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Kymäläinen M, Belt T, Seppäläinen H, Rautkari L. Decay Resistance of Surface Carbonized Wood. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:8410. [PMID: 36499906 PMCID: PMC9737049 DOI: 10.3390/ma15238410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Surface carbonization, or charring, of wood is a one-sided modification method primarily intended for protection of exterior cladding boards. The heavily degraded surface acts as a barrier layer shielding the interior from environmental stresses, and as such acts as an organic coating. To test the durability of surfaces created in this manner, unmodified, contact charred, and flame charred spruce and birch samples were exposed to the brown rot fungus Coniophora puteana and white rot fungus Trametes versicolor for a period of nine weeks. All sides of the samples except the modified surfaces were sealed to investigate the protective effect of the surface. Mass losses were greatest for unmodified references (up to 60% and 56% for birch and spruce, respectively) and smallest for contact charred samples (up to 23% and 32%). The wood below the modified surfaces showed chemical changes typical of brown rot and simultaneous white rot. The measured glucosamine content revealed fungal biomass in both the modified surface as well as the layers beneath. According to the recorded values, the fungal biomass increased below the surface and was higher for flame charred samples in comparison to contact charred ones. This is likely due to the more intact, plasticized surface and the thicker thermally modified transition zone that restricts fungal growth more effectively in contact charred samples in comparison to the porous, cracked flame charred samples. Scanning electron microscope images verified the results by revealing fungal hyphae in all inspected wood types and species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maija Kymäläinen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biotechnology, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Aalto, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00790 Espoo, Finland
| | - Tiina Belt
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Viikinkaari 9, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna Seppäläinen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biotechnology, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Aalto, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00790 Espoo, Finland
| | - Lauri Rautkari
- Department of Bioproducts and Biotechnology, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Aalto, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00790 Espoo, Finland
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Comprehensive Review on Potential Contamination in Fuel Ethanol Production with Proposed Specific Guideline Criteria. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15092986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Ethanol is a promising biofuel that can replace fossil fuel, mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and represent a renewable building block for biochemical production. Ethanol can be produced from various feedstocks. First-generation ethanol is mainly produced from sugar- and starch-containing feedstocks. For second-generation ethanol, lignocellulosic biomass is used as a feedstock. Typically, ethanol production contains four major steps, including the conversion of feedstock, fermentation, ethanol recovery, and ethanol storage. Each feedstock requires different procedures for its conversion to fermentable sugar. Lignocellulosic biomass requires extra pretreatment compared to sugar and starch feedstocks to disrupt the structure and improve enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency. Many pretreatment methods are available such as physical, chemical, physicochemical, and biological methods. However, the greatest concern regarding the pretreatment process is inhibitor formation, which might retard enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation. The main inhibitors are furan derivatives, aromatic compounds, and organic acids. Actions to minimize the effects of inhibitors, detoxification, changing fermentation strategies, and metabolic engineering can subsequently be conducted. In addition to the inhibitors from pretreatment, chemicals used during the pretreatment and fermentation of byproducts may remain in the final product if they are not removed by ethanol distillation and dehydration. Maintaining the quality of ethanol during storage is another concerning issue. Initial impurities of ethanol being stored and its nature, including hygroscopic, high oxygen and carbon dioxide solubility, influence chemical reactions during the storage period and change ethanol’s characteristics (e.g., water content, ethanol content, acidity, pH, and electrical conductivity). During ethanol storage periods, nitrogen blanketing and corrosion inhibitors can be applied to reduce the quality degradation rate, the selection of which depends on several factors, such as cost and storage duration. This review article sheds light on the techniques of control used in ethanol fuel production, and also includes specific guidelines to control ethanol quality during production and the storage period in order to preserve ethanol production from first-generation to second-generation feedstock. Finally, the understanding of impurity/inhibitor formation and controlled strategies is crucial. These need to be considered when driving higher ethanol blending mandates in the short term, utilizing ethanol as a renewable building block for chemicals, or adopting ethanol as a hydrogen carrier for the long-term future, as has been recommended.
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Kubisch C, Ochsenreither K. Detoxification of a pyrolytic aqueous condensate from wheat straw for utilization as substrate in Aspergillus oryzae DSM 1863 cultivations. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2022; 15:18. [PMID: 35418301 PMCID: PMC8855548 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-022-02115-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pyrolytic aqueous condensate (PAC) formed during the fast pyrolysis of wheat straw contains a variety of organic carbons and might therefore potentially serve as an inexpensive substrate for microbial growth. One of its main components is acetic acid, which was recently shown to be a suitable carbon source for the filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae. However, the condensate also contains numerous toxic compounds that inhibit fungal growth and result in a tolerance of only about 1%. Therefore, to enable the use of the PAC as sole substrate for A. oryzae cultivations, a pretreatment seems to be necessary. RESULTS Various conditions for treatments with activated carbon, overliming, rotary evaporation and laccase were evaluated regarding fungal growth and the content of inhibitory model substances. Whereas the first three methods considerably increased the fungal tolerance to up to 1.625%, 12.5% and 30%, respectively, the enzymatic treatment did not result in any improvement. The optimum carbon load for the treatment with activated carbon was identified to be 10% (w/v) and overliming should ideally be performed at 100 °C and an initial pH of 12. The best detoxification results were achieved with rotary evaporation at 200 mbar as a complete removal of guaiacol and a strong reduction in the concentration of acetol, furfural, 2-cyclopenten-1-one and phenol by 84.9%, 95.4%, 97.7% and 86.2%, respectively, were observed. Subsequently, all possible combinations of the effective single methods were performed and rotary evaporation followed by overliming and activated carbon treatment proved to be most efficient as it enabled growth in 100% PAC shake-flask cultures and resulted in a maximum cell dry weight of 5.21 ± 0.46 g/L. CONCLUSION This study provides a comprehensive insight into the detoxification efficiency of a variety of treatment methods at multiple conditions. It was revealed that with a suitable combination of these methods, PAC toxicity can be reduced to such an extent that growth on pure condensate is possible. This can be considered as a first important step towards a microbial valorization of the pyrolytic side-stream with A. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Kubisch
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences 2-Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Katrin Ochsenreither
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences 2-Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Isolation and Characterization of Levoglucosan Metabolizing Bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 88:e0186821. [PMID: 34910566 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01868-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria were isolated from wastewater and soil containing charred wood remnants based on their ability to use levoglucosan as a sole carbon source and on their levoglucosan dehydrogenase (LGDH) activity. On the basis of their 16S rRNA gene sequences, these bacteria represented diverse genera of Microbacterium, Paenibacillus, Shinella, and Klebsiella. Genomic sequencing of the isolates verified that two isolates represented novel species, Paenibacillus athensensis MEC069T and Shinella sumterensis MEC087T, while the remaining isolates were closely related to either Microbacterium lacusdiani or Klebsiella pneumoniae. The genetic sequence of LGDH, lgdA, was found in the genomes of these four isolates as well as Pseudarthrobacter phenanthrenivorans Sphe3. The identity of the P. phenanthrenivorans LGDH was experimentally verified following recombinant expression in E. coli. Comparison of the putative genes surrounding lgdA in the isolate genomes indicated that several other gene products facilitate the bacterial catabolism of levoglucosan, including a putative sugar isomerase and several transport proteins. Importance Levoglucosan is the most prevalent soluble carbohydrate remaining after high temperature pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass, but it is not fermented by typical production microbes such as Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A few fungi metabolize levoglucosan via the enzyme levoglucosan kinase, while several bacteria metabolize levoglucosan via levoglucosan dehydrogenase. This study describes the isolation and characterization of four bacterial species which degrade levoglucosan. Each isolate is shown to contain several genes within an operon involved in levoglucosan degradation, furthering our understanding of bacteria which metabolize levoglucosan.
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Arnold S, Henkel M, Wanger J, Wittgens A, Rosenau F, Hausmann R. Heterologous rhamnolipid biosynthesis by P. putida KT2440 on bio-oil derived small organic acids and fractions. AMB Express 2019; 9:80. [PMID: 31152276 PMCID: PMC6544668 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-019-0804-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In many cases in industrial biotechnology, substrate costs make up a major part of the overall production costs. One strategy to achieve more cost-efficient processes in general is to exploit cheaper sources of substrate. Small organic acids derived from fast pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass represent a significant proportion of microbially accessible carbon in bio-oil. However, using bio-oil for microbial cultivation is a highly challenging task due to its strong adverse effects on microbial growth as well as its complex composition. In this study, the suitability of bio-oil as a substrate for industrial biotechnology was investigated with special focus on organic acids. For this purpose, using the example of the genetically engineered, non-pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas putida KT2440 producing mono-rhamnolipids, cultivation on small organic acids derived from fast pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass, as well as on bio-oil fractions, was investigated and evaluated. As biosurfactants, rhamnolipids represent a potential bulk product of industrial biotechnology where substitution of traditional carbon sources is of conceivable interest. Results suggest that maximum achievable productivities as well as substrate-to-biomass yields are in a comparable range for glucose, acetate, as well as the mixture of acetate, formate and propionate. Similar yields were obtained for a pretreated bio-oil fraction, which was used as reference real raw material, although with significantly lower titers. As such, the reported process constitutes a proof-of-principle for using bio-oil as a potential cost-effective alternative carbon source in a future bio-based economy.
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Jiang L, Wu N, Zheng A, Wang X, Liu M, Zhao Z, He F, Li H, Feng X. Effect of Glycerol Pretreatment on Levoglucosan Production from Corncobs by Fast Pyrolysis. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:E599. [PMID: 30965903 PMCID: PMC6418773 DOI: 10.3390/polym9110599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this manuscript, glycerol was used in corncobs' pretreatment to promote levoglucosan production by fast pyrolysis first and then was further utilized as raw material for chemicals production by microbial fermentation. The effects of glycerol pretreatment temperatures (220⁻240 °C), time (0.5⁻3 h) and solid-to-liquid ratios (5⁻20%) were investigated. Due to the accumulation of crystalline cellulose and the removal of minerals, the levoglucosan yield was as high as 35.8% from corncobs pretreated by glycerol at 240 for 3 h with a 5% solid-to-liquid ratio, which was obviously higher than that of the control (2.2%). After glycerol pretreatment, the fermentability of the recovered glycerol remaining in the liquid stream from glycerol pretreatment was evaluated by Klebsiella pneumoniae. The results showed that the recovered glycerol had no inhibitory effect on the growth and metabolism of the microbe, which was a promising substrate for fermentation. The value-added applications of glycerol could reduce the cost of biomass pretreatment. Correspondingly, this manuscript offers a green, sustainable, efficient and economic strategy for an integrated biorefinery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Nannan Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Anqing Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Ming Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Zengli Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Fang He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Haibin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Xinjun Feng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
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Dörsam S, Fesseler J, Gorte O, Hahn T, Zibek S, Syldatk C, Ochsenreither K. Sustainable carbon sources for microbial organic acid production with filamentous fungi. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2017; 10:242. [PMID: 29075326 PMCID: PMC5651581 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-0930-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The organic acid producer Aspergillus oryzae and Rhizopus delemar are able to convert several alternative carbon sources to malic and fumaric acid. Thus, carbohydrate hydrolysates from lignocellulose separation are likely suitable as substrate for organic acid production with these fungi. RESULTS Before lignocellulose hydrolysate fractions were tested as substrates, experiments with several mono- and disaccharides, possibly present in pretreated biomass, were conducted for their suitability for malic acid production with A. oryzae. This includes levoglucosan, glucose, galactose, mannose, arabinose, xylose, ribose, and cellobiose as well as cheap and easy available sugars, e.g., fructose and maltose. A. oryzae is able to convert every sugar investigated to malate, albeit with different yields. Based on the promising results from the pure sugar conversion experiments, fractions of the organosolv process from beechwood (Fagus sylvatica) and Miscanthus giganteus were further analyzed as carbon source for cultivation and fermentation with A. oryzae for malic acid and R. delemar for fumaric acid production. The highest malic acid concentration of 37.9 ± 2.6 g/L could be reached using beechwood cellulose fraction as carbon source in bioreactor fermentation with A. oryzae and 16.2 ± 0.2 g/L fumaric acid with R. delemar. CONCLUSIONS We showed in this study that the range of convertible sugars for A. oryzae is even higher than known before. We approved the suitability of fiber/cellulose hydrolysate obtained from the organosolv process as carbon source for A. oryzae in shake flasks as well as in a small-scale bioreactor. The more challenging hemicellulose fraction of F. sylvatica was also positively evaluated for malic acid production with A. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Dörsam
- Technical Biology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engler-Bunte-Ring 3, Karlsruhe, 76131 Germany
| | - Jana Fesseler
- Technical Biology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engler-Bunte-Ring 3, Karlsruhe, 76131 Germany
| | - Olga Gorte
- Technical Biology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engler-Bunte-Ring 3, Karlsruhe, 76131 Germany
| | - Thomas Hahn
- Industrial Biotechnology, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology (IGB), Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Susanne Zibek
- Industrial Biotechnology, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology (IGB), Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christoph Syldatk
- Technical Biology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engler-Bunte-Ring 3, Karlsruhe, 76131 Germany
| | - Katrin Ochsenreither
- Technical Biology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engler-Bunte-Ring 3, Karlsruhe, 76131 Germany
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Arnold S, Moss K, Henkel M, Hausmann R. Biotechnological Perspectives of Pyrolysis Oil for a Bio-Based Economy. Trends Biotechnol 2017; 35:925-936. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Dörsam S, Kirchhoff J, Bigalke M, Dahmen N, Syldatk C, Ochsenreither K. Evaluation of Pyrolysis Oil as Carbon Source for Fungal Fermentation. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:2059. [PMID: 28066378 PMCID: PMC5177650 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.02059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyrolysis oil, a complex mixture of several organic compounds, produced during flash pyrolysis of organic lignocellulosic material was evaluated for its suitability as alternative carbon source for fungal growth and fermentation processes. Therefore several fungi from all phyla were screened for their tolerance toward pyrolysis oil. Additionally Aspergillus oryzae and Rhizopus delemar, both established organic acid producers, were chosen as model organisms to investigate the suitability of pyrolysis oil as carbon source in fungal production processes. It was observed that A. oryzae tolerates pyrolysis oil concentrations between 1 and 2% depending on growth phase or stationary production phase, respectively. To investigate possible reasons for the low tolerance level, eleven substances from pyrolysis oil including aldehydes, organic acids, small organic compounds and phenolic substances were selected and maximum concentrations still allowing growth and organic acid production were determined. Furthermore, effects of substances to malic acid production were analyzed and compounds were categorized regarding their properties in three groups of toxicity. To validate the results, further tests were also performed with R. delemar. For the first time it could be shown that small amounts of phenolic substances are beneficial for organic acid production and A. oryzae might be able to degrade isoeugenol. Regarding pyrolysis oil toxicity, 2-cyclopenten-1-on was identified as the most toxic compound for filamentous fungi; a substance never described for anti-fungal or any other toxic properties before and possibly responsible for the low fungal tolerance levels toward pyrolysis oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Dörsam
- Technical Biology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jennifer Kirchhoff
- Technical Biology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Michael Bigalke
- Technical Biology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Nicolaus Dahmen
- Thermochemical Conversation of Biomass, Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christoph Syldatk
- Technical Biology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Katrin Ochsenreither
- Technical Biology, Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Karlsruhe, Germany
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Wendisch VF, Brito LF, Gil Lopez M, Hennig G, Pfeifenschneider J, Sgobba E, Veldmann KH. The flexible feedstock concept in Industrial Biotechnology: Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli, Corynebacterium glutamicum, Pseudomonas, Bacillus and yeast strains for access to alternative carbon sources. J Biotechnol 2016; 234:139-157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Bacik JP, Jarboe LR. Bioconversion of anhydrosugars: Emerging concepts and strategies. IUBMB Life 2016; 68:700-8. [PMID: 27416973 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
As methods for the use of anhydrosugars in chemical and biofuel production continue to develop, our collective knowledge of anhydrosugar processing enzymes continues to improve, including their mechanistic details, structural dynamics and modes of substrate binding. Of particular interest, anhydrosugar kinases, such as levoglucosan kinase (LGK) and 1,6-anhydro-N-acetylmuramic acid kinase (AnmK), utilize an unusual mechanism whereby the sugar substrate is both cleaved and phosphorylated. The phosphorylated sugar can then be routed to other metabolic pathways, thereby allowing its further bioconversion. Advanced engineering efforts to improve the catalytic efficiency and stability of LGK have been steadily progressing. Other enzymes that cleave the glycosidic bond of disaccharide sugars containing an anhydrosugar component are also being identified and characterized. Accordingly, the potential future use of these enzymes in large-scale production strategies is becoming increasingly viable. Here, a mini-review of the observed characteristics of anhydrosugar processing enzymes is presented along with recent developments in the bioconversion of these sugars. © 2016 IUBMB Life 68(9):700-708, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- John-Paul Bacik
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, 08544
| | - Laura R Jarboe
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011
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12
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Conversion of levoglucosan and cellobiosan by Pseudomonas putida KT2440. Metab Eng Commun 2016; 3:24-29. [PMID: 29468111 PMCID: PMC5779712 DOI: 10.1016/j.meteno.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrolysis offers a straightforward approach for the deconstruction of plant cell wall polymers into bio-oil. Recently, there has been substantial interest in bio-oil fractionation and subsequent use of biological approaches to selectively upgrade some of the resulting fractions. A fraction of particular interest for biological upgrading consists of polysaccharide-derived substrates including sugars and sugar dehydration products such as levoglucosan and cellobiosan, which are two of the most abundant pyrolysis products of cellulose. Levoglucosan can be converted to glucose-6-phosphate through the use of a levoglucosan kinase (LGK), but to date, the mechanism for cellobiosan utilization has not been demonstrated. Here, we engineer the microbe Pseudomonas putida KT2440 to use levoglucosan as a sole carbon and energy source through LGK integration. Moreover, we demonstrate that cellobiosan can be enzymatically converted to levoglucosan and glucose with β-glucosidase enzymes from both Glycoside Hydrolase Family 1 and Family 3. β-glucosidases are commonly used in both natural and industrial cellulase cocktails to convert cellobiose to glucose to relieve cellulase product inhibition and to facilitate microbial uptake of glucose. Using an exogenous β-glucosidase, we demonstrate that the engineered strain of P. putida can grow on levoglucosan up to 60 g/L and can also utilize cellobiosan. Overall, this study elucidates the biological pathway to co-utilize levoglucosan and cellobiosan, which will be a key transformation for the biological upgrading of pyrolysis-derived substrates. Levoglucosan kinase is engineered into Pseudomonas putida KT2440. Cellobiosan can be cleaved to levoglucosan and glucose by β-glucosidases. This provides a path forward to co-utilize levoglucosan and cellobiosan. These transformations will be important for hybrid processing applications.
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Shen Y, Jarboe L, Brown R, Wen Z. A thermochemical–biochemical hybrid processing of lignocellulosic biomass for producing fuels and chemicals. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:1799-813. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Klesmith JR, Bacik JP, Michalczyk R, Whitehead TA. Comprehensive Sequence-Flux Mapping of a Levoglucosan Utilization Pathway in E. coli. ACS Synth Biol 2015; 4:1235-43. [PMID: 26369947 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.5b00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic metabolic pathways often suffer from low specific productivity, and new methods that quickly assess pathway functionality for many thousands of variants are urgently needed. Here we present an approach that enables the rapid and parallel determination of sequence effects on flux for complete gene-encoding sequences. We show that this method can be used to determine the effects of over 8000 single point mutants of a pyrolysis oil catabolic pathway implanted in Escherichia coli. Experimental sequence-function data sets predicted whether fitness-enhancing mutations to the enzyme levoglucosan kinase resulted from enhanced catalytic efficiency or enzyme stability. A structure of one design incorporating 38 mutations elucidated the structural basis of high fitness mutations. One design incorporating 15 beneficial mutations supported a 15-fold improvement in growth rate and greater than 24-fold improvement in enzyme activity relative to the starting pathway. This technique can be extended to improve a wide variety of designed pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin R. Klesmith
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - John-Paul Bacik
- Bioscience
Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Ryszard Michalczyk
- Bioscience
Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Timothy A. Whitehead
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East
Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- Department
of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, East
Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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Islam ZU, Zhisheng Y, Hassan EB, Dongdong C, Hongxun Z. Microbial conversion of pyrolytic products to biofuels: a novel and sustainable approach toward second-generation biofuels. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 42:1557-79. [PMID: 26433384 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-015-1687-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights the potential of the pyrolysis-based biofuels production, bio-ethanol in particular, and lipid in general as an alternative and sustainable solution for the rising environmental concerns and rapidly depleting natural fuel resources. Levoglucosan (1,6-anhydrous-β-D-glucopyranose) is the major anhydrosugar compound resulting from the degradation of cellulose during the fast pyrolysis process of biomass and thus the most attractive fermentation substrate in the bio-oil. The challenges for pyrolysis-based biorefineries are the inefficient detoxification strategies, and the lack of naturally available efficient and suitable fermentation organisms that could ferment the levoglucosan directly into bio-ethanol. In case of indirect fermentation, acid hydrolysis is used to convert levoglucosan into glucose and subsequently to ethanol and lipids via fermentation biocatalysts, however the presence of fermentation inhibitors poses a big hurdle to successful fermentation relative to pure glucose. Among the detoxification strategies studied so far, over-liming, extraction with solvents like (n-butanol, ethyl acetate), and activated carbon seem very promising, but still further research is required for the optimization of existing detoxification strategies as well as developing new ones. In order to make the pyrolysis-based biofuel production a more efficient as well as cost-effective process, direct fermentation of pyrolysis oil-associated fermentable sugars, especially levoglucosan is highlly desirable. This can be achieved either by expanding the search to identify naturally available direct levoglusoan utilizers or modify the existing fermentation biocatalysts (yeasts and bacteria) with direct levoglucosan pathway coupled with tolerance engineering could significantly improve the overall performance of these microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zia Ul Islam
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhisheng
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China.
| | - El Barbary Hassan
- Department of Sustainable Bioproducts, Mississippi State University, Box 9820, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Chang Dongdong
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhang Hongxun
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
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Kim EM, Um Y, Bott M, Woo HM. Engineering ofCorynebacterium glutamicumfor growth and succinate production from levoglucosan, a pyrolytic sugar substrate. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2015; 362:fnv161. [DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnv161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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Rover MR, Johnston PA, Jin T, Smith RG, Brown RC, Jarboe L. Production of clean pyrolytic sugars for fermentation. CHEMSUSCHEM 2014; 7:1662-8. [PMID: 24706373 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201301259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This study explores the separate recovery of sugars and phenolic oligomers produced during fast pyrolysis with the effective removal of contaminants from the separated pyrolytic sugars to produce a substrate suitable for fermentation without hydrolysis. The first two stages from a unique recovery system capture "heavy ends", mostly water-soluble sugars and water-insoluble phenolic oligomers. The differences in water solubility can be exploited to recover a sugar-rich aqueous phase and a phenolic-rich raffinate. Over 93 wt % of the sugars is removed in two water washes. These sugars contain contaminants such as low-molecular-weight acids, furans, and phenols that could inhibit successful fermentation. Detoxification methods were used to remove these contaminants from pyrolytic sugars. The optimal candidate is NaOH overliming, which results in maximum growth measurements with the use of ethanol-producing Escherichia coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie R Rover
- Center for Sustainable Environmental Technologies, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 (USA), Fax: (+1) 515-294-0997.
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Schwab K, Wood JA, Rehmann L. Pyrolysis Byproducts as Feedstocks for Fermentative Biofuel Production: An Evaluation of Inhibitory Compounds through a Synthetic Aqueous Phase. Ind Eng Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ie403354k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Schwab
- Department of Chemical and
Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Jeffery A. Wood
- Department of Chemical and
Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Lars Rehmann
- Department of Chemical and
Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B9, Canada
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Lian J, Garcia-Perez M, Chen S. Fermentation of levoglucosan with oleaginous yeasts for lipid production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 133:183-189. [PMID: 23425586 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports the production of lipids from non-hydrolyzed levoglucosan (LG) by oleaginous yeasts Rhodosporidium toruloides and Rhodotorula glutinis. Enzyme activity tests of LG kinases from both yeasts indicated that the phosphorylation pathway of LG to glucose-6-phosphate existed. The highest enzyme activity obtained for R. glutinis was 0.22 U/mg of protein. The highest cell mass and lipid production by R. glutinis were 6.8 and 2.7 g/L, respectively from pure LG, and 3.3 and 0.78 g/L from a pyrolytic LG aqueous phase detoxified by ethyl acetate extraction, rotary evaporation and activated carbon. This corresponded to a lipid yield of 13.5 wt.% for pure LG and only 3.9 wt.% for LG in pyrolysis oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieni Lian
- Biological Systems Engineering Department, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6120, USA
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Wang H, Livingston D, Srinivasan R, Li Q, Steele P, Yu F. Detoxification and fermentation of pyrolytic sugar for ethanol production. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2012; 168:1568-83. [PMID: 22983715 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-012-9879-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The sugars present in bio-oil produced by fast pyrolysis can potentially be fermented by microbial organisms to produce cellulosic ethanol. This study shows the potential for microbial digestion of the aqueous fraction of bio-oil in an enrichment medium to consume glucose and produce ethanol. In addition to glucose, inhibitors such as furans and phenols are present in the bio-oil. A pure glucose enrichment medium of 20 g/l was used as a standard to compare with glucose and aqueous fraction mixtures for digestion. Thirty percent by volume of aqueous fraction in media was the maximum additive amount that could be consumed and converted to ethanol. Inhibitors were removed by extraction, activated carbon, air stripping, and microbial methods. After economic analysis, the cost of ethanol using an inexpensive fermentation medium in a large scale plant is approximately $14 per gallon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39759, USA
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Spokas KA, Novak JM, Stewart CE, Cantrell KB, Uchimiya M, Dusaire MG, Ro KS. Qualitative analysis of volatile organic compounds on biochar. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 85:869-82. [PMID: 21788060 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.06.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Revised: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Qualitative identification of sorbed volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on biochar was conducted by headspace thermal desorption coupled to capillary gas chromatographic-mass spectrometry. VOCs may have a mechanistic role influencing plant and microbial responses to biochar amendments, since VOCs can directly inhibit/stimulate microbial and plant processes. Over 70 biochars encompassing a variety of parent feedstocks and manufacturing processes were evaluated and were observed to possess diverse sorbed VOC composition. There were over 140 individual chemical compounds thermally desorbed from some biochars, with hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) and fast pyrolysis biochars typically possessing the greatest number of sorbed volatiles. In contrast, gasification, thermal or chemical processed biochars, soil kiln mound, and open pit biochars possessed low to non-detectable levels of VOCs. Slow pyrolysis biochars were highly variable in terms of their sorbed VOC content. There were no clear feedstock dependencies to the sorbed VOC composition, suggesting a stronger linkage with biochar production conditions coupled to post-production handling and processing. Lower pyrolytic temperatures (⩽350°C) produced biochars with sorbed VOCs consisting of short carbon chain aldehydes, furans and ketones; elevated temperature biochars (>350°C) typically were dominated by sorbed aromatic compounds and longer carbon chain hydrocarbons. The presence of oxygen during pyrolysis also reduced sorbed VOCs. These compositional results suggest that sorbed VOCs are highly variable and that their chemical dissimilarity could play a role in the wide variety of plant and soil microbial responses to biochar soil amendment noted in the literature. This variability in VOC composition may argue for VOC characterization before land application to predict possible agroecosystem effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt A Spokas
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Soil and Water Management Unit, Saint Paul, MN, USA.
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Layton DS, Ajjarapu A, Choi DW, Jarboe LR. Engineering ethanologenic Escherichia coli for levoglucosan utilization. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:8318-22. [PMID: 21719279 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Revised: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Levoglucosan is a major product of biomass pyrolysis. While this pyrolyzed biomass, also known as bio-oil, contains sugars that are an attractive fermentation substrate, commonly-used biocatalysts, such as Escherichia coli, lack the ability to metabolize this anhydrosugar. It has previously been shown that recombinant expression of the levoglucosan kinase enzyme enables use of levoglucosan as carbon and energy source. Here, ethanologenic E. coli KO11 was engineered for levoglucosan utilization by recombinant expression of levoglucosan kinase from Lipomyces starkeyi. Our engineering strategy uses a codon-optimized gene that has been chromosomally integrated within the pyruvate to ethanol (PET) operon and does not require additional antibiotics or inducers. Not only does this engineered strain use levoglucosan as sole carbon source, but it also ferments levoglucosan to ethanol. This work demonstrates that existing biocatalysts can be easily modified for levoglucosan utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donovan S Layton
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, United States
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Jarboe LR, Wen Z, Choi D, Brown RC. Hybrid thermochemical processing: fermentation of pyrolysis-derived bio-oil. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 91:1519-23. [PMID: 21789490 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3495-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Revised: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Thermochemical processing of biomass by fast pyrolysis provides a nonenzymatic route for depolymerization of biomass into sugars that can be used for the biological production of fuels and chemicals. Fermentative utilization of this bio-oil faces two formidable challenges. First is the fact that most bio-oil-associated sugars are present in the anhydrous form. Metabolic engineering has enabled utilization of the main anhydrosugar, levoglucosan, in workhorse biocatalysts. The second challenge is the fact that bio-oil is rich in microbial inhibitors. Collection of bio-oil in distinct fractions, detoxification of bio-oil prior to fermentation, and increased robustness of the biocatalyst have all proven effective methods for addressing this inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura R Jarboe
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
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Dai J, Yu Z, He Y, Zhang L, Bai Z, Dong Z, Du Y, Zhang H. Cloning of a novel levoglucosan kinase gene from Lipomyces starkeyi and its expression in Escherichia coli. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-009-0048-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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26
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Brown RC. Hybrid thermochemical/biological processing: putting the cart before the horse? Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2008; 137-140:947-56. [PMID: 18478447 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-007-9110-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The conventional view of biorefineries is that lignocellulosic plant material will be fractionated into cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and terpenes before these components are biochemically converted into market products. Occasionally, these plants include a thermochemical step at the end of the process to convert recalcitrant plant components or mixed waste streams into heat to meet thermal energy demands elsewhere in the facility. However, another possibility for converting high-fiber plant materials is to start by thermochemically processing it into a uniform intermediate product that can be biologically converted into a bio-based product. This alternative route to bio-based products is known as hybrid thermochemical/biological processing. There are two distinct approaches to hybrid processing: (a) gasification followed by fermentation of the resulting gaseous mixture of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen (H(2)), and carbon dioxide (CO(2)) and (b) fast pyrolysis followed by hydrolysis and/or fermentation of the anhydrosugars found in the resulting bio-oil. This article explores this "cart before the horse" approach to biorefineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Brown
- Center for Sustainable Environmental Technologies, Iowa State University, 286 Metals Development Building, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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Yue ZB, Liu RH, Yu HQ, Chen HZ, Yu B, Harada H, Li YY. Enhanced Anaerobic Ruminal Degradation of Bulrush through Steam Explosion Pretreatment. Ind Eng Chem Res 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ie800202c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Bo Yue
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China, National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100080 China, and Department of Civil Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Rong-Hua Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China, National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100080 China, and Department of Civil Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Han-Qing Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China, National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100080 China, and Department of Civil Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Hong-Zhang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China, National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100080 China, and Department of Civil Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Bin Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China, National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100080 China, and Department of Civil Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Hideki Harada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China, National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100080 China, and Department of Civil Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Yu-You Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China, National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100080 China, and Department of Civil Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
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Ning J, Yu Z, Xie H, Zhang H, Zhuang G, Bai Z, Yang S, Jiang Y. Purification and characterization of levoglucosan kinase from Lipomyces starkeyi YZ-215. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-007-9432-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Luyen HQ, Cho JY, Shin HW, Park NG, Hong YK. Microalgal growth enhancement by levoglucosan isolated from the green seaweed Monostroma nitidum. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYCOLOGY 2007; 19:175-180. [PMID: 19396355 PMCID: PMC2668644 DOI: 10.1007/s10811-006-9123-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2006] [Accepted: 08/11/2006] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Microalgal growth was enhanced by the addition of levoglucosan to the culture medium. The growth-enhancing compound levoglucosan was isolated from the green seaweed Monostroma nitidum using water extraction, molecular fractionation, DEAE-cellulose column chromatography, and high-performance liquid chromatography. Yield of the compound from seaweed powder was 5 x 10(-3)% (w/w). At 10 mM concentration, levoglucosan enhanced cell growth and the specific growth rate of all feed microalgal species tested (Chaetoceros gracilis, Chlorella ellipsoidea, Dunaliella salina, Isochrysis galbana, Nannochloris oculata, Navicula incerta, Pavlova lutheri, Tetraselmis suecica) in most culture media by approximately 150%. Cellular fatty acid profiles and cell size differed marginally between cultures with and without levoglucosan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Quoc Luyen
- Department of Biotechnology, Pukyong National University, Namku, Busan 608-737 South Korea
| | - Ji-Young Cho
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, 336-900 South Korea
| | - Hyun-Woung Shin
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, 336-900 South Korea
| | - Nam Gyu Park
- Department of Biotechnology, Pukyong National University, Namku, Busan 608-737 South Korea
| | - Yong-Ki Hong
- Department of Biotechnology, Pukyong National University, Namku, Busan 608-737 South Korea
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Xie H, Zhuang X, Bai Z, Qi H, Zhang H. Isolation of levoglucosan-assimilating microorganisms from soil and an investigation of their levoglucosan kinases. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-006-9133-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Schkolnik G, Rudich Y. Detection and quantification of levoglucosan in atmospheric aerosols: a review. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 385:26-33. [PMID: 16317539 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-0168-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2005] [Revised: 10/08/2005] [Accepted: 10/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Levoglucosan is a tracer for biomass burning sources in atmospheric aerosol particles. Therefore, much effort has been recently put into developing methods for its quantification. This review describes and compares both established and emerging analytical methods for levoglucosan quantification in ambient aerosol samples, with the special needs of the environmental analytical chemist in mind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gal Schkolnik
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Xie HJ, Zhuang XL, Zhang HX, Bai ZH, Qi HY. Screening and identification of the levoglucosan kinase gene (lgk) fromAspergillus nigerby LC-ESI-MS/MS and RT-PCR. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2005; 251:313-9. [PMID: 16165323 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsle.2005.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2005] [Revised: 08/08/2005] [Accepted: 08/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A protein of 75,000 Daltons with levoglucosan kinase activity was purified from Aspergillus niger. After in-gel digestion by trypsin, a 14-mer peptide was sequenced and analyzed by LC-ESI-MS/MS. Using a primer derived from the 14-mer peptide in combination with Oligo-(dT)18, a cDNA fragment was obtained by RT-PCR. A search of the GenBank database indicated that the protein had not been identified before. A similar protein named hypothetical protein FG07802.1 (EAA77996.1) was found to exist in Gibberella zeae by Blastx search. Using a primer derived from the protein, a cDNA fragment of second RT-PCR was cloned into plasmid pAJ401, which was transformed to Saccharomyces cerevisiae H158 and expressed. Two positive levoglucosan assimilating recombinants were selected. The lgk gene was screened and identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-jun Xie
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, PR China
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Khiyami MA, Pometto AL, Brown RC. Detoxification of corn stover and corn starch pyrolysis liquors by ligninolytic enzymes of Phanerochaete chrysosporium. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2005; 53:2969-2977. [PMID: 15826047 DOI: 10.1021/jf048223m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Phanerochaete chrysosporium (ATCC 24725) shake flask culture with 3 mM veratryl alcohol addition on day 3 was able to grow and detoxify different concentrations of diluted corn stover (Dcs) and diluted corn starch (Dst) pyrolysis liquors [10, 25, and 50% (v/v)] in defined media. GC-MS analysis of reaction products showed a decrease and change in some compounds. In addition, the total phenolic assay with Dcs samples demonstrated a decrease in the phenolic compounds. A bioassay employing Lactobacillus casei growth and lactic acid production was developed to confirm the removal of toxic compounds from 10 and 25% (v/v) Dcs and Dst by the lignolytic enzymes, but not from 50% (v/v) Dcs and Dst. The removal did not occur when sodium azide or cycloheximide was added to Ph. chrysosporium culture media, confirming the participation of lignolytic enzymes in the detoxification process. A concentrated enzyme preparation decreased the phenolic compounds in 10% (v/v) corn stover and corn starch pyrolysis liquors to the same extent as the fungal cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Khiyami
- Department of food Science and Human Nutrition and Center for Sustainable Environmental Technology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA
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Khiyami MA, Pometto Iii AL, Brown RC. Detoxification of corn stover and corn starch pyrolysis liquors by Pseudomonas putida and Streptomyces setonii suspended cells and plastic compost support biofilms. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2005; 53:2978-2987. [PMID: 15826048 DOI: 10.1021/jf048224e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plant biomass can be liquefied into fermentable sugars (levoglucosan then to glucose) for the production of ethanol, lactic acid, enzymes, and more by a process called pyrolysis. During the process microbial inhibitors are also generated. Pseudomonas putida (ATCC 17484) and Streptomyces setonii75Vi2 (ATCC 39116) were employed to degrade microbial inhibitors in diluted corn stover (Dcs) and diluted corn starch (Dst) pyrolysis liquors. The detoxification process evaluation included measuring total phenols and changes in UV spectra, a GC-MS analysis, and a bioassay, which employed Lactobacillus casei subsp. rhamosus (ATCC 11443) growth as an indicator of detoxification. Suspended-cell cultures illustrated limited detoxification ability of Dcs and Dst. P. putida and S. setoniiplastic compost support (PCS) biofilm continuous-stirred-tank-reactor pure cultures detoxified 10 and 25% (v/v) Dcs and Dst, whereas PCS biofilm mixed culture also partially detoxified 50% (v/v) Dcs and Dst in repeated batch culture. Therefore, PCS biofilm mixed culture is the process of choice to detoxify diluted pyrolysis liquors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Khiyami
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA
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Yu Z, Zhang H. Ethanol fermentation of acid-hydrolyzed cellulosic pyrolysate with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2003; 90:95-100. [PMID: 12835064 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-8524(03)00093-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The acid hydrolysis of cellulosic pyrolysate to glucose and its fermentation to ethanol were investigated. The maximum glucose yield (17.4%) was obtained by the hydrolysis with 0.2 mol sulfuric acid per liter pyrolysate using autoclaving at 121 degrees C for 20 min. The fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae of a hydrolysate medium containing 31.6 g/l glucose gave 14.2 g/l ethanol in 24 h, whereas the fermentation of the medium containing 31.6 g/l pure glucose gave 13.7 g/l ethanol in 18 h. The results showed that the acid-hydrolyzed pyrolysate could be used for ethanol production. Different nitrogen sources were evaluated and the best ethanol concentration (15.1 g/l) was achieved by single urea. S. cerevisiae (R) was obtained by adaptation of S. cerevisiae to the hydrolysate medium for 12 times, and 40.2 g/l ethanol was produced by S. cerevisiae (R) in the fermentation with the hydrolysate medium containing 95.8 g/l glucose, which was about 47% increase in ethanol production compared to its parent strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhisheng Yu
- Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing 100085, People's Republic of China
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Affiliation(s)
- Miloslav Cerný
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, 12840 Prague, Czech Republic
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Zhuang X, Zhang H. Identification, characterization of levoglucosan kinase, and cloning and expression of levoglucosan kinase cDNA from Aspergillus niger CBX-209 in Escherichia coli. Protein Expr Purif 2002; 26:71-81. [PMID: 12356473 DOI: 10.1016/s1046-5928(02)00501-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The first enzyme responsible for assimilating levoglucosan in Aspergillus niger CBX-209 was corroborated to be levoglucosan kinase that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to levoglucosan to yield a glucose 6-phosphate in the presence of magnesium ion and ATP by FAB-mass spectrometric method combined with previous observations from HPLC and enzymological experiments. Levoglucosan kinase was purified to apparent homogeneity by using a combination of seven purification steps. SDS-PAGE revealed a single protein band of 56 KDa. It is a monomeric enzyme and maximal enzyme activity was measured at pH 9.3 and 30 degrees C. This kinase is stable below 20 degrees C at a quite broad pHs ranging from 6 to 10 and levoglucosan could protect the enzyme from thermal inactivation. Exclusive substrate specificity for levoglucosan suggested that not only the structure of the intramolecular glucosidic linkage but also the configuration of the pyranose frame would be specific for recognition by levoglucosan kinase. The K(m) values of this enzyme were 71.2mM for levoglucosan and 0.25 mM for ATP, determined by double reciprocal plottings and ADP inhibited on the enzyme activity competitively with a Ki value of 0.20mM. A cDNA library from A. niger was constructed in Escherichia coli DH5alpha. The library was screened for levoglucosan kinase gene on NCE selective medium and three positive recombinants were selected after a five day culture. Detection of activities of levoglucosan kinase in the cell extracts indicated that levoglucosan kinase gene (lgk) was expressed by the recombinant strain of E. coli DH5alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuliang Zhuang
- Research Center for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, 100085, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
This review describes the molecular studies of Schwanniomyces occidentalis (Debaryomyces occidentalis) concerning transformation, genome, gene cloning, gene structure, gene expression and its characteristics to application. Schw. occidentalis appears to have at least five or seven chromosomes and no native plasmid from the yeast has been reported. Four transformation systems based on complement of Schw. occidentalis auxotrophic mutants were established. Vectors with the replicon of 2-micron plasmid and autonomous replication sequences (ARS) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schw. occidentalis ARS replicated extrachromosomally in Schw. occidentalis transformants, without modification of the transformed vector DNA. So far, at least 21 Schw. occidentalis genes encoding 14 different proteins have been cloned. Most of the Schw. occidentalis genes have shown homologies (45 to 91%) with the corresponding genes of other organisms, especially of S. cerevisiae. However, some Schw. occidentalis genes possess other unique structures for their operators, promoters, transcription initiation sites, and terminators. Some foreign genes were expressed in Schw. occidentalis, while Schw. occidentalis genes functioned in other yeasts and bacteria, Escherichia coli, and Streptomyces lividans. Due to a strong ability of secretion and low level of glycosylation, Schw. occidentalis might be a promising host to produce heterologous proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- T T Wang
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Quebec, Canada
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