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Groves JT, Feng L, Austin RN. Structure and Function of Alkane Monooxygenase (AlkB). Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:3665-3675. [PMID: 38032826 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Every year, perhaps as much as 800 million tons of hydrocarbons enters the environment; alkanes make up a large percentage of it. Most are transformed by organisms that utilize these molecules as sources of energy and carbon. Both aerobic and anaerobic alkane transformation chemistries exist, capitalizing on the presence of alkanes in both oxic and anoxic environments. Over the past 40 years, tremendous progress has been made in understanding the structure and mechanism of enzymes that catalyze the transformation of methane. By contrast, progress involving enzymes that transform liquid alkanes has been slower with the first structures of AlkB, the predominant aerobic alkane hydroxylase in the environment, appearing in 2023. Because of the fundamental importance of C-H bond activation chemistries, interest in understanding how biology activates and transforms alkanes is high.In this Account, we focus on steps we have taken to understand the mechanism and structure of alkane monooxygenase (AlkB), the metalloenzyme that dominates the transformation of liquid alkanes in the environment (not to be confused with another AlkB that is an α-ketogluturate-dependent enzyme involved in DNA repair). First, we briefly describe what is known about the prevalence of AlkB in the environment and its role in the carbon cycle. Then we review the key findings from our recent high-resolution cryoEM structure of AlkB and highlight important similarities and differences in the structures of members of class III diiron enzymes. Functional studies, which we summarize, from a number of single residue variants enable us to say a great deal about how the structure of AlkB facilitates its function. Next, we overview work from our laboratories using mechanistically diagnostic radical clock substrates to characterize the mechanism of AlkB and contextualize the results we have obtained on AlkB with results we have obtained on other alkane-oxidizing enzymes and explain these results in light of the enzyme's structure. Finally, we integrate recent work in our laboratories with information from prior studies of AlkB, and relevant model systems, to create a holistic picture of the enzyme. We end by pointing to critical questions that still need to be answered, questions about the electronic structure of the active site of the enzyme throughout the reaction cycle and about whether and to what extent the enzyme plays functional roles in biology beyond simply initiating the degradation of alkanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Groves
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Liang Feng
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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Lu C, Leitner N, Wijffels RH, Martins Dos Santos VAP, Weusthuis RA. Microbial production of medium-chain-length α, ω-diols via two-stage process under mild conditions. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 352:127111. [PMID: 35381336 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Medium-chain-length α, ω-diols (mcl-diols) are versatile compounds widely used as building blocks of coating materials and polymers. Mcl-diols are currently synthesized through energy intensive chemical process. Recently, esterified diols have been produced from n-alkanes in E. coli by co-expression of the alkane monooxygenase module (AlkBGTL) and the esterification module (Atf1), thereby establishing the technical feasibility of the process. However, esterified diols need to be hydrolyzed for further applications. In this study, we developed bio-catalysts for mcl-diol production from n-alkanes under mild conditions. The engineered P. putida KT2440 with overexpression of Est12 can efficiently hydrolyze esterified diols (C6-C10). Later, the engineered strain was co-cultured with an E. coli strain (AlkBGTL-Atf1) to produce mcl-diols. In a two-stage approach, 5 mM 1,6-hexanediol was produced, 61.5 times of one-stage test, from n-hexane by biocatalysts for the first time. In conclusion, the present work indicates that bio-catalysis offers a green biobased alternative for synthesis of mcl-diols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunzhe Lu
- Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Nina Leitner
- Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Rene H Wijffels
- Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | - Vitor A P Martins Dos Santos
- Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Lifeglimmer GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ruud A Weusthuis
- Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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Williams SC, Austin RN. An Overview of the Electron-Transfer Proteins That Activate Alkane Monooxygenase (AlkB). Front Microbiol 2022; 13:845551. [PMID: 35295299 PMCID: PMC8918992 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.845551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkane-oxidizing enzymes play an important role in the global carbon cycle. Alkane monooxygenase (AlkB) oxidizes most of the medium-chain length alkanes in the environment. The first AlkB identified was from P. putida GPo1 (initially known as P. oleovorans) in the early 1970s, and it continues to be the family member about which the most is known. This AlkB is found as part of the OCT operon, in which all of the key proteins required for growth on alkanes are present. The AlkB catalytic cycle requires that the diiron active site be reduced. In P. putida GPo1, electrons originate from NADH and arrive at AlkB via the intermediacy of a flavin reductase and an iron–sulfur protein (a rubredoxin). In this Mini Review, we will review what is known about the canonical arrangement of electron-transfer proteins that activate AlkB and, more importantly, point to several other arrangements that are possible. These other arrangements include the presence of a simpler rubredoxin than what is found in the canonical arrangement, as well as two other classes of AlkBs with fused electron-transfer partners. In one class, a rubredoxin is fused to the hydroxylase and in another less well-explored class, a ferredoxin reductase and a ferredoxin are fused to the hydroxylase. We review what is known about the biochemistry of these electron-transfer proteins, speculate on the biological significance of this diversity, and point to key questions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel Narehood Austin
- Department of Chemistry, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York City, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Rachel Narehood Austin,
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Kim IJ, Bayer T, Terholsen H, Bornscheuer U. α-Dioxygenases (α-DOXs): Promising biocatalysts for the environmentally friendly production of aroma compounds. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202100693. [PMID: 35107200 PMCID: PMC9305512 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Fatty aldehydes (FALs) can be derived from fatty acids (FAs) and related compounds and are frequently used as flavors and fragrances. Although chemical methods have been conventionally used, their selective biotechnological production aiming at more efficient and eco‐friendly synthetic routes is in demand. α‐Dioxygenases (α‐DOXs) are heme‐dependent oxidative enzymes biologically involved in the initial step of plant FA α‐oxidation during which molecular oxygen is incorporated into the Cα‐position of a FA (Cn) to generate the intermediate FA hydroperoxide, which is subsequently converted into the shortened corresponding FAL (Cn‐1). α‐DOXs are promising biocatalysts for the flavor and fragrance industries, they do not require NAD(P)H as cofactors or redox partner proteins, and they have a broad substrate scope. Here, we highlight recent advances in the biocatalytic utilization of α‐DOXs with emphasis on newly discovered cyanobacterial α‐DOXs as well as analytical methods to measure α‐DOX activity in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Jung Kim
- University of Greifswald: Universitat Greifswald, Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, GERMANY
| | - Thomas Bayer
- University of Greifswald: Universitat Greifswald, Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, GERMANY
| | - Henrik Terholsen
- Universitat Greifswald, Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, GERMANY
| | - Uwe Bornscheuer
- Greifswald University, Dept. of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, 17487, Greifswald, GERMANY
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Liu J, Liu J, Guo L, Liu J, Chen X, Liu L, Gao C. Advances in microbial synthesis of bioplastic monomers. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2022; 119:35-81. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Bretschneider L, Heuschkel I, Bühler K, Karande R, Bühler B. Rational orthologous pathway and biochemical process engineering for adipic acid production using Pseudomonas taiwanensis VLB120. Metab Eng 2022; 70:206-217. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2022.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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7
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LuxAB-Based Microbial Cell Factories for the Sensing, Manufacturing and Transformation of Industrial Aldehydes. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11080953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of genetically encoded biosensors enables the detection of small molecules in living cells and has facilitated the characterization of enzymes, their directed evolution and the engineering of (natural) metabolic pathways. In this work, the LuxAB biosensor system from Photorhabdus luminescens was implemented in Escherichia coli to monitor the enzymatic production of aldehydes from primary alcohols and carboxylic acid substrates. A simple high-throughput assay utilized the bacterial luciferase—previously reported to only accept aliphatic long-chain aldehydes—to detect structurally diverse aldehydes, including aromatic and monoterpene aldehydes. LuxAB was used to screen the substrate scopes of three prokaryotic oxidoreductases: an alcohol dehydrogenase (Pseudomonas putida), a choline oxidase variant (Arthrobacter chlorophenolicus) and a carboxylic acid reductase (Mycobacterium marinum). Consequently, high-value aldehydes such as cinnamaldehyde, citral and citronellal could be produced in vivo in up to 80% yield. Furthermore, the dual role of LuxAB as sensor and monooxygenase, emitting bioluminescence through the oxidation of aldehydes to the corresponding carboxylates, promises implementation in artificial enzyme cascades for the synthesis of carboxylic acids. These findings advance the bio-based detection, preparation and transformation of industrially important aldehydes in living cells.
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Lee Y, Sathesh-Prabu C, Kwak GH, Bang I, Jung HW, Kim D, Lee SK. Enhanced production of nonanedioic acid from nonanoic acid by engineered Escherichia coli. Biotechnol J 2021; 17:e2000416. [PMID: 33964181 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202000416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In this study, whole-cell biotransformation was conducted to produce nonanedioic acid from nonanoic acid by expressing the alkane hydroxylating system (AlkBGT) from Pseudomonas putida GPo1 in Escherichia coli. Following adaptive laboratory evolution, an efficient E. coli mutant strain, designated as MRE, was successfully obtained, demonstrating the fastest growth (27-fold higher) on nonanoic acid as the sole carbon source compared to the wild-type strain. Additionally, the MRE strain was engineered to block nonanoic acid degradation by deleting fadE. The resulting strain exhibited a 12.8-fold increase in nonanedioic acid production compared to the wild-type strain. Six mutations in acrR, Pcrp , dppA, PfadD , e14, and yeaR were identified in the mutant MRE strain, which was characterized using genomic modifications and RNA-sequencing. The acquired mutations were found to be beneficial for rapid growth and nonanedioic acid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjoo Lee
- School of Energy & Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Chandran Sathesh-Prabu
- School of Energy & Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Geun Hwa Kwak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ina Bang
- School of Energy & Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Wook Jung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghyuk Kim
- School of Energy & Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Kuk Lee
- School of Energy & Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
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Bretschneider L, Wegner M, Bühler K, Bühler B, Karande R. One-pot synthesis of 6-aminohexanoic acid from cyclohexane using mixed-species cultures. Microb Biotechnol 2021; 14:1011-1025. [PMID: 33369139 PMCID: PMC8085927 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
6-Aminohexanoic acid (6AHA) is a vital polymer building block for Nylon 6 production and an FDA-approved orphan drug. However, its production from cyclohexane is associated with several challenges, including low conversion and yield, and severe environmental issues. We aimed at overcoming these challenges by developing a bioprocess for 6AHA synthesis. A mixed-species approach turned out to be most promising. Thereby, Pseudomonas taiwanensis VLB120 strains harbouring an upstream cascade converting cyclohexane to either є-caprolactone (є-CL) or 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid (6HA) were combined with Escherichia coli JM101 strains containing the corresponding downstream cascade for the further conversion to 6AHA. ε-CL was found to be a better 'shuttle molecule' than 6HA enabling higher 6AHA formation rates and yields. Mixed-species reaction performance with 4 g l-1 biomass, 10 mM cyclohexane, and an air-to-aqueous phase ratio of 23 combined with a repetitive oxygen feeding strategy led to complete substrate conversion with 86% 6AHA yield and an initial specific 6AHA formation rate of 7.7 ± 0.1 U gCDW -1 . The same cascade enabled 49% 7-aminoheptanoic acid yield from cycloheptane. This combination of rationally engineered strains allowed direct 6AHA production from cyclohexane in one pot with high conversion and yield under environmentally benign conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Bretschneider
- Department of Solar MaterialsHelmholtz‐Centre for Environmental Research –UFZPermoserstrasse 15Leipzig04318Germany
| | - Martin Wegner
- Department of Solar MaterialsHelmholtz‐Centre for Environmental Research –UFZPermoserstrasse 15Leipzig04318Germany
| | - Katja Bühler
- Department of Solar MaterialsHelmholtz‐Centre for Environmental Research –UFZPermoserstrasse 15Leipzig04318Germany
| | - Bruno Bühler
- Department of Solar MaterialsHelmholtz‐Centre for Environmental Research –UFZPermoserstrasse 15Leipzig04318Germany
| | - Rohan Karande
- Department of Solar MaterialsHelmholtz‐Centre for Environmental Research –UFZPermoserstrasse 15Leipzig04318Germany
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10
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Williams SC, Forsberg AP, Lee J, Vizcarra CL, Lopatkin AJ, Austin RN. Investigation of the prevalence and catalytic activity of rubredoxin-fused alkane monooxygenases (AlkBs). J Inorg Biochem 2021; 219:111409. [PMID: 33752122 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Interest in understanding the environmental distribution of the alkane monooxygenase (AlkB) enzyme led to the identification of over 100 distinct alkane monooxygenase (AlkB) enzymes containing a covalently bound, or fused, rubredoxin. The rubredoxin-fused AlkB from Dietzia cinnamea was cloned as a full-length protein and as a truncated protein with the rubredoxin domain deleted. A point mutation (V91W) was introduced into the full-length protein, with the goal of assessing how steric bulk in the putative substrate channel might affect selectivity. Based on activity studies with alkane and alkene substrates, the rubredoxin-fused AlkB oxidizes a similar range of alkane substrates relative to its rubredoxin domain-deletion counterpart. Oxidation of terminal alkenes generated both an epoxide and a terminal aldehyde. The products of V91W-mutant-catalyzed oxidation of alkenes had a higher aldehyde-to-epoxide ratio than the products formed in the presence of the wild type protein. These results are consistent with this mutation causing a structural change impacting substrate positioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoshana C Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Barnard College, 3009 Broadway, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Allison P Forsberg
- Department of Chemistry, Barnard College, 3009 Broadway, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Juliet Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Barnard College, 3009 Broadway, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Christina L Vizcarra
- Department of Chemistry, Barnard College, 3009 Broadway, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Allison J Lopatkin
- Department of Biology, Barnard College, 3009 Broadway, New York, NY 10027, USA; Data Science Institute Columbia University, New York, NY 10027 USA
| | - Rachel N Austin
- Department of Chemistry, Barnard College, 3009 Broadway, New York, NY 10027, USA.
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11
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Schäfer L, Bühler K, Karande R, Bühler B. Rational Engineering of a Multi‐Step Biocatalytic Cascade for the Conversion of Cyclohexane to Polycaprolactone Monomers in
Pseudomonas taiwanensis. Biotechnol J 2020; 15:e2000091. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.202000091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Schäfer
- Department of Solar Materials Helmholtz‐Centre for Environmental Research ‐ UFZ Permoserstraße 15 Leipzig Saxony 04318 Germany
| | - Katja Bühler
- Department of Solar Materials Helmholtz‐Centre for Environmental Research ‐ UFZ Permoserstraße 15 Leipzig Saxony 04318 Germany
| | - Rohan Karande
- Department of Solar Materials Helmholtz‐Centre for Environmental Research ‐ UFZ Permoserstraße 15 Leipzig Saxony 04318 Germany
| | - Bruno Bühler
- Department of Solar Materials Helmholtz‐Centre for Environmental Research ‐ UFZ Permoserstraße 15 Leipzig Saxony 04318 Germany
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12
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Cha H, Hwang S, Lee D, Kumar AR, Kwon Y, Voß M, Schuiten E, Bornscheuer UT, Hollmann F, Oh D, Park J. Whole‐Cell Photoenzymatic Cascades to Synthesize Long‐Chain Aliphatic Amines and Esters from Renewable Fatty Acids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:7024-7028. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201915108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hee‐Jeong Cha
- Department of Food Science & Engineering Ewha Womans University Seoul 03760 Republic of Korea
| | - Se‐Yeun Hwang
- Department of Food Science & Engineering Ewha Womans University Seoul 03760 Republic of Korea
| | - Da‐Som Lee
- Department of Food Science & Engineering Ewha Womans University Seoul 03760 Republic of Korea
| | - Akula Ravi Kumar
- Department of Food Science & Engineering Ewha Womans University Seoul 03760 Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience Ewha Womans University Seoul 03760 Republic of Korea
| | - Yong‐Uk Kwon
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience Ewha Womans University Seoul 03760 Republic of Korea
| | - Moritz Voß
- Institute of Biochemistry Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis Greifswald University 17487 Greifswald Germany
| | - Eva Schuiten
- Institute of Biochemistry Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis Greifswald University 17487 Greifswald Germany
| | - Uwe T. Bornscheuer
- Institute of Biochemistry Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis Greifswald University 17487 Greifswald Germany
| | - Frank Hollmann
- Department of Biotechnology Delft University of Technology Van der Maasweg 9 2629HZ Delft The Netherlands
| | - Deok‐Kun Oh
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology Konkuk University Seoul 05029 Republic of Korea
| | - Jin‐Byung Park
- Department of Food Science & Engineering Ewha Womans University Seoul 03760 Republic of Korea
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13
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Cha H, Hwang S, Lee D, Kumar AR, Kwon Y, Voß M, Schuiten E, Bornscheuer UT, Hollmann F, Oh D, Park J. Whole‐Cell Photoenzymatic Cascades to Synthesize Long‐Chain Aliphatic Amines and Esters from Renewable Fatty Acids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201915108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hee‐Jeong Cha
- Department of Food Science & EngineeringEwha Womans University Seoul 03760 Republic of Korea
| | - Se‐Yeun Hwang
- Department of Food Science & EngineeringEwha Womans University Seoul 03760 Republic of Korea
| | - Da‐Som Lee
- Department of Food Science & EngineeringEwha Womans University Seoul 03760 Republic of Korea
| | - Akula Ravi Kumar
- Department of Food Science & EngineeringEwha Womans University Seoul 03760 Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry and NanoscienceEwha Womans University Seoul 03760 Republic of Korea
| | - Yong‐Uk Kwon
- Department of Chemistry and NanoscienceEwha Womans University Seoul 03760 Republic of Korea
| | - Moritz Voß
- Institute of BiochemistryDepartment of Biotechnology & Enzyme CatalysisGreifswald University 17487 Greifswald Germany
| | - Eva Schuiten
- Institute of BiochemistryDepartment of Biotechnology & Enzyme CatalysisGreifswald University 17487 Greifswald Germany
| | - Uwe T. Bornscheuer
- Institute of BiochemistryDepartment of Biotechnology & Enzyme CatalysisGreifswald University 17487 Greifswald Germany
| | - Frank Hollmann
- Department of BiotechnologyDelft University of Technology Van der Maasweg 9 2629HZ Delft The Netherlands
| | - Deok‐Kun Oh
- Department of Bioscience and BiotechnologyKonkuk University Seoul 05029 Republic of Korea
| | - Jin‐Byung Park
- Department of Food Science & EngineeringEwha Womans University Seoul 03760 Republic of Korea
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Song JW, Seo JH, Oh DK, Bornscheuer UT, Park JB. Design and engineering of whole-cell biocatalytic cascades for the valorization of fatty acids. Catal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cy01802f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This review presents the key factors to construct a productive whole-cell biocatalytic cascade exemplified for the biotransformation of renewable fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Won Song
- Department of Food Science and Engineering
- Ewha Womans University
- Seoul 03760
- Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Hyun Seo
- Department of Bio and Fermentation Convergence Technology
- Kookmin University
- Seoul 02707
- Republic of Korea
| | - Doek-Kun Oh
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology
- Konkuk University
- Seoul 143-701
- Republic of Korea
| | - Uwe T. Bornscheuer
- Institute of Biochemistry
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis
- Greifswald University
- 17487 Greifswald
- Germany
| | - Jin-Byung Park
- Department of Food Science and Engineering
- Ewha Womans University
- Seoul 03760
- Republic of Korea
- Institute of Molecular Microbiology and Biosystems Engineering
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15
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Kruis AJ, Bohnenkamp AC, Patinios C, van Nuland YM, Levisson M, Mars AE, van den Berg C, Kengen SW, Weusthuis RA. Microbial production of short and medium chain esters: Enzymes, pathways, and applications. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:107407. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Multi-Step Enzymatic Synthesis of 1,9-Nonanedioic Acid from a Renewable Fatty Acid and Its Application for the Enzymatic Production of Biopolyesters. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11101690. [PMID: 31618998 PMCID: PMC6835665 DOI: 10.3390/polym11101690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
1,9-Nonanedioic acid is one of the valuable building blocks for producing polyesters and polyamides. Thereby, whole-cell biosynthesis of 1,9-nonanedioic acid from oleic acid has been investigated. A recombinant Corynebacterium glutamicum, expressing the alcohol/aldehyde dehydrogenases (ChnDE) of Acinetobacter sp. NCIMB 9871, was constructed and used for the production of 1,9-nonanedioic acid from 9-hydroxynonanoic acid, which had been produced from oleic acid. When 9-hydroxynonanoic acid was added to a concentration of 20 mM in the reaction medium, 1,9-nonanedioic acid was produced to 16 mM within 8 h by the recombinant C. glutamicum. The dicarboxylic acid was isolated via crystallization and then used for the production of biopolyester by a lipase. For instance, the polyesterification of 1,9-nonanedioic acid and 1,8-octanediol in diphenyl ether by the immobilized lipase B from Candida antarctica led to formation of the polymer product with the number-average molecular weight (Mn) of approximately 21,000. Thereby, this study will contribute to biological synthesis of long chain dicarboxylic acids and their application for the enzymatic production of long chain biopolyesters.
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Bioenzymatic and Chemical Derivatization of Renewable Fatty Acids. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9100566. [PMID: 31590242 PMCID: PMC6843907 DOI: 10.3390/biom9100566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to our previous efforts toward bioenzymatic and chemical transformations of ricinoleic acid and oleic acid to their corresponding α,ω-dicarboxylic acids via their ester intermediates driven in Escherichia coli cells, several efficient oxidation conditions were investigated and optimized for the conversion of ω-hydroxycarboxylic acids to α,ω-dicarboxylic acids. Pd/C-catalyzed oxidation using NaBH4 in a basic aqueous alcohol and Ni(II) salt-catalyzed oxidation using aqueous sodium hypochlorite were considered to be excellent as a hybrid reaction for three successive chemical reactions (hydrogenation, hydrolysis, and oxidation) and an eco-friendly, cost-effective, and practical approach, respectively. Omega-hydroxycarboxylic acids and ω-aminocarboxylic acid were also easily prepared as useful building blocks for plastics or bioactive compounds from the bioenzymatically driven ester intermediate. The scope of the developed synthetic methods can be utilized for large-scale synthesis and various derivatizations.
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18
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Kolmar JF, Thum O, Baganz F. Improving Product Specificity of Whole-Cell Alkane Oxidation in Nonconventional Media: A Multivariate Analysis Approach. Biotechnol J 2019; 14:e1800581. [PMID: 31231931 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201800581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Two-liquid-phase reaction media have long been used in bioconversions to supply or remove hydrophobic organic reaction substrates and products to reduce inhibitory and toxic effects on biocatalysts. In case of the terminal oxyfunctionalization of linear alkanes by the AlkBGT monooxygenase the excess alkane substrate is often used as a second phase to extract the alcohol, aldehyde, and acid products. However, the selection of other carrier phases or surfactants is complex due to a large number of parameters that are involved, such as biocompatibility, substrate bioavailability, and product extraction selectivity. This study combines systematic high-throughput screening with chemometrics to correlate physicochemical parameters of a range of cosolvents to product specificity and yield using a multivariate regression model. Partial least-squares regression shows that the defining factor for product specificity is the solubility properties of the reaction substrate and product in the cosolvent, as measured by Hansen solubility parameters. Thus the polarity of cosolvents determines the accumulation of either alcohol or acid products. Whereas usually the acid product accumulates during the reaction, by choosing a more polar cosolvent the 1-alcohol product can be accumulated. Especially with Tergitol as a cosolvent, a 3.2-fold improvement in the 1-octanol yield to 18.3 mmol L-1 is achieved relative to the control reaction without cosolvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes F Kolmar
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Bernard Katz Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Oliver Thum
- Evonik Creavis GmbH, Paul-Baumann-Straße 1, 45772, Marl, Germany
| | - Frank Baganz
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Bernard Katz Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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19
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Highly efficient asymmetric reduction of 2-octanone in biphasic system by immobilized Acetobacter sp. CCTCC M209061 cells. J Biotechnol 2019; 299:37-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2019.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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20
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Hoschek A, Bühler B, Schmid A. Stabilization and scale‐up of photosynthesis‐driven ω‐hydroxylation of nonanoic acid methyl ester by two‐liquid phase whole‐cell biocatalysis. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:1887-1900. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.27006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hoschek
- Department of Solar MaterialsHelmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH‐UFZLeipzig Germany
| | - Bruno Bühler
- Department of Solar MaterialsHelmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH‐UFZLeipzig Germany
| | - Andreas Schmid
- Department of Solar MaterialsHelmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH‐UFZLeipzig Germany
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21
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Schwarzer TS, Klermund L, Wang G, Castiglione K. Membrane functionalization of polymersomes: alleviating mass transport limitations by integrating multiple selective membrane transporters for the diffusion of chemically diverse molecules. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 29:44LT01. [PMID: 30124436 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aadb7e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the interest in polymersomes as nanoreactors for synthetic applications has increased due to interesting proof-of-concept studies, indicating a versatile use of polymeric vesicles to compartmentalize complex reaction cascades. However, the low permeability of polymeric membranes and the requirement for a controlled mass transport across the compartment boundaries have posed a major limitation to the broad applicability of polymersomes for synthetic reactions. Current advances in the functional integration of membrane proteins (MPs) into poly(2-dimethylsiloxane)-based membranes have allowed the selective increase of the permeability for a controlled mass transport of the desired compounds across the membrane. Herein we demonstrate that polymer membranes are capable of harboring different MPs to alleviate the mass transport limitations of chemically diverse molecules, thereby enabling complex cascade reactions to be performed within the nanoreactors. The ability to functionalize the polymer membrane with multiple, highly selective MPs allows a reduction in mass transport limitations without abandoning compartmentalization of the reaction space on a low molecular mass level. As the model reaction, a two enzyme system consisting of a ketoreductase (KR) and a formate dehydrogenase was studied. For the transport of the hydrophobic substrate and product of the KR, the MPs AlkL, OmpW, OprG and TodX were investigated. For the transport of formate, OmpF, PhoE and FocA were used. AlkL showed the highest integration efficiency (39%) and a maximum of 120 AlkL molecules were successfully inserted into each polymersome. The highest channel-specific effects on the mass transfer were achieved using TodX and PhoE, respectively. The combination of both proteins led to an improvement of the space-time yield of the product (S)-pentafluorophenyl ethanol by 2.32-fold compared to nanoreactors without MPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom S Schwarzer
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstr. 15, D-85748 Garching, Germany
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22
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Screening of organic solvents for bioprocesses using aqueous-organic two-phase systems. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:1801-1814. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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23
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Jeon EY, Song JW, Cha HJ, Lee SM, Lee J, Park JB. Intracellular transformation rates of fatty acids are influenced by expression of the fatty acid transporter FadL in Escherichia coli cell membrane. J Biotechnol 2018; 281:161-167. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2018.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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24
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Wiesinger T, Bayer T, Milker S, Mihovilovic MD, Rudroff F. Cell Factory Design and Optimization for the Stereoselective Synthesis of Polyhydroxylated Compounds. Chembiochem 2018; 19:361-368. [PMID: 28980776 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A synthetic cascade for the transformation of primary alcohols into polyhydroxylated compounds in Escherichia coli, through the in situ preparation of cytotoxic aldehyde intermediates and subsequent aldolase-mediated C-C bond formation, has been investigated. An enzymatic toolbox consisting of alcohol dehydrogenase AlkJ from Pseudomonas putida and the dihydroxyacetone-/hydroxyacetone-accepting aldolase variant Fsa1-A129S was applied. Pathway optimization was performed at the genetic and process levels. Three different arrangements of the alkJ and fsa1-A129S genes in operon, monocistronic, and pseudo-operon configuration were tested. The last of these proved to be most beneficial with regard to bacterial growth and protein expression levels. The optimized whole-cell catalyst, combined with a refined solid-phase extraction downstream purification protocol, provides diastereomerically pure carbohydrate derivatives that can be isolated in up to 91 % yield over two reaction steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wiesinger
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, OC-163, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Bayer
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, OC-163, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sofia Milker
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, OC-163, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marko D Mihovilovic
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, OC-163, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Rudroff
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, OC-163, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
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25
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Ahsan MM, Jeon H, P. Nadarajan S, Chung T, Yoo HW, Kim BG, Patil MD, Yun H. Biosynthesis of the Nylon 12 Monomer, ω-Aminododecanoic Acid with Novel CYP153A, AlkJ, and ω-TA Enzymes. Biotechnol J 2018; 13:e1700562. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hyunwoo Jeon
- Department of Systems Biotechnology; Konkuk University; 120 Neungdong-ro Gwangjin-gu Seoul-050-29 South Korea
| | - Saravanan P. Nadarajan
- Department of Systems Biotechnology; Konkuk University; 120 Neungdong-ro Gwangjin-gu Seoul-050-29 South Korea
| | - Taeowan Chung
- School of Biotechnology; Yeungnam University; Gyeongsan 38541 South Korea
| | - Hee-Wang Yoo
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Seoul National University; Seoul 08826 South Korea
| | - Byung-Gee Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Seoul National University; Seoul 08826 South Korea
| | - Mahesh D. Patil
- Department of Systems Biotechnology; Konkuk University; 120 Neungdong-ro Gwangjin-gu Seoul-050-29 South Korea
| | - Hyungdon Yun
- Department of Systems Biotechnology; Konkuk University; 120 Neungdong-ro Gwangjin-gu Seoul-050-29 South Korea
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26
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van Nuland YM, Eggink G, Weusthuis RA. Combination of ester biosynthesis and ω-oxidation for production of mono-ethyl dicarboxylic acids and di-ethyl esters in a whole-cell biocatalytic setup with Escherichia coli. Microb Cell Fact 2017; 16:185. [PMID: 29096635 PMCID: PMC5667465 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-017-0803-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medium chain length (C6-C12) α,ω-dicarboxylic acids (DCAs) and corresponding esters are important building blocks for the polymer industry. For DCAs of 12 carbon atoms and longer, a sustainable process based on monooxygenase catalyzed ω-oxidation of fatty-acids has been realized. For medium-chain DCAs with a shorter chain length however, such a process has not been developed yet, since monooxygenases poorly ω-oxidize medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs). On the contrary, esterified MCFAs are ω-oxidized well by the AlkBGTHJ proteins from Pseudomonas putida GPo1. RESULTS We show that MCFAs can be efficiently esterified and subsequently ω-oxidized in vivo. We combined ethyl ester synthesis and ω-oxidation in one-pot, whole-cell biocatalysis in Escherichia coli. Ethyl ester production was achieved by applying acyl-CoA ligase AlkK and an alcohol acyltransferase, either AtfA or Eeb1. E. coli expressing these proteins in combination with the ω-oxidation pathway consisting of AlkBGTHJ, produced mono-ethyl DCAs directly from C6, C8 and C9 fatty acids. The highest molar yield was 0.75, for mono-ethyl azelate production from nonanoic acid. Furthermore, di-ethyl esters were produced. Diethyl suberate was produced most among the di-ethyl esters, with a molar yield of 0.24 from octanoic acid. CONCLUSION The results indicate that esterification of MCFAs and subsequent ω-oxidation to mono-ethyl DCAs via whole-cell biocatalysis is possible. This process could be the first step towards sustainable production of medium-chain DCAs and medium-chain di-ethyl esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youri M van Nuland
- Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands.
| | - Gerrit Eggink
- Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands.,Biobased Products, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Ruud A Weusthuis
- Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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27
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Biocatalytic, one-pot diterminal oxidation and esterification of n-alkanes for production of α,ω-diol and α,ω-dicarboxylic acid esters. Metab Eng 2017; 44:134-142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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28
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Hoschek A, Bühler B, Schmid A. Umgehung des Gas-flüssig-Stofftransports von Sauerstoff durch Kopplung der photosynthetischen Wasseroxidation an eine biokatalytische Oxyfunktionalisierung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201706886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hoschek
- Department Solare Materialien; Helmholtz-Zentrum für Umweltforschung - UFZ; Permoserstraße 15 04318 Leipzig Deutschland
| | - Bruno Bühler
- Department Solare Materialien; Helmholtz-Zentrum für Umweltforschung - UFZ; Permoserstraße 15 04318 Leipzig Deutschland
| | - Andreas Schmid
- Department Solare Materialien; Helmholtz-Zentrum für Umweltforschung - UFZ; Permoserstraße 15 04318 Leipzig Deutschland
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29
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Hoschek A, Bühler B, Schmid A. Overcoming the Gas-Liquid Mass Transfer of Oxygen by Coupling Photosynthetic Water Oxidation with Biocatalytic Oxyfunctionalization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:15146-15149. [PMID: 28945948 PMCID: PMC5708270 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201706886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Gas–liquid mass transfer of gaseous reactants is a major limitation for high space–time yields, especially for O2‐dependent (bio)catalytic reactions in aqueous solutions. Herein, oxygenic photosynthesis was used for homogeneous O2 supply via in situ generation in the liquid phase to overcome this limitation. The phototrophic cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 was engineered to synthesize the alkane monooxygenase AlkBGT from Pseudomonas putida GPo1. With light, but without external addition of O2, the chemo‐ and regioselective hydroxylation of nonanoic acid methyl ester to ω‐hydroxynonanoic acid methyl ester was driven by O2 generated through photosynthetic water oxidation. Photosynthesis also delivered the necessary reduction equivalents to regenerate the Fe2+ center in AlkB for oxygen transfer to the terminal methyl group. The in situ coupling of oxygenic photosynthesis to O2‐transferring enzymes now enables the design of fast hydrocarbon oxyfunctionalization reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hoschek
- Department Solar Materials, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bruno Bühler
- Department Solar Materials, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Schmid
- Department Solar Materials, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
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30
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Li J, Tang X, Awakawa T, Moore BS. Enzymatic C−H Oxidation-Amidation Cascade in the Production of Natural and Unnatural Thiotetronate Antibiotics with Potentiated Bioactivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201705239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Center of Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine; Scripps Institution of Oceanography; University of California at San Diego; 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla CA 92093-0204 USA
| | - Xiaoyu Tang
- Center of Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine; Scripps Institution of Oceanography; University of California at San Diego; 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla CA 92093-0204 USA
| | - Takayoshi Awakawa
- Center of Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine; Scripps Institution of Oceanography; University of California at San Diego; 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla CA 92093-0204 USA
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; The University of Tokyo; 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-0033 Japan
| | - Bradley S. Moore
- Center of Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine; Scripps Institution of Oceanography; University of California at San Diego; 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla CA 92093-0204 USA
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of California at San Diego; 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla CA 92093 USA
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31
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Li J, Tang X, Awakawa T, Moore BS. Enzymatic C-H Oxidation-Amidation Cascade in the Production of Natural and Unnatural Thiotetronate Antibiotics with Potentiated Bioactivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:12234-12239. [PMID: 28833969 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201705239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The selective activation of unreactive hydrocarbons by biosynthetic enzymes has inspired new synthetic methods in C-H bond activation. Herein, we report the unprecedented two-step biosynthetic conversion of thiotetromycin to thiotetroamide C involving the tandem oxidation and amidation of an unreactive ethyl group. We detail the genetic and biochemical basis for the terminal amidation in thiotetroamide C biosynthesis, which involves a uniquely adapted cytochrome P450-amidotransferase enzyme pair and highlights the first oxidation-amidation enzymatic cascade reaction leading to the selective formation of a primary amide group from a chemically inert alkyl group. Motivated by the ten-fold increase in antibiotic potency of thiotetroamide C ascribed to the acetamide group and the unusual enzymology involved, we enzymatically interrogated diverse thiolactomycin analogues and prepared an unnatural thiotetroamide C analogue with potentiated bioactivity compared to the parent molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Center of Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0204, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Tang
- Center of Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0204, USA
| | - Takayoshi Awakawa
- Center of Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0204, USA.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Bradley S Moore
- Center of Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0204, USA.,Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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32
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Kadisch M, Willrodt C, Hillen M, Bühler B, Schmid A. Maximizing the stability of metabolic engineering-derived whole-cell biocatalysts. Biotechnol J 2017; 12. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201600170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Kadisch
- Department Solar Materials; Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ; Leipzig Germany
| | - Christian Willrodt
- Department Solar Materials; Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ; Leipzig Germany
| | - Michael Hillen
- Department Solar Materials; Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ; Leipzig Germany
| | - Bruno Bühler
- Department Solar Materials; Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ; Leipzig Germany
| | - Andreas Schmid
- Department Solar Materials; Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ; Leipzig Germany
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33
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In Vivo Synthesis of Polyhydroxylated Compounds from a “Hidden Reservoir” of Toxic Aldehyde Species. ChemCatChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201700469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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34
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Schrittwieser JH, Velikogne S, Hall M, Kroutil W. Artificial Biocatalytic Linear Cascades for Preparation of Organic Molecules. Chem Rev 2017; 118:270-348. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 371] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joerg H. Schrittwieser
- Institute
of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Stefan Velikogne
- ACIB
GmbH, Department of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse
28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Mélanie Hall
- Institute
of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute
of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, BioTechMed Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
- ACIB
GmbH, Department of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse
28, 8010 Graz, Austria
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35
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Schwarzer TS, Hermann M, Krishnan S, Simmel FC, Castiglione K. Preparative refolding of small monomeric outer membrane proteins. Protein Expr Purif 2017; 132:171-181. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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36
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Metabolic engineering strategies to bio-adipic acid production. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2017; 45:136-143. [PMID: 28365404 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Adipic acid is the most industrially important dicarboxylic acid as it is a key monomer in the synthesis of nylon. Today, adipic acid is obtained via a chemical process that relies on petrochemical precursors and releases large quantities of greenhouse gases. In the last two years, significant progress has been made in engineering microbes for the production of adipic acid and its immediate precursors, muconic acid and glucaric acid. Not only have the microbial substrates expanded beyond glucose and glycerol to include lignin monomers and hemicellulose components, but the number of microbial chassis now goes further than Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae to include microbes proficient in aromatic degradation, cellulose secretion and degradation of multiple carbon sources. Here, we review the metabolic engineering and nascent protein engineering strategies undertaken in each of these chassis to convert different feedstocks to adipic, muconic and glucaric acid. We also highlight near term prospects and challenges for each of the metabolic routes discussed.
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37
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van Nuland YM, de Vogel FA, Eggink G, Weusthuis RA. Expansion of the ω-oxidation system AlkBGTL of Pseudomonas putida GPo1 with AlkJ and AlkH results in exclusive mono-esterified dicarboxylic acid production in E. coli. Microb Biotechnol 2017; 10:594-603. [PMID: 28321989 PMCID: PMC5404194 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The AlkBGTL proteins coded on the alk operon from Pseudomonas putida GPo1 can selectively ω‐oxidize ethyl esters of C6 to C10 fatty acids in whole‐cell conversions with Escherichia coli. The major product in these conversions is the ω‐alcohol. However, AlkB also has the capacity to overoxidize the substrate to the ω‐aldehyde and ω‐acid. In this study, we show that alcohol dehydrogenase AlkJ and aldehyde dehydrogenase AlkH are able to oxidize ω‐alcohols and ω‐aldehydes of esterified fatty acids respectively. Resting E. coli expressing AlkBGTHJL enabled exclusive mono‐ethyl azelate production from ethyl nonanoate, with an initial specific activity of 61 U gcdw−1. Within 2 h, this strain produced 3.53 mM mono‐ethyl azelate, with a yield of 0.68 mol mol−1. This strain also produced mono‐ethyl dicarboxylic acids from ethyl esters of C6 to C10 fatty acids and mono‐methyl azelate from methyl nonanoate. Adding ethyl nonanoate dissolved in carrier solvent bis‐(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate enabled an increase in product titres to 15.55 mM in two‐liquid phase conversions. These findings indicate that E. coli expressing AlkBGTHJL is an effective producer of mono‐esterified dicarboxylic acids from fatty acid esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youri M van Nuland
- Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Fons A de Vogel
- Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Gerrit Eggink
- Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.,Biobased Products, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ruud A Weusthuis
- Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Hydrolase BioH knockout in E. coli enables efficient fatty acid methyl ester bioprocessing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 44:339-351. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-016-1890-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) originating from plant oils are most interesting renewable feedstocks for biofuels and bio-based materials. FAMEs can also be produced and/or functionalized by engineered microbes to give access to, e.g., polymer building blocks. Yet, they are often subject to hydrolysis yielding free fatty acids, which typically are degraded by microbes. We identified BioH as the key enzyme responsible for the hydrolysis of medium-chain length FAME derivatives in different E. coli K-12 strains. E. coli ΔbioH strains showed up to 22-fold reduced FAME hydrolysis rates in comparison with respective wild-type strains. Knockout strains showed, beside the expected biotin auxotrophy, unchanged growth behavior and biocatalytic activity. Thus, high specific rates (~80 U gCDW −1) for terminal FAME oxyfunctionalization catalyzed by a recombinant alkane monooxygenase could be combined with reduced hydrolysis. Biotransformations in process-relevant two-liquid phase systems profited from reduced fatty acid accumulation and/or reduced substrate loss via free fatty acid metabolization. The BioH knockout strategy was beneficial in all tested strains, although its effect was found to differ according to specific strain properties, such as FAME hydrolysis and FFA degradation activities. BioH or functional analogs can be found in virtually all microorganisms, making bioH deletion a broadly applicable strategy for efficient microbial bioprocessing involving FAMEs.
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Kadisch M, Julsing MK, Schrewe M, Jehmlich N, Scheer B, von Bergen M, Schmid A, Bühler B. Maximization of cell viability rather than biocatalyst activity improves whole-cell ω-oxyfunctionalization performance. Biotechnol Bioeng 2016; 114:874-884. [PMID: 27883174 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
It is a common misconception in whole-cell biocatalysis to refer to an enzyme as the biocatalyst, thereby neglecting the structural and metabolic framework provided by the cell. Here, the low whole-cell biocatalyst stability, that is, the stability of specific biocatalyst activity, in a process for the terminal oxyfunctionalization of renewable fatty acid methyl esters was investigated. This reaction, which is difficult to achieve by chemical means, is catalyzed by Escherichia coli featuring the monooxygenase system AlkBGT and the uptake facilitator AlkL from Pseudomonas putida GPo1. Corresponding products, that is, terminal alcohols, aldehydes, and acids, constitute versatile bifunctional building blocks, which are of special interest for polymer synthesis. It could clearly be shown that extensive dodecanoic acid methyl ester uptake mediated by high AlkL levels leads to whole-cell biocatalyst toxification. Thus, cell viability constitutes the primary factor limiting biocatalyst stability and, as a result, process durability. Hence, a compromise had to be found between low biocatalyst activity due to restricted substrate uptake and poor biocatalyst stability due to AlkL-mediated toxification. This was achieved by the fine-tuning of heterologous alkL expression, which, furthermore, enabled the identification of the alkBGT expression level as another critical factor determining biocatalyst stability. Controlled synthesis of AlkL and reduced alkBGT expression finally enabled an increase of product titers by a factor of 4.3 up to 229 g Lorg-1 in a two-liquid phase bioprocess setup. Clearly, ω-oxyfunctionalization process performance was determined by cell viability and thus biocatalyst stability rather than the maximally achievable specific biocatalyst activity. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 874-884. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Kadisch
- Department of Solar Materials, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mattijs K Julsing
- Laboratory of Chemical Biotechnology, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Manfred Schrewe
- Department of Solar Materials, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nico Jehmlich
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Benjamin Scheer
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin von Bergen
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Schmid
- Department of Solar Materials, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bruno Bühler
- Department of Solar Materials, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
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40
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Jeon EY, Seo JH, Kang WR, Kim MJ, Lee JH, Oh DK, Park JB. Simultaneous Enzyme/Whole-Cell Biotransformation of Plant Oils into C9 Carboxylic Acids. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b01884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Yeong Jeon
- Department
of Food Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Hyun Seo
- Department
of Food Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Ri Kang
- Department
of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ji Kim
- Department
of Food Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hoo Lee
- Department
of Food Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Kun Oh
- Department
of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Byung Park
- Department
of Food Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
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Koppireddi S, Seo JH, Jeon EY, Chowdhury PS, Jang HY, Park JB, Kwon YU. Combined Biocatalytic and Chemical Transformations of Oleic Acid to ω-Hydroxynonanoic Acid and α,ω-Nonanedioic Acid. Adv Synth Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201600216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Satish Koppireddi
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience; Ewha Womans University; Seoul 03760 Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Hyun Seo
- Department of Food Science and Engineering; Ewha Womans University; Seoul 03760 Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Yeong Jeon
- Department of Food Science and Engineering; Ewha Womans University; Seoul 03760 Republic of Korea
| | | | - Hyun-Young Jang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering; Ewha Womans University; Seoul 03760 Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Byung Park
- Department of Food Science and Engineering; Ewha Womans University; Seoul 03760 Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Uk Kwon
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience; Ewha Womans University; Seoul 03760 Republic of Korea
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Application of AlkBGT and AlkL from Pseudomonas putida GPo1 for Selective Alkyl Ester ω-Oxyfunctionalization in Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:3801-3807. [PMID: 27084021 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00822-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The enzyme system AlkBGT from Pseudomonas putida GPo1 can efficiently ω-functionalize fatty acid methyl esters. Outer membrane protein AlkL boosts this ω-functionalization. In this report, it is shown that whole cells of Escherichia coli expressing the AlkBGT system can also ω-oxidize ethyl nonanoate (NAEE). Coexpression of AlkBGT and AlkL resulted in 1.7-fold-higher ω-oxidation activity on NAEE. With this strain, initial activity on NAEE was 70 U/g (dry weight) of cells (gcdw), 67% of the initial activity on methyl nonanoate. In time-lapse conversions with 5 mM NAEE the main product was 9-hydroxy NAEE (3.6 mM), but also 9-oxo NAEE (0.1 mM) and 9-carboxy NAEE (0.6 mM) were formed. AlkBGT also ω-oxidized ethyl, propyl, and butyl esters of fatty acids ranging from C6 to C10 Increasing the length of the alkyl chain improved the ω-oxidation activity of AlkBGT on esters of C6 and C7 fatty acids. From these esters, application of butyl hexanoate resulted in the highest ω-oxidation activity, 82 U/gcdw Coexpression of AlkL only had a positive effect on ω-functionalization of substrates with a total length of C11 or longer. These findings indicate that AlkBGT(L) can be applied as a biocatalyst for ω-functionalization of ethyl, propyl, and butyl esters of medium-chain fatty acids. IMPORTANCE Fatty acid esters are promising renewable starting materials for the production of ω-hydroxy fatty acid esters (ω-HFAEs). ω-HFAEs can be used to produce sustainable polymers. Chemical conversion of the fatty acid esters to ω-HFAEs is challenging, as it generates by-products and needs harsh reaction conditions. Biocatalytic production is a promising alternative. In this study, biocatalytic conversion of fatty acid esters toward ω-HFAEs was investigated using whole cells. This was achieved with recombinant Escherichia coli cells that produce the AlkBGT enzymes. These enzymes can produce ω-HFAEs from a wide variety of fatty acid esters. Medium-chain-length acids (C6 to C10) esterified with ethanol, propanol, or butanol were applied. This is a promising production platform for polymer building blocks that uses renewable substrates and mild reaction conditions.
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43
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Bowen CH, Bonin J, Kogler A, Barba-Ostria C, Zhang F. Engineering Escherichia coli for Conversion of Glucose to Medium-Chain ω-Hydroxy Fatty Acids and α,ω-Dicarboxylic Acids. ACS Synth Biol 2016; 5:200-6. [PMID: 26669968 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.5b00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In search of sustainable approaches to plastics production, many efforts have been made to engineer microbial conversions of renewable feedstock to short-chain (C2-C8) bifunctional polymer precursors (e.g., succinic acid, cadaverine, 1,4-butanediol). Less attention has been given to medium-chain (C12-C14) monomers such as ω-hydroxy fatty acids (ω-OHFAs) and α,ω-dicarboxylic acids (α,ω-DCAs), which are precursors to high performance polyesters and polyamides. Here we engineer a complete microbial conversion of glucose to C12 and C14 ω-OHFAs and α,ω-DCAs, with precise control of product chain length. Using an expanded bioinformatics approach, we screen a wide range of enzymes across phyla to identify combinations that yield complete conversion of intermediates to product α,ω-DCAs. Finally, through optimization of culture conditions, we enhance production titer of C12 α,ω-DCA to nearly 600 mg/L. Our results indicate potential for this microbial factory to enable commercially relevant, renewable production of C12 α,ω-DCA-a valuable precursor to the high-performance plastic, nylon-6,12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher H. Bowen
- Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, ‡Division of Biological & Biomedical Sciences, §Institute of Materials Science & Engineering, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Jeff Bonin
- Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, ‡Division of Biological & Biomedical Sciences, §Institute of Materials Science & Engineering, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Anna Kogler
- Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, ‡Division of Biological & Biomedical Sciences, §Institute of Materials Science & Engineering, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Carlos Barba-Ostria
- Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, ‡Division of Biological & Biomedical Sciences, §Institute of Materials Science & Engineering, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Fuzhong Zhang
- Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, ‡Division of Biological & Biomedical Sciences, §Institute of Materials Science & Engineering, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
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Ladkau N, Assmann M, Schrewe M, Julsing MK, Schmid A, Bühler B. Efficient production of the Nylon 12 monomer ω-aminododecanoic acid methyl ester from renewable dodecanoic acid methyl ester with engineered Escherichia coli. Metab Eng 2016; 36:1-9. [PMID: 26969251 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2016.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The expansion of microbial substrate and product scopes will be an important brick promoting future bioeconomy. In this study, an orthogonal pathway running in parallel to native metabolism and converting renewable dodecanoic acid methyl ester (DAME) via terminal alcohol and aldehyde to 12-aminododecanoic acid methyl ester (ADAME), a building block for the high-performance polymer Nylon 12, was engineered in Escherichia coli and optimized regarding substrate uptake, substrate requirements, host strain choice, flux, and product yield. Efficient DAME uptake was achieved by means of the hydrophobic outer membrane porin AlkL increasing maximum oxygenation and transamination activities 8.3 and 7.6-fold, respectively. An optimized coupling to the pyruvate node via a heterologous alanine dehydrogenase enabled efficient intracellular L-alanine supply, a prerequisite for self-sufficient whole-cell transaminase catalysis. Finally, the introduction of a respiratory chain-linked alcohol dehydrogenase enabled an increase in pathway flux, the minimization of undesired overoxidation to the respective carboxylic acid, and thus the efficient formation of ADAME as main product. The completely synthetic orthogonal pathway presented in this study sets the stage for Nylon 12 production from renewables. Its effective operation achieved via fine tuning the connectivity to native cell functionalities emphasizes the potential of this concept to expand microbial substrate and product scopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Ladkau
- Laboratory of Chemical Biotechnology, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Strasse 66, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Miriam Assmann
- Laboratory of Chemical Biotechnology, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Strasse 66, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Manfred Schrewe
- Laboratory of Chemical Biotechnology, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Strasse 66, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; Department of Solar Materials, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mattijs K Julsing
- Laboratory of Chemical Biotechnology, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Strasse 66, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Andreas Schmid
- Laboratory of Chemical Biotechnology, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Strasse 66, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; Department of Solar Materials, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Bruno Bühler
- Laboratory of Chemical Biotechnology, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Strasse 66, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; Department of Solar Materials, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
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45
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Guibert LM, Loviso CL, Borglin S, Jansson JK, Dionisi HM, Lozada M. Diverse Bacterial Groups Contribute to the Alkane Degradation Potential of Chronically Polluted Subantarctic Coastal Sediments. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2016; 71:100-112. [PMID: 26547568 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-015-0698-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to gain insight into the alkane degradation potential of microbial communities from chronically polluted sediments of a subantarctic coastal environment using a combination of metagenomic approaches. A total of 6178 sequences annotated as alkane-1-monooxygenases (EC 1.14.15.3) were retrieved from a shotgun metagenomic dataset that included two sites analyzed in triplicate. The majority of the sequences binned with AlkB described in Bacteroidetes (32 ± 13 %) or Proteobacteria (29 ± 7 %), although a large proportion remained unclassified at the phylum level. Operational taxonomic unit (OTU)-based analyses showed small differences in AlkB distribution among samples that could be correlated with alkane concentrations, as well as with site-specific variations in pH and salinity. A number of low-abundance OTUs, mostly affiliated with Actinobacterial sequences, were found to be only present in the most contaminated samples. On the other hand, the molecular screening of a large-insert metagenomic library of intertidal sediments from one of the sampling sites identified two genomic fragments containing novel alkB gene sequences, as well as various contiguous genes related to lipid metabolism. Both genomic fragments were affiliated with the phylum Planctomycetes, and one could be further assigned to the genus Rhodopirellula due to the presence of a partial sequence of the 23S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene. This work highlights the diversity of bacterial groups contributing to the alkane degradation potential and reveals patterns of functional diversity in relation with environmental stressors in a chronically polluted, high-latitude coastal environment. In addition, alkane biodegradation genes are described for the first time in members of Planctomycetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian M Guibert
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Ambiental, Centro para el Estudio de Sistemas Marinos (CESIMAR, CENPAT-CONICET), Blvd. Brown 2915, U9120ACD, Puerto Madryn, Chubut Province, Argentina
| | - Claudia L Loviso
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Ambiental, Centro para el Estudio de Sistemas Marinos (CESIMAR, CENPAT-CONICET), Blvd. Brown 2915, U9120ACD, Puerto Madryn, Chubut Province, Argentina
| | - Sharon Borglin
- Energy Geosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Janet K Jansson
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Hebe M Dionisi
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Ambiental, Centro para el Estudio de Sistemas Marinos (CESIMAR, CENPAT-CONICET), Blvd. Brown 2915, U9120ACD, Puerto Madryn, Chubut Province, Argentina
| | - Mariana Lozada
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Ambiental, Centro para el Estudio de Sistemas Marinos (CESIMAR, CENPAT-CONICET), Blvd. Brown 2915, U9120ACD, Puerto Madryn, Chubut Province, Argentina.
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46
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Otte KB, Hauer B. Enzyme engineering in the context of novel pathways and products. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2015; 35:16-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2014.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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47
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Seo JH, Lee SM, Lee J, Park JB. Adding value to plant oils and fatty acids: Biological transformation of fatty acids into ω-hydroxycarboxylic, α,ω-dicarboxylic, and ω-aminocarboxylic acids. J Biotechnol 2015; 216:158-66. [PMID: 26546054 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Not only short chain ω-hydroxycarboxylic acids, α,ω-dicarboxylic acids, and ω-aminocarboxylic acids but also medium to long chain carboxylic acids are widely used as building blocks and intermediates in the chemical, pharmaceutical, and food industries. Thereby, recent achievements in biological production of medium to long chain carboxylic acids are addressed here. ω-Hydroxycarboxylic and α,ω-dicarboxylic acids were synthesized via terminal CH bond oxygenation of fatty acids and/or internal oxidative cleavage of the fatty acid carbon skeletons. ω-Aminocarboxylic acids were enzymatically produced from ω-hydroxycarboxylic acids via ω-oxocarboxylic acids. Productivities and product yields of some of the products are getting close to the industrial requirements for large scale production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Hyun Seo
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Mee Lee
- Division of Food Science, Kyungil University, Gyeongsan 712-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinwon Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 121-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Byung Park
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea.
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48
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Kirmair L, Seiler DL, Skerra A. Stability engineering of the Geobacillus stearothermophilus alcohol dehydrogenase and application for the synthesis of a polyamide 12 precursor. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:10501-13. [PMID: 26329849 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6930-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The thermostable NAD(+)-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase from Geobacillus stearothermophilus (BsADH) was exploited with regard to the biocatalytic synthesis of ω-oxo lauric acid methyl ester (OLAMe), a key intermediate for biobased polyamide 12 production, from the corresponding long-chain alcohol. Recombinant BsADH was produced in Escherichia coli as a homogeneous tetrameric enzyme and showed high activity towards the industrially relevant substrate ω-hydroxy lauric acid methyl ester (HLAMe) with K M = 86 μM and 44 U mg(-1). The equilibrium constant for HLAMe oxidation to the aldehyde (OLAMe) with NAD(+) was determined as 2.16 × 10(-3) from the kinetic parameters of the BsADH-catalyzed forward and reverse reactions. Since BsADH displayed limited stability under oxidizing conditions, the predominant oxidation-prone residue Cys257 was mutated to Leu based on sequence homology with related enzymes and computational simulation. This substitution resulted in an improved BsADH variant exhibiting prolonged stability and an elevated inactivation temperature. Semi-preparative biocatalysis at 60 °C using the stabilized enzyme, employing butyraldehyde for in situ cofactor regeneration with only catalytic amounts of NAD(+), yielded up to 23 % conversion of HLAMe to OLAMe after 30 min. In contrast to other oxidoreductases, no overoxidation to the dodecanoic diacid monomethyl ester was detected. Thus, the mutated BsADH offers a promising biocatalyst for the selective oxidation of fatty alcohols to yield intermediates for industrial polymer production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludwig Kirmair
- Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science (CiPSM) and Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, 85350, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Daniel Leonard Seiler
- Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science (CiPSM) and Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, 85350, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Arne Skerra
- Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science (CiPSM) and Lehrstuhl für Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität München, 85350, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany.
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49
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The dynamic influence of cells on the formation of stable emulsions in organic–aqueous biotransformations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 42:1011-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-015-1621-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Emulsion stability plays a crucial role for mass transfer and downstream processing in organic–aqueous bioprocesses based on whole microbial cells. In this study, emulsion stability dynamics and the factors determining them during two-liquid phase biotransformation were investigated for stereoselective styrene epoxidation catalyzed by recombinant Escherichia coli. Upon organic phase addition, emulsion stability rapidly increased correlating with a loss of solubilized protein from the aqueous cultivation broth and the emergence of a hydrophobic cell fraction associated with the organic–aqueous interface. A novel phase inversion-based method was developed to isolate and analyze cellular material from the interface. In cell-free experiments, a similar loss of aqueous protein did not correlate with high emulsion stability, indicating that the observed particle-based emulsions arise from a convergence of factors related to cell density, protein adsorption, and bioreactor conditions. During styrene epoxidation, emulsion destabilization occurred correlating with product-induced cell toxification. For biphasic whole-cell biotransformations, this study indicates that control of aqueous protein concentrations and selective toxification of cells enables emulsion destabilization and emphasizes that biological factors and related dynamics must be considered in the design and modeling of respective upstream and especially downstream processes.
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50
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Volmer J, Schmid A, Bühler B. Guiding bioprocess design by microbial ecology. Curr Opin Microbiol 2015; 25:25-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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