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Yamamura M, Kumatani M, Shiraishi A, Matsuura Y, Kobayashi K, Suzuki A, Kawamura A, Satake H, Ragamustari SK, Suzuki S, Suzuki H, Shibata D, Kawai S, Ono E, Umezawa T. Two O-Methyltransferases from Phylogenetically Unrelated Cow Parsley (Anthriscus sylvestris) and Hinoki-Asunaro (Thujopsis dolabrata var. hondae) as a Signature of Lineage-Specific Evolution in Lignan Biosynthesis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 64:124-147. [PMID: 36412832 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcac164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
O-Methyltransferases (OMTs) play important roles in antitumor lignan biosynthesis. To date, six OMTs catalyzing the methylation of dibenzylbutyrolactone lignans as biosynthetic precursors of antitumor lignans have been identified. However, there is still no systematic understanding of the diversity and regularity of the biosynthetic mechanisms among various plant lineages. Herein, we report the characterization of two OMTs from Anthriscus sylvestris and Thujopsis dolabrata var. hondae [designated as AsSecoNorYatein (SNY) OMT and TdSNYOMT] together with the six known OMTs to evaluate their diversity and regularity. Although A. sylvestris 5-O-methylthujaplicatin (SecoNorYatein) and 4-O-demethylyatein (NorYatein) OMT (AsSNYOMT) and TdSNYOMT accept 5-O-methylthujaplicatin and 4-O-demethylyatein as substrates, phylogenetic analysis indicated that these two OMTs shared low amino acid sequence identity, 33.8%, indicating a signature of parallel evolution. The OMTs and the six previously identified OMTs were found to be diverse in terms of their substrate specificity, regioselectivity and amino acid sequence identity, indicating independent evolution in each plant species. Meanwhile, two-entropy analysis detected four amino acid residues as being specifically acquired by dibenzylbutyrolactone lignan OMTs. Site-directed mutation of AsSNYOMT indicated that two of them contributed specifically to 5-O-methylthujaplicatin methylation. The results provide a new example of parallel evolution and the diversity and regularity of OMTs in plant secondary (specialized) metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaomi Yamamura
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011 Japan
- Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Minami-josanjima-cho 2-1, Tokushima, 770-8502 Japan
| | - Masato Kumatani
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011 Japan
| | - Akira Shiraishi
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, 8-1-1 Seikadai, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto, 619-0284 Japan
| | - Yu Matsuura
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011 Japan
| | - Keisuke Kobayashi
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011 Japan
| | - Ayano Suzuki
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Ohya 836, Surugaku, Shizuoka, 422-8529 Japan
| | - Atsushi Kawamura
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Ohya 836, Surugaku, Shizuoka, 422-8529 Japan
| | - Honoo Satake
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, 8-1-1 Seikadai, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto, 619-0284 Japan
| | - Safendrri Komara Ragamustari
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011 Japan
- Research Center for Applied Microbiology, Research Organization for Life Sciences and Environment, Indonesian Research and Innovation Agency, Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor KM 46, Cibinong, Bogor, 16911 Indonesia
| | - Shiro Suzuki
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011 Japan
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu, 501-1193 Japan
| | - Hideyuki Suzuki
- Department of Applied Genomics, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa-Kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba, 292-0818 Japan
| | - Daisuke Shibata
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011 Japan
- Department of Applied Genomics, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa-Kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba, 292-0818 Japan
| | - Shingo Kawai
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Ohya 836, Surugaku, Shizuoka, 422-8529 Japan
| | - Eiichiro Ono
- Suntory Global Innovation Center Ltd., 8-1-1 Seikadai, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto, 619-0284 Japan
| | - Toshiaki Umezawa
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011 Japan
- Research Unit for Realization of Sustainable Society, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011 Japan
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Shafie N, Kordi N, Gadruni K, SalehFard Z, Jung F, Heidari N. Cardiac rehabilitation in coronary artery bypass grafting patients: Effect of eight weeks of moderate-intensity continuous training versus high-intensity interval training. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2023; 83:305-314. [PMID: 36683497 DOI: 10.3233/ch-221605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical training in patients with heart failure can affect hemodynamic, cardiac and angiogenesis parameters. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of traditional moderate-intensity rehabilitation training and interval training on some angiogenesis factors in coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) patients. METHODS Thirty CABG patients (mean age±SD, 55±3 years) were randomly assigned to one of three groups: high-intensity interval training (HIIT) or moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) or the control group. After the initial assessments, eligible patients in the experimental groups (HIIT and MICT) performed exercise training for 8 weeks, while the control group did not. Angiogenesis and angiostatic indices, including pro-adrenomedullin (pro-ADM), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and endostatin, were then measured. RESULTS The results showed no significant difference between pro-ADM in the HIIT and MICT groups (P = 0.99), but a significant difference was found between MICT and the control group and between HIIT and the control group (P = 0.001). There is also no significant difference between the bFGF levels in the HIIT and MICT training groups (P = 1.00), but the changes in this factor between the training groups and the control group were significant (P = 0.001). There was a significant difference between the levels of endostatin in all three groups. CONCLUSIONS Two methods of cardiac rehabilitation (HIIT and MICT) may be useful for the recovery of patients with coronary artery bypass grafting. This improvement manifested itself in changes in angiogenesis and angiostatic indices in this study. However, more extensive studies are needed to investigate the effects of these two types of rehabilitation programs on other indicators of angiogenesis and angiostatic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Shafie
- Department of Sport Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, The University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Negin Kordi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Keivan Gadruni
- Faculty of Physical Education, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran; Kurdistan Education Office, Ministry of Education, Kurdistan, Iran; Uro-Oncology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ziba SalehFard
- Department of Sport Physiology, School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Friedrich Jung
- Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Naser Heidari
- Faculty of Sport Science, Shahid Rajaei Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran
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Chang CL, Cai Z, Hsu SYT. Gel-forming antagonist provides a lasting effect on CGRP-induced vasodilation. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1040951. [PMID: 36569288 PMCID: PMC9772450 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1040951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Migraine affects ∼15% of the adult population, and the standard treatment includes the use of triptans, ergotamines, and analgesics. Recently, CGRP and its receptor, the CLR/RAMP1 receptor complex, have been targeted for migraine treatment due to their critical roles in mediating migraine headaches. The effort has led to the approval of several anti-CGRP antibodies for chronic migraine treatment. However, many patients still suffer continuous struggles with migraine, perhaps due to the limited ability of anti-CGRP therapeutics to fully reduce CGRP levels or reach target cells. An alternative anti-CGRP strategy may help address the medical need of patients who do not respond to existing therapeutics. By serendipity, we have recently found that several chimeric adrenomedullin/adrenomedullin 2 peptides are potent CLR/RAMP receptor antagonists and self-assemble to form liquid gels. Among these analogs, the ADE651 analog, which potently inhibits CLR/RAMP1 receptor signaling, forms gels at a 6-20% level. Screening of ADE651 variants indicated that residues at the junctional region of this chimeric peptide are important for gaining the gel-forming capability. Gel-formation significantly slowed the passage of ADE651 molecules through Centricon filters. Consistently, subcutaneous injection of ADE651 gel in rats led to the sustained presence of ADE651 in circulation for >1 week. In addition, analysis of vascular blood flow in rat hindlimbs showed ADE651 significantly reduces CGRP-induced vasodilation. Because gel-forming antagonists could have direct and sustained access to target cells, ADE651 and related antagonists for CLR/RAMP receptors may represent promising candidates for targeting CGRP- and/or adrenomedullin-mediated headaches in migraine patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia Lin Chang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Medical Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Zheqing Cai
- CL Laboratory LLC, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Sheau Yu Teddy Hsu
- Adepthera LLC, San Jose, CA, United States,*Correspondence: Sheau Yu Teddy Hsu,
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Chang CL, Cai Z, Hsu SYT. Sustained Activation of CLR/RAMP Receptors by Gel-Forming Agonists. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113408. [PMID: 36362188 PMCID: PMC9655119 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Adrenomedullin (ADM), adrenomedullin 2 (ADM2), and CGRP family peptides are important regulators of vascular vasotone and integrity, neurotransmission, and fetoplacental development. These peptides signal through CLR/RAMP1, 2, and 3 receptors, and protect against endothelial dysfunction in disease models. As such, CLR/RAMP receptor agonists are considered important therapeutic candidates for various diseases. Methods and Results: Based on the screening of a series of palmitoylated chimeric ADM/ADM2 analogs, we demonstrated a combination of lipidation and accommodating motifs at the hinge region of select peptides is important for gaining an enhanced receptor-activation activity and improved stimulatory effects on the proliferation and survival of human lymphatic endothelial cells when compared to wild-type peptides. In addition, by serendipity, we found that select palmitoylated analogs self-assemble to form liquid gels, and subcutaneous administration of an analog gel led to the sustained presence of the peptide in the circulation for >2 days. Consistently, subcutaneous injection of the analog gel significantly reduced the blood pressure in SHR rats and increased vasodilation in the hindlimbs of adult rats for days. Conclusions: Together, these data suggest gel-forming adrenomedullin analogs may represent promising candidates for the treatment of various life-threatening endothelial dysfunction-associated diseases such as treatment-resistant hypertension and preeclampsia, which are in urgent need of an effective drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia Lin Chang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Linkou Medical Center, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan 20878, Taiwan
| | - Zheqing Cai
- CL Laboratory LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Sheau Yu Teddy Hsu
- Adepthera LLC, San Jose, CA 95138, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-650-799-3496
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Martínez-Herrero S, Martínez A. Adrenomedullin: Not Just Another Gastrointestinal Peptide. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12020156. [PMID: 35204657 PMCID: PMC8961556 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenomedullin (AM) and proadrenomedullin N-terminal 20 peptide (PAMP) are two bioactive peptides derived from the same precursor with several biological functions including vasodilation, angiogenesis, or anti-inflammation, among others. AM and PAMP are widely expressed throughout the gastrointestinal (GI) tract where they behave as GI hormones, regulating numerous physiological processes such as gastric emptying, gastric acid release, insulin secretion, bowel movements, or intestinal barrier function. Furthermore, it has been recently demonstrated that AM/PAMP have an impact on gut microbiome composition, inhibiting the growth of bacteria related with disease and increasing the number of beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus or Bifidobacterium. Due to their wide functions in the GI tract, AM and PAMP are involved in several digestive pathologies such as peptic ulcer, diabetes, colon cancer, or inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). AM is a key protective factor in IBD onset and development, as it regulates cytokine production in the intestinal mucosa, improves vascular and lymphatic regeneration and function and mucosal epithelial repair, and promotes a beneficial gut microbiome composition. AM and PAMP are relevant GI hormones that can be targeted to develop novel therapeutic agents for IBD, other GI disorders, or microbiome-related pathologies.
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Fischer JP, Els-Heindl S, Beck-Sickinger AG. Adrenomedullin - Current perspective on a peptide hormone with significant therapeutic potential. Peptides 2020; 131:170347. [PMID: 32569606 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2020.170347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The peptide hormone adrenomedullin (ADM) consists of 52 amino acids and plays a pivotal role in the regulation of many physiological processes, particularly those of the cardiovascular and lymphatic system. Like calcitonin (CT), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), intermedin (IMD) and amylin (AMY), it belongs to the CT/CGRP family of peptide hormones, which despite their low little sequence identity share certain characteristic structural features as well as a complex multicomponent receptor system. ADM, IMD and CGRP exert their biological effects by activation of the calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR) as a complex with one of three receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMP), which alter the ligand affinity. Selectivity within the receptor system is largely mediated by the amidated C-terminus of the peptide hormones, which bind to the extracellular domains of the receptors. This enables their N-terminus consisting of a disulfide-bonded ring structure and a helical segment to bind within the transmembrane region and to induce an active receptor confirmation. ADM is expressed in a variety of tissues in the human body and is fundamentally involved in multitude biological processes. Thus, it is of interest as a diagnostic marker and a promising candidate for therapeutic interventions. In order to fully exploit the potential of ADM, it is necessary to improve its pharmacological profile by increasing the metabolic stability and, ideally, creating receptor subtype-selective analogs. While several successful attempts to prolong the half-life of ADM were recently reported, improving or even retaining receptor selectivity remains challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Patrick Fischer
- Institut für Biochemie, Universität Leipzig, Brüderstraße 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sylvia Els-Heindl
- Institut für Biochemie, Universität Leipzig, Brüderstraße 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Chang CL, Hsu SYT. Development of chimeric and bifunctional antagonists for CLR/RAMP receptors. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216996. [PMID: 31150417 PMCID: PMC6544337 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
CGRP, adrenomedullin (ADM), and adrenomedullin 2 (ADM2) family peptides are
important neuropeptides and hormones for the regulation of neurotransmission,
vasotone, cardiovascular morphogenesis, vascular integrity, and feto‒placental
development. These peptides signal through CLR/RAMP1, 2 and 3 receptor
complexes. CLR/RAMP1, or CGRP receptor, antagonists have been developed for the
treatment of migraine headache and osteoarthritis pain; whereas CLR/RAMP2, or
ADM receptor, antagonists are being developed for the treatment of tumor
growth/metastasis. Based on the finding that an acylated chimeric ADM/ADM2
analog potently stimulates CLR/RAMP1 and 2 signaling, we hypothesized that the
binding domain of this analog could have potent inhibitory activity on CLR/RAMP
receptors. Consistent with this hypothesis, we showed that acylated truncated
ADM/ADM2 analogs of 27–31 residues exhibit potent antagonistic activity toward
CLR/RAMP1 and 2. On the other hand, nonacylated analogs have minimal activity.
Further truncation at the junctional region of these chimeric analogs led to the
generation of CLR/RAMP1-selective antagonists. A 17-amino-acid analog
(Antagonist 2–4) showed 100-fold selectivity for CLR/RAMP1 and was >100-fold
more potent than the classic CGRP receptor antagonist CGRP8-37. In addition, we
showed (1) a lysine residue in the Antagonist 2–4 is important for enhancing the
antagonistic activity, (2) an analog consisted of an ADM sequence motif and a
12-amino-acid binding domain of CGRP exhibits potent CLR/RAMP1-inhibitory
activity, and (3) a chimeric analog consisted of a somatostatin analog and an
ADM antagonist exhibits dual activities on somatostatin and CLR/RAMP receptors.
Because the blockage of CLR/RAMP signaling prevents migraine pain and suppresses
tumor growth/metastasis, further studies of these analogs, which presumably have
better access to the tumor microenvironment and nerve endings at the trigeminal
ganglion and synovial joints as compared to antibody-based therapies, may lead
to the development of better anti-CGRP therapy and alternative antiangiogenesis
therapy. Likewise, the use of bifunctional somatostatin-ADM antagonist analogs
could be a promising strategy for the treatment of high-grade neuroendocrine
tumors by targeting an antiangiogenesis agent to the neuroendocrine tumor
microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia Lin Chang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital
Linkou Medical Center, Chang Gung University, Kweishan, Taoyuan,
Taiwan
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Aresti Sanz J, El Aidy S. Microbiota and gut neuropeptides: a dual action of antimicrobial activity and neuroimmune response. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:1597-1609. [PMID: 30997526 PMCID: PMC6598950 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-05224-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiota is comprised of a vast variety of microbes that colonize the gastrointestinal tract and exert crucial roles for the host health. These microorganisms, partially via their breakdown of dietary components, are able to modulate immune response, mood, and behavior, establishing a chemical dialogue in the microbiota-gut-brain interphase. Changes in the gut microbiota composition and functionality are associated with multiple diseases, in which altered levels of gut-associated neuropeptides are also detected. Gut neuropeptides are strong neuroimmune modulators; they mediate the communication between the gut microbiota and the host (including gut-brain axis) and have also recently been found to exert antimicrobial properties. This highlights the importance of understanding the interplay between gut neuropeptides and microbiota and their implications on host health. Here, we will discuss how gut neuropeptides help to maintain a balanced microbiota and we will point at the missing gaps that need to be further investigated in order to elucidate whether these molecules are related to neuropsychiatric disorders, which are often associated with gut dysbiosis and altered gut neuropeptide levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Aresti Sanz
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sahar El Aidy
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Microbiology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute (GBB), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Fischer JP, Els-Heindl S, Schönauer R, Bierer D, Köbberling J, Riedl B, Beck-Sickinger AG. The Impact of Adrenomedullin Thr22 on Selectivity within the Calcitonin Receptor-like Receptor/Receptor Activity-Modifying Protein System. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:1797-1805. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Patrick Fischer
- Institute of Biochemistry; Leipzig University; Brüderstraße 34 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Sylvia Els-Heindl
- Institute of Biochemistry; Leipzig University; Brüderstraße 34 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Ria Schönauer
- Institute of Biochemistry; Leipzig University; Brüderstraße 34 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Donald Bierer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Bayer AG; Aprather Weg 18 A 42096 Wuppertal Germany
| | - Johannes Köbberling
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Bayer AG; Aprather Weg 18 A 42096 Wuppertal Germany
| | - Bernd Riedl
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Bayer AG; Aprather Weg 18 A 42096 Wuppertal Germany
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Larrayoz IM, Ferrero H, Martisova E, Gil-Bea FJ, Ramírez MJ, Martínez A. Adrenomedullin Contributes to Age-Related Memory Loss in Mice and Is Elevated in Aging Human Brains. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:384. [PMID: 29187812 PMCID: PMC5694777 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory decline is common in elderly individuals and is the hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Memory failure follows the loss of synaptic contacts in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, caused in part by cytoskeleton disruption. Adrenomedullin (AM) and its gene-related peptide, proadrenomedullin N-terminal 20 peptide (PAMP), are microtubule-associated proteins (MAP) whose expression has been identified as a potential biomarker for predicting progression from predementia to clinical AD. Here we analyze the connection between AM levels and memory preservation. Mice lacking neuronal AM and PAMP (knockout, KO) and their wild type (WT) littermates were subjected, at different ages, to the novel object recognition test and the contextual fear conditioned test. Aged KO mice have significantly better retention memory than their WT counterparts. This feature was more prominent in females than in males. Prefrontal cortex and hippocampus samples from these animals were subjected to Western blotting for phospho-Tau and acetylated tubulin. Aged female KO mice had significantly less accumulation of phospho-Tau than their WT littermates. In addition, protein extracts from the frontal cortex of non-demented mature (65.10 ± 3.86 years) and aged (77.14 ± 2.77 years) human donors were analyzed by Western blotting. Aged human brains had significantly higher levels of AM and lower levels of acetylated tubulin than younger donors. These observations suggest that drugs or interventions that reduce AM/PAMP expression may constitute a new avenue to prevent memory decline during normal aging and in patients suffering moderate AD in high risk of rapid cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio M Larrayoz
- Oncology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, Spain
| | - Hilda Ferrero
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Eva Martisova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Francisco J Gil-Bea
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - María J Ramírez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Alfredo Martínez
- Oncology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, Spain
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Ferrero H, Larrayoz IM, Martisova E, Solas M, Howlett DR, Francis PT, Gil-Bea FJ, Martínez A, Ramírez MJ. Increased Levels of Brain Adrenomedullin in the Neuropathology of Alzheimer’s Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:5177-5183. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0700-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Sekiguchi T, Shiraishi A, Satake H, Kuwasako K, Takahashi H, Sato M, Urata M, Wada S, Endo M, Ikari T, Hattori A, Srivastav AK, Suzuki N. Calcitonin-typical suppression of osteoclastic activity by amphioxus calcitonin superfamily peptides and insights into the evolutionary conservation and diversity of their structures. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 246:294-300. [PMID: 28062302 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Calcitonin (CT) is a hormone that decreases serum calcium level by suppressing osteoclastic activity in the vertebrate bone. In vertebrates, the structure-function relationship of CTs has been studied extensively. We recently identified three CT superfamily peptides, Bf-CTFP1 to 3, and clarified the molecular and functional characteristics of their receptor and receptor activity-modifying protein in amphioxus, Branchiostoma floridae. However, the CT activity of Bf-CTFPs has yet to be investigated. In the present study, a functional analysis of Bf-CTFPs was performed using goldfish scales having both osteoclasts and osteoblasts. All Bf-CTFPs suppressed osteoclastic activity via a goldfish CT receptor. Although the primary amino acid sequences of the Bf-CTFPs showed low sequence similarity to vertebrate CTs, Bf-CTFP1 to 3 share three amino acids, Thr25, Thr27, and Pro32-NH2, that are required for receptor binding, with salmon CT. Moreover, homology model analysis revealed that the Bf-CTFPs form alpha-helical structures. The alpha-helical position and length of Bf-CTFP1 and 2 were conserved with those of a highly potent ligand, teleost CT. Interestingly, the composition of the alpha-helix of Bf-CTFP3 differed from those of teleost CT, despite that the action of Bf-CTFP3 on goldfish scales was the same as that of Bf-CTFP1 and 2. Collectively, the present study provides new insights into the structure-function relationship of CT and its functional evolution in chordates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Sekiguchi
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Division of Marine Environmental Studies, Kanazawa University, Housu-gun, Ishikawa 927-0553, Japan
| | - Akira Shiraishi
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, 8-1-1, Seikadai, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0284, Japan
| | - Honoo Satake
- Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, 8-1-1, Seikadai, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0284, Japan
| | - Kenji Kuwasako
- Frontier Science Research Center, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Hiroki Takahashi
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Laboratory of Morphogenesis, 38 Nishigonaka Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Masayuki Sato
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Division of Marine Environmental Studies, Kanazawa University, Housu-gun, Ishikawa 927-0553, Japan
| | - Makoto Urata
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Division of Marine Environmental Studies, Kanazawa University, Housu-gun, Ishikawa 927-0553, Japan; Institute of Noto SATOUMI Education and Studies, Noto-cho, Ishikawa 927-0553, Japan
| | - Shuichi Wada
- Department of Animal Bioscience, Faculty of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Masato Endo
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Division of Marine Science, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ikari
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Division of Marine Environmental Studies, Kanazawa University, Housu-gun, Ishikawa 927-0553, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Hattori
- Department of Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Ichikawa, Chiba 272-0827, Japan
| | - Ajai K Srivastav
- Department of Zoology, D.D.U. Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur 273-009, India
| | - Nobuo Suzuki
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Division of Marine Environmental Studies, Kanazawa University, Housu-gun, Ishikawa 927-0553, Japan.
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13
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Peláez R, Niculcea M, Martínez A. The Mammalian Peptide Adrenomedullin Acts as a Growth Factor in Tobacco Plants. Front Physiol 2017; 8:219. [PMID: 28446879 PMCID: PMC5388738 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth factors are extracellular signals that regulate cell proliferation and total body mass. Some animal growth factors can work on plant tissues and vice versa. Here we show that the mammalian growth factor adrenomedullin (AM) induces growth in tobacco plants. Addition of synthetic AM resulted in a dose-dependent growth of tobacco calluses. Furthermore, AM transgenic plants showed enhanced survival and significant increases in stem diameter, plant height, leaf length, weight of all organs, and a reduction in the time to flowering when compared to plants transformed with the control vector. These differences were maintained when organs were dried, resulting in a mean total biomass increase of 21.3%. The levels of soluble sugars and proteins in the leaves were unchanged between genotypes. AM transgenic plants had a significantly higher expression of cyclin D3 and the transcription factor E2FB than controls, suggesting that cell cycle regulation may be part of the intracellular signaling of AM in plants. In summary, mammalian AM increases vascular plants' survival and biomass with no apparent detriment of plant's morphological and/or biochemical properties, thus this strategy could be useful for crop productivity improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alfredo Martínez
- Biomass Booster LtdLogroño, Spain.,Oncology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La RiojaLogroño, Spain
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14
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Schönauer R, Els-Heindl S, Beck-Sickinger AG. Adrenomedullin - new perspectives of a potent peptide hormone. J Pept Sci 2017; 23:472-485. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ria Schönauer
- Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Institute of Biochemistry; Leipzig University; Brüderstraße 34 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Sylvia Els-Heindl
- Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Institute of Biochemistry; Leipzig University; Brüderstraße 34 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Annette G. Beck-Sickinger
- Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Institute of Biochemistry; Leipzig University; Brüderstraße 34 04103 Leipzig Germany
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15
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Weston C, Winfield I, Harris M, Hodgson R, Shah A, Dowell SJ, Mobarec JC, Woodlock DA, Reynolds CA, Poyner DR, Watkins HA, Ladds G. Receptor Activity-modifying Protein-directed G Protein Signaling Specificity for the Calcitonin Gene-related Peptide Family of Receptors. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:21925-21944. [PMID: 27566546 PMCID: PMC5063977 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.751362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is formed through the association of the calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR) and one of three receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMPs). Binding of one of the three peptide ligands, CGRP, adrenomedullin (AM), and intermedin/adrenomedullin 2 (AM2), is well known to result in a Gαs-mediated increase in cAMP. Here we used modified yeast strains that couple receptor activation to cell growth, via chimeric yeast/Gα subunits, and HEK-293 cells to characterize the effect of different RAMP and ligand combinations on this pathway. We not only demonstrate functional couplings to both Gαs and Gαq but also identify a Gαi component to CLR signaling in both yeast and HEK-293 cells, which is absent in HEK-293S cells. We show that the CGRP family of receptors displays both ligand- and RAMP-dependent signaling bias among the Gαs, Gαi, and Gαq/11 pathways. The results are discussed in the context of RAMP interactions probed through molecular modeling and molecular dynamics simulations of the RAMP-GPCR-G protein complexes. This study further highlights the importance of RAMPs to CLR pharmacology and to bias in general, as well as identifying the importance of choosing an appropriate model system for the study of GPCR pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathryn Weston
- From the Division of Biomedical Cell Biology, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Winfield
- From the Division of Biomedical Cell Biology, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom, the Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1PD, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Harris
- the Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1PD, United Kingdom
| | - Rose Hodgson
- From the Division of Biomedical Cell Biology, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Archna Shah
- From the Division of Biomedical Cell Biology, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J Dowell
- the Department of Platform Technology and Science, GlaxoSmithkline, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Juan Carlos Mobarec
- the School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex, CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
| | - David A Woodlock
- the School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex, CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher A Reynolds
- the School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex, CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
| | - David R Poyner
- the School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, B4 7ET, United Kingdom, and
| | - Harriet A Watkins
- the School of Biological Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Graham Ladds
- the Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1PD, United Kingdom,
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16
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Martínez-Herrero S, Martínez A. Adrenomedullin regulates intestinal physiology and pathophysiology. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2016; 56 Suppl:S66-83. [PMID: 27345325 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Adrenomedullin (AM) and proadrenomedullin N-terminal 20 peptide (PAMP) are 2 biologically active peptides produced by the same gene, ADM, with ubiquitous distribution and many physiological functions. Adrenomedullin is composed of 52 amino acids, has an internal molecular ring composed by 6 amino acids and a disulfide bond, and shares structural similarities with calcitonin gene-related peptide, amylin, and intermedin. The AM receptor consists of a 7-transmembrane domain protein called calcitonin receptor-like receptor in combination with a single transmembrane domain protein known as receptor activity-modifying protein. Using morphologic techniques, it has been shown that AM and PAMP are expressed throughout the gastrointestinal tract, being specially abundant in the neuroendocrine cells of the gastrointestinal mucosa; in the enterochromaffin-like and chief cells of the gastric fundus; and in the submucosa of the duodenum, ileum, and colon. This wide distribution in the gastrointestinal tract suggests that AM and PAMP may act as gut hormones regulating many physiological and pathologic conditions. To date, it has been proven that AM and PAMP act as autocrine/paracrine growth factors in the gastrointestinal epithelium, play key roles in the protection of gastric mucosa from various kinds of injury, and accelerate healing in diseases such as gastric ulcer and inflammatory bowel diseases. In addition, both peptides are potent inhibitors of gastric acid secretion and gastric emptying; they regulate the active transport of sugars in the intestine, regulate water and ion transport in the colon, modulate colonic bowel movements and small-intestine motility, improve endothelial barrier function, and stabilize circulatory function during gastrointestinal inflammation. Furthermore, AM and PAMP are antimicrobial peptides, and they contribute to the mucosal host defense system by regulating gut microbiota. To get a formal demonstration of the effects that endogenous AM and PAMP may have in gut microbiota, we developed an inducible knockout of the ADM gene. Using this model, we have shown, for the first time, that lack of AM/PAMP leads to changes in gut microbiota composition in mice. Further studies are needed to investigate whether this lack of AM/PAMP may have an impact in the development and/or progression of intestinal diseases through their effect on microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Martínez-Herrero
- Oncology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, La Rioja 26006, Spain
| | - A Martínez
- Oncology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, La Rioja 26006, Spain.
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17
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Schönauer R, Els-Heindl S, Fischer JP, Köbberling J, Riedl B, Beck-Sickinger AG. Adrenomedullin 2.0: Adjusting Key Levers for Metabolic Stability. J Med Chem 2016; 59:5695-705. [PMID: 27166982 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The 52 amino acid peptide hormone adrenomedullin (ADM) plays a major role in the development and regulation of the cardiovascular and lymphatic system and has therefore gained significant interest for clinical applications. Because adrenomedullin exhibits low metabolic stability, enhancement of the plasma half-life is essential for peptide-based drug design. Fluorescently labeled ADM analogues synthesized by Fmoc/t-Bu solid phase peptide synthesis were used to analyze their enzymatic degradation and specific fragmentation pattern in human blood plasma. The determination of important cleavage sites allowed the development of selectively modified peptides in a rational approach. By combination of palmitoylation, lactam-bridging, and Nα-methylation, ADM analogues protected from enzymatic cleavage in human blood were developed and revealed an explicitly elongated half-life of 5 days in comparison to the wild-type in vitro. This triple-modification did not alter the selectivity of the analogues at the AM1 receptor, highlighting their potential for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ria Schönauer
- Institut für Biochemie, Universität Leipzig , Brüderstraße 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sylvia Els-Heindl
- Institut für Biochemie, Universität Leipzig , Brüderstraße 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan-Patrick Fischer
- Institut für Biochemie, Universität Leipzig , Brüderstraße 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Bernd Riedl
- Bayer Pharma AG , Aprather Weg 18A, 42113 Wuppertal, Germany
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18
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Watkins HA, Chakravarthy M, Abhayawardana RS, Gingell JJ, Garelja M, Pardamwar M, McElhinney JMWR, Lathbridge A, Constantine A, Harris PWR, Yuen TY, Brimble MA, Barwell J, Poyner DR, Woolley MJ, Conner AC, Pioszak AA, Reynolds CA, Hay DL. Receptor Activity-modifying Proteins 2 and 3 Generate Adrenomedullin Receptor Subtypes with Distinct Molecular Properties. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:11657-75. [PMID: 27013657 PMCID: PMC4882435 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.688218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Adrenomedullin (AM) is a peptide hormone with numerous effects in the vascular systems. AM signals through the AM1 and AM2 receptors formed by the obligate heterodimerization of a G protein-coupled receptor, the calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR), and receptor activity-modifying proteins 2 and 3 (RAMP2 and RAMP3), respectively. These different CLR-RAMP interactions yield discrete receptor pharmacology and physiological effects. The effective design of therapeutics that target the individual AM receptors is dependent on understanding the molecular details of the effects of RAMPs on CLR. To understand the role of RAMP2 and -3 on the activation and conformation of the CLR subunit of AM receptors, we mutated 68 individual amino acids in the juxtamembrane region of CLR, a key region for activation of AM receptors, and determined the effects on cAMP signaling. Sixteen CLR mutations had differential effects between the AM1 and AM2 receptors. Accompanying this, independent molecular modeling of the full-length AM-bound AM1 and AM2 receptors predicted differences in the binding pocket and differences in the electrostatic potential of the two AM receptors. Druggability analysis indicated unique features that could be used to develop selective small molecule ligands for each receptor. The interaction of RAMP2 or RAMP3 with CLR induces conformational variation in the juxtamembrane region, yielding distinct binding pockets, probably via an allosteric mechanism. These subtype-specific differences have implications for the design of therapeutics aimed at specific AM receptors and for understanding the mechanisms by which accessory proteins affect G protein-coupled receptor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet A Watkins
- From the School of Biological Sciences, the Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, and
| | | | | | - Joseph J Gingell
- From the School of Biological Sciences, the Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, and
| | | | - Meenakshi Pardamwar
- the School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
| | - James M W R McElhinney
- the School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Lathbridge
- the School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Arran Constantine
- the School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Paul W R Harris
- the Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, and the School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Tsz-Ying Yuen
- the Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, and the School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Margaret A Brimble
- the Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, and the School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - James Barwell
- the School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, United Kingdom
| | - David R Poyner
- the School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Woolley
- the School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Alex C Conner
- the School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Augen A Pioszak
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
| | - Christopher A Reynolds
- the School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom,
| | - Debbie L Hay
- From the School of Biological Sciences, the Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, and
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19
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Sim RB, Ferluga J, Al-Rashidi H, Abbow H, Schwaeble W, Kishore U. Complement factor H in its alternative identity as adrenomedullin-binding protein 1. Mol Immunol 2016; 68:45-8. [PMID: 26597206 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Complement factor H has been extensively studied since its discovery 50 years ago, and its role in the complement system is quite well established. It has another role, however, as a binding protein for the regulatory peptide adrenomedullin. Part of this role appears to be protection of adrenomedullin from proteolytic degradation. The binding interaction is unusual and merits further investigation. Adrenomedullin has potential therapeutic uses in diseases affecting the vasculature, and factor H has been administered with adrenomedullin in some animal models of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B Sim
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK; Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, University Rd, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK.
| | - Janez Ferluga
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK; Centre for Infection, Immunity and Disease Mechanisms, Biosciences, Heinz Wolff Building, Brunel University, London UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Hanan Al-Rashidi
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, University Rd, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Hussein Abbow
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, University Rd, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Wilhelm Schwaeble
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, University Rd, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Uday Kishore
- Centre for Infection, Immunity and Disease Mechanisms, Biosciences, Heinz Wolff Building, Brunel University, London UB8 3PH, UK
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20
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Abstract
It is now recognized that G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), once considered largely independent functional units, have a far more diverse molecular architecture. Receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMPs) provide an important example of proteins that interact with GPCRs to modify their function. RAMPs are able to act as pharmacological switches and chaperones, and they can regulate signaling and/or trafficking in a receptor-dependent manner. This review covers recent discoveries in the RAMP field and summarizes the known GPCR partners and functions of RAMPs. We also discuss the first peptide-bound structures of RAMP-GPCR complexes, which give insight into the molecular mechanisms that enable RAMPs to alter the pharmacology and signaling of GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debbie L Hay
- School of Biological Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Center, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand;
| | - Augen A Pioszak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104;
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21
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Booe J, Walker CS, Barwell J, Kuteyi G, Simms J, Jamaluddin M, Warner M, Bill R, Harris P, Brimble M, Poyner D, Hay D, Pioszak A. Structural Basis for Receptor Activity-Modifying Protein-Dependent Selective Peptide Recognition by a G Protein-Coupled Receptor. Mol Cell 2015; 58:1040-52. [PMID: 25982113 PMCID: PMC4504005 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2015.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Association of receptor activity-modifying proteins (RAMP1-3) with the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR) enables selective recognition of the peptides calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and adrenomedullin (AM) that have diverse functions in the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems. How peptides selectively bind GPCR:RAMP complexes is unknown. We report crystal structures of CGRP analog-bound CLR:RAMP1 and AM-bound CLR:RAMP2 extracellular domain heterodimers at 2.5 and 1.8 Å resolutions, respectively. The peptides similarly occupy a shared binding site on CLR with conformations characterized by a β-turn structure near their C termini rather than the α-helical structure common to peptides that bind related GPCRs. The RAMPs augment the binding site with distinct contacts to the variable C-terminal peptide residues and elicit subtly different CLR conformations. The structures and accompanying pharmacology data reveal how a class of accessory membrane proteins modulate ligand binding of a GPCR and may inform drug development targeting CLR:RAMP complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M. Booe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Christopher S. Walker
- School of Biological Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - James Barwell
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
| | - Gabriel Kuteyi
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
| | - John Simms
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
| | - Muhammad A. Jamaluddin
- School of Biological Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Margaret L. Warner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Roslyn M. Bill
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
| | - Paul W. Harris
- School of Chemical Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Margaret A. Brimble
- School of Chemical Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - David R. Poyner
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
| | - Debbie L. Hay
- School of Biological Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Augen A. Pioszak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA,Corresponding author
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22
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Larráyoz IM, Martínez-Herrero S, García-Sanmartín J, Ochoa-Callejero L, Martínez A. Adrenomedullin and tumour microenvironment. J Transl Med 2014; 12:339. [PMID: 25475159 PMCID: PMC4272513 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-014-0339-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Adrenomedullin (AM) is a regulatory peptide whose involvement in tumour progression is becoming more relevant with recent studies. AM is produced and secreted by the tumour cells but also by numerous stromal cells including macrophages, mast cells, endothelial cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells. Most cancer patients present high levels of circulating AM and in some cases these higher levels correlate with a worst prognosis. In some cases it has been shown that the high AM levels return to normal following surgical removal of the tumour, thus indicating the tumour as the source of this excessive production of AM. Expression of this peptide is a good investment for the tumour cell since AM acts as an autocrine/paracrine growth factor, prevents apoptosis-mediated cell death, increases tumour cell motility and metastasis, induces angiogenesis, and blocks immunosurveillance by inhibiting the immune system. In addition, AM expression gets rapidly activated by hypoxia through a HIF-1α mediated mechanism, thus characterizing AM as a major survival factor for tumour cells. Accordingly, a number of studies have shown that inhibition of this peptide or its receptors results in a significant reduction in tumour progression. In conclusion, AM is a great target for drug development and new drugs interfering with this system are being developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio M Larráyoz
- Oncology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja CIBIR, C/Piqueras 98, Logroño, 26006, Spain.
| | - Sonia Martínez-Herrero
- Oncology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja CIBIR, C/Piqueras 98, Logroño, 26006, Spain.
| | - Josune García-Sanmartín
- Oncology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja CIBIR, C/Piqueras 98, Logroño, 26006, Spain.
| | - Laura Ochoa-Callejero
- Oncology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja CIBIR, C/Piqueras 98, Logroño, 26006, Spain.
| | - Alfredo Martínez
- Oncology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja CIBIR, C/Piqueras 98, Logroño, 26006, Spain.
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23
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Watkins HA, Au M, Bobby R, Archbold JK, Abdul-Manan N, Moore JM, Middleditch MJ, Williams GM, Brimble MA, Dingley AJ, Hay DL. Identification of key residues involved in adrenomedullin binding to the AM1 receptor. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 169:143-55. [PMID: 23351143 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Adrenomedullin (AM) is a peptide hormone whose receptors are members of the class B GPCR family. They comprise a heteromer between the GPCR, the calcitonin receptor-like receptor and one of the receptor activity-modifying proteins 1-3. AM plays a significant role in angiogenesis and its antagonist fragment AM22-52 can inhibit blood vessel and tumour growth. The mechanism by which AM interacts with its receptors is unknown. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We determined the AM22-52 binding epitope for the AM1 receptor extracellular domain using biophysical techniques, heteronuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and alanine scanning. KEY RESULTS Chemical shift perturbation experiments located the main binding epitope for AM22-52 at the AM1 receptor to the C-terminal 8 amino acids. Isothermal titration calorimetry of AM22-52 alanine-substituted peptides indicated that Y52, G51 and I47 are essential for AM1 receptor binding and that K46 and P49 and R44 have a smaller role to play. Characterization of these peptides at the full-length AM receptors was assessed in Cos7 cells by cAMP assay. This confirmed the essential role of Y52, G51 and I47 in binding to the AM1 receptor, with their substitution resulting in ≥100-fold reduction in antagonist potency compared with AM22-52 . R44A, K46A, S48A and P49A AM22-52 decreased antagonist potency by approximately 10-fold. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS This study localizes the main binding epitope of AM22-52 to its C-terminal amino acids and distinguishes essential residues involved in this binding. This will inform the development of improved AM receptor antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Watkins
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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24
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Watkins HA, Rathbone DL, Barwell J, Hay DL, Poyner DR. Structure-activity relationships for α-calcitonin gene-related peptide. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 170:1308-22. [PMID: 23186257 PMCID: PMC3838678 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a member of the calcitonin (CT) family of peptides. It is a widely distributed neuropeptide implicated in conditions such as neurogenic inflammation. With other members of the CT family, it shares an N-terminal disulphide-bonded ring which is essential for biological activity, an area of potential α-helix, and a C-terminal amide. CGRP binds to the calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR) in complex with receptor activity-modifying protein 1 (RAMP1), a member of the family B (or secretin-like) GPCRs. It can also activate other CLR or calcitonin-receptor/RAMP complexes. This 37 amino acid peptide comprises the N-terminal ring that is required for receptor activation (residues 1-7); an α-helix (residues 8-18), a region incorporating a β-bend (residues 19-26) and the C-terminal portion (residues 27-37), that is characterized by bends between residues 28-30 and 33-34. A few residues have been identified that seem to make major contributions to receptor binding and activation, with a larger number contributing either to minor interactions (which collectively may be significant), or to maintaining the conformation of the bound peptide. It is not clear if CGRP follows the pattern of other family B GPCRs in binding largely as an α-helix. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Neuropeptides. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2013.170.issue-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet A Watkins
- School of Biological Sciences, University of AucklandAuckland, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of AucklandAuckland, New Zealand
| | - Dan L Rathbone
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston UniversityBirmingham, UK
| | - James Barwell
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston UniversityBirmingham, UK
| | - Debbie L Hay
- School of Biological Sciences, University of AucklandAuckland, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of AucklandAuckland, New Zealand
| | - David R Poyner
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston UniversityBirmingham, UK
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25
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Targeting tumor micro-environment for design and development of novel anti-angiogenic agents arresting tumor growth. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 113:333-54. [PMID: 24139944 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 10/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis: a process of generation of new blood vessels has been proved to be necessary for sustained tumor growth and cancer progression. Inhibiting angiogenesis pathway has long been remained a significant hope for the development of novel, effective and target orientated antitumor agents arresting the tumor proliferation and metastasis. The process of neoangiogenesis as a biological process is regulated by several pro- and anti-angiogenic factors, especially vascular endothelial growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, epidermal growth factor, hypoxia inducible factor 1 and transforming growth factor. Every endothelial cell destined for vessel formation is equipped with receptors for these angiogenic peptides. Moreover, numerous other angiogenic cytokines such as platelet derived growth factor (PGDF), placenta growth factor (PGF), nerve growth factor (NGF), stem-cell factor (SCF), and interleukins-2, 4, 6 etc. These molecular players performs critical role in regulating the angiogenic switch. Couple of decade's research in molecular aspects of tumor biology has unraveled numerous structural and functional mysteries of these angiogenic peptides. In present article, a detailed update on the functional and structural peculiarities of the various angiogenic peptides is described focusing on structural opportunities made available that has potential to be used to modulate function of these angiogenic peptides in developing therapeutic agents targeting neoplastic angiogenesis. The data may be useful in the mainstream of developing novel anticancer agents targeting tumor angiogenesis. We also discuss major therapeutic agents that are currently used in angiogenesis associated therapies as well as those are subject of active research or are in clinical trials.
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Martínez-Herrero S, Larráyoz IM, Ochoa-Callejero L, García-Sanmartín J, Martínez A. Adrenomedullin as a growth and cell fate regulatory factor for adult neural stem cells. Stem Cells Int 2012; 2012:804717. [PMID: 23049570 PMCID: PMC3462413 DOI: 10.1155/2012/804717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of stem cells as a strategy for tissue repair and regeneration is one of the biomedical research areas that has attracted more interest in the past few years. Despite the classic belief that the central nervous system (CNS) was immutable, now it is well known that cell turnover occurs in the mature CNS. Postnatal neurogenesis is subjected to tight regulation by many growth factors, cell signals, and transcription factors. An emerging molecule involved in this process is adrenomedullin (AM). AM, a 52-amino acid peptide which exerts a plethora of physiological functions, acts as a growth and cell fate regulatory factor for adult neural stem and progenitor cells. AM regulates the proliferation rate and the differentiation into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes of stem/progenitor cells, probably through the PI3K/Akt pathway. The active peptides derived from the AM gene are able to regulate the cytoskeleton dynamics, which is extremely important for mature neural cell morphogenesis. In addition, a defective cytoskeleton may impair cell cycle and migration, so AM may contribute to neural stem cell growth regulation by allowing cells to pass through mitosis. Regulation of AM levels may contribute to program stem cells for their use in medical therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ignacio M. Larráyoz
- Oncology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - Laura Ochoa-Callejero
- Oncology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | | | - Alfredo Martínez
- Oncology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), 26006 Logroño, Spain
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27
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The structure of secretin family GPCR peptide ligands: implications for receptor pharmacology and drug development. Drug Discov Today 2012; 17:1006-14. [PMID: 22579744 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The secretin family G protein-coupled receptors, characterized by a large N-terminal extracellular domain and seven transmembrane helices, are drug targets in many diseases, including migraine, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, osteoporosis and inflammatory disorders. Their activating ligands are peptides with an average length of 30 amino acids. In this article we review the available structural data for these peptides and how this explains their activity. We emphasize how this information may be used to accelerate the development of new drugs against these receptors.
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28
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Kraft JF, Vestergaard M, Schiøtt B, Thøgersen L. Modeling the Self-Assembly and Stability of DHPC Micelles Using Atomic Resolution and Coarse Grained MD Simulations. J Chem Theory Comput 2012; 8:1556-69. [DOI: 10.1021/ct200921u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johan F. Kraft
- Center for Insoluble Protein
Structures (inSPIN), Interdisciplinary Nanoscience
Center (iNANO), Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mikkel Vestergaard
- Center for Insoluble Protein
Structures (inSPIN), Interdisciplinary Nanoscience
Center (iNANO), Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Birgit Schiøtt
- Center for Insoluble Protein
Structures (inSPIN), Interdisciplinary Nanoscience
Center (iNANO), Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Lea Thøgersen
- Centre for Membrane Pumps in
Cells and Disease (PUMPKIN), Bioinformatics Research Centre, C.F. Møllers Alle 8, DK-8000 Aarhus C,
Denmark
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29
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Larrayoz IM, Ochoa-Callejero L, García-Sanmartín J, Vicario-Abejón C, Martínez A. Role of adrenomedullin in the growth and differentiation of stem and progenitor cells. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 297:175-234. [PMID: 22608560 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394308-8.00005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells have captured the imagination of the general public by their potential as new therapeutic tools in the fight against degenerative diseases. This potential is based on their capability for self-renewal and at the same time for producing progenitor cells that will eventually provide the building blocks for tissue and organ regeneration. These processes are carefully orchestrated in the organism by means of a series of molecular cues. An emerging molecule which is responsible for some of these physiological responses is adrenomedullin, a 52-amino acid regulatory peptide which increases proliferation and regulates cell fate of stem cells of different origins. Adrenomedullin binds to specific membrane receptors in stem cells and induces several intracellular pathways such as those involving cAMP, Akt, or MAPK. Regulation of adrenomedullin levels may help in directing the growth and differentiation of stem cells for applications (e.g., cell therapy) both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio M Larrayoz
- Oncology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), Logroño, Spain
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