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Arcanjo RB, Vieira MC, Sivaguru M, Nowak RA. Impact of mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) on the development of mouse embryo in vitro. Reprod Toxicol 2023; 115:111-123. [PMID: 36535558 PMCID: PMC10195034 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2022.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) is the most studied metabolite of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), a phthalate found in cosmetics, flooring, paints, and plastics products, including toys and medical tubing. Humans are frequently exposed to this compound due to its ubiquitous presence in our environment. DEHP and MEHP are known to be endocrine-disrupting chemicals and exposure levels have been associated to decreased reproductive success. However, few studies have focused on the direct effects of MEHP on embryos. The present study investigated effects of MEHP (0.1, 1, 10, 100 and 1000 µM) on mice preimplantation embryonic development, evaluating percentage of blastocyst formation, hatching from zona pellucida, methylation-related genes, cell lineage commitment, micronucleation, and adherens junction marker at different stages of development during in vitro culture for 6 days. We show MEHP negatively impacts embryo competence by reducing blastocyst formation and hatching at 100 and 1000 µM. In addition, 100 µM MEHP increases the expression of Tet3 gene in blastocysts, which is related to a reduction of DNA methylation, an important mechanism regulating gene expression. Exposed embryos that completed the hatching process in groups 0.1, 1 and 10 µM MEHP had similar number of inner cell mass and trophectoderm cells compared to the control, while micronucleation occurrence and E-cadherin expression was not affected in exposed morulae by MEHP at 10 or 100 µM. Our results showed that high concentrations of MEHP can negatively impact embryo development. New studies unveiling the mechanism of toxicity involved and encompassing further developmental stages are warranted for further understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Braz Arcanjo
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 1207 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, United States.
| | - Marcos Costa Vieira
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, 1107 East 57th street, Chicago, IL 60637, United States.
| | - Mayandi Sivaguru
- Cytometry and Microscopy to Omics Facility, 231 Edward R. Madigan Laboratory, Roy. J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 1201 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, United States.
| | - Romana A Nowak
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 1207 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, United States.
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Basso CG, de Araujo-Ramos AT, Martino-Andrade AJ. Exposure to phthalates and female reproductive health: a literature review. Reprod Toxicol 2022; 109:61-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2022.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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3
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Fu X, Han H, Li Y, Xu B, Dai W, Zhang Y, Zhou F, Ma H, Pei X. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate exposure induces female reproductive toxicity and alters the intestinal microbiota community structure and fecal metabolite profile in mice. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2021; 36:1226-1242. [PMID: 33665894 PMCID: PMC8251547 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is one of the most commonly used plasticizers, and it is widely applied in various plastic products. DEHP is an endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC) that has been shown to disrupt the function of reproductive system in females. Although many studies have shown that DEHP potentially causes female reproductive toxicity, including depletion of the primordial follicle and decreased sex hormone production, the specific mechanisms by which DEHP affects female reproduction remain unknown. In recent years, research focused on the intestinal flora has provided an idea to eliminate our confusion, and gut bacterial dysbiosis may contribute to female reproductive toxicity. In the present study, the feces of DEHP-exposed mice were collected and analyzed using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and untargeted global metabolite profiling of metabolomics. DEHP obviously causes reproductive toxicity, including the ovarian organ coefficient, estradiol level, histological features of the ovary and estrus. Furthermore, DEHP exposure alters the structure of the intestinal microbiota community and fecal metabolite profile in mice, suggesting that the reproductive toxicity may be caused by gut bacterial dysbiosis and altered metabolites, such as changes in the levels of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA). Additionally, it is well known that changes in gut microbiota and fecal metabolites cause inflammation and tissue oxidative stress, expectedly, we found oxidative stress in the ovary and systemic inflammation in DEHP exposed mice. Thus, based on our findings, DEHP exposure may cause gut bacterial dysbiosis and altered metabolite profiles, particularly SCFA profiles, leading to oxidative stress in the ovary and systemic inflammation to ultimately induce female reproductive toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xufeng Fu
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of EducationNingxia Medical UniversityYinchuanChina
| | - Hang Han
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of EducationNingxia Medical UniversityYinchuanChina
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco‐Environmental SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Bo Xu
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of EducationNingxia Medical UniversityYinchuanChina
| | - Wenjie Dai
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of EducationNingxia Medical UniversityYinchuanChina
| | - Yaoxu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of EducationNingxia Medical UniversityYinchuanChina
| | - Feng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of EducationNingxia Medical UniversityYinchuanChina
| | - Huiming Ma
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of EducationNingxia Medical UniversityYinchuanChina
| | - Xiuying Pei
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance of Ministry of EducationNingxia Medical UniversityYinchuanChina
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Hughes JR, Soto-Heras S, Muller CH, Miller DJ. Phthalates in Albumin from Human Serum: Implications for Assisted Reproductive Technology. F&S REVIEWS 2021; 2:160-168. [PMID: 36268475 PMCID: PMC9580017 DOI: 10.1016/j.xfnr.2020.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Albumin, a vital protein in cell culture systems, is derived from whole blood or blood products. The culture of human gametes and developing embryos for assisted reproduction (ART) uses albumin of human origin. Human serum albumin (HSA) is derived from expired blood obtained from blood banks. This blood has been stored in polyvinyl chloride bags made clear and flexible with di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP). But DEHP can leach from the bags into stored blood and co-fractionate with HSA during albumin isolation. DEHP and its metabolite mono-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP), are known endocrine disruptors that are reported to have negative effects when directly supplemented in media for IVF using gametes from a variety of animals. Therefore, the contamination of ART media with DEHP and MEHP through HSA supplementation may have effects on the outcomes of ART procedures. While the embryology laboratory is strictly monitored to prevent a wide variety of contamination, phthalate contamination of HSA has not been broadly examined. This review outlines the function of HSA in ART procedures and the production of HSA from whole blood. Finally, the review highlights the effects of acute phthalate exposures on gametes during in vitro procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R. Hughes
- Department of Animal Sciences and Institute of Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1207 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, Phone 217-333-3408
| | - Sandra Soto-Heras
- Department of Animal Sciences and Institute of Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1207 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, Phone 217-333-3408
| | | | - David J. Miller
- Department of Animal Sciences and Institute of Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1207 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, Phone 217-333-3408
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5
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Alterations in oocytes and early zygotes following oral exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in young adult female mice. Reprod Toxicol 2019; 90:53-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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6
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Kalo D, Vitorino Carvalho A, Archilla C, Duranthon V, Moroldo M, Levin Y, Kupervaser M, Smith Y, Roth Z. Mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) induces transcriptomic alterations in oocytes and their derived blastocysts. Toxicology 2019; 421:59-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Tripathi A, Pandey V, Sahu AN, Singh A, Dubey PK. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) inhibits steroidogenesis and induces mitochondria-ROS mediated apoptosis in rat ovarian granulosa cells. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2019; 8:381-394. [PMID: 31160972 DOI: 10.1039/c8tx00263k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased oxidative stress (OS) due to ubiquitous exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) can affect the quality of oocytes by inducing apoptosis and hampering granulosa cell mediated steroidogenesis. This study was carried out to investigate whether DEHP induced OS affects steroidogenesis and induces apoptosis in rat ovarian granulosa cells. OS was induced by exposing granulosa cells to various concentrations of DEHP (0.0, 100, 200, 400 and 800 μM) for 72 h in vitro. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), oxidative stress (OS), mitochondrial membrane potential, cellular senescence, apoptosis, steroid hormones (estradiol & progesterone) and gene expression were analyzed. The results showed that an effective dose of DEHP (400 μg) significantly increased OS by elevating the ROS level, mitochondrial membrane potential, and β-galactosidase activity with higher mRNA expression levels of apoptotic genes (Bax, cytochrome-c and caspase3) and a lower level of an anti-apoptotic gene (Bcl2) as compared to the control. Further, DEHP significantly (P > 0.05) decreased the level of steroid hormones (estradiol and progesterone) in a conditioned medium and this effect was reciprocated with a lower expression (P > 0.05) of steroidogenic responsive genes (Cyp11a1, Cyp19A1, Star, ERβ1) in treated granulosa cells. Furthermore, co-treatment with N-Acetyl-Cysteine (NAC) rescues the effects of DEHP on OS, ROS, β-galactosidase levels and gene expression activities. Altogether, these results suggest that DEHP induces oxidative stress via ROS generation and inhibits steroid synthesis via modulating steroidogenic responsive genes, which leads to the induction of apoptosis through the activation of Bax/Bcl-2-cytochrome-c and the caspase-3-mediated mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in rat granulosa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anima Tripathi
- Department of Zoology , MMV-BHU , Varanasi-221005 , India .
| | - Vivek Pandey
- Centre for Genetic Disorders , Institute of Science , Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi-221005 , India . ; Tel: +91 9451890938
| | - Alakh N Sahu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Eng. & Tech. IIT-BHU , Varanasi-221005 , India
| | - Alok Singh
- Department of Medicine , IMS-BHU , Varanasi-221005 , India
| | - Pawan K Dubey
- Centre for Genetic Disorders , Institute of Science , Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi-221005 , India . ; Tel: +91 9451890938
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8
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Roth Z. Stress-induced alterations in oocyte transcripts are further expressed in the developing blastocyst. Mol Reprod Dev 2018; 85:821-835. [DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zvi Roth
- Department of Animal Sciences; Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Rehovot Israel
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Ediriweera MK, Tennekoon KH, Samarakoon SR. A Review on Ethnopharmacological Applications, Pharmacological Activities, and Bioactive Compounds of Mangifera indica (Mango). EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2017; 2017:6949835. [PMID: 29456572 PMCID: PMC5804368 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6949835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mangifera indica (family Anacardiaceae), commonly known as mango, is a pharmacologically, ethnomedically, and phytochemically diverse plant. Various parts of M. indica tree have been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of different ailments, and a number of bioactive phytochemical constituents of M. indica have been reported, namely, polyphenols, terpenes, sterols, carotenoids, vitamins, and amino acids, and so forth. Several studies have proven the pharmacological potential of different parts of mango trees such as leaves, bark, fruit peel and flesh, roots, and flowers as anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, anthelmintic, gastroprotective, hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory, antiplasmodial, and antihyperlipemic. In the present review, a comprehensive study on ethnopharmacological applications, pharmacological activities, and bioactive compounds of M. indica has been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meran Keshawa Ediriweera
- Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Colombo, 90 Cumaratunga Munidasa Mawatha, Colombo 03, Sri Lanka
| | - Kamani Hemamala Tennekoon
- Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Colombo, 90 Cumaratunga Munidasa Mawatha, Colombo 03, Sri Lanka
| | - Sameera Ranganath Samarakoon
- Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Colombo, 90 Cumaratunga Munidasa Mawatha, Colombo 03, Sri Lanka
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Kalo D, Roth Z. Low level of mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate reduces oocyte developmental competence in association with impaired gene expression. Toxicology 2016; 377:38-48. [PMID: 27989758 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and its metabolite, mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), are reproductive toxicants. However, disruptive effects of MEHP at low concentrations on the oocyte and developing blastocyst are unknown. Previously, we detected low levels of MEHP in follicular fluid aspirated from DEHP-treated cows associated with reduced estradiol levels. Moreover, the MEHP concentrations found were similar to those reported for follicular fluid aspirated from women who have undergone IVF cycles. In the current study, we used an in vitro embryo production model to examine the effect of MEHP at low levels on oocyte developmental competence. We set up several experiments to mimic the follicular fluid content, i.e., low MEHP level and low estradiol. For all experiments, cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) were aspirated from bovine ovaries, then matured in vitro in standard oocyte maturation medium (OMM) supplemented with: MEHP at a range levels (20-1000nM) or with estradiol at a range levels (0-2000ng/ml). Then, oocytes were fertilized and cultured for an additional 7days to allow blastocyst development. Findings revealed that MEHP at low levels impairs oocyte developmental competence in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.05) and that estradiol by itself does not impair it. Accordingly, in another set of experiments, COCs were matured in vitro with MEHP at two choosen concentrations (20 or 1000nM) with or without estradiol, fertilized and cultured for 7days. Samples of mature oocytes and their derived blastocysts were subjected to quantitative real-time PCR to examine the profiles of selected genes (CYC1, MT-CO1, ATP5B, POU5F1, SOX2 and DNMT3b). Maturation of COCs with MEHP (20 or 1000nM) affected gene expression in the mature oocyte. Maturation of COCs with MEHP (20 or 1000nM) in the absence of estradiol reduced oocyte developmental competence (P<0.05). A differential carryover effect on transcript abundance was recorded in blastocysts developed from MEHP-treated oocytes. In the presence of estradiol, increased expression was recorded for CYC1, ATP5B, SOX2 and DNMT3b. In the absence of estradiol, decreased expression was recorded, with a significant effect for 1000nM MEHP (P<0.05). Taken together, the findings suggest that low levels of phthalate must be taken into consideration in risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kalo
- Department of Animal Sciences, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University, Rehovot 76100, Israel; Center of Excellence in Agriculture and Environmental Health, The Hebrew University, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Z Roth
- Department of Animal Sciences, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University, Rehovot 76100, Israel; Center of Excellence in Agriculture and Environmental Health, The Hebrew University, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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Zhang T, Shen W, De Felici M, Zhang XF. Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate: Adverse effects on folliculogenesis that cannot be neglected. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2016; 57:579-588. [PMID: 27530864 DOI: 10.1002/em.22037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Primordial follicle formation and the subsequent transition of follicles through primary and secondary stages constitute crucial events of oogenesis. In particular, in mammals, defects in the processes that precede and accompany the formation of the primordial follicle pool can affect the size of this population significantly, while alterations in follicle activation, growth and maturation can result in premature depletion of the follicle reserve or cause follicle arrest at immature stages. Over the last decade, in vitro and in vivo approaches have been used to provide evidence that exposure to di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate(DEHP), the most widely used plasticizer, has a deleterious effect on various stages of folliculogenesis in rodents. There is growing concern, supported by epidemiological and experimental data, that DEHP may have similar effects in women. This article reviews the evidence, with particular reference to our own findings, that DEHP may actually exert a variety of adverse effects on mammalian folliculogenesis from early to final stages of oogenesis, including altered development of the primordial germ cells, impaired fetal oocyte survival and meiotic progression, reduced oocyte nest breakdown, acceleration of primordial follicle activation, altered follicle steroidogenesis and increased follicle atresia. These effects can cause serious complications for reproductive and nonreproductive women's health. In addition, emerging data indicate that phthalates, including DEHP, may cause subtle epigenetic changes in germ cells that can be transmitted to subsequent generations, with potential negative effects on human health. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 57:589-604, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Zhang
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Wei Shen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Massimo De Felici
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata,", Rome, 00133, Italy.
| | - Xi-Feng Zhang
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China.
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Absalan F, Saremy S, Mansori E, Taheri Moghadam M, Eftekhari Moghadam AR, Ghanavati R. Effects of Mono-(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate and Di-(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate Administrations on Oocyte Meiotic Maturation, Apoptosis and Gene Quantification in Mouse Model. CELL JOURNAL 2016; 18:503-513. [PMID: 28042535 PMCID: PMC5086329 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2016.4717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Objective Phthalates, which are commonly used to render plastics into soft and flexible
materials, have also been determined as developmental and reproductive toxicants in
human and animals. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of mono-(2-
ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) oral administrations
on maturation of mouse oocytes, apoptosis and gene transcription levels.
Materials and Methods In this experimental study, immature oocytes recovered from
Naval Medical Research Institute (NMRI) mouse strain (6-8 weeks), were divided into
seven different experimental and control groups. Control group oocytes were retrieved
from mice that received only normal saline. The experimental groups I, II or III oocytes
were retrieved from mice treated with 50, 100 or 200 µl DEHP (2.56 µM) solution, respectively.
The experimental groups IV, V or VI oocytes were retrieved from mouse exposed to
50, 100 or 200 µl MEHP (2.56 µM) solution, respectively. Fertilization and embryonic development
were carried out in OMM and T6 medium. Apoptosis was assessed by annexin
V-FITC/Dead Cell Apoptosis Kit, with PI staining. In addition, the mRNA levels of Pou5f1,
Ccna1 and Asah1 were examined in oocytes. Finally, mouse embryo at early blastocyst
stage was stained with acridine-orange (AO) and ethidium-bromide (EB), in order to access their viability.
Results The proportion of oocytes that progressed up to metaphase II (MII) and 2-cells
embryo formation stage was significantly decreased by exposure to MEHP or DEHP, in a
dose-dependent manner. Annexin V and PI positive oocytes showed greater quantity in
the treated mice than control. Quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain
reaction (qRT-PCR) revealed that expression levels of Pou5f1, Asah1 and Ccna1 were significantly
lower in the treated mouse oocytes than control. The total cell count for blastocyst
developed from the treated mouse oocytes was lower than the controls.
Conclusion These results indicate that oral administration of MEHP and DEHP could
negatively affect mouse oocyte meiotic maturation and development in vivo, suggesting
that phthalates could be risk factors for mammalians’ reproductive health. Additionally,
phthalate-induced changes in Pou5f1, Asah1 and Ccna1 transcription level could explain
in part, the reduced developmental ability of mouse-treated oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forouzan Absalan
- Department of Anatomical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Sadegh Saremy
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Esrafil Mansori
- Department of Anatomical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mahin Taheri Moghadam
- Department of Anatomical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ali Reza Eftekhari Moghadam
- Department of Anatomical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Razie Ghanavati
- Department of Molecular Biology and Development, Faculty of Medicine, Kazerun Islamic Azad University, Kazerun, Iran
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Follicular fluid and urinary concentrations of phthalate metabolites among infertile women and associations with in vitro fertilization parameters. Reprod Toxicol 2016; 61:142-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Di (2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate Exposure Impairs Growth of Antral Follicle in Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148350. [PMID: 26845775 PMCID: PMC4741416 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a widely used plastic additive. As an environmental endocrine disruptor, it has been shown to be harmful to the mammalian reproductive system. Previous studies indicated that DEHP inhibited the development of mouse ovarian follicles. However, the mechanisms by which DEHP affects ovarian antral follicle development during the pre-puberty stage are poorly understand. Thus, we investigated the effects of direct DEHP exposure on antral follicle growth in pre-pubescent mice by use of intraperitoneal injection. Our results demonstrated that the percentage of large antral follicles was significantly reduced when mice were exposed to 20 or 40 μg/kg DEHP every 5 days from postnatal day 0 (0 dpp) to 15 dpp. In 20 dpp, we performed microarray of these ovaries. The microarray results indicated that mRNA levels of apoptosis related genes were increased. The mRNA levels of the apoptosis and cell proliferation (negative) related genes Apoe, Agt, Glo1 and Grina were increased after DEHP exposure. DEHP induced the differential gene expression of Hsp90ab1, Rhoa, Grina and Xdh which may play an important role in this process. In addition, TUNEL staining and immunofluorescence showed that DEHP exposure significantly increased the number of TUNEL, Caspase3 and γH2AX positive ovarian somatic cells within the mouse ovaries. Flow cytometer analyses of redox-sensitive probes showed that DEHP caused the accumulation of reactive oxygen species. Moreover, the mRNA expression of ovarian somatic cell antioxidative enzymes was down-regulated both in vivo and in vitro. In conclusion, our data here demonstrated that DEHP exposure induced oxidative stress and ovarian somatic cell apoptosis, and thus may impact antral follicle enlargement during the pre-pubertal stage in mice.
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Mu X, Liao X, Chen X, Li Y, Wang M, Shen C, Zhang X, Wang Y, Liu X, He J. DEHP exposure impairs mouse oocyte cyst breakdown and primordial follicle assembly through estrogen receptor-dependent and independent mechanisms. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2015; 298:232-240. [PMID: 26073378 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen plays an essential role in the development of mammalian oocytes, and recent studies suggest that it also regulates primordial follicle assembly in the neonatal ovaries. During the last decade, potential exposure of humans and animals to estrogen-like endocrine disrupting chemicals has become a growing concern. In the present study, we focused on the effect of diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), a widespread plasticizer with estrogen-like activity, on germ-cell cyst breakdown and primordial follicle assembly in the early ovarian development of mouse. Neonatal mice injected with DEHP displayed impaired cyst breakdown. Using ovary organ cultures, we revealed that impairment was mediated through estrogen receptors (ERs), as ICI 182,780, an efficient antagonist of ER, reversed this DEHP-mediated effect. DEHP exposure reduced the expression of ERβ, progesterone receptor (PR), and Notch2 signaling components. Finally, DEHP reduced proliferation of pregranulosa precursor cells during the process of primordial folliculogenesis. Together, our results indicate that DEHP influences oocyte cyst breakdown and primordial follicle formation through several mechanisms. Therefore, exposure to estrogen-like chemicals during fetal or neonatal development may adversely influence early ovarian development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Mu
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China; Department of Histology and Embryology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Xinggui Liao
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Xuemei Chen
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Yanli Li
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Meirong Wang
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Cha Shen
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Yingxiong Wang
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Xueqing Liu
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Junlin He
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China.
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16
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Li L, Liu JC, Zhao Y, Lai FN, Yang F, Ge W, Dou CL, Shen W, Zhang XF, Chen H. Impact of diethylhexyl phthalate on gene expression and development of mammary glands of pregnant mouse. Histochem Cell Biol 2015; 144:389-402. [PMID: 26170149 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-015-1348-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The widely used diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) is a known endocrine disruptor that causes persistent alterations in the structure and function of female reproductive system, including ovaries, uterus and oviducts. To explore the molecular mechanism of the effect of DEHP on the development of mammary glands, we investigated the cell cycle, growth, proliferation and gene expression of mammary gland cells of pregnant mice exposed to DEHP. It was demonstrated, for the first time, that the mammary gland cells of pregnant mice treated with DEHP for 0.5-3.5 days post-coitum had increased proliferation, growth rate and number of cells in the G2/S phase. The expression of cell proliferation-related genes was significantly altered after short time and low-dose DEHP treatment of mammary gland cells in vivo and in vitro. These findings showed adverse effects of DEHP on mammary gland cells in pregnant mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jing-Cai Liu
- Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.,College of Life Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.,College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Fang-Nong Lai
- Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.,College of Life Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.,College of Life Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Wei Ge
- Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Cheng-Li Dou
- Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Wei Shen
- Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
| | - Xi-Feng Zhang
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China.
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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17
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Kalo D, Roth Z. Effects of mono(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate on cytoplasmic maturation of oocytes--The bovine model. Reprod Toxicol 2015; 53:141-51. [PMID: 25900598 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are known reproductive toxicants, but their intracellular disruptive effects on oocyte maturation competence are less known. We studied the potential risk associated with acute exposure of oocytes to mono(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (MEHP). First, bovine oocytes were matured in vitro with or without 50 μM MEHP and examined for mitochondrial features associated with DNA fragmentation. MEHP increased reactive oxygen species levels and reduced the proportion of highly polarized mitochondria along with alterations in genes associated with mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (CYC1, MT-CO1 and ATP5B). In a second set of experiments, we associated the effects of MEHP on meiotic progression with those on cytoplasmic maturation. MEHP impaired reorganization of cytoplasmic organelles in matured oocytes reflected by reductions in category I mitochondria, type III cortical granules and class I endoplasmic reticulum. These alterations are associated with the previously reported reduced developmental competence of MEHP-treated bovine oocytes, and reveal the risk associated with acute exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kalo
- Department of Animal Sciences, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, and Center of Excellence in Agriculture and Environmental Health, the Hebrew University, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Z Roth
- Department of Animal Sciences, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, and Center of Excellence in Agriculture and Environmental Health, the Hebrew University, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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18
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Abstract
Phthalates are commonly used as plasticizers in the manufacturing of flexible polyvinyl chloride products. Large production volumes of phthalates and their widespread use in common consumer, medical, building, and personal care products lead to ubiquitous human exposure via oral ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact. Recently, several phthalates have been classified as reproductive toxicants and endocrine-disrupting chemicals based on their ability to interfere with normal reproductive function and hormone signaling. Therefore, exposure to phthalates represents a public health concern. Currently, the effects of phthalates on male reproduction are better understood than the effects on female reproduction. This is of concern because women are often exposed to higher levels of phthalates than men through their extensive use of personal care and cosmetic products. In the female, a primary regulator of reproductive and endocrine function is the ovary. Specifically, the ovary is responsible for folliculogenesis, the proper maturation of gametes for fertilization, and steroidogenesis, and the synthesis of necessary sex steroid hormones. Any defect in the regulation of these processes can cause complications for reproductive and non-reproductive health. For instance, phthalate-induced defects in folliculogenesis and steroidogenesis can cause infertility, premature ovarian failure, and non-reproductive disorders. Presently, there is a paucity of knowledge on the effects of phthalates on normal ovarian function; however, recent work has established the ovary as a target of phthalate toxicity. This review summarizes what is currently known about the effects of phthalates on the ovary and the mechanisms by which phthalates exert ovarian toxicity, with a particular focus on the effects on folliculogenesis and steroidogenesis. Further, this review outlines future directions, including the necessity of examining the effects of phthalates at doses that mimic human exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick R. Hannon
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Jodi A. Flaws
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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19
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Li L, Zhang T, Qin XS, Ge W, Ma HG, Sun LL, Hou ZM, Chen H, Chen P, Qin GQ, Shen W, Zhang XF. Exposure to diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) results in a heritable modification of imprint genes DNA methylation in mouse oocytes. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:1227-35. [PMID: 24390239 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2967-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) is an estrogen-like compound widely used as a plasticizer in commercial products and is present in medical devices, and common household items. It is considered an endocrine disruptor since studies on experimental animals clearly show that exposure to DEHP can alter epigenetics of germ cells. This study was designed to assess the effects of DEHP on DNA methylation of imprinting genes in germ cells from fetal and adult mouse. Pregnant mice were treated with DEHP at doses of 0 and 40 μg DEHP/kg body weight/day from 0.5 to 18.5 day post coitum. The data revealed DEHP exposure significantly reduced the percentage of methylated CpG sites in Igf2r and Peg3 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) in primordial germ cells from female and male fetal mouse, particularly, in the oocytes of 21 dpp mice (F1), which were produced by the pregnant micetreated with DEHP. More surprisingly, the modification of the DNA methylation of imprinted genes in F1 mouse oocytes was heritable to F2 offspring which exhibit lower percentages of methylated CpG sites in imprinted genes DMRs. In conclusion, DEHP exposure can affect the DNA methylation of imprinting genes not only in fetal mouse germ cells and growing oocytes, but also in offspring's oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Li
- Laboratory of Germ Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Germplasm Enhancement in Universities of Shandong, College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China,
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20
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Feng XL, Lu SY, Liu D, Li L, Wu XZ, Song J, Hu P, Li YS, Tang F, Li ZH, Wang GM, Zhou Y, Liu ZS, Ren HL. Direct competitive immunosorbent assay for detection of MEHP in human urine. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 92:150-155. [PMID: 23561568 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.02.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2012] [Revised: 01/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is the most commonly used plasticizer for flexible polyvinyl chloride (PVC), which is also known as one of the environmental endocrine disruptors with the reproductive, developmental and embryonic toxicity after entering human body. Mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP) is one of the most complicate metabolites from DEHP in vivo and responsible for many toxic effects of DEHP. In order to evaluate human exposure to DEHP, a direct competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent (dcELISA) based on monoclonal antibody (mAb) was developed to detect MEHP. A hybridoma cell line 4B9 secreting mAb against MEHP was prepared, and the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) labeled antigen as a probe in the dcELISA was made. After optimization of ELISA reaction conditions, the standard curve with a linear range from 0.56 to 1000 ng mL(-1) and a detection limit of 0.39 ng mL(-1) was established. The cross-reactivities of anti-MEHP mAb to other ten phthalate esters were less than 5% except for mono-methylphthalate (MME). The average recoveries of MEHP from distilled water and negative human urine were both between 87.4% and 94.72% with coefficient of variation (CV) less than 5%. Here, the ELISA method on detecting MEHP was successfully established and applied to real urine sample analyses and the results were confirmed by HPLC. Furthermore, it was indicated that the immunoassay was reliable and suitable for monitoring MEHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Li Feng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, PR China
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21
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Chu DP, Tian S, Qi L, Hao CJ, Xia HF, Ma X. Abnormality of maternal-to-embryonic transition contributes to MEHP-induced mouse 2-cell block. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:753-63. [PMID: 22949295 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mono (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), an environmental contaminant, is known to cause many serious diseases, especially in reproductive system. However, little is known about the effect of MEHP on preimplantation embryo development. In this study, we found that the development of mouse 2-cell embryo was blocked by 10(-3) M MEHP. A significant increase in the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was observed in arrested 2-cell embryo following 10(-3) M MEHP treatment for 24 h. However, antioxidants, catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced intracellular ROS and protected MEHP-exposed embryos from death but failed to return the arrested embryos. Further experiments demonstrated that the level of apoptosis was not altered in live arrested 2-cell embryo and increased in dead arrested 2-cell embryo after MEHP treatment, which implied that ROS and apoptosis were not related with 2-cell block. During analysis of the indicators of embryonic genome activation (EGA) initiation (Hsc70, MuERV-L, Hsp70.1, eIF-1A, and Zscan4) and maternal-effect genes (OCT4 and SOX2), we found that MEHP treatment could significantly decline Hsc70, MuERV-L mRNA level and SOX2 protein level, and markedly enhance Hsp70.1, eIF-1A, Zscan4 mRNA level, and OCT4 protein level at 2-cell to 4-cell stage. Supplementation of CAT and SOD did not reverse the expression tendency of EGA related genes. Collectively, this study demonstrates for the first time that MEHP-induced 2-cell block is mediated by the failure of EGA onset and maternal-effect genes, not oxidative stress and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Peng Chu
- Reproductive and Genetic Center of National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing, China
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22
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Abstract
Phthalate diesters, widely used in flexible plastics and consumer products, have become prevalent contaminants in the environment. Human exposure is ubiquitous and higher phthalate metabolite concentrations documented in patients using medications with phthalate-containing slow release capsules raises concerns for potential health effects. Furthermore, animal studies suggest that phthalate exposure can modulate circulating hormone concentrations and thus may be able to adversely affect reproductive physiology and the development of estrogen sensitive target tissues. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review of the epidemiological and experimental animal literature examining the relationship between phthalate exposure and adverse female reproductive health outcomes. The epidemiological literature is sparse for most outcomes studied and plagued by small sample size, methodological weaknesses, and thus fails to support a conclusion of an adverse effect of phthalate exposure. Despite a paucity of experimental animal studies for several phthalates, we conclude that there is sufficient evidence to suggest that phthalates are reproductive toxicants. However, we note that the concentrations needed to induce adverse health effects are high compared to the concentrations measured in contemporary human biomonitoring studies. We propose that the current patchwork of studies, potential for additive effects and evidence of adverse effects of phthalate exposure in subsequent generations and at lower concentrations than in the parental generation support the need for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa R Kay
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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23
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Chu DP, Tian S, Sun DG, Hao CJ, Xia HF, Ma X. Exposure to mono-n-butyl phthalate disrupts the development of preimplantation embryos. Reprod Fertil Dev 2013; 25:1174-84. [DOI: 10.1071/rd12178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dibutyl phthalate (DBP), a widely used phthalate, is known to cause many serious diseases, especially in the reproductive system. However, little is known about the effects of its metabolite, mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP), on preimplantation embryo development. In the present study, we found that treatment of embryos with 10–3 M MBP impaired developmental competency, whereas exposure to 10–4 M MBP delayed the progression of preimplantation embryos to the blastocyst stage. Furthermore, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in embryos were significantly increased following treatment with 10–3 M MBP. In addition, 10–3 M MBP increased apoptosis via the release of cytochrome c, whereas immunofluorescent analysis revealed that exposure of preimplantation embryos to MBP concentration-dependently (10–5, 10–4 and 10–3 M) decreased DNA methylation. Together, the results indicate a possible relationship between MBP exposure and developmental failure in preimplantation embryos.
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24
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Latham KE, Sapienza C, Engel N. The epigenetic lorax: gene-environment interactions in human health. Epigenomics 2012; 4:383-402. [PMID: 22920179 DOI: 10.2217/epi.12.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, we have witnessed an explosion of information on genetic factors underlying common human diseases and disorders. This 'human genomics' information revolution has occurred as a backdrop to a rapid increase in the rates of many human disorders and diseases. For example, obesity, Type 2 diabetes, asthma, autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder have increased at rates that cannot be due to changes in the genetic structure of the population, and are difficult to ascribe to changes in diagnostic criteria or ascertainment. A likely cause of the increased incidence of these disorders is increased exposure to environmental factors that modify gene function. Many environmental factors that have epidemiological association with common human disorders are likely to exert their effects through epigenetic alterations. This general mechanism of gene-environment interaction poses special challenges for individuals, educators, scientists and public policy makers in defining, monitoring and mitigating exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith E Latham
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research & Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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25
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Grossman D, Kalo D, Gendelman M, Roth Z. Effect of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate on in vitro developmental competence of bovine oocytes. Cell Biol Toxicol 2012; 28:383-96. [PMID: 22956148 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-012-9230-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, potential exposure of humans and animals to industrial chemicals and pesticides has been a growing concern. In the present study, di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) were used to model the effects of endocrine-disrupting compounds and their risk in relation to early embryonic losses. Exposure of cumulus oocyte complexes during maturation to 50 μM MEHP reduced the proportion of oocytes that underwent nuclear maturation (p < 0.05) and increased the proportion of apoptotic oocytes (p < 0.05). Furthermore, phthalates reduced cleavage rate in the MEHP-treated group (p < 0.05) and the proportion of embryos developing to the blastocyst stage in both DEHP- and MEHP-treated groups (p < 0.05). The total cell count for blastocysts developing from MEHP-treated oocytes was lower than in controls (p < 0.05). Exposure of oocytes to MEHP during maturation reduced (p < 0.05) the expression of ASAH1 (an anti-apoptotic factor), CCNA2 (involved in cell cycle control), and POU5F1 (responsible for pluripotency) in matured oocytes. Furthermore, the reduced mRNA expression of POU5F1 and ASAH1 lasted into two-cell stage embryos (p < 0.05). Phthalate-induced alterations in POU5F1, ASAH1, and CCNA2 expression might explain in part the reduced developmental competence of MEHP-treated oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Grossman
- Department of Animal Sciences, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
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Beker van Woudenberg A, Gröllers-Mulderij M, Snel C, Jeurissen N, Stierum R, Wolterbeek A. The bovine oocyte in vitro maturation model: a potential tool for reproductive toxicology screening. Reprod Toxicol 2012; 34:251-60. [PMID: 22664270 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2012.05.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Reproductive toxicity testing according to the present guidelines requires a high number of animals. Therefore, the development of alternative in vitro methods is urgently required. The aim of the present study was to investigate the applicability domain of the bovine oocyte in vitro maturation assay (bIVM) to study female reproductive toxicology. Therefore, bovine oocytes were exposed to a broad set of chemicals of two distinct biological function groups: (a) affecting female fertility and (b) affecting embryonic development and having a broad range of physical and chemical properties. The endpoints evaluated were the oocyte nuclear maturation (progression of meiosis) and general cytotoxicity. The oocyte nuclear maturation was negatively affected by all compounds tested and the effect was observed at concentrations lower than the cytotoxic ones. The bIVM assay correctly predicted the classification of compounds between those predefined groups. Additionally, the bIVM model contributes significantly for the 3R principle, since no test animals are used in this assay. In conclusion, the bIVM is a sensitive and valuable alternative assay to identify potential chemical hazard on female fertility.
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27
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Pocar P, Fiandanese N, Secchi C, Berrini A, Fischer B, Schmidt JS, Schaedlich K, Borromeo V. Exposure to di(2-ethyl-hexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in utero and during lactation causes long-term pituitary-gonadal axis disruption in male and female mouse offspring. Endocrinology 2012; 153:937-48. [PMID: 22147016 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-1450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the effects in mice of exposure to di(2-ethyl-hexyl) phthalate (DEHP) throughout pregnancy and lactation on the development and function of the pituitary-gonadal axis in male and female offspring once they have attained adulthood. Groups of two to three dams were exposed with the diet from gestational d 0.5 until the end of lactation, at 0, 0.05, 5, and 500 mg DEHP/kg · d. The experiment was repeated three times (total: seven to 10 dams per treatment). The 500-mg dose caused complete pregnancy failure, whereas exposure to doses of 0.05 and 5 mg did not affect pregnancy and litter size. In total, about 30 male and 30 female offspring per group were analyzed. Offspring of the DEHP-treated groups, compared with controls, at sexual maturity showed: 1) lower body weight (decrease 20-25%, P < 0.001); 2) altered gonad weight (testes were ∼13% lighter and ovaries ∼40% heavier; P < 0.001); 3) poor germ cell quality (semen was ∼50% less concentrated and 20% less viable, and ∼10% fewer oocytes reached MII stage, P < 0.001); 4) significant lower expression of steroidogenesis and gonadotropin-receptor genes in the gonads; and 5) up-regulated gonadotropin subunit gene expression in the pituitary. In conclusion, our findings suggest that, in maternally exposed male and female mice, DEHP acts on multiple pathways involved in maintaining steroid homeostasis. Specifically, in utero and lactational DEHP exposure may alter estrogen synthesis in both sexes. This, in turn, induces dysregulation of pituitary-gonadal feedback and alters the reproductive performance of exposed animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Pocar
- Dipartimento di Patologia Animale, Igiene e Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria-Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria-Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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28
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Takatori S, Akutsu K, Kondo F, Ishii R, Nakazawa H, Makino T. Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate and mono(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate in media for in vitro fertilization. CHEMOSPHERE 2012; 86:454-459. [PMID: 22024100 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Revised: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In vitro fertilization (IVF) is one of the most important treatments of infertility to provide a chance of conceiving. In IVF treatment, sperm are washed and motile sperm are isolated with sperm washing media (SWM) for the purpose of fertilization; fertilized ova are then incubated for a maximum of 5 or 6d in media for IVF (IVFM). The exposure of fertilized ova to chemicals via such media has not been studied. We determined the concentrations of two contaminants; di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) and its hydrolyzed product mono(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (MEHP) in IVFM, SWM, and protein sources (PS: human serum albumin or serum substitute) for IVFM and SWM. The DEHP and MEHP in these media were extracted by a liquid-liquid extraction method and their concentrations determined by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Fifteen IVFM, nine SWM, and six PS obtained in Japan were examined. The concentrations of DEHP and MEHP in IVFM and SWM were <10-114 and <2.0-263 ng mL(-1), respectively. The concentrations of both DEHP and MEHP were higher in the media containing PS than in those without PS. Either MEHP alone or both DEHP and MEHP were detected in PS. The concentrations of DEHP and MEHP in PS were <10-982 and 47.0-1840 ng mL(-1), respectively. The DEHP and MEHP detected in these media were derived from PS. This is the first study on the chemical contamination of IVFM, SWM, and PS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Takatori
- Department of Food, Drugs and Environment, Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 1-3-69 Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-0025, Japan
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29
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Benzyl butyl phthalate induces necrosis by AhR mediation of CYP1B1 expression in human granulosa cells. Reprod Toxicol 2012; 33:67-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2011.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Revised: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Ambruosi B, Filioli Uranio M, Sardanelli AM, Pocar P, Martino NA, Paternoster MS, Amati F, Dell'Aquila ME. In vitro acute exposure to DEHP affects oocyte meiotic maturation, energy and oxidative stress parameters in a large animal model. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27452. [PMID: 22076161 PMCID: PMC3208636 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Phthalates are ubiquitous environmental contaminants because of their use in plastics and other common consumer products. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is the most abundant phthalate and it impairs fertility by acting as an endocrine disruptor. The aim of the present study was to analyze the effects of in vitro acute exposure to DEHP on oocyte maturation, energy and oxidative status in the horse, a large animal model. Cumulus cell (CC) apoptosis and oxidative status were also investigated. Cumulus-oocyte complexes from the ovaries of slaughtered mares were cultured in vitro in presence of 0.12, 12 and 1200 µM DEHP. After in vitro maturation (IVM), CCs were removed and evaluated for apoptosis (cytological assessment and TUNEL) and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Oocytes were evaluated for nuclear chromatin configuration. Matured (Metaphase II stage; MII) oocytes were further evaluated for cytoplasmic energy and oxidative parameters. DEHP significantly inhibited oocyte maturation when added at low doses (0.12 µM; P<0.05). This effect was related to increased CC apoptosis (P<0.001) and reduced ROS levels (P<0.0001). At higher doses (12 and 1200 µM), DEHP induced apoptosis (P<0.0001) and ROS increase (P<0.0001) in CCs without affecting oocyte maturation. In DEHP-exposed MII oocytes, mitochondrial distribution patterns, apparent energy status (MitoTracker fluorescence intensity), intracellular ROS localization and levels, mt/ROS colocalization and total SOD activity did not vary, whereas increased ATP content (P<0.05), possibly of glycolytic origin, was found. Co-treatment with N-Acetyl-Cysteine reversed apoptosis and efficiently scavenged excessive ROS in DEHP-treated CCs without enhancing oocyte maturation. In conclusion, acute in vitro exposure to DEHP inhibits equine oocyte maturation without altering ooplasmic energy and oxidative stress parameters in matured oocytes which retain the potential to be fertilized and develop into embryos even though further studies are necessary to confirm this possibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Ambruosi
- Department of Animal Production, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Manuel Filioli Uranio
- Department of Animal Production, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Anna Maria Sardanelli
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Biology and Physics, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Paola Pocar
- Dipartimento di Patologia Animale, Igiene e Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Francesca Amati
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Biology and Physics, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
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Effects of retinoic acid on maturation of immature mouse oocytes in the presence and absence of a granulosa cell co-culture system. J Assist Reprod Genet 2011; 28:553-8. [PMID: 21681498 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-011-9579-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2010] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Evaluation of the all-trans retinoic acid (t-RA) effects on in vitro maturation (IVM) and in vitro fertilization (IVF) of immature mouse oocytes in the presence and absence of granulosa cell monolayer. METHODS Denuded oocytes isolated from mice ovaries and matured in IVM medium alone (Control I), IVM medium in the presence of granulosa cells (Control II), IVM medium with t-RA (Experimental I) and IVM medium simultaneously with t-RA and granulosa cells (Experimental II). After 24 h, matured oocytes were fertilized in T6 medium and their development was followed until the blastocyst stage. Metaphase II oocytes ploidy were evaluated by chromosome counting. RESULTS The t-RA group compared to the control groups showed no obvious abnormalities. Additionally maturation and embryo development rates significantly increased in the t-RA treated granulosa cell co-culture system. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, association of t-RA with granulosa cell co-culture during in vitro maturation increases meiosis resumption, formation of metaphase II oocytes, as well as 2-cell and blastocyst stage embryos.
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Golkar-Narenji A, Eimani H, Samadi F, Hasani S, Shahverdi AH, Eftekhari-Yazdi P, Kamalinejad M. Effect of Papaver rhoeas extract on in vitro maturation and developmental competence of immature mouse oocytes. Reprod Med Biol 2010; 9:211-215. [PMID: 29699346 DOI: 10.1007/s12522-010-0059-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This experiment examined the effect of Papaver rhoeas L. extract on in vitro maturation, in vitro fertilization (IVF) and subsequent developmental competence of mouse oocytes. Materials and methods Cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) at germinal vesicle stage were collected from female Naval Medical Research Institute (NMRI) mouse ovaries. The COCs were transferred to maturation medium supplemented with different concentrations of P. rhoeas extract. Two trials were carried out to examine the effect of low concentrations (0, 10, 15, 20, 25 μg/ml) and high concentrations (0, 50, 100, 200 μg/ml) of the extract. The maturation rate was recorded. After IVF, embryos were cultured and their developmental process was monitored for 96 h. Results Maturation rate and blastocyst formation improved by using low concentrations of the extract; however, no significant increase was observed when compared to the control group. In addition no significant differences were observed in the fertilization rates of oocytes treated with both low and high concentrations compared to the control group. However, among higher concentrations, 100 μg/ml, P. rhoeas extract significantly increased both the in vitro maturation rate and in vitro developmental (IVD) competence when compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusions It was concluded that natural extracts increase the IVD competence of oocytes. The improved effect on oocyte maturation was dependent on the addition of optimum concentrations of P. rhoeas extract to the maturation medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsaneh Golkar-Narenji
- Department of Animal Science Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources Gorgan Iran.,Department of Embryology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute ACECR Tehran Iran
| | - Hussein Eimani
- Department of Embryology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute ACECR Tehran Iran.,Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine Baqyiatallah (a.s.) University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Firooz Samadi
- Department of Animal Science Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources Gorgan Iran
| | - Saeed Hasani
- Department of Animal Science Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources Gorgan Iran
| | | | - Poopak Eftekhari-Yazdi
- Department of Embryology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute ACECR Tehran Iran
| | - Mohammad Kamalinejad
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
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