1
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Rincon Pabon JP, Akbar Z, Politis A. MSe Collision Energy Optimization for the Analysis of Membrane Proteins Using HDX-cIMS. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2024. [PMID: 38842540 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.4c00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) has evolved as an essential technique in structural proteomics. The use of ion mobility separation (IMS) coupled to HDX-MS has increased the applicability of the technique to more complex systems and has been shown to improve data quality and robustness. The first step when running any HDX-MS workflow is to confirm the sequence and retention time of the peptides resulting from the proteolytic digestion of the nondeuterated protein. Here, we optimized the collision energy ramp of HDMSE experiments for membrane proteins using a Waters SELECT SERIES cIMS-QTOF system following an HDX workflow using Phosphorylase B, XylE transporter, and Smoothened receptor (SMO) as model systems. Although collision energy (CE) ramp 10-50 eV gave the highest amount of positive identified peptides when using Phosphorylase B, XylE, and SMO, results suggest optimal CE ramps are protein specific, and different ramps can produce a unique set of peptides. We recommend cIMS users use different CE ramps in their HDMSE experiments and pool the results to ensure maximum peptide identifications. The results show how selecting an appropriate CE ramp can change the sequence coverage of proteins ranging from 4 to 94%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Rincon Pabon
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
| | - Zulaikha Akbar
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
| | - Argyris Politis
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
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2
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Jia B, Ojima-Kato T, Kojima T, Nakano H. Rapid and cost-effective epitope mapping using PURE ribosome display coupled with next-generation sequencing and bioinformatics. J Biosci Bioeng 2024; 137:321-328. [PMID: 38342664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2024.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
A novel, efficient and cost-effective approach for epitope identification of an antibody has been developed using a ribosome display platform. This platform, known as PURE ribosome display, utilizes an Escherichia coli-based reconstituted cell-free protein synthesis system (PURE system). It stabilizes the mRNA-ribosome-peptide complex via a ribosome-arrest peptide sequence. This system was complemented by next-generation sequencing (NGS) and an algorithm for analyzing binding epitopes. To showcase the effectiveness of this method, selection conditions were refined using the anti-PA tag monoclonal antibody with the PA tag peptide as a model. Subsequently, a random peptide library was constructed using 10 NNK triplet oligonucleotides via the PURE ribosome display. The resulting random peptide library-ribosome-mRNA complex was selected using a commercially available anti-HA (YPYDVPDYA) tag monoclonal antibody, followed by NGS and bioinformatic analysis. Our approach successfully identified the DVPDY sequence as an epitope within the hemagglutinin amino acid sequence, which was then experimentally validated. This platform provided a valuable tool for investigating continuous epitopes in antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beixi Jia
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Teruyo Ojima-Kato
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Takaaki Kojima
- Department of Agrobiological Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University, 1-501 Shiogamaguchi, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8502, Japan
| | - Hideo Nakano
- Laboratory of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
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3
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Haynes CA, Keppel TR, Mekonnen B, Osman SH, Zhou Y, Woolfitt AR, Baudys J, Barr JR, Wang D. Inclusion of deuterated glycopeptides provides increased sequence coverage in hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry analysis of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2024; 38:e9690. [PMID: 38355883 PMCID: PMC10871554 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE Hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) can provide precise analysis of a protein's conformational dynamics across varied states, such as heat-denatured versus native protein structures, localizing regions that are specifically affected by such conditional changes. Maximizing protein sequence coverage provides high confidence that regions of interest were located by HDX-MS, but one challenge for complete sequence coverage is N-glycosylation sites. The deuteration of peptides post-translationally modified by asparagine-bound glycans (glycopeptides) has not always been identified in previous reports of HDX-MS analyses, causing significant sequence coverage gaps in heavily glycosylated proteins and uncertainty in structural dynamics in many regions throughout a glycoprotein. METHODS We detected deuterated glycopeptides with a Tribrid Orbitrap Eclipse mass spectrometer performing data-dependent acquisition. An MS scan was used to identify precursor ions; if high-energy collision-induced dissociation MS/MS of the precursor indicated oxonium ions diagnostic for complex glycans, then electron transfer low-energy collision-induced dissociation MS/MS scans of the precursor identified the modified asparagine residue and the glycan's mass. As in traditional HDX-MS, the identified glycopeptides were then analyzed at the MS level in samples labeled with D2 O. RESULTS We report HDX-MS analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein ectodomain in its trimeric prefusion form, which has 22 predicted N-glycosylation sites per monomer, with and without heat treatment. We identified glycopeptides and calculated their average isotopic mass shifts from deuteration. Inclusion of the deuterated glycopeptides increased sequence coverage of spike ectodomain from 76% to 84%, demonstrated that glycopeptides had been deuterated, and improved confidence in results localizing structural rearrangements. CONCLUSION Inclusion of deuterated glycopeptides improves the analysis of the conformational dynamics of glycoproteins such as viral surface antigens and cellular receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Haynes
- Structure Laboratory, Clinical Chemistry Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Theodore R Keppel
- Structure Laboratory, Clinical Chemistry Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Betlehem Mekonnen
- Structure Laboratory, Clinical Chemistry Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sarah H Osman
- Structure Laboratory, Clinical Chemistry Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yu Zhou
- Structure Laboratory, Clinical Chemistry Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Adrian R Woolfitt
- Structure Laboratory, Clinical Chemistry Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jakub Baudys
- Structure Laboratory, Clinical Chemistry Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - John R Barr
- Structure Laboratory, Clinical Chemistry Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Dongxia Wang
- Structure Laboratory, Clinical Chemistry Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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4
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Filandr F, Sarpe V, Raval S, Crowder DA, Khan MF, Douglas P, Coales S, Viner R, Syed A, Tainer JA, Lees-Miller SP, Schriemer DC. Automating data analysis for hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry using data-independent acquisition methodology. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2200. [PMID: 38467655 PMCID: PMC10928179 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46610-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
We present a hydrogen/deuterium exchange workflow coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (HX-MS2) that supports the acquisition of peptide fragment ions alongside their peptide precursors. The approach enables true auto-curation of HX data by mining a rich set of deuterated fragments, generated by collisional-induced dissociation (CID), to simultaneously confirm the peptide ID and authenticate MS1-based deuteration calculations. The high redundancy provided by the fragments supports a confidence assessment of deuterium calculations using a combinatorial strategy. The approach requires data-independent acquisition (DIA) methods that are available on most MS platforms, making the switch to HX-MS2 straightforward. Importantly, we find that HX-DIA enables a proteomics-grade approach and wide-spread applications. Considerable time is saved through auto-curation and complex samples can now be characterized and at higher throughput. We illustrate these advantages in a drug binding analysis of the ultra-large protein kinase DNA-PKcs, isolated directly from mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frantisek Filandr
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Vladimir Sarpe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Shaunak Raval
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - D Alex Crowder
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Morgan F Khan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Pauline Douglas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Stephen Coales
- Trajan Scientific & Medical - Raleigh, Morrisville, NC, USA
| | - Rosa Viner
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Jose, CA, USA
| | - Aleem Syed
- Division of Radiation and Genome Instability, Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - John A Tainer
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Susan P Lees-Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - David C Schriemer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
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5
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Pomés A, Smith SA, Chruszcz M, Mueller GA, Brackett NF, Chapman MD. Precision engineering for localization, validation, and modification of allergenic epitopes. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2024; 153:560-571. [PMID: 38181840 PMCID: PMC10939758 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
The allergen-IgE interaction is essential for the genesis of allergic responses, yet investigation of the molecular basis of these interactions is in its infancy. Precision engineering has unveiled the molecular features of allergen-antibody interactions at the atomic level. High-resolution technologies, including x-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and cryo-electron microscopy, determine allergen-antibody structures. X-ray crystallography of an allergen-antibody complex localizes in detail amino acid residues and interactions that define the epitope-paratope interface. Multiple structures involving murine IgG mAbs have recently been resolved. The number of amino acids forming the epitope broadly correlates with the epitope area. The production of human IgE mAbs from B cells of allergic subjects is an exciting recent development that has for the first time enabled an actual IgE epitope to be defined. The biologic activity of defined IgE epitopes can be validated in vivo in animal models or by measuring mediator release from engineered basophilic cell lines. Finally, gene-editing approaches using the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats technology to either remove allergen genes or make targeted epitope engineering at the source are on the horizon. This review presents an overview of the identification and validation of allergenic epitopes by precision engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Scott A Smith
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn
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6
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Bruch EM, Zhu S, Szymkowicz L, Blake T, Kiss T, James DA, Rak A, Narayan K, Balmer MT, Chicz RM. Structural and biochemical rationale for Beta variant protein booster vaccine broad cross-neutralization of SARS-CoV-2. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2038. [PMID: 38263191 PMCID: PMC10805794 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52499-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, uses a surface expressed trimeric spike glycoprotein for cell entry. This trimer is the primary target for neutralizing antibodies making it a key candidate for vaccine development. During the global pandemic circulating variants of concern (VOC) caused several waves of infection, severe disease, and death. The reduced efficacy of the ancestral trimer-based vaccines against emerging VOC led to the need for booster vaccines. Here we present a detailed characterization of the Sanofi Beta trimer, utilizing cryo-EM for structural elucidation. We investigate the conformational dynamics and stabilizing features using orthogonal SPR, SEC, nanoDSF, and HDX-MS techniques to better understand how this antigen elicits superior broad neutralizing antibodies as a variant booster vaccine. This structural analysis confirms the Beta trimer preference for canonical quaternary structure with two RBD in the up position and the reversible equilibrium between the canonical spike and open trimer conformations. Moreover, this report provides a better understanding of structural differences between spike antigens contributing to differential vaccine efficacy.
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7
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Castel J, Delaux S, Hernandez-Alba O, Cianférani S. Recent advances in structural mass spectrometry methods in the context of biosimilarity assessment: from sequence heterogeneities to higher order structures. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 236:115696. [PMID: 37713983 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Biotherapeutics and their biosimilar versions have been flourishing in the biopharmaceutical market for several years. Structural and functional characterization is needed to achieve analytical biosimilarity through the assessment of critical quality attributes as required by regulatory authorities. The role of analytical strategies, particularly mass spectrometry-based methods, is pivotal to gathering valuable information for the in-depth characterization of biotherapeutics and biosimilarity assessment. Structural mass spectrometry methods (native MS, HDX-MS, top-down MS, etc.) provide information ranging from primary sequence assessment to higher order structure evaluation. This review focuses on recent developments and applications in structural mass spectrometry for biotherapeutic and biosimilar characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Castel
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg 67087, France; Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI, FR2048 CNRS CEA, Strasbourg 67087, France
| | - Sarah Delaux
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg 67087, France; Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI, FR2048 CNRS CEA, Strasbourg 67087, France
| | - Oscar Hernandez-Alba
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg 67087, France; Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI, FR2048 CNRS CEA, Strasbourg 67087, France
| | - Sarah Cianférani
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg 67087, France; Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI, FR2048 CNRS CEA, Strasbourg 67087, France.
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8
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Crook OM, Gittens N, Chung CW, Deane CM. A Functional Bayesian Model for Hydrogen-Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry. J Proteome Res 2023; 22:2959-2972. [PMID: 37582225 PMCID: PMC10476270 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.3c00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Proteins often undergo structural perturbations upon binding to other proteins or ligands or when they are subjected to environmental changes. Hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) can be used to explore conformational changes in proteins by examining differences in the rate of deuterium incorporation in different contexts. To determine deuterium incorporation rates, HDX-MS measurements are typically made over a time course. Recently introduced methods show that incorporating the temporal dimension into the statistical analysis improves power and interpretation. However, these approaches have technical assumptions that hinder their flexibility. Here, we propose a more flexible methodology by reframing these methods in a Bayesian framework. Our proposed framework has improved algorithmic stability, allows us to perform uncertainty quantification, and can calculate statistical quantities that are inaccessible to other approaches. We demonstrate the general applicability of the method by showing it can perform rigorous model selection on a spike-in HDX-MS experiment, improved interpretation in an epitope mapping experiment, and increased sensitivity in a small molecule case-study. Bayesian analysis of an HDX experiment with an antibody dimer bound to an E3 ubiquitin ligase identifies at least two interaction interfaces where previous methods obtained confounding results due to the complexities of conformational changes on binding. Our findings are consistent with the cocrystal structure of these proteins, demonstrating a bayesian approach can identify important binding epitopes from HDX data. We also generate HDX-MS data of the bromodomain-containing protein BRD4 in complex with GSK1210151A to demonstrate the increased sensitivity of adopting a Bayesian approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver M. Crook
- Department
of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3LB, United Kingdom
| | - Nathan Gittens
- Structural
and Biophysical Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline
R&D, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United
Kingdom
| | - Chun-wa Chung
- Structural
and Biophysical Sciences, GlaxoSmithKline
R&D, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United
Kingdom
| | - Charlotte M. Deane
- Department
of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3LB, United Kingdom
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9
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Tognetti F, Biagini M, Denis M, Berti F, Maione D, Stranges D. Evolution of Vaccines Formulation to Tackle the Challenge of Anti-Microbial Resistant Pathogens. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12054. [PMID: 37569427 PMCID: PMC10418901 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing diffusion of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) across more and more bacterial species emphasizes the urgency of identifying innovative treatment strategies to counter its diffusion. Pathogen infection prevention is among the most effective strategies to prevent the spread of both disease and AMR. Since their discovery, vaccines have been the strongest prophylactic weapon against infectious diseases, with a multitude of different antigen types and formulative strategies developed over more than a century to protect populations from different pathogens. In this review, we review the main characteristics of vaccine formulations in use and under development against AMR pathogens, focusing on the importance of administering multiple antigens where possible, and the challenges associated with their development and production. The most relevant antigen classes and adjuvant systems are described, highlighting their mechanisms of action and presenting examples of their use in clinical trials against AMR. We also present an overview of the analytical and formulative strategies for multivalent vaccines, in which we discuss the complexities associated with mixing multiple components in a single formulation. This review emphasizes the importance of combining existing knowledge with advanced technologies within a Quality by Design development framework to efficiently develop vaccines against AMR pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Tognetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 5, 35131 Padua, Italy
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10
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Development of an In Vitro Test Method to Replace an Animal-Based Potency Test for Pertactin Antigen in Multivalent Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020275. [PMID: 36851153 PMCID: PMC9965796 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
There is increasing interest to replace animal-based potency assays used routinely to test vaccines, since they are highly variable, are costly, and present ethical concerns. The development of relevant in vitro assays is part of the solution. Using pertactin (PRN) antigen as an example in DTaP-IPV (diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis, and inactivated poliovirus) vaccines, a PRN antigenicity ELISA was developed using two monoclonal antibodies with a high affinity to unique PRN epitopes, relevance to human immune responses, and evidence of functionality. The ELISA measured consistent PRN antigenicity between the vaccine lots and was validated to demonstrate its accuracy, precision, linearity, and specificity. Notably, the PRN antigenicity ELISA was more sensitive than the mouse-based potency test and could more effectively differentiate between degraded and intact vaccine lots compared to the in vivo test. From these studies, the PRN antigenicity ELISA is proposed as an in vitro replacement for the in vivo potency test for PRN in DTaP-IPV-based formulations. Important considerations in this study included comprehensive antibody characterization, testing of multiple vaccine lots, method validation, and comparison to animal-based potency. Together, these factors form part of an overall strategy that ensures reliable and relevant in vitro assays are developed to replace animal tests.
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11
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Haque HME, Mantis NJ, Weis DD. High-Throughput Epitope Mapping by Hydrogen Exchange-Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023; 34:123-127. [PMID: 36449379 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we introduce a screening protocol for epitope mapping by hydrogen exchange mass spectrometry (HX-MS) that has higher throughput than a traditional HX-MS epitope mapping. In the screening protocol, three HX labeling times (20, 1000, and 86400 s) are each measured without replicates. The experimental protocol is anchored on a single epitope mapping experiment conducted using the traditional complete protocol (five HX times measured in triplicate) that is used to define HX times and define significance limits. Previously, we reported traditional epitope mapping results on the Borrelia burgdorferi outer surface protein A (OspA) antigen that are in excellent agreement with the X-ray crystallography results. Here, we show that the screening protocol and complete HX-MS identify identical epitopes of OspA but that the screening protocol has a 5-fold higher throughput.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Emranul Haque
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas66045, United States
| | - Nicholas J Mantis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York12208, United States
| | - David D Weis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas66045, United States
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12
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Luckau L, Groves K, Blencowe C, Scrimshaw S, Dent A, Quaglia M. Impact of Bioconjugation on Structure and Function of Antibodies for Use in Immunoassay by Hydrogen-Deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:866843. [PMID: 35874615 PMCID: PMC9301968 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.866843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are widely used as analytical components in immunoassays to detect target molecules in applications such as clinical diagnostics, food analysis and drug discovery. Functional groups are often conjugated to lysine or cysteine residues to aid immobilization of mAbs or to enable their detection in an antibody antigen complex. Good assay performance depends on the affinity and specificity of the mAbs for the antigen. The conjugation reaction however can cause higher order structural (HOS) changes and ultimately affect the assay performance. In this study, four differently conjugated mAbs were selected as model systems and characterized by mass spectrometry. Particularly, intact protein analysis by liquid-chromatography mass-spectrometry (LC-MS) was performed to determine the amount and distribution of conjugation. Hydrogen deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) experiments were carried out for the structural characterization of the conjugated mAbs. Immunoassay experiments were performed to monitor the effects of conjugation on the binding properties of the antibodies selected. Good agreement between the mass spectrometry and binding experiment results was found. Particularly, it was noted that the overall structural flexibility of the antibodies increases upon cysteine conjugation and decreases for lysine conjugation. The conjugation of mAbs with bulky functional groups tends to decrease the deuterium uptake kinetics due to induced steric effects. Overall, this study shows correlations between conjugation, structure and function of immunoassay antibodies and the benefits of mass spectrometry to improve understanding of the conjugation reaction and provide insights that can predict immunoassay performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luise Luckau
- National Measurement Laboratory at LGC, Teddington, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Luise Luckau,
| | - Kate Groves
- National Measurement Laboratory at LGC, Teddington, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Blencowe
- Fleet Bioprocessing Ltd., Hartley Wintney, United Kingdom
| | - Sam Scrimshaw
- Fleet Bioprocessing Ltd., Hartley Wintney, United Kingdom
| | - Alastair Dent
- Fleet Bioprocessing Ltd., Hartley Wintney, United Kingdom
| | - Milena Quaglia
- National Measurement Laboratory at LGC, Teddington, United Kingdom
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