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Sekar BS, Li X, Li Z. Bioproduction of Natural Phenethyl Acetate, Phenylacetic Acid, Ethyl Phenylacetate, and Phenethyl Phenylacetate from Renewable Feedstock. ChemSusChem 2022; 15:e202102645. [PMID: 35068056 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Natural phenethyl acetate (PEA), phenylacetic acid (PAA), ethyl phenylacetate (Et-PA), and phenethyl phenylacetate (PE-PA) are highly desirable aroma chemicals, but with limited availability and high price. Here, green, sustainable, and efficient bioproduction of these chemicals as natural products from renewable feedstocks was developed. PEA and PAA were synthesized from l-phenylalanine (l-Phe) via novel six- and five-enzyme cascades, respectively. Whole-cell-based cascade biotransformation of 100 mm l-Phe in a two-phase system (aqueous/organic: 1 : 0.5 v/v) containing ethyl oleate or biodiesel as green solvent gave 13.6 g L-1 PEA (83.1 % conv.) and 11.6 g L-1 PAA (87.1 % conv.), respectively. Coupled fermentation and biotransformation approach produced 10.4 g L-1 PEA and 9.2 g L-1 PAA from glucose or glycerol, respectively. The biosynthesized PAA was converted to natural Et-PA and PE-PA by esterification using lipases with ethanol or 2-phenylethanol derived from sugar, affording 2.7 g L-1 Et-PA (83.1 % conv.) and 4.6 g L-1 PE-PA (96.3 % conv.), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Sundara Sekar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, 117585, Singapore
- Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, 117456, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xirui Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, 117585, Singapore
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, 117585, Singapore
- Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, 117456, Singapore, Singapore
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Sekar BS, Mao J, Lukito BR, Wang Z, Li Z. Front Cover Picture: Bioproduction of Enantiopure (
R
)‐ and (
S
)‐2‐Phenylglycinols from Styrenes and Renewable Feedstocks (Adv. Synth. Catal. 7/2021). Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Sundara Sekar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering National University of Singapore 4 Engineering Drive Singapore 117585 Singapore
- Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI) Life Sciences Institute National University of Singapore 28 Medical Drive Singapore 117456 Singapore
| | - Jiwei Mao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering National University of Singapore 4 Engineering Drive Singapore 117585 Singapore
- Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI) Life Sciences Institute National University of Singapore 28 Medical Drive Singapore 117456 Singapore
| | - Benedict Ryan Lukito
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering National University of Singapore 4 Engineering Drive Singapore 117585 Singapore
| | - Zilong Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering National University of Singapore 4 Engineering Drive Singapore 117585 Singapore
- Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI) Life Sciences Institute National University of Singapore 28 Medical Drive Singapore 117456 Singapore
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering National University of Singapore 4 Engineering Drive Singapore 117585 Singapore
- Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI) Life Sciences Institute National University of Singapore 28 Medical Drive Singapore 117456 Singapore
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Lukito BR, Wang Z, Sundara Sekar B, Li Z. Production of (R)-mandelic acid from styrene, L-phenylalanine, glycerol, or glucose via cascade biotransformations. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2021; 8:22. [PMID: 38650227 PMCID: PMC10992357 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-021-00374-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
(R)-mandelic acid is an industrially important chemical, especially used for producing antibiotics. Its chemical synthesis often uses highly toxic cyanide to produce its racemic form, followed by kinetic resolution with 50% maximum yield. Here we report a green and sustainable biocatalytic method for producing (R)-mandelic acid from easily available styrene, biobased L-phenylalanine, and renewable feedstocks such as glycerol and glucose, respectively. An epoxidation-hydrolysis-double oxidation artificial enzyme cascade was developed to produce (R)-mandelic acid at 1.52 g/L from styrene with > 99% ee. Incorporation of deamination and decarboxylation into the above cascade enables direct conversion of L-phenylalanine to (R)-mandelic acid at 913 mg/L and > 99% ee. Expressing the five-enzyme cascade in an L-phenylalanine-overproducing E. coli NST74 strain led to the direct synthesis of (R)-mandelic acid from glycerol or glucose, affording 228 or 152 mg/L product via fermentation. Moreover, coupling of E. coli cells expressing L-phenylalanine biosynthesis pathway with E. coli cells expressing the artificial enzyme cascade enabled the production of 760 or 455 mg/L (R)-mandelic acid from glycerol or glucose. These simple, safe, and green methods show great potential in producing (R)-mandelic acid from renewable feedstocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedict Ryan Lukito
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
| | - Zilong Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
- Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Balaji Sundara Sekar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
- Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117456, Singapore
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117585, Singapore.
- Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117456, Singapore.
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Wang Z, Sundara Sekar B, Li Z. Recent advances in artificial enzyme cascades for the production of value-added chemicals. Bioresour Technol 2021; 323:124551. [PMID: 33360113 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Enzyme cascades are efficient tools to perform multi-step synthesis in one-pot in a green and sustainable manner, enabling non-natural synthesis of valuable chemicals from easily available substrates by artificially combining two or more enzymes. Bioproduction of many high-value chemicals such as chiral and highly functionalised molecules have been achieved by developing new enzyme cascades. This review summarizes recent advances on engineering and application of enzyme cascades to produce high-value chemicals (alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, amines, carboxylic acids, etc) from simple starting materials. While 2-step enzyme cascades are developed for versatile enantioselective synthesis, multi-step enzyme cascades are engineered to functionalise basic chemicals, such as styrenes, cyclic alkanes, and aromatic compounds. New cascade reactions have also been developed for producing valuable chemicals from bio-based substrates, such as ʟ-phenylalanine, and renewable feedstocks such as glucose and glycerol. The challenges in current process and future outlooks in the development of enzyme cascades are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilong Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117585, Singapore
| | - Balaji Sundara Sekar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117585, Singapore
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117585, Singapore.
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Sekar BS, Mao J, Lukito BR, Wang Z, Li Z. Bioproduction of Enantiopure (
R
)‐ and (
S
)‐2‐Phenylglycinols from Styrenes and Renewable Feedstocks. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202001322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Sundara Sekar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering National University of Singapore 4 Engineering Drive Singapore 117585 Singapore
- Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI) Life Sciences Institute National University of Singapore 28 Medical Drive Singapore 117456 Singapore
| | - Jiwei Mao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering National University of Singapore 4 Engineering Drive Singapore 117585 Singapore
- Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI) Life Sciences Institute National University of Singapore 28 Medical Drive Singapore 117456 Singapore
| | - Benedict Ryan Lukito
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering National University of Singapore 4 Engineering Drive Singapore 117585 Singapore
| | - Zilong Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering National University of Singapore 4 Engineering Drive Singapore 117585 Singapore
- Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI) Life Sciences Institute National University of Singapore 28 Medical Drive Singapore 117456 Singapore
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering National University of Singapore 4 Engineering Drive Singapore 117585 Singapore
- Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI) Life Sciences Institute National University of Singapore 28 Medical Drive Singapore 117456 Singapore
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Zhou Y, Sekar BS, Wu S, Li Z. Benzoic acid production via cascade biotransformation and coupled fermentation‐biotransformation. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:2340-2350. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.27366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhou
- Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI), Life Sciences InstituteNational University of Singapore Singapore Singapore
| | - Balaji Sundara Sekar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringNational University of Singapore Singapore Singapore
| | - Shuke Wu
- Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI), Life Sciences InstituteNational University of Singapore Singapore Singapore
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringNational University of Singapore Singapore Singapore
| | - Zhi Li
- Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI), Life Sciences InstituteNational University of Singapore Singapore Singapore
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringNational University of Singapore Singapore Singapore
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Ko Y, Seol E, Sundara Sekar B, Kwon S, Lee J, Park S. Metabolic engineering of Klebsiella pneumoniae J2B for co-production of 3-hydroxypropionic acid and 1,3-propanediol from glycerol: Reduction of acetate and other by-products. Bioresour Technol 2017; 244:1096-1103. [PMID: 28863426 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.08.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Production of 3-hydroxypropionic acid (3-HP) or 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PDO) production from glycerol is challenging due to the problems associated with cofactor regeneration, coenzyme B12 synthesis, and the instability of pathway enzymes. To address these complications, simultaneous production of 3-HP and 1,3-PDO, instead of individual production of each compound, was attempted. With over-expression of an aldehyde dehydrogenase, recombinant Klebsiella pneumoniae could co-produce 3-HP and 1,3-PDO successfully. However, the production level was unsatisfactory due to excessive accumulation of many by-products, especially acetate. To reduce acetate production, we attempted; (i) reduction of glycerol assimilation through the glycolytic pathway, (ii) increase of glycerol flow towards co-production, and (iii) variation of aeration rate. These efforts were partially beneficial in reducing acetate and improving co-production: 21g/L of 1,3-PDO and 43g/L of 3-HP were obtained. Excessive acetate (>150mM) was still produced at the end of bioreactor runs, and limited co-production efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeounjoo Ko
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Pusan National University, 2, Busandaehak-ro 63 beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunhee Seol
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Pusan National University, 2, Busandaehak-ro 63 beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea; School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Balaji Sundara Sekar
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Pusan National University, 2, Busandaehak-ro 63 beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongjin Kwon
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Pusan National University, 2, Busandaehak-ro 63 beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehyeon Lee
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Pusan National University, 2, Busandaehak-ro 63 beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghoon Park
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Pusan National University, 2, Busandaehak-ro 63 beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea; School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
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Sundara Sekar B, Seol E, Park S. Co-production of hydrogen and ethanol from glucose in Escherichia coli by activation of pentose-phosphate pathway through deletion of phosphoglucose isomerase ( pgi) and overexpression of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase ( zwf) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase ( gnd). Biotechnol Biofuels 2017; 10:85. [PMID: 28360941 PMCID: PMC5372246 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-0768-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biologically, hydrogen (H2) can be produced through dark fermentation and photofermentation. Dark fermentation is fast in rate and simple in reactor design, but H2 production yield is unsatisfactorily low as <4 mol H2/mol glucose. To address this challenge, simultaneous production of H2 and ethanol has been suggested. Co-production of ethanol and H2 requires enhanced formation of NAD(P)H during catabolism of glucose, which can be accomplished by diversion of glycolytic flux from the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) pathway to the pentose-phosphate (PP) pathway in Escherichia coli. However, the disruption of pgi (phosphoglucose isomerase) for complete diversion of carbon flux to the PP pathway made E. coli unable to grow on glucose under anaerobic condition. RESULTS Here, we demonstrate that, when glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (Zwf) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (Gnd), two major enzymes of the PP pathway, are homologously overexpressed, E. coli Δpgi can recover its anaerobic growth capability on glucose. Further, with additional deletions of ΔhycA, ΔhyaAB, ΔhybBC, ΔldhA, and ΔfrdAB, the recombinant Δpgi mutant could produce 1.69 mol H2 and 1.50 mol ethanol from 1 mol glucose. However, acetate was produced at 0.18 mol mol-1 glucose, indicating that some carbon is metabolized through the Entner-Doudoroff (ED) pathway. To further improve the flux via the PP pathway, heterologous zwf and gnd from Leuconostoc mesenteroides and Gluconobacter oxydans, respectively, which are less inhibited by NADPH, were overexpressed. The new recombinant produced more ethanol at 1.62 mol mol-1 glucose along with 1.74 mol H2 mol-1 glucose, which are close to the theoretically maximal yields, 1.67 mol mol-1 each for ethanol and H2. However, the attempt to delete the ED pathway in the Δpgi mutant to operate the PP pathway as the sole glycolytic route, was unsuccessful. CONCLUSIONS By deletion of pgi and overexpression of heterologous zwf and gnd in E. coli ΔhycA ΔhyaAB ΔhybBC ΔldhA ΔfrdAB, two important biofuels, ethanol and H2, could be successfully co-produced at high yields close to their theoretical maximums. The strains developed in this study should be applicable for the production of other biofuels and biochemicals, which requires supply of excessive reducing power under anaerobic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Sundara Sekar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Pusan National University, 2, Busandaehak-ro 63 beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241 Republic of Korea
| | - Eunhee Seol
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Pusan National University, 2, Busandaehak-ro 63 beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241 Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghoon Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Pusan National University, 2, Busandaehak-ro 63 beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241 Republic of Korea
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Seol E, Sekar BS, Kim Y, Park S. Activation of pentose phosphate pathway in Escherichia coli for the co-production of hydrogen and ethanol from glucose. N Biotechnol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2016.06.1010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Sundara Sekar B, Seol E, Mohan Raj S, Park S. Co-production of hydrogen and ethanol by pfkA-deficient Escherichia coli with activated pentose-phosphate pathway: reduction of pyruvate accumulation. Biotechnol Biofuels 2016; 9:95. [PMID: 27134652 PMCID: PMC4850720 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-016-0510-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fermentative hydrogen (H2) production suffers from low carbon-to-H2 yield, to which problem, co-production of ethanol and H2 has been proposed as a solution. For improved co-production of H2 and ethanol, we developed Escherichia coli BW25113 ΔhycA ΔhyaAB ΔhybBC ΔldhA ΔfrdAB Δpta-ackA ΔpfkA (SH8*) and overexpressed Zwf and Gnd, the key enzymes in the pentose-phosphate (PP) pathway (SH8*_ZG). However, the amount of accumulated pyruvate, which was significant (typically 0.20 mol mol(-1) glucose), reduced the co-production yield. RESULTS In this study, as a means of reducing pyruvate accumulation and improving co-production of H2 and ethanol, we developed and studied E. coli SH9*_ZG with functional acetate production pathway for conversion of acetyl-CoA to acetate (pta-ackA (+)). Our results indicated that the presence of the acetate pathway completely eliminated pyruvate accumulation and substantially improved the co-production of H2 and ethanol, enabling yields of 1.88 and 1.40 mol, respectively, from 1 mol glucose. These yields, significantly, are close to the theoretical maximums of 1.67 mol H2 and 1.67 mol ethanol. To better understand the glycolytic flux distribution, glycolytic flux prediction and RT-PCR analyses were performed. CONCLUSION The presence of the acetate pathway along with activation of the PP pathway eliminated pyruvate accumulation, thereby significantly improving co-production of H2 and ethanol. Our strategy is applicable to anaerobic production of biofuels and biochemicals, both of which processes demand high NAD(P)H.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Sundara Sekar
- />Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Pusan National University, 2, Busandaehak-ro 63 beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241 Republic of Korea
| | - Eunhee Seol
- />Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Pusan National University, 2, Busandaehak-ro 63 beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241 Republic of Korea
| | - Subramanian Mohan Raj
- />Centre for Research and Development, PRIST University, Trichy–Thanjavur Road, Vallam, Thanjavur, TN 613 403 India
| | - Sunghoon Park
- />Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Pusan National University, 2, Busandaehak-ro 63 beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241 Republic of Korea
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Seol E, Sekar BS, Raj SM, Park S. Co-production of hydrogen and ethanol from glucose by modification of glycolytic pathways inEscherichia coli- from Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway to pentose phosphate pathway. Biotechnol J 2016; 11:249-56. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201400829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eunhee Seol
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Pusan National University; Busan Republic of Korea
| | - Balaji Sundara Sekar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Pusan National University; Busan Republic of Korea
| | | | - Sunghoon Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Pusan National University; Busan Republic of Korea
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Arasu MV, Sarkar R, Sekar BS, Kumar V, Rathnasingh C, Choi JDR, Song H, Seung D, Park S. Isolation of a novel Pseudomonas species SP2 producing vitamin B12 under aerobic condition. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-012-0518-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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