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Mock MB, Summers RM. Mixed culture biocatalytic production of the high-value biochemical 7-methylxanthine. J Biol Eng 2023; 17:2. [PMID: 36627657 PMCID: PMC9830774 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-022-00316-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 7-Methylxanthine, a derivative of caffeine noted for its lack of toxicity and ability to treat and even prevent myopia progression, is a high-value biochemical with limited natural availability. Attempts to produce 7-methylxanthine through purely chemical methods of synthesis are faced with complicated chemical processes and/or the requirement of a variety of hazardous chemicals, resulting in low yields and racemic mixtures of products. In recent years, we have developed engineered microbial cells to produce several methylxanthines, including 3-methylxanthine, theobromine, and paraxanthine. The purpose of this study is to establish a more efficient biosynthetic process for the production of 7-methylxanthine from caffeine. RESULTS Here, we describe the use of a mixed-culture system composed of Escherichia coli strains engineered as caffeine and theobromine "specialist" cells. Optimal reaction conditions for the maximal conversion of caffeine to 7-methylxanthine were determined to be equal concentrations of caffeine and theobromine specialist cells at an optical density (600 nm) of 50 reacted with 2.5 mM caffeine for 5 h. When scaled-up to 560 mL, the simple biocatalytic reaction produced 183.81 mg 7-methylxanthine from 238.38 mg caffeine under ambient conditions, an 85.6% molar conversion. Following HPLC purification and solvent evaporation, 153.3 mg of dried 7-methylxanthine powder was collected, resulting in an 83.4% product recovery. CONCLUSION We present the first report of a biocatalytic process designed specifically for the production and purification of the high-value biochemical 7-methylxanthine from caffeine using a mixed culture of E. coli strains. This process constitutes the most efficient method for the production of 7-methylxanthine from caffeine to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith B. Mock
- grid.411015.00000 0001 0727 7545Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, 35487 Tuscaloosa, AL USA
| | - Ryan M. Summers
- grid.411015.00000 0001 0727 7545Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, 35487 Tuscaloosa, AL USA
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2
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Thuan NH, Tatipamula VB, Canh NX, Van Giang N. Recent advances in microbial co-culture for production of value-added compounds. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:115. [PMID: 35547018 PMCID: PMC9018925 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03177-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Micro-organisms have often been used to produce bioactive compounds as antibiotics, antifungals, and anti-tumors, etc. due to their easy and applicable culture, genetic manipulation, and extraction, etc. Mainly, microbial mono-cultures have been applied to produce value-added compounds and gotten numerous valuable results. However, mono-culture also has several complicated problems, such as metabolic burdens affecting the growth and development of the host, leading to a decrease in titer of the target compound. To circumvent those limitations, microbial co-culture has been technically developed and gained much interest compared to mono-culture. For example, co-culture simplifies the design of artificial biosynthetic pathways and restricts the recombinant host's metabolic burden, causing increased titer of desired compounds. This paper summarizes the recent advanced progress in applying microbial platform co-culture to produce natural products, such as flavonoid, terpenoid, alkaloid, etc. Furthermore, importantly different strategies for enhancing production, overcoming the metabolic burdens, building autonomous modulation of cell growth rate and culture composition in response to a quorum-sensing signal, etc., were also described in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Huy Thuan
- Center for Molecular Biology, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, 550000 Vietnam
| | | | - Nguyen Xuan Canh
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Gialam, Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Van Giang
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Gialam, Hanoi Vietnam
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3
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Bretschneider L, Wegner M, Bühler K, Bühler B, Karande R. One-pot synthesis of 6-aminohexanoic acid from cyclohexane using mixed-species cultures. Microb Biotechnol 2021; 14:1011-1025. [PMID: 33369139 PMCID: PMC8085927 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
6-Aminohexanoic acid (6AHA) is a vital polymer building block for Nylon 6 production and an FDA-approved orphan drug. However, its production from cyclohexane is associated with several challenges, including low conversion and yield, and severe environmental issues. We aimed at overcoming these challenges by developing a bioprocess for 6AHA synthesis. A mixed-species approach turned out to be most promising. Thereby, Pseudomonas taiwanensis VLB120 strains harbouring an upstream cascade converting cyclohexane to either є-caprolactone (є-CL) or 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid (6HA) were combined with Escherichia coli JM101 strains containing the corresponding downstream cascade for the further conversion to 6AHA. ε-CL was found to be a better 'shuttle molecule' than 6HA enabling higher 6AHA formation rates and yields. Mixed-species reaction performance with 4 g l-1 biomass, 10 mM cyclohexane, and an air-to-aqueous phase ratio of 23 combined with a repetitive oxygen feeding strategy led to complete substrate conversion with 86% 6AHA yield and an initial specific 6AHA formation rate of 7.7 ± 0.1 U gCDW -1 . The same cascade enabled 49% 7-aminoheptanoic acid yield from cycloheptane. This combination of rationally engineered strains allowed direct 6AHA production from cyclohexane in one pot with high conversion and yield under environmentally benign conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Bretschneider
- Department of Solar MaterialsHelmholtz‐Centre for Environmental Research –UFZPermoserstrasse 15Leipzig04318Germany
| | - Martin Wegner
- Department of Solar MaterialsHelmholtz‐Centre for Environmental Research –UFZPermoserstrasse 15Leipzig04318Germany
| | - Katja Bühler
- Department of Solar MaterialsHelmholtz‐Centre for Environmental Research –UFZPermoserstrasse 15Leipzig04318Germany
| | - Bruno Bühler
- Department of Solar MaterialsHelmholtz‐Centre for Environmental Research –UFZPermoserstrasse 15Leipzig04318Germany
| | - Rohan Karande
- Department of Solar MaterialsHelmholtz‐Centre for Environmental Research –UFZPermoserstrasse 15Leipzig04318Germany
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4
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Microbial production of limonene and its derivatives: Achievements and perspectives. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 44:107628. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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5
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Daletos G, Katsimpouras C, Stephanopoulos G. Novel Strategies and Platforms for Industrial Isoprenoid Engineering. Trends Biotechnol 2020; 38:811-822. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2020.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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6
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Zhou Y, Sekar BS, Wu S, Li Z. Benzoic acid production via cascade biotransformation and coupled fermentation‐biotransformation. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:2340-2350. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.27366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhou
- Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI), Life Sciences InstituteNational University of Singapore Singapore Singapore
| | - Balaji Sundara Sekar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringNational University of Singapore Singapore Singapore
| | - Shuke Wu
- Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI), Life Sciences InstituteNational University of Singapore Singapore Singapore
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringNational University of Singapore Singapore Singapore
| | - Zhi Li
- Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI), Life Sciences InstituteNational University of Singapore Singapore Singapore
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringNational University of Singapore Singapore Singapore
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7
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Qian X, Chen L, Sui Y, Chen C, Zhang W, Zhou J, Dong W, Jiang M, Xin F, Ochsenreither K. Biotechnological potential and applications of microbial consortia. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 40:107500. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.107500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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A Gram-Scale Limonene Production Process with Engineered Escherichia coli. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25081881. [PMID: 32325737 PMCID: PMC7221582 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25081881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoterpenes, such as the cyclic terpene limonene, are valuable and important natural products widely used in food, cosmetics, household chemicals, and pharmaceutical applications. The biotechnological production of limonene with microorganisms may complement traditional plant extraction methods. For this purpose, the bioprocess needs to be stable and ought to show high titers and space-time yields. In this study, a limonene production process was developed with metabolically engineered Escherichia coli at the bioreactor scale. Therefore, fed-batch fermentations in minimal medium and in the presence of a non-toxic organic phase were carried out with E. coli BL21 (DE3) pJBEI-6410 harboring the optimized genes for the mevalonate pathway and the limonene synthase from Mentha spicata on a single plasmid. The feasibility of glycerol as the sole carbon source for cell growth and limonene synthesis was examined, and it was applied in an optimized fermentation setup. Titers on a gram-scale of up to 7.3 g·Lorg-1 (corresponding to 3.6 g·L-1 in the aqueous production phase) were achieved with industrially viable space-time yields of 0.15 g·L-1·h-1. These are the highest monoterpene concentrations obtained with a microorganism to date, and these findings provide the basis for the development of an economic and industrially relevant bioprocess.
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9
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Modular Metabolic Engineering for Biobased Chemical Production. Trends Biotechnol 2019; 37:152-166. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Jones JA, Wang X. Use of bacterial co-cultures for the efficient production of chemicals. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2018; 53:33-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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11
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Niu FX, He X, Wu YQ, Liu JZ. Enhancing Production of Pinene in Escherichia coli by Using a Combination of Tolerance, Evolution, and Modular Co-culture Engineering. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1623. [PMID: 30108554 PMCID: PMC6079208 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
α-Pinene is a natural and active monoterpene, which is widely used as a flavoring agent and in fragrances, pharmaceuticals, and biofuels. Although it has been successfully produced by genetically engineered microorganisms, the production level of pinene is much lower than that of hemiterpene (isoprene) and sesquiterpenes (farnesene) to date. We first improved pinene tolerance to 2.0% and pinene production by adaptive laboratory evolution after atmospheric and room temperature plasma (ARTP) mutagenesis and overexpression of the efflux pump to obtain the pinene tolerant strain Escherichia coli YZFP, which is resistant to fosmidomycin. Through error-prone PCR and DNA shuffling, we isolated an Abies grandis geranyl pyrophosphate synthase variant that outperformed the wild-type enzyme. To balance the expression of multiple genes, a tunable intergenic region (TIGR) was inserted between A. grandis GPPSD90G/L175P and Pinus taeda Pt1Q457L. In an effort to improve the production, an E. coli-E. coli modular co-culture system was engineered to modularize the heterologous mevalonate (MEV) pathway and the TIGR-mediated gene cluster of A. grandis GPPSD90G/L175P and P. taeda Pt1Q457L. Specifically, the MEV pathway and the TIGR-mediated gene cluster were integrated into the chromosome of the pinene tolerance strain E. coli YZFP and then evolved to a higher gene copy number by chemically induced chromosomal evolution, respectively. The best E. coli-E. coli co-culture system of fermentation was found to improve pinene production by 1.9-fold compared to the mono-culture approach. The E. coli-E. coli modular co-culture system of whole-cell biocatalysis further improved pinene production to 166.5 mg/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Xing Niu
- Institute of Synthetic Biology, Biomedical Center, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals and South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin He
- Institute of Synthetic Biology, Biomedical Center, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals and South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ya-Qin Wu
- Institute of Synthetic Biology, Biomedical Center, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals and South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Zhong Liu
- Institute of Synthetic Biology, Biomedical Center, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals and South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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12
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Lu F, Huang Y, Zhang X, Wang Z. Biocatalytic activity of Monascus mycelia depending on physiology and high sensitivity to product concentration. AMB Express 2017; 7:88. [PMID: 28452040 PMCID: PMC5407408 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-017-0391-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell suspension culture using mycelia as whole cell biocatalyst for production of orange Monascus pigments has been carried out successfully in a nonionic surfactant micelle aqueous solution. Thus, selection of mycelia as whole cell biocatalyst and the corresponding enzymatic kinetics for production of orange Monascus pigments can be optimized independently. Mycelia selected from submerged culture in a nonionic surfactant micelle aqueous solution with low pH 2.5 exhibits robust bioactivity. At the same time, enzymatic kinetic study shows that the bioactivity of mycelia as whole cell biocatalyst is sensitive to high product concentration. Segregation of product from mycelia by cell suspension culture in a nonionic surfactant micelle aqueous solution or peanut oil–water two-phase system is not only necessary for studying the enzymatic kinetics but also beneficial to industrial application of mycelia as whole cell biocatalyst.
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13
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Kadisch M, Willrodt C, Hillen M, Bühler B, Schmid A. Maximizing the stability of metabolic engineering-derived whole-cell biocatalysts. Biotechnol J 2017; 12. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201600170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Kadisch
- Department Solar Materials; Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ; Leipzig Germany
| | - Christian Willrodt
- Department Solar Materials; Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ; Leipzig Germany
| | - Michael Hillen
- Department Solar Materials; Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ; Leipzig Germany
| | - Bruno Bühler
- Department Solar Materials; Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ; Leipzig Germany
| | - Andreas Schmid
- Department Solar Materials; Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ; Leipzig Germany
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14
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Abstract
Fermentation-based chemical production strategies provide a feasible route for the rapid, safe, and sustainable production of a wide variety of important chemical products, ranging from fuels to pharmaceuticals. These strategies have yet to find wide industrial utilization due to their inability to economically compete with traditional extraction and chemical production methods. Here, we engineer for the first time the complex microbial biosynthesis of an anthocyanin plant natural product, starting from sugar. This was accomplished through the development of a synthetic, 4-strain Escherichia coli polyculture collectively expressing 15 exogenous or modified pathway enzymes from diverse plants and other microbes. This synthetic consortium-based approach enables the functional expression and connection of lengthy pathways while effectively managing the accompanying metabolic burden. The de novo production of specific anthocyanin molecules, such as calistephin, has been an elusive metabolic engineering target for over a decade. The utilization of our polyculture strategy affords milligram-per-liter production titers. This study also lays the groundwork for significant advances in strain and process design toward the development of cost-competitive biochemical production hosts through nontraditional methodologies. To efficiently express active extensive recombinant pathways with high flux in microbial hosts requires careful balance and allocation of metabolic resources such as ATP, reducing equivalents, and malonyl coenzyme A (malonyl-CoA), as well as various other pathway-dependent cofactors and precursors. To address this issue, we report the design, characterization, and implementation of the first synthetic 4-strain polyculture. Division of the overexpression of 15 enzymes and transcription factors over 4 independent strain modules allowed for the division of metabolic burden and for independent strain optimization for module-specific metabolite needs. This study represents the most complex synthetic consortia constructed to date for metabolic engineering applications and provides a new paradigm in metabolic engineering for the reconstitution of extensive metabolic pathways in nonnative hosts.
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Koppireddi S, Seo JH, Jeon EY, Chowdhury PS, Jang HY, Park JB, Kwon YU. Combined Biocatalytic and Chemical Transformations of Oleic Acid to ω-Hydroxynonanoic Acid and α,ω-Nonanedioic Acid. Adv Synth Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201600216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Satish Koppireddi
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience; Ewha Womans University; Seoul 03760 Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Hyun Seo
- Department of Food Science and Engineering; Ewha Womans University; Seoul 03760 Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Yeong Jeon
- Department of Food Science and Engineering; Ewha Womans University; Seoul 03760 Republic of Korea
| | | | - Hyun-Young Jang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering; Ewha Womans University; Seoul 03760 Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Byung Park
- Department of Food Science and Engineering; Ewha Womans University; Seoul 03760 Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Uk Kwon
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience; Ewha Womans University; Seoul 03760 Republic of Korea
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16
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Zhang H, Wang X. Modular co-culture engineering, a new approach for metabolic engineering. Metab Eng 2016; 37:114-121. [PMID: 27242132 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
With the development of metabolic engineering, employment of a selected microbial host for accommodation of a designed biosynthetic pathway to produce a target compound has achieved tremendous success in the past several decades. Yet, increasing requirements for sophisticated microbial biosynthesis call for establishment and application of more advanced metabolic engineering methodologies. Recently, important progress has been made towards employing more than one engineered microbial strains to constitute synthetic co-cultures and modularizing the biosynthetic labor between the co-culture members in order to improve bioproduction performance. This emerging approach, referred to as modular co-culture engineering in this review, presents a valuable opportunity for expanding the scope of the broad field of metabolic engineering. We highlight representative research accomplishments using this approach, especially those utilizing metabolic engineering tools for microbial co-culture manipulation. Key benefits and major challenges associated with modular co-culture engineering are also presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 98 Brett Rd, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
| | - Xiaonan Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 98 Brett Rd, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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Willrodt C, Hoschek A, Bühler B, Schmid A, Julsing MK. Decoupling production from growth by magnesium sulfate limitation boosts de novo limonene production. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 113:1305-14. [PMID: 26574166 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The microbial production of isoprenoids has recently developed into a prime example for successful bottom-up synthetic biology or top-down systems biology strategies. Respective fermentation processes typically rely on growing recombinant microorganisms. However, the fermentative production of isoprenoids has to compete with cellular maintenance and growth for carbon and energy. Non-growing but metabolically active E. coli cells were evaluated in this study as alternative biocatalyst configurations to reduce energy and carbon loss towards biomass formation. The use of non-growing cells in an optimized fermentation medium resulted in more than fivefold increased specific limonene yields on cell dry weight and glucose, as compared to the traditional growing-cell-approach. Initially, the stability of the resting-cell activity was limited. This instability was overcome via the optimization of the minimal fermentation medium enabling high and stable limonene production rates for up to 8 h and a high specific yield of ≥50 mg limonene per gram cell dry weight. Omitting MgSO4 from the fermentation medium was very promising to prohibit growth and allow high productivities. Applying a MgSO4 -limitation also improved limonene formation by growing cells during non-exponential growth involving a reduced biomass yield on glucose and a fourfold increase in specific limonene yields on biomass as compared to non-limited cultures. The control of microbial growth via the medium composition was identified as a key but yet underrated strategy for efficient isoprenoid production. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 1305-1314. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Willrodt
- Department Solar Materials, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Chemical Biotechnology, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Anna Hoschek
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Chemical Biotechnology, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Bruno Bühler
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Chemical Biotechnology, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Andreas Schmid
- Department Solar Materials, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Mattijs K Julsing
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Chemical Biotechnology, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
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Willrodt C, Karande R, Schmid A, Julsing MK. Guiding efficient microbial synthesis of non-natural chemicals by physicochemical properties of reactants. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2015; 35:52-62. [PMID: 25835779 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The recent progress in sustainable chemistry and in synthetic biology increased the interest of chemical and pharmaceutical industries to implement microbial processes for chemical synthesis. However, most organisms used in biotechnological applications are not evolved by Nature for the production of hydrophobic, non-charged, volatile, or toxic compounds. In order to overcome this discrepancy, bioprocess design should consist of an integrated approach addressing pathway, cellular, reaction, and process engineering. Highlighting selected examples, we show that surprisingly often Nature provides conceptual solutions to enable chemical synthesis. Complemented by established methods from (bio)chemical and metabolic engineering, these concepts offer potential strategies yet to be explored and translated into innovative technical solutions enabling sustainable microbial production of non-natural chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Willrodt
- Department of Solar Materials, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rohan Karande
- Department of Solar Materials, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Schmid
- Department of Solar Materials, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Mattijs K Julsing
- Laboratory of Chemical Biotechnology, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
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