngeneic Graft. Front Immunol 2022; 13:853349. [PMID: 35757709 PMCID: PMC9226584 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.853349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Islet transplantation to treat the late stage of type 1 diabetic patient (T1DM) has recently made inspiring success in clinical trials. However, most patients experience a decline in islet graft function in one to three years due to immune rejection. Although the mechanisms of immune cells, including macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), neutrophils, natural killer cells (NKs), B cells, and T cells, that mediate immune rejection have been investigated, the overall characteristics of immune infiltrates in islet allografts and syngeneic grafts remain unclear. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) has provided us with new opportunities to study the complexity of the immune microenvironment in islet transplants. In the present study, we used scRNA-seq to comprehensively analyze the immune heterogeneity in the mouse model of islet transplantation. Our data revealed T lymphocytes and myeloid cells as the main immune components of grafts 7 days post-islet transplantation, especially in allografts. Moreover, our results indicated that allogeneic islet cells were transformed into antigen-presenting cell-like cells with highly expressed MHC class I molecules and genes involved in MHC class I-mediated antigen presentation. This transformation may dramatically facilitate the interaction with cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and promote the destruction of islet allografts. Our study provides insight into the transcriptomics and diverse microenvironment of islet grafts and their impacts on immune rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Chen
- Department of traumatic orthopedics, Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fuwen Yao
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Health Science Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen Xenotransplantation Medical Engineering Research and Development Center, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Health Science Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ying Lu
- Shenzhen Xenotransplantation Medical Engineering Research and Development Center, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Health Science Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuanzheng Peng
- Shenzhen Xenotransplantation Medical Engineering Research and Development Center, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Health Science Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shufang Zhu
- Shenzhen Xenotransplantation Medical Engineering Research and Development Center, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Health Science Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jing Deng
- Shenzhen Xenotransplantation Medical Engineering Research and Development Center, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Health Science Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zijing Wu
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Health Science Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen Xenotransplantation Medical Engineering Research and Development Center, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Health Science Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiao Chen
- Shenzhen Xenotransplantation Medical Engineering Research and Development Center, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Health Science Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kai Deng
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Health Science Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qi Li
- Imaging Department, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zuhui Pu
- Imaging Department, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lisha Mou
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Health Science Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen Xenotransplantation Medical Engineering Research and Development Center, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, Health Science Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
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26
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Nguyen-Tu MS, Harris J, Martinez-Sanchez A, Chabosseau P, Hu M, Georgiadou E, Pollard A, Otero P, Lopez-Noriega L, Leclerc I, Sakamoto K, Schmoll D, Smith DM, Carling D, Rutter GA. Opposing effects on regulated insulin secretion of acute vs chronic stimulation of AMP-activated protein kinase. Diabetologia 2022; 65:997-1011. [PMID: 35294578 PMCID: PMC9076735 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-022-05673-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Although targeted in extrapancreatic tissues by several drugs used to treat type 2 diabetes, the role of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in the control of insulin secretion is still debatable. Previous studies have used pharmacological activators of limited selectivity and specificity, and none has examined in primary pancreatic beta cells the actions of the latest generation of highly potent and specific activators that act via the allosteric drug and metabolite (ADaM) site. METHODS AMPK was activated acutely in islets isolated from C57BL6/J mice, and in an EndoC-βH3 cell line, using three structurally distinct ADaM site activators (991, PF-06409577 and RA089), with varying selectivity for β1- vs β2-containing complexes. Mouse lines expressing a gain-of-function mutation in the γ1 AMPK subunit (D316a) were generated to examine the effects of chronic AMPK stimulation in the whole body, or selectively in the beta cell. RESULTS Acute (1.5 h) treatment of wild-type mouse islets with 991, PF-06409577 or RA089 robustly stimulated insulin secretion at high glucose concentrations (p<0.01, p<0.05 and p<0.001, respectively), despite a lowering of glucose-induced intracellular free Ca2+ dynamics in response to 991 (AUC, p<0.05) and to RA089 at the highest dose (25 μmol/l) at 5.59 min (p<0.05). Although abolished in the absence of AMPK, the effects of 991 were observed in the absence of the upstream kinase, liver kinase B1, further implicating 'amplifying' pathways. In marked contrast, chronic activation of AMPK, either globally or selectively in the beta cell, achieved using a gain-of-function mutant, impaired insulin release in vivo (p<0.05 at 15 min following i.p. injection of 3 mmol/l glucose) and in vitro (p<0.01 following incubation of islets with 17 mmol/l glucose), and lowered glucose tolerance (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION AMPK activation exerts complex, time-dependent effects on insulin secretion. These observations should inform the design and future clinical use of AMPK modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Sophie Nguyen-Tu
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Joseph Harris
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Aida Martinez-Sanchez
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Pauline Chabosseau
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ming Hu
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Eleni Georgiadou
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alice Pollard
- MRC- London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Structure Biophysics and Fragments, Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D, Cambridge, UK
| | - Pablo Otero
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Livia Lopez-Noriega
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Isabelle Leclerc
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Kei Sakamoto
- Novo Nordisk Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dieter Schmoll
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - David M Smith
- Emerging Innovations Unit, Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D , Cambridge, UK
| | - David Carling
- MRC- London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Guy A Rutter
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
- CR-CHUM, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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27
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Fan J, Yuan Z, Burley SK, Libutti SK, Zheng XFS. Amino acids control blood glucose levels through mTOR signaling. Eur J Cell Biol 2022; 101:151240. [PMID: 35623230 PMCID: PMC10035058 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2022.151240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amino Acids are not only major nutrient sources, but also serve as chemical signals to control cellular growth. Rab1A recently emerged as a key component in amino acid sensing and signaling to activate the mTOR complex1 (mTORC1). In a recently published study [1], we generated tamoxifen-inducible, conditional whole-body Rab1A knockout in adult mice. These mice are viable but develop hyperglycemia and glucose intolerance. Interestingly, Rab1A ablation selectively reduces insulin expression and pancreatic beta-cell population. Mechanistically, branched chain amino acids (BCAA), through the Rab1A-mTORC1 complex, promote the stability and nuclear localization of Pdx1, a master transcription factor that controls growth, function and identity of pancreatic beta-cells. These findings reveal a role and underlying mechanism by which amino acids control body's glucose level through a beta-cell specific function by the Rab1A-mTORC1-Pdx1 signaling axis, which has implications in both diabetes and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Fan
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 675 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Ziqiang Yuan
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; Department of Surgery, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Stephen K Burley
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; RCSB Protein Data Bank and Institute for Quantitative Biomedicine, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 174 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 174 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; RCSB Protein Data Bank, San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California, La Jolla, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Steven K Libutti
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; Department of Surgery, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - X F Steven Zheng
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 675 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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28
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Abels M, Riva M, Shcherbina L, Fischer AHT, Banke E, Degerman E, Lindqvist A, Wierup N. Overexpressed beta cell CART increases insulin secretion in mouse models of insulin resistance and diabetes. Peptides 2022; 151:170747. [PMID: 35065097 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2022.170747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Impaired beta cell function and beta cell death are key features of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) is necessary for normal islet function in mice. CART increases glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in vivo in mice and in vitro in human islets and CART protects beta cells against glucotoxicity-induced cell death in vitro in rats. Furthermore, beta cell CART is upregulated in T2D patients and in diabetic rodent models as a consequence of hyperglycaemia. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of upregulated beta cell CART on islet hormone secretion and glucose homeostasis in a transgenic mouse model. To this end, mice with beta cell-specific overexpression of CART (CARTtg mice) were generated. CARTtg mice challenged by aging, high fat diet feeding or streptozotocin treatment were phenotyped with respect to in vivo and in vitro insulin and glucagon secretion, glucose homeostasis, and beta cell mass. In addition, the impact of adenoviral overexpression of CART on insulin secretion was studied in INS-1 832/13 cells. CARTtg mice had a normal metabolic phenotype under basal conditions. On the other hand, with age CARTtg mice displayed increased insulin secretion and improved glucose elimination, compared with age-matched WT mice. Furthermore, compared with WT controls, CARTtg mice had increased insulin secretion after feeding a high fat diet, as well as lower glucose levels and higher insulin secretion after streptozotocin treatment. Viral overexpression of CART in INS-1 832/13 cells resulted in increased glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Together, these results imply that beta cell CART acts to increase insulin secretion when beta cell function is challenged. We propose that the increase in beta cell CART is part of a compensatory mechanisms trying to counteract the hyperglycaemia in T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Abels
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Matteo Riva
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | | | - Elin Banke
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | | | - Nils Wierup
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden.
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29
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Mayendraraj A, Rosenkilde MM, Gasbjerg LS. GLP-1 and GIP receptor signaling in beta cells - A review of receptor interactions and co-stimulation. Peptides 2022; 151:170749. [PMID: 35065096 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2022.170749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor (GIPR) are two class B1 G protein-coupled receptors, which are stimulated by the gastrointestinal hormones GLP-1 and GIP, respectively. In the pancreatic beta cells, activation of both receptors lead to increased cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and glucose-dependent insulin secretion. Marketed GLP-1R agonists such as dulaglutide, liraglutide, exenatide and semaglutide constitute an expanding drug class with beneficial effects for persons suffering from type 2 diabetes and/or obesity. In recent years another drug class, the GLP-1R-GIPR co-agonists, has emerged. Especially the peptide-based, co-agonist tirzepatide is a promising candidate for a better treatment of type 2 diabetes by improving glycemic control and weight reduction. The mechanism of action for tirzepatide include biased signaling of the GLP-1R as well as potent GIPR signaling. Since the implications of co-targeting these closely related receptors concomitantly are challenging to study in vivo, the pharmacodynamic mechanisms and downstream signaling pathways of the GLP-1R-GIPR co-agonists in general, are not fully elucidated. In this review, we present the individual signaling pathways for GLP-1R and GIPR in the pancreatic beta cell with a focus on the shared signaling pathways of the two receptors and interpret the implications of GLP-1R-GIPR co-activation in the light of recent co-activating therapeutic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Mayendraraj
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette M Rosenkilde
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lærke S Gasbjerg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Xian Y, Zhou M, Hu Y, Liu J, Zhu W, Wang Y. Free zinc determines the formability of the vesicular dense core in diabetic beta cells. Cell Insight 2022; 1:100020. [PMID: 37193129 PMCID: PMC10120278 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellin.2022.100020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
During the progression of type 2 diabetes, total body zinc deficiency disrupts the formability of the electron-dense core in beta-cell vesicles, but the mechanism is unclear. Using fluorescence imaging, transmission electron microscopy and pharmacokinetics assays, we established a strong link between an increasing concentration of free zinc and the formability enhancement of the dense core electron density. Thus, our results highlight a mechanism by which zinc supplementation enhances the maturation of dense cores and restores the secretion of insulin in two diabetic mouse models both in vitro and in vivo. This study provides a potential research direction for investigating the etiology and nutrition of zinc in the management of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xian
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Mengxuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yuanzhao Hu
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Wenzhen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
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Oberhauser L, Jiménez-Sánchez C, Madsen JGS, Duhamel D, Mandrup S, Brun T, Maechler P. Glucolipotoxicity promotes the capacity of the glycerolipid/NEFA cycle supporting the secretory response of pancreatic beta cells. Diabetologia 2022; 65:705-720. [PMID: 35018486 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-021-05633-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Chronic exposure of pancreatic beta cells to high glucose and fatty acids has been proposed to induce glucolipotoxicity. However, contradictory results suggest adaptations of the beta cells, which might be instrumental for partial preservation of the secretory response. In this context, we delineated the expression pattern of genes related to lipid pathways along with fat storage/mobilisation during glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. METHODS Insulin-secreting cells were cultured for 3 days at different glucose concentrations (5.5, 11.1, 25 mmol/l) without or with BSA-complexed 0.4 mmol/l palmitate and oleate. Then, transcriptomic analyses of lipid pathways were performed in human islets by RNA-Seq and in INS-1E cells and rat islets by quantitative RT-PCR. Storage of fat was assessed in INS-1E cells by electron microscopy and Bodipy staining, which was also used for measuring lipid mobilisation rate. The secretory response was monitored during acute 15 mmol/l glucose stimulation using online luminescence assay for INS-1E cells and by radioimmunoassay for rat islets. RESULTS In human islets, chronic exposure to palmitate and oleate modified expression of a panel of genes involved in lipid handling. Culture at 25 mmol/l glucose upregulated genes encoding for enzymes of the glycerolipid/NEFA cycle and downregulated receptors implicated in fatty acid signalling. Similar results were obtained in INS-1E cells, indicating enhanced capacity of the glycerolipid/NEFA cycle under glucotoxic conditions. Exposure to unsaturated C18:1 fatty acid favoured intracellular lipid accumulation in a glucose-dependent way, an effect also observed with saturated C16:0 fatty acid when combined with the panlipase inhibitor Orlistat. After the glucolipotoxic culture, intracellular fat mobilisation was required for acute glucose-stimulated secretion, particularly in oleate-treated cells under glucotoxic culture conditions. The lipid mobilisation rate was governed chiefly by the levels of stored fat as a direct consequence of the culture conditions rather than energetic demands, except in palmitate-loaded cells. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Glucolipotoxic conditions promote the capacity of the glycerolipid/NEFA cycle thereby preserving part of the secretory response. The cycle of fat storage/mobilisation emerges as a mechanism helping the beta cell to cope with glucotoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Oberhauser
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva Medical Center, Geneva, Switzerland
- Faculty Diabetes Center, University of Geneva Medical Center, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Cecilia Jiménez-Sánchez
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva Medical Center, Geneva, Switzerland
- Faculty Diabetes Center, University of Geneva Medical Center, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jesper Grud Skat Madsen
- Functional Genomics and Metabolism Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Dominique Duhamel
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva Medical Center, Geneva, Switzerland
- Faculty Diabetes Center, University of Geneva Medical Center, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Mandrup
- Functional Genomics and Metabolism Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Thierry Brun
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva Medical Center, Geneva, Switzerland
- Faculty Diabetes Center, University of Geneva Medical Center, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Maechler
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva Medical Center, Geneva, Switzerland.
- Faculty Diabetes Center, University of Geneva Medical Center, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Wierup N, Abels M, Shcherbina L, Lindqvist A. The role of CART in islet biology. Peptides 2022; 149:170708. [PMID: 34896575 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) is mostly known for its appetite regulating effects in the central nervous system. However, CART is also highly expressed in the peripheral nervous system as well as in certain endocrine cells. Our group has dedicated more than 20 years to understand the role of CART in the pancreatic islets and in this review we summarize what is known to date about CART expression and function in the islets. CART is expressed in both islet cells and nerve fibers innervating the islets. Large species differences are at hand and CART expression is highly dynamic and increased during development, as well as in Type 2 Diabetes and certain endocrine tumors. In the human islets CART is expressed in alpha cells and beta cells and the expression is increased in T2D patients. CART increases insulin secretion, reduces glucagon secretion, and protects against beta cell death by reducing apoptosis and increasing proliferation. It is still not fully understood how CART mediates its effects or which receptors that are involved. Nevertheless, CART is endowed with several properties that are beneficial in a T2D perspective. Many of the described effects of CART resemble those of GLP-1, and interestingly CART has been found to potentiate some of the effects of GLP-1, paving the way for CART-based treatments in combination with GLP-1-based drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Wierup
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Mia Abels
- Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö, Sweden
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Blencowe M, Furterer A, Wang Q, Gao F, Rosenberger M, Pei L, Nomoto H, Mawla AM, Huising MO, Coppola G, Yang X, Butler PC, Gurlo T. IAPP-induced beta cell stress recapitulates the islet transcriptome in type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2022; 65:173-187. [PMID: 34554282 PMCID: PMC8660728 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-021-05569-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Type 2 diabetes is characterised by islet amyloid and toxic oligomers of islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP). We posed the questions, (1) does IAPP toxicity induce an islet response comparable to that in humans with type 2 diabetes, and if so, (2) what are the key transcriptional drivers of this response? METHODS The islet transcriptome was evaluated in five groups of mice: beta cell specific transgenic for (1) human IAPP, (2) rodent IAPP, (3) human calpastatin, (4) human calpastatin and human IAPP, and (5) wild-type mice. RNA sequencing data was analysed by differential expression analysis and gene co-expression network analysis to establish the islet response to adaptation to an increased beta cell workload of soluble rodent IAPP, the islet response to increased expression of oligomeric human IAPP, and the extent to which the latter was rescued by suppression of calpain hyperactivation by calpastatin. Rank-rank hypergeometric overlap analysis was used to compare the transcriptome of islets from human or rodent IAPP transgenic mice vs humans with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes. RESULTS The islet transcriptomes in humans with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes are remarkably similar. Beta cell overexpression of soluble rodent or oligomer-prone human IAPP induced changes in islet transcriptome present in prediabetes and type 2 diabetes, including decreased expression of genes that confer beta cell identity. Increased expression of human IAPP, but not rodent IAPP, induced islet inflammation present in prediabetes and type 2 diabetes in humans. Key mediators of the injury responses in islets transgenic for human IAPP or those from individuals with type 2 diabetes include STAT3, NF-κB, ESR1 and CTNNB1 by transcription factor analysis and COL3A1, NID1 and ZNF800 by gene regulatory network analysis. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Beta cell injury mediated by IAPP is a plausible mechanism to contribute to islet inflammation and dedifferentiation in type 2 diabetes. Inhibition of IAPP toxicity is a potential therapeutic target in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montgomery Blencowe
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Physiology Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Allison Furterer
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Larry L. Hillblom Islet Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Qing Wang
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Fuying Gao
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Madeline Rosenberger
- Larry L. Hillblom Islet Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lina Pei
- Larry L. Hillblom Islet Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hiroshi Nomoto
- Larry L. Hillblom Islet Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alex M Mawla
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Mark O Huising
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Giovanni Coppola
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xia Yang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Physiology Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Peter C Butler
- Larry L. Hillblom Islet Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tatyana Gurlo
- Larry L. Hillblom Islet Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Tan WX, Bok CM, Ng NHJ, Teo AKK. Chromatin Immunoprecipitation in Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived 3D Organoids to Analyze DNA-Protein Interactions. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2429:215-232. [PMID: 35507164 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1979-7_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is a technique that has been widely used to interrogate DNA-protein interactions in cells. In recent years, human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived 3D organoids have emerged as a powerful model to understand human development and diseases. Performing ChIP in hPSC-derived 3D organoids is a useful approach to dissect the roles of transcription factors or co-factors and to understand the epigenetic landscape in human development and diseases. However, performing ChIP in 3D organoids is more challenging than monolayer cultures, and an optimized protocol is needed for interpretable data. Hence, in this chapter, we describe in detail a protocol for performing ChIP in hPSC-derived islet-like cells as an example, from organoid harvest to ChIP-qPCR data analysis. This chapter also highlights potential pitfalls and provides recommendations for troubleshooting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xuan Tan
- Stem Cells and Diabetes Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chek Mei Bok
- Stem Cells and Diabetes Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Natasha Hui Jin Ng
- Stem Cells and Diabetes Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Adrian Kee Keong Teo
- Stem Cells and Diabetes Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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González-Mariscal I, Pozo-Morales M, Romero-Zerbo SY, Espinosa-Jimenez V, Escamilla-Sánchez A, Sánchez-Salido L, Cobo-Vuilleumier N, Gauthier BR, Bermúdez-Silva FJ. Abnormal cannabidiol ameliorates inflammation preserving pancreatic beta cells in mouse models of experimental type 1 diabetes and beta cell damage. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 145:112361. [PMID: 34872800 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The atypical cannabinoid Abn-CBD improves the inflammatory status in preclinical models of several pathologies, including autoimmune diseases. However, its potential for modulating inflammation in autoimmune type 1 diabetes (T1D) is unknown. Herein we investigate whether Abn-CBD can modulate the inflammatory response during T1D onset using a mouse model of T1D (non-obese diabetic- (NOD)-mice) and of beta cell damage (streptozotocin (STZ)-injected mice). Six-week-old female NOD mice were treated with Abn-CBD (0.1-1 mg/kg) or vehicle during 12 weeks and then euthanized. Eight-to-ten-week-old male C57Bl6/J mice were pre-treated with Abn-CBD (1 mg/kg of body weight) or vehicle for 1 week, following STZ challenge, and euthanized 1 week later. Blood, pancreas, pancreatic lymph nodes (PLNs) and T cells were collected and processed for analysis. Glycemia was also monitored. In NOD mice, treatment with Abn-CBD significantly reduced the severity of insulitis and reduced the pro-inflammatory profile of CD4+ T cells compared to vehicle. Concomitantly, Abn-CBD significantly reduced islet cell apoptosis and improved glucose tolerance. In STZ-injected mice, Abn-CBD decreased circulating proinflammatory cytokines and ameliorated islet inflammation reducing intra-islet phospho-NF-κB and TXNIP. Abn-CBD significantly reduced 2 folds intra-islet CD8+ T cells and reduced Th1/non-Th1 ratio in PLNs of STZ-injected mice. Islet cell apoptosis and intra-islet fibrosis were also significantly reduced in Abn-CBD pre-treated mice compared to vehicle. Altogether, Abn-CBD reduces circulating and intra-islet inflammation, preserving islets, thus delaying the progression of insulitis. Hence, Abn-CBD and related compounds emerge as new candidates to develop pharmacological strategies to treat the early stages of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel González-Mariscal
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, UGC Endocrinología y Nutrición. Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, 29009 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Macarena Pozo-Morales
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, UGC Endocrinología y Nutrición. Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, 29009 Málaga, Spain
| | - Silvana Y Romero-Zerbo
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, UGC Endocrinología y Nutrición. Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, 29009 Málaga, Spain; Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Fisiología Humana, Anatomía Patológica y Educación Físico Deportiva, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Vanesa Espinosa-Jimenez
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, UGC Endocrinología y Nutrición. Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, 29009 Málaga, Spain
| | - Alejandro Escamilla-Sánchez
- Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Fisiología Humana, Anatomía Patológica y Educación Físico Deportiva, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Nadia Cobo-Vuilleumier
- Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CABIMER), Seville, Spain
| | - Benoit R Gauthier
- Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CABIMER), Seville, Spain; Biomedical Research Center for Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J Bermúdez-Silva
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, UGC Endocrinología y Nutrición. Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, 29009 Málaga, Spain; Biomedical Research Center for Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain.
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Sahin GS, Lee H, Engin F. An accomplice more than a mere victim: The impact of β-cell ER stress on type 1 diabetes pathogenesis. Mol Metab 2021; 54:101365. [PMID: 34728341 PMCID: PMC8606542 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic β-cells are the insulin factory of an organism with a mission to regulate glucose homeostasis in the body. Due to their high secretory activity, β-cells rely on a functional and intact endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Perturbations to ER homeostasis and unmitigated stress lead to β-cell dysfunction and death. Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by the autoimmune-mediated destruction of β-cells. Although autoimmunity is an essential component of T1D pathogenesis, accumulating evidence suggests an important role of β-cell ER stress and aberrant unfolded protein response (UPR) in disease initiation and progression. SCOPE OF REVIEW In this article, we introduce ER stress and the UPR, review β-cell ER stress in various mouse models, evaluate its involvement in inflammation, and discuss the effects of ER stress on β-cell plasticity and demise, and islet autoimmunity in T1D. We also highlight the relationship of ER stress with other stress response pathways and provide insight into ongoing clinical studies targeting ER stress and the UPR for the prevention or treatment of T1D. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Evidence from ex vivo studies, in vivo mouse models, and tissue samples from patients suggest that β-cell ER stress and a defective UPR contribute to T1D pathogenesis. Thus, restoration of β-cell ER homeostasis at various stages of disease presents a plausible therapeutic strategy for T1D. Identifying the specific functions and regulation of each UPR sensor in β-cells and uncovering the crosstalk between stressed β-cells and immune cells during T1D progression would provide a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of disease process, and may reveal novel targets for development of effective therapies for T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulcan Semra Sahin
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Hugo Lee
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Feyza Engin
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53706, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53705, USA; Department of Cell & Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
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Amirruddin NS, Tan WX, Tan YS, Gardner DSL, Bee YM, Verma CS, Hoon S, Lee KO, Teo AKK. Progressive endoplasmic reticulum stress over time due to human insulin gene mutation contributes to pancreatic beta cell dysfunction. Diabetologia 2021; 64:2534-2549. [PMID: 34448879 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-021-05530-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS We studied the effects of heterozygous human INS gene mutations on insulin secretion, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and other mechanisms in both MIN6 and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC)-derived beta-like cells, as well as the effects of prolonged overexpression of mutant human INS in MIN6 cells. METHODS We modelled the structure of mutant C109Y and G32V proinsulin computationally to examine the in silico effects. We then overexpressed either wild-type (WT), mutant (C109Y or G32V), or both WT and mutant human preproinsulin in MIN6 cells, both transiently and stably over several weeks. We measured the levels of human and rodent insulin secreted, and examined the transcript and protein levels of several ER stress and apoptotic markers. We also reprogrammed human donor fibroblasts heterozygous for the C109Y mutation into hiPSCs and differentiated these into pancreatic beta-like cells, which were subjected to single-cell RNA-sequencing and transcript and protein analyses for ER stress and apoptotic markers. RESULTS The computational modelling studies, and short-term and long-term expression studies in beta cells, revealed the presence of ER stress, organelle changes and insulin processing defects, resulting in a decreased amount of insulin secreted but not the ability to secrete insulin. By 9 weeks of expression of mutant human INS, dominant-negative effects of mutant INS were evident and beta cell insulin secretory capacity declined. INS+/C109Y patient-derived beta-like cells and single-cell RNA-sequencing analyses then revealed compensatory upregulation in genes involved in insulin secretion, processing and inflammatory response. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION The results provide deeper insights into the mechanisms of beta cell failure during INS mutation-mediated diabetes disease progression. Decreasing spliced X-box binding protein 1 (sXBP1) or inflammatory response could be avenues to restore the function of the remaining WT INS allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Shabrina Amirruddin
- Stem Cells and Diabetes Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Wei Xuan Tan
- Stem Cells and Diabetes Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Yaw Sing Tan
- Bioinformatics Institute, A*STAR, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Daphne Su-Lyn Gardner
- Department of Endocrinology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Yong Mong Bee
- Department of Endocrinology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Chandra Shekhar Verma
- Bioinformatics Institute, A*STAR, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Shawn Hoon
- Molecular Engineering Laboratory, IMCB, A*STAR, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Kok Onn Lee
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Adrian Kee Keong Teo
- Stem Cells and Diabetes Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
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Kuo T, Du W, Miyachi Y, Dadi PK, Jacobson DA, Segrè D, Accili D. Antagonistic epistasis of Hnf4α and FoxO1 metabolic networks through enhancer interactions in β-cell function. Mol Metab 2021; 53:101256. [PMID: 34048961 PMCID: PMC8225970 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Genetic and acquired abnormalities contribute to pancreatic β-cell failure in diabetes. Transcription factors Hnf4α (MODY1) and FoxO1 are respective examples of these two components and act through β-cell-specific enhancers. However, their relationship is unclear. METHODS In this report, we show by genome-wide interrogation of chromatin modifications that ablation of FoxO1 in mature β-cells enriches active Hnf4α enhancers according to a HOMER analysis. RESULTS To model the functional significance of this predicted unusual enhancer utilization, we generated single and compound knockouts of FoxO1 and Hnf4α in β-cells. Single knockout of either gene impaired insulin secretion in mechanistically distinct fashions as indicated by their responses to sulfonylurea and calcium fluxes. Surprisingly, the defective β-cell secretory function of either single mutant in hyperglycemic clamps and isolated islets treated with various secretagogues was completely reversed in double mutants lacking FoxO1 and Hnf4α. Gene expression analyses revealed distinct epistatic modalities by which the two transcription factors regulate networks associated with reversal of β-cell dysfunction. An antagonistic network regulating glycolysis, including β-cell "disallowed" genes, and a synergistic network regulating protocadherins emerged as likely mediators of the functional restoration of insulin secretion. CONCLUSIONS The findings provide evidence of antagonistic epistasis as a model of gene/environment interactions in the pathogenesis of β-cell dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiyi Kuo
- Department of Medicine and Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Wen Du
- Department of Medicine and Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yasutaka Miyachi
- Department of Medicine and Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Prasanna K Dadi
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - David A Jacobson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Daniel Segrè
- Department of Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Domenico Accili
- Department of Medicine and Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Precision medicine, described as a therapeutic procedure in which complex diseases are treated based on the causal gene and pathophysiology, is being considered for diabetes mellitus (DM). To this end, several monogenetic mutations in the beta cells have been linked with neonatal diabetes mellitus (NDM), however, the list of suspect genes is expansive, necessitating an update. This study, therefore, provides an update on NDM candidate genes and pathophysiology. RESULTS Reputable online academic databases were searched for relevant information, which led to the identification of 43 genes whose mutations are linked to the condition. Of the linked genes, mutations in the KCNJ11, ABCC8, and INS genes as well as the genes on 6q24 chromosomal region are the most frequently implicated. Mutations in these genes can cause pancreatic agenesis and developmental errors, resulting in NDM in the first six to twelve months of birth. The clinical presentations of NDM include frequent urination, rapid breathing, and dehydration, among others. CONCLUSIONS Monogenetic mutations in the beta cells may cause NDM with distinct pathophysiology from other DM. Treatment options that target NDM candidate genes and pathophysiology may lead to an improved treatment compared with the present generalized treatment for all forms of DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- T O Yahaya
- Department of Biology, Federal University Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria
| | - D A Anyebe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria
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Kitakaze K, Oyadomari M, Zhang J, Hamada Y, Takenouchi Y, Tsuboi K, Inagaki M, Tachikawa M, Fujitani Y, Okamoto Y, Oyadomari S. ATF4-mediated transcriptional regulation protects against β-cell loss during endoplasmic reticulum stress in a mouse model. Mol Metab 2021; 54:101338. [PMID: 34547510 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) is a transcriptional regulator of the unfolded protein response and integrated stress response (ISR) that promote the restoration of normal endoplasmic reticulum (ER) function. Previous reports demonstrated that dysregulation of the ISR led to development of severe diabetes. However, the contribution of ATF4 to pancreatic β-cells remains poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to analyze the effect of ISR enhancer Sephin1 and ATF4-deficient β-cells to clarify the role of ATF4 in β-cells under ER stress conditions. METHODS To examine the role of ATF4 in vivo, ISR enhancer Sephin1 (5 mg/kg body weight, p.o.) was administered daily for 21 days to Akita mice. We also established β-cell-specific Atf4 knockout (βAtf4-KO) mice that were further crossed with Akita mice. These mice were analyzed for characteristics of diabetes, β-cell function, and morphology of the islets. To identify the downstream factors of ATF4 in β-cells, the islets of βAtf4-KO mice were subjected to cDNA microarray analyses. To examine the transcriptional regulation by ATF4, we also performed in situ PCR analysis of pancreatic sections from mice and ChIP-qPCR analysis of CT215 β-cells. RESULTS Administration of the ISR enhancer Sephin1 improved glucose metabolism in Akita mice. Sephin1 also increased the insulin-immunopositive area and ATF4 expression in the pancreatic islets. Akita/βAtf4-KO mice exhibited dramatically exacerbated diabetes, shown by hyperglycemia at an early age, as well as a remarkably short lifespan owing to diabetic ketoacidosis. Moreover, the islets of Akita/βAtf4-KO mice presented increased numbers of cells stained for glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide and increased expression of aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family member 3, a marker of dedifferentiation. Using microarray analysis, we identified atonal BHLH transcription factor 8 (ATOH8) as a downstream factor of ATF4. Deletion of ATF4 in β-cells showed reduced Atoh8 expression and increased expression of undifferentiated markers, Nanog and Pou5f1. Atoh8 expression was also abolished in the islets of Akita/βAtf4-KO mice. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that transcriptional regulation by ATF4 maintains β-cell identity via ISR modulation. This mechanism provides a promising target for the treatment of diabetes.
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Rodrigues-Dos-Santos K, Soares GM, Guimarães DSPSF, Araújo TR, Vettorazzi JF, Zangerolamo L, Marconato-Júnior E, Cai R, Sha W, Schally AV, Boschero AC, Barbosa HCL. Effects of growth hormone-releasing hormone agonistic analog MR-409 on insulin-secreting cells under cyclopiazonic acid-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 535:111379. [PMID: 34252492 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is one of the mechanisms related to decreased insulin secretion and beta cell death, contributing to the progress of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). Thus, investigating agents that can influence this process would help prevent the development of T2D. Recently, the growth-hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) action has been demonstrated in INS-1E cells, in which it increases cell proliferation and insulin secretion. As the effects of GHRH and its agonists have not been fully elucidated in the beta cell, we proposed to investigate them by evaluating the role of the GHRH agonist, MR-409, in cells under ER stress. Our results show that the agonist was unable to ameliorate or prevent ER stress. However, cells exposed to the agonist showed less oxidative stress and greater survival even under ER stress. The mechanisms by which GHRH agonist, MR-409, leads to these outcomes require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Rodrigues-Dos-Santos
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, P.O. Box 6109, CEP: 13083-865, Brazil; Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela M Soares
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, P.O. Box 6109, CEP: 13083-865, Brazil; Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dimitrius S P S F Guimarães
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, P.O. Box 6109, CEP: 13083-865, Brazil; Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago R Araújo
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, P.O. Box 6109, CEP: 13083-865, Brazil; Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jean F Vettorazzi
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Educational Union of Cascavel, UNIVEL, Cascavel, Parana, Brazil
| | - Lucas Zangerolamo
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, P.O. Box 6109, CEP: 13083-865, Brazil; Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Emilio Marconato-Júnior
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, P.O. Box 6109, CEP: 13083-865, Brazil; Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renzhi Cai
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1201 NW 16th Street, Research Service (151), Room 2A103C, Miami, FL, 33125, United States; Departments of Pathology and Medicine, Divisions of Hematology/Oncology and Endocrinology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1600 NW 10th Avenue #1140, Miami, FL, 33136, United States
| | - Wei Sha
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1201 NW 16th Street, Research Service (151), Room 2A103C, Miami, FL, 33125, United States; Departments of Pathology and Medicine, Divisions of Hematology/Oncology and Endocrinology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1600 NW 10th Avenue #1140, Miami, FL, 33136, United States
| | - Andrew V Schally
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1201 NW 16th Street, Research Service (151), Room 2A103C, Miami, FL, 33125, United States; Departments of Pathology and Medicine, Divisions of Hematology/Oncology and Endocrinology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1600 NW 10th Avenue #1140, Miami, FL, 33136, United States.
| | - Antônio C Boschero
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, P.O. Box 6109, CEP: 13083-865, Brazil; Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helena C L Barbosa
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, P.O. Box 6109, CEP: 13083-865, Brazil; Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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Qian B, Yang Y, Tang N, Wang J, Sun P, Yang N, Chen F, Wu T, Sun T, Li Y, Chang X, Zhu Y, Zhang Y, Han X. M1 macrophage-derived exosomes impair beta cell insulin secretion via miR-212-5p by targeting SIRT2 and inhibiting Akt/GSK-3β/β-catenin pathway in mice. Diabetologia 2021; 64:2037-2051. [PMID: 34117507 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-021-05489-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Macrophage levels are elevated in pancreatic islets, and the resulting inflammatory response is a major contributor to beta cell failure during obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Previous studies by us and others have reported that exosomes released by macrophages play important roles in mediating cell-to-cell communication, and represent a class of inflammatory factors involved in the inflammatory process associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, to date, no reports have demonstrated the effect of macrophage-derived exosomes on beta cells, and little is known regarding their underlying mechanisms in beta cell injury. Thus, we aimed to study the impact of macrophage-derived exosomes on islet beta cell injury in vitro and in vivo. METHODS The phenotypic profiles of islet-resident macrophages were analysed in C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Exosomes were collected from the medium of cultured bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and from isolated islet-resident macrophages of HFD-fed mice (HFD-Exos). The role of exosomes secreted by inflammatory M1 phenotype BMDMs (M1-Exos) and HFD-Exos on beta cell function was assessed. An miRNA microarray and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) were conducted to test the level of M1-Exos-derived miR-212-5p in beta cells. Then, miR-212-5p was overexpressed or inhibited in M1-Exos or beta cells to determine its molecular and functional impact. RESULTS M1-polarised macrophages were enriched in the islets of obese mice. M1 macrophages and islet-resident macrophages of HFD-fed mice impaired beta cell insulin secretion in an exosome-dependent manner. miR-212-5p was notably upregulated in M1-Exos and HFD-Exos. Enhancing the expression of miR-212-5p impaired beta cell insulin secretion. Blocking miR-212-5p elicited a significant improvement in M1-Exos-mediated beta cell insulin secretion during injury. Mechanistically, M1-Exos mediated an intercellular transfer of the miR-212-5p, targeting the sirtuin 2 gene and regulating the Akt/GSK-3β/β-catenin pathway in recipient beta cells to restrict insulin secretion. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION A novel exosome-modulated mechanism was delineated for macrophage-beta cell crosstalk that drove beta cell dysfunction and should be explored for its therapeutic utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Qian
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ningyuan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiahui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Nan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tijun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yating Li
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoai Chang
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunxia Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yaqin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Xiao Han
- Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics of Jiangsu Province, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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Kaestner KH, Campbell-Thompson M, Dor Y, Gill RG, Glaser B, Kim SK, Sander M, Stabler C, Stewart AF, Powers AC. What is a β cell? - Chapter I in the Human Islet Research Network (HIRN) review series. Mol Metab 2021; 53:101323. [PMID: 34416394 PMCID: PMC8452767 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The pancreatic β cell, as the sole source of the vital hormone insulin, has been under intensive study for more than a century. Given the potential of newly created insulin-producing cells as a treatment or even cure of type 1 diabetes (T1D) and possibly in severe cases of type 2 diabetes (T2D), multiple academic and commercial laboratories are working to derive surrogate glucose-responsive, insulin-producing cells. Scope of Review The recent development of advanced phenotyping technologies, including molecular, epigenomic, histological, or functional, have greatly improved our understanding of the critical properties of human β cells. Using this information, here we summarize the salient features of normal, fully functional adult human β cells, and propose minimal criteria for what should rightfully be termed ‘β cells’ as opposed to insulin-producing but not fully-functional surrogates that we propose should be referred to as ‘β-like’ cells or insulin-producing cells. Major Conclusions Clear criteria can be established to differentiate fully functional, mature β cells from ‘β-like’ surrogates. In addition, we outline important knowledge gaps that must be addressed to enable a greater understanding of the β cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus H Kaestner
- Insitute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism and Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Martha Campbell-Thompson
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Yuval Dor
- The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Ronald G Gill
- Departments of Surgery and Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Benjamin Glaser
- Hadassah Medical Center, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine Hebrew University, Israel
| | - Seung K Kim
- Departments of Developmental Biology and of Medicine (Endocrinology Division), and Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Maike Sander
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Cherie Stabler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and UF Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Andrew F Stewart
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute and Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Alvin C Powers
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, and VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA.
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Oropeza D, Cigliola V, Romero A, Chera S, Rodríguez-Seguí SA, Herrera PL. Stage-specific transcriptomic changes in pancreatic α-cells after massive β-cell loss. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:585. [PMID: 34340653 PMCID: PMC8330016 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07812-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Loss of pancreatic insulin-secreting β-cells due to metabolic or autoimmune damage leads to the development of diabetes. The discovery that α-cells can be efficiently reprogrammed into insulin-secreting cells in mice and humans has opened promising avenues for innovative diabetes therapies. β-cell loss triggers spontaneous reprogramming of only 1–2% of α-cells, limiting the extent of regeneration. Most α-cells are refractory to conversion and their global transcriptomic response to severe β-cell loss as well as the mechanisms opposing their reprogramming into insulin producers are largely unknown. Here, we performed RNA-seq on FAC-sorted α-cells to characterize their global transcriptional responses at different time points after massive β-cell ablation. Results Our results show that α-cells undergo stage-specific transcriptional changes 5- and 15-days post-diphtheria toxin (DT)-mediated β-cell ablation. At 5 days, α-cells transiently upregulate various genes associated with interferon signaling and proliferation, including Interferon Induced Protein with Tetratricopeptide Repeats 3 (Ifit3). Subsequently, at 15 days post β-cell ablation, α-cells undergo a transient downregulation of genes from several pathways including Insulin receptor, mTOR and MET signaling. Conclusions The results presented here pinpoint novel markers discriminating α-cells at different stages after acute β-cell loss, and highlight additional signaling pathways that are modulated in α-cells in this context. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-07812-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Oropeza
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, iGE3 and Centre Facultaire du Diabète, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Valentina Cigliola
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, iGE3 and Centre Facultaire du Diabète, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Present address: Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, 27710, USA
| | - Agustín Romero
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires and Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Simona Chera
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, iGE3 and Centre Facultaire du Diabète, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Science, Center for Diabetes Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Santiago A Rodríguez-Seguí
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires and Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Pedro L Herrera
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, iGE3 and Centre Facultaire du Diabète, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Harrison LC. The dark side of insulin: A primary autoantigen and instrument of self-destruction in type 1 diabetes. Mol Metab 2021;:101288. [PMID: 34242821 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Since its discovery 100 years ago, insulin, as the ‘cure’ for type 1 diabetes, has rescued the lives of countless individuals. As the century unfolded and the autoimmune nature of type 1 diabetes was recognised, a darker side of insulin emerged. Autoimmunity to insulin was found to be an early marker of risk for type 1 diabetes in young children. In humans, it remains unclear if autoimmunity to insulin is primarily due to a defect in the beta cell itself or to dysregulated immune activation. Conversely, it may be secondary to beta-cell damage from an environmental agent (e.g., virus). Nevertheless, direct, interventional studies in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse models of type 1 diabetes point to a critical role for (pro)insulin as a primary autoantigen that drives beta cell pathology. Scope of review Modelled on Koch's postulates for the pathogenicity of an infectious agent, evidence for a pathogenic role of (pro)insulin as an autoantigen in type 1 diabetes, particularly applicable to the NOD mouse model, is reviewed. Evidence in humans remains circumstantial. Additionally, as (pro)insulin is a target of autoimmunity in type 1 diabetes, its application as a therapeutic tool to elicit antigen-specific immune tolerance is assessed. Major conclusions Paradoxically, insulin is both a ‘cure’ and a potential ‘cause’ of type 1 diabetes, actively participating as an autoantigen to drive autoimmune destruction of beta cells - the instrument of its own destruction.
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Abstract
Award programmes that acknowledge the remarkable accomplishments of long-term survivors with type 1 diabetes have naturally evolved into research programmes to determine the factors associated with survivorship and resistance to chronic complications. In this review, we present an overview of the methodological sources of selection bias inherent in survivorship research (selection of those with early-onset diabetes, incidence-prevalence bias and bias from losses to follow-up in cohort studies) and the breadth and depth of literature focusing on this special study population. We focus on the learnings from the study of longstanding type 1 diabetes on discoveries about the natural history of insulin production loss and microvascular complications, and mechanisms associated with them that may in future offer therapeutic targets. We detail descriptive findings about the prevalence of preserved insulin production and resistance to complications, and the putative mechanisms associated with such resistance. To date, findings imply that the following mechanisms exist: strategies to maintain or recover beta cells and their function; activation of specific glycolytic enzymes such as pyruvate kinase M2; modification of AGE production and processing; novel mechanisms for modification of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activation, in particular those that may normalise afferent rather than efferent renal arteriolar resistance; and activation and modification of processes such as retinol binding and DNA damage checkpoint proteins. Among the many clinical and public health insights, research into this special study population has identified putative mechanisms that may in future serve as therapeutic targets, knowledge that likely could not have been gained without studying long-term survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A Perkins
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Leif Erik Lovblom
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sebastien O Lanctôt
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Krista Lamb
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David Z I Cherney
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Tornovsky-Babeay S, Weinberg-Corem N, Ben-Haroush Schyr R, Avrahami D, Lavi J, Feleke E, Kaestner KH, Dor Y, Glaser B. Biphasic dynamics of beta cell mass in a mouse model of congenital hyperinsulinism: implications for type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2021; 64:1133-1143. [PMID: 33558985 PMCID: PMC8117185 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-021-05390-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Acute hyperglycaemia stimulates pancreatic beta cell proliferation in the mouse whereas chronic hyperglycaemia appears to be toxic. We hypothesise that this toxic effect is mediated by increased beta cell workload, unrelated to hyperglycaemia per se. METHODS To test this hypothesis, we developed a novel mouse model of cell-autonomous increased beta cell glycolytic flux caused by a conditional heterozygous beta cell-specific mutation that activates glucokinase (GCK), mimicking key aspects of the rare human genetic disease GCK-congenital hyperinsulinism. RESULTS In the mutant mice, we observed random and fasting hypoglycaemia (random 4.5-5.4 mmol/l and fasting 3.6 mmol/l) that persisted for 15 months. GCK activation led to increased beta cell proliferation as measured by Ki67 expression (2.7% vs 1.5%, mutant and wild-type (WT), respectively, p < 0.01) that resulted in a 62% increase in beta cell mass in young mice. However, by 8 months of age, mutant mice developed impaired glucose tolerance, which was associated with decreased absolute beta cell mass from 2.9 mg at 1.5 months to 1.8 mg at 8 months of age, with preservation of individual beta cell function. Impaired glucose tolerance was further exacerbated by a high-fat/high-sucrose diet (AUC 1796 vs 966 mmol/l × min, mutant and WT, respectively, p < 0.05). Activation of GCK was associated with an increased DNA damage response and an elevated expression of Chop, suggesting metabolic stress as a contributor to beta cell death. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION We propose that increased workload-driven biphasic beta cell dynamics contribute to decreased beta cell function observed in long-standing congenital hyperinsulinism and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharona Tornovsky-Babeay
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Noa Weinberg-Corem
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rachel Ben-Haroush Schyr
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dana Avrahami
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Judith Lavi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eseye Feleke
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Klaus H Kaestner
- Department of Genetics and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yuval Dor
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Benjamin Glaser
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Ramin-Mangata S, Thedrez A, Nativel B, Diotel N, Blanchard V, Wargny M, Aguesse A, Billon-Crossouard S, Vindis C, Le May C, Hulin P, Armanet M, Gmyr V, Pattou F, Croyal M, Meilhac O, Nobécourt E, Cariou B, Lambert G. Effects of proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 modulation in human pancreatic beta cells function. Atherosclerosis 2021; 326:47-55. [PMID: 33933263 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2021.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin Kexin Type 9 (PCSK9) is an endogenous inhibitor of the LDL receptor (LDLR). Mendelian randomization studies suggest that PCSK9 deficiency increases diabetes risk, but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. The aim of our study was to investigate whether PCSK9 or its inhibition may modulate beta cell function. METHODS We assessed PCSK9 and insulin colocalization in human pancreatic sections by epifluorescent and confocal microscopy. We also investigated the expression and the function of PCSK9 in the human EndoC-βH1 beta cell line, by ELISA and flow cytometry, respectively. PCSK9 was inhibited with Alirocumab or siRNA. LDLR expression and LDL uptake were assessed by flow cytometry. RESULTS PCSK9 was expressed and secreted from beta cells isolated from human pancreas as well as from EndoC-βH1 cells. PCSK9 secretion was enhanced by statin treatment. Recombinant PCSK9 decreased LDLR abundance at the surface of these cells, an effect abrogated by Alirocumab. Alirocumab as well as PCSK9 silencing increased LDLR expression at the surface of EndoC-βH1 cells. Neither exogenous PCSK9, nor Alirocumab, nor PCSK9 silencing significantly altered glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) from these cells. High-low density lipoproteins (LDL) concentrations decreased GSIS, but the addition of PCSK9 or its inhibition did not modulate this phenomenon. CONCLUSIONS While PCSK9 regulates LDLR abundance in beta cells, inhibition of exogenous or endogenous PCSK9 does not appear to significantly impact insulin secretion. This is reassuring for the safety of PCSK9 inhibitors in terms of beta cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aurélie Thedrez
- Université de Nantes, CRNH Ouest, Inra UMR 1280 PhAN, Nantes, France; L'institut du Thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Brice Nativel
- Université de La Réunion, Inserm UMR 1188 DéTROI, Sainte Clotilde, France
| | - Nicolas Diotel
- Université de La Réunion, Inserm UMR 1188 DéTROI, Sainte Clotilde, France
| | - Valentin Blanchard
- Université de La Réunion, Inserm UMR 1188 DéTROI, Sainte Clotilde, France
| | - Matthieu Wargny
- L'institut du Thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; CHU Nantes, INSERM, CIC 1413, Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire 11: Santé Publique, Clinique des Données, Nantes, F-44093, France
| | - Audrey Aguesse
- Université de Nantes, CRNH Ouest, Inra UMR 1280 PhAN, Nantes, France
| | | | | | - Cédric Le May
- L'institut du Thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Philippe Hulin
- Université de Nantes, CHU de Nantes, Inserm UMS 016, Cnrs UMS 3556, Structure Fédérative de Recherche François Bonamy, Micropicell Facility, Nantes, France
| | - Mathieu Armanet
- Cell Therapy Unit, Hôpital Saint Louis, AP-HP, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Valery Gmyr
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Inserm UMR 1190 Translational Research for Diabetes, University of Lille 2, Lille, France
| | - François Pattou
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Inserm UMR 1190 Translational Research for Diabetes, University of Lille 2, Lille, France; Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Mikaël Croyal
- Université de Nantes, CRNH Ouest, Inra UMR 1280 PhAN, Nantes, France
| | - Olivier Meilhac
- Université de La Réunion, Inserm UMR 1188 DéTROI, Sainte Clotilde, France
| | - Estelle Nobécourt
- Université de La Réunion, Inserm UMR 1188 DéTROI, Sainte Clotilde, France; CHU de La Réunion, Service d'Endocrinologie Nutrition, Saint-Pierre, France
| | - Bertrand Cariou
- L'institut du Thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Gilles Lambert
- Université de La Réunion, Inserm UMR 1188 DéTROI, Sainte Clotilde, France.
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49
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Dario T, Riccardo G, Silvia P, Mikiko W, Daria M, Andrea P, Giuseppe D, Elvira F, Paolo P, Silvia M. The utility of assessing C-peptide in patients with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study. Acta Diabetol 2021; 58:411-417. [PMID: 33185778 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-020-01634-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS We aimed at evaluating residual β-cell function in insulin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) while determining for the first time the difference in C-peptide level between patients on basal-bolus compared to those on the basal insulin scheme, considered as an early stage of insulin treatment, together with assessing its correlation with the presence of complications. METHODS A total of 93 candidates with T2D were enrolled in this cross-sectional study and were categorized into two groups based on the insulin regimen: Basal-Bolus (BB) if on both basal and rapid acting insulin, and Basal (B) if on basal insulin only, without rapid acting injections. HbA1c, fasting C-peptide concentration and other metabolic parameters were recorded, as well as the patient medical history. RESULTS The average fasting C-peptide was 1.81 ± 0.15 ng/mL, and its levels showed a significant inverse correlation with the duration of diabetes (r = -0.24, p = 0.03). Despite similar disease duration and metabolic control, BB participants displayed lower fasting C-peptide (p < 0.005) and higher fasting glucose (P = 0.01) compared with B patients. Concentrations below 1.09 ng/mL could predict the adoption of a basal-bolus treatment (Area 0.64, 95%CI:0.521-0.759, p = 0.038, sensitivity 45% and specificity 81%). CONCLUSIONS Insulin-treated patients with long-standing T2D showed detectable level of fasting C-peptide. Measuring the β-cell function may therefore guide toward effective therapeutic options when oral hypoglycemic agents prove unsuccessful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuccinardi Dario
- Unit of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgino Riccardo
- Unit of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Orthopedics and Traumatology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Pieralice Silvia
- Unit of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Watanabe Mikiko
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maggi Daria
- Unit of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Palermo Andrea
- Unit of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Defeudis Giuseppe
- Unit of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Fioriti Elvira
- Unit of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Pozzilli Paolo
- Unit of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
- Centre of Immunobiology, Barts and London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
| | - Manfrini Silvia
- Unit of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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50
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Ahn SM, Hyung WJ. Beneficial effects of proximal intestinal bypass reconstruction on glucose metabolism in a type 2 diabetes animal model: a possible reconstruction strategy for diabetic gastric cancer patients. Ann Surg Treat Res 2021; 100:218-227. [PMID: 33854991 PMCID: PMC8019988 DOI: 10.4174/astr.2021.100.4.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Proximal intestinal bypass (PIB), such as Billroth II or Roux-en-Y gastrojejunostomy after curative distal gastrectomy for gastric cancer induces beneficial effects on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. We aimed to characterize the long-term evolution of pancreatic beta cells and insulin signaling in target tissue after a PIB procedure. Methods Zucker diabetic fatty rats were randomly assigned to the PIB, sham-operated PIB pair-fed, and ad libitum fed groups. Oral glucose tolerance (GT) and plasma insulin levels were measured periodically at 16 weeks postoperatively. Histomorphometric analyses were performed to evaluate changes in islet architectures and intranuclear pancreatic duodenal homeobox 1 (PDX1) expression in beta cells. Insulin signaling changes in visceral adipocytes were measured by the phosphorylated Akt/Akt ratio. Results Contrary to the progressively deteriorating GT and plasma insulin levels in sham-operated animals, these were preserved in PIB animals (P < 0.01) at 16 weeks postoperatively. The proportion of the islets having asteroid-like expanding projection was higher in PIB animals than in sham-operated animals (P < 0.01). PIB animals had 3-fold wider fractional area of beta cells (P < 0.01) and 3-fold higher proportion of beta-cell nuclear PDX1 expression (P < 0.01) than sham-operated animals. PIB animals had significantly higher levels of Akt phosphorylation in the visceral adipocytes (P < 0.05). The PIB did not substantially affect weight and food intake postoperatively. Conclusion The PIB preserved the plasma insulin levels and the wider beta-cell area over time and facilitated insulin signaling in the visceral fats. It could be considered as a possible reconstruction strategy for diabetic gastric cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Min Ahn
- Department Surgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woo Jin Hyung
- Gastric Cancer Center, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Korea
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