1
|
Tokunaga T, Kashihara H, Yoshikawa K, Nakao T, Nishi M, Takasu C, Wada Y, Yoshimoto T, Shimada M. Comparison of the short-term surgical outcomes of lateral lymph node dissection for low rectal cancer using a robotic-assisted transabdominal approach alone or supported by a transanal approach. Surg Endosc 2024; 38:2070-2077. [PMID: 38438675 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-024-10730-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lateral lymph node metastases are a major cause of local recurrence after surgery for advanced low rectal cancer. Lateral lymph node dissection (LLND) may reduce the risk of local recurrence in patients with suspected lateral lymph node metastasis. Recent reports have shown that robotic-assisted LLND can help to reduce the postoperative complication rate, such as urinary disturbance. Furthermore, with the advent of transanal total mesorectal excision, a novel LLND procedure that combines a transabdominal approach with a transanal approach has been reported. This study aimed to clarify the safety and feasibility of robotic-assisted LLND supported by a transanal approach for advanced low rectal cancer. METHODS Thirty-nine patients diagnosed to have low rectal cancer between June 2019 and May 2023 were retrospectively enrolled and divided according to whether they underwent LLND via a robotic-assisted transabdominal approach alone (transabdominal group, n = 19) or in combination with a transanal approach (2team group, n = 20). The patient characteristics and short-term surgical outcomes were compared between the two groups. RESULTS The total operation time was significantly shorter in the 2team group than in the transabdominal group (366 min vs. 513 min, P < 0.001), as was the time taken to perform unilateral LLND (64 min vs. 114 min, P < 0.001). Furthermore, there was significantly less intraoperative bleeding in the 2team group (30 mL vs. 80 mL, P = 0.004). There was no significant between-group difference in postoperative complications. The incidence of postoperative urinary disturbance was satisfactory at 5% in both groups. CONCLUSIONS The operation time for LLND performed by a robotic-assisted transabdominal approach was shortened when supported by a transanal approach. The frequency of postoperative urinary disturbance was low in both groups. Therefore, robotic-assisted abdominal LLND supported by a transanal approach can be considered a promising treatment option for advanced low rectal cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Tokunaga
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan.
| | - Hideya Kashihara
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Kozo Yoshikawa
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Nakao
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Masaaki Nishi
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Chie Takasu
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Yuma Wada
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Yoshimoto
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Shimada
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
İsmail E, Kutlu B, Acar Hİ, Yörübulut M, Akkoca M, Kocaay AF, Elhan A, Kuzu MA. Lateral Lymph Node Dissection for Locally Advanced Rectal Carcinoma: A Step-by-Step Description of Surgical Anatomical Planes During Cadaveric Dissection and Minimally Invasive Surgery. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech 2024; 34:101-107. [PMID: 38134383 DOI: 10.1097/sle.0000000000001241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Total mesorectal excision (TME) is accepted as gold standard method in rectal cancer globally. But there is no standard for lateral lymph nodes. Combination of neoadjuvant treatment plus lateral lymph node dissection (LLND) in select patients might be a promising method. Our purpose is to describe the anatomic landmarks of LLND on cadavers and minimally invasive surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS Local advanced rectal cancer and lateral lymph node (LLN) metastasis are accepted as an indication of neoadjuvant treatment. LLND was performed according to preoperative imaging after radiochemotherapy. RESULTS Twenty-eight (10.5%) of 267 patients with rectal cancer who had suspected lateral lymph node metastasis (LLNM) with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) underwent LLND in addition to TME after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Eight of them had LLNM. Three patients had bilateral LLND and only 1 had LLNM. The median number of harvested lymph nodes was 6. The rates of LLNM increased with the presence of poor prognosis markers. One regional and 1 distant recurrence were detected in patients who had no LLN metastasis compared with2 regional and 4 distant recurrences in the LLN-positive group. CONCLUSIONS Local advanced rectal cancer cases may benefit from LLND, but it does not appear to have an effect on overall survival. There is no consensus whether size and/or morphologic criteria in MRI are the ideal guide for LLND.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erkin İsmail
- Acibadem Hospital; Departments of General Surgery and Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University; SBU Etlik City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu S, Wang X, Zhuang Y, Bai S, Wu X, Ye Y, Luo H, Yu H, Wang Q, Chang H, Zeng Z, Cai P, Pan Z, Gao Y, Chen G, Xiao W. Total neoadjuvant treatment to increase the clinical complete response rate for distal locally advanced rectal cancer (TESS): A study protocol of a prospective, open-label, multicenter, single-arm, phase 2 trial. Cancer Med 2023. [PMID: 37156624 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.6034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Standard treatment of locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) was neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT), followed by total mesorectal excision (TME). Total neoadjuvant treatment (TNT), a new concept, attempts to deliver both systemic chemotherapy and neoadjuvant CRT prior to surgery. Patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy were more likely to show higher tumor regression. The objective of this trial was to increase complete clinical rate (cCR) for LARC patients by optimizing tumor response, using TNT regimen as compared to conventional chemoradiotherapy. TESS, a prospective, open-label, multicenter, single-arm, phase 2 study, is underway. METHODS Main inclusion criteria include cT3-4aNany or cT1-4aN+ rectal adenocarcinoma aged 18-70y; Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance 0-1; location ≤5 cm from anal verge. Ninety-eight patients will receive 2 cycles of neoadjuvant chemotherapy Capeox (capecitabine + oxaliplatin) before, during, and after radiotherapy 50Gy/25 fractions, before TME (or other treatment decisions, such as Watch and Wait strategy) and adjuvant chemotherapy capecitabine 2 cycles. Primary endpoint is the cCR rate. Secondary endpoints include ratio of sphincter preservation strategy; pathological complete response rate and tumor regression grade distribution; local recurrence or metastasis; disease-free survival; locoregional recurrence-free survival; acute toxicity; surgical complications; long-term anal function; late toxicity; adverse effect, ECOG standard score, and quality of life. Adverse events are graded per Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events V5.0. Acute toxicity will be monitored during antitumor treatment, and late toxicity will be monitored for 3 years from the end of the first course of antitumor treatment. DISCUSSION The TESS trial aims to explore a new TNT strategy, which is expected to increase the rate of cCR and sphincter preservation rate. This study will provide new options and evidence for a new sandwich TNT strategy in patients with distal LARC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - XiaoZhong Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Shantou Central Hospital, Shantou, China
| | - YeZhong Zhuang
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - ShouMin Bai
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - XiaoJun Wu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - YiJing Ye
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhongshan People's Hospital, Zhongshan, China
| | - HuiLong Luo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - HaiNa Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - QiaoXuan Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Chang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - ZhiFan Zeng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - PeiQiang Cai
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Medical Imaging and Interventional Radiology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - ZhiZhong Pan
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - YuanHong Gao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gong Chen
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - WeiWei Xiao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tokunaga T, Sugimoto M, Saito Y, Kashihara H, Yoshikawa K, Nakao T, Nishi M, Takasu C, Wada Y, Waki Y, Yoshimoto T, Noma T, Shimada M. Transanal lateral lymph node dissection with intraoperative hologram support in low rectal cancer. Surg Endosc 2023:10.1007/s00464-023-09977-w. [PMID: 37017769 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-023-09977-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Japan, the standard treatment for stage II/III advanced low rectal cancer is total mesorectal excision plus lateral lymph node dissection (LLND). There are also recent reports on the use of transanal LLND. However, the transanal anatomy is difficult to understand, and additional support tools are required to improve the surgical safety. The present study examined the utility of holograms with mixed reality as an intraoperative support tool for assessing the complex pelvic anatomy. METHODS Polygon (stereolithography) files of patients' pelvic organs were created and exported from the SYNAPSE VINCENT imaging system and uploaded into the Holoeyes MD virtual reality software. Three-dimensional images were automatically converted into patient-specific holograms. Each hologram was then installed into a head mount display (HoloLens2), and the surgeons and assistants wore the HoloLens2 when they performed transanal LLND. Twelve digestive surgeons with prior practice in hologram manipulation evaluated the utility of the intraoperative hologram support by means of a questionnaire. RESULTS Intraoperative hologram support improved the surgical understanding of the lateral lymph node region anatomy. In the questionnaire, 75% of the surgeons answered that the hologram accurately reflected the anatomy, and 92% of the surgeons answered that the anatomy was better understood by simulating the hologram intraoperatively than preoperatively. Moreover, 92% of the surgeons agreed that intraoperative holograms were a useful support tool for improving the surgical safety. CONCLUSIONS Intraoperative hologram support improved the surgical understanding of the pelvic anatomy for transanal LLND. Intraoperative holograms may represent a next-generation surgical tool for transanal LLND.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Tokunaga
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan.
| | - Maki Sugimoto
- Okinaga Research Institute, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yu Saito
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Hideya Kashihara
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Kozo Yoshikawa
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Nakao
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Masaaki Nishi
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Chie Takasu
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Yuma Wada
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Yuhei Waki
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Yoshimoto
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Takayuki Noma
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Shimada
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lokuhetty N, Larach JT, Rajkomar AKS, Mohan H, Waters PS, Heriot AG, Warrier SK. Robotic pelvic side-wall dissection and en-bloc excision for locally advanced and recurrent rectal cancer: outcomes on feasibility and safety. ANZ J Surg 2022; 92:2185-2191. [PMID: 35555959 DOI: 10.1111/ans.17757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Global differences exist in managing lateral pelvic nodes in rectal cancer. Recent studies demonstrate improved local recurrence rates in patients undergoing lateral pelvic lymph node dissections (LPND) in addition to total mesorectal excision (TME) for advanced lower rectal cancer. This study aims to report on the safety and feasibility of the robotic approach in patients undergoing pelvic sidewall lymph node dissection or en-bloc sidewall resection for advanced lower rectal cancer. METHODS Patients who underwent an elective robotic pelvic sidewall lymph node dissection or en-bloc sidewall resection for locally advanced rectal cancer with suspicious lateral lymph nodes or pelvic side wall involvement between January 2018 and March 2021 were included. Demographic, clinical, perioperative and histopathological variables were recorded and analysed. RESULTS Eight patients (3 males) with a mean age of 55 (33-73) years and mean body mass index of 26.3 (20.7-30.0) kg/m2 were included. The median operative time and blood loss were 458.75 (360-540) min and 143.75 (100-300) mL, respectively. There were no conversions or intra-operative complications. There were three post-operative complications recorded (two ileus and one anastomotic leak which required an endoscopic washout in theatre and intravenous antibiotics thereafter). Median length of stay was 12.75 (7-23) days. All patients had an R0 resection, and the median lateral pelvic lymph node yield was 9.1 (6-14). CONCLUSION This series demonstrates the practicality and the safety of the robotic approach in the introduction of this technique for en-bloc resection or LPND in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naradha Lokuhetty
- Department of General Surgery, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - José Tomás Larach
- Division of Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Digestive Surgery, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Amrish K S Rajkomar
- General Surgery and Gastrointestinal Clinical Institute, Epworth Healthcare, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helen Mohan
- Division of Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peadar S Waters
- Division of Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alexander G Heriot
- Division of Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,General Surgery and Gastrointestinal Clinical Institute, Epworth Healthcare, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Satish K Warrier
- Department of General Surgery, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Division of Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,General Surgery and Gastrointestinal Clinical Institute, Epworth Healthcare, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Monash University, Victoria, Australia.,University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jiang Y, Zhou S, Pei W, Liang J. Does lateral lymph node dissection increase urogenital dysfunction in middle-lower rectal cancer? Asian J Surg 2022; 45:1914-1915. [PMID: 35440388 DOI: 10.1016/j.asjsur.2022.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yujuan Jiang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Sicheng Zhou
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Wei Pei
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
| | - Jianwei Liang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Varela C, Kim NK. Surgical Treatment of Low-Lying Rectal Cancer: Updates. Ann Coloproctol 2021; 37:395-424. [PMID: 34961303 PMCID: PMC8717072 DOI: 10.3393/ac.2021.00927.0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite innovative advancements, distally located rectal cancer remains a critical disease of challenging management. The crucial location of the tumor predisposes it to a circumferential resection margin (CRM) that tends to involve the anal sphincter complex and surrounding organs, with a high incidence of delayed anastomotic complications and the risk of the pelvic sidewall or rarely inguinal lymph node metastases. In this regard, colorectal surgeons should be aware of other issues beyond total mesorectal excision (TME) performance. For decades, the concept of extralevator abdominoperineal resection to avoid compromised CRM has been introduced. However, the complexity of deep pelvic dissection with poor visualization in low-lying rectal cancer has led to transanal TME. In contrast, neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (NCRT) has allowed for the execution of more sphincter-saving procedures without oncologic compromise. Significant tumor regression after NCRT and complete pathologic response also permit applying the watch-and-wait protocol in some cases, now with more solid evidence. This review article will introduce the current surgical treatment options, their indication and technical details, and recent oncologic and functional outcomes. Lastly, the novel characteristics of distal rectal cancer, such as pelvic sidewall and inguinal lymph node metastases, will be discussed along with its tailored and individualized treatment approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristopher Varela
- Coloproctology Unit, Department of General Surgery, Hospital Dr. Domingo Luciani, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Nam Kyu Kim
- Department of Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Li J, Shiomi A. Lateral lymph node dissection in advanced low rectal cancer treatment. Int J Colorectal Dis 2021; 36:2361-2371. [PMID: 34152455 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-021-03975-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Lateral lymph node (LLN) metastasis is a determinant of local recurrence in advanced low rectal cancer. Lateral lymph node dissection (LLND) is effective in removing metastatic lymph nodes, and has been shown to have a decreased local recurrence rate. However, because of its complexity and complications it induces, there is still tremendous controversy about its usage. Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) and total mesorectal excision (TME) are recommended as a conventional treatment for advanced rectal cancer. However, LLN metastasis and local recurrence still occur despite nCRT with TME. In Japan, TME with LLND is the standard surgical treatment for Stage II/III of advanced low rectal cancer. Before surgery, a proper evaluation of LLN status should be performed. Laparoscopic LLND and robotic-assisted LLND are useful for this. More research is necessary to improve the oncological outcomes of LLND. In this review, we retrospectively examine previous reports about LLND, aiming to emphasize its application prospects to improve patient survival and life quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Department of General Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, West 5 Road, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Akio Shiomi
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Shizuoka Cancer Center Hospital, 1007 Shimonagakubo, Nagaizumi-cho, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka, 411-8777, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Prognostic Value of Lateral Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection for Rectal Cancer: A Meta-analysis. J Surg Res 2021; 267:414-423. [PMID: 34229129 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The benefit of lateral pelvic lymph node dissection (LPLD) for locally advanced rectal cancer remains controversial. This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of LPLD in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer. METHODS We performed a systematic search in PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library for publications comparing radical resection plus LPLD (LPLD group) with single radical resection (non-LPLD group) for locally advanced rectal cancer. A total of 15 studies satisfied our inclusion criteria and were assessed. Random-effects and fixed-effects meta-analytical models were used where indicated, and between-study heterogeneity was assessed. RESULTS LPLD significantly increased grade 3-4 postoperative complications (odds ratio [OR]1.44, 95% CI 1.03-2.02; P = 0.03) compared with non-LPLD. There were no significant differences in 5-y overall survival (hazard ratio = 0.90, 95% CI 0.77-1.05; P = 0.17), 5-y disease-free survival (hazard ratio 1.12, 95% CI 0.60-2.09; P = 0.73), local recurrence (OR 0.89, 95% CI 0.53-1.51; P = 0.68) or distant recurrence (OR 0.85, 95% CI 0.64-1.12; P = 0.24). CONCLUSIONS We found that LPLD significantly increased grade 3-4 postoperative complications but did not increase 5-y overall survival or 5-y disease-free survival compared with single radical resection for locally advanced rectal cancer. Furthermore, it did not decrease the local recurrence or distant recurrence rates. Thus, more multicenter large-scale randomized controlled trials should be conducted to further explore whether the long-term survival benefits of LPLD truly exist.
Collapse
|
10
|
Cribb B, Kong J, McCormick J, Warrier S, Heriot A. Meta-analysis of direct-to-surgery lateral pelvic lymph node dissection for rectal cancer. Colorectal Dis 2021; 23:1687-1698. [PMID: 33829629 DOI: 10.1111/codi.15668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM Direct-to-surgery rectal resection with lateral pelvic lymph node dissection (LPLND) is a treatment strategy commonly employed in Japan to improve oncological outcomes for rectal cancer. The aim of this study was to assess oncological outcomes in the literature for patients with low rectal cancer who underwent direct-to-surgery resection and LPLND compared with those who underwent total mesorectal excision (TME) alone. METHOD A literature search of Medline, Embase and PubMed databases was performed to identify relevant studies published between 1989 and 2020. The primary outcomes were 5-year overall survival (OS) and 5-year disease-free survival (DFS). The secondary outcomes were cancer recurrence (local, distant and total) and operative burden (operative time and blood loss). Pooled relative risk (RR) of oncological outcomes was performed using the DerSimonian-Laird method random-effect model. RESULTS Twenty-one studies fulfilled inclusion criteria, including 19 nonrandomized studies of interventions and two studies from one randomized controlled trial. No differences were observed in 5-year OS or 5-year DFS. Local recurrence in nonrandomized studies was worse in patients who underwent LPLND [RR 1.41 (95% CI 1.21-1.64, p < 0.001)], as was total recurrence [RR 1.44 (95% CI 1.25-1.67, p < 0.001)]. No differences were observed for distant recurrence. CONCLUSION In the published literature, direct-to-surgery resection with LPLND was associated with worse local and total recurrence. These predominantly nonrandomized data suggest that a nonselective approach to LPLND does not provide optimal management in radiotherapy-naïve patients with low rectal cancer. Further prospective randomized studies with a focus on patient selection are required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Cribb
- Division of Cancer Surgery, Division of Cancer Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Epworth Healthcare, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joseph Kong
- Division of Cancer Surgery, Division of Cancer Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jacob McCormick
- Division of Cancer Surgery, Division of Cancer Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Epworth Healthcare, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Satish Warrier
- Division of Cancer Surgery, Division of Cancer Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Epworth Healthcare, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alexander Heriot
- Division of Cancer Surgery, Division of Cancer Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Epworth Healthcare, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kitamura K, Shida D, Sekine S, Ahiko Y, Nakamura Y, Moritani K, Tsukamoto S, Kanemitsu Y. Comparison of model fit and discriminatory ability of the 8th edition of the tumor-node-metastasis classification and the 9th edition of the Japanese classification to identify stage III colorectal cancer. Int J Clin Oncol 2021; 26:1671-1678. [PMID: 34085129 DOI: 10.1007/s10147-021-01955-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The most widely accepted staging system for colorectal cancer (CRC) is the tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) classification. In Japan, the Japanese Classification of Colorectal, Appendiceal, and Anal Carcinoma (JCCRC) system is used. The two systems differ mainly in relation to tumor deposits (TD) and metastasis in the regional lymph nodes along the main feeding arteries and lateral pelvic lymph nodes (N3). Here, we investigated the prognostic ability of the two systems for stage III CRC. METHODS We reviewed 696 consecutive patients who underwent curative resection of stage III CRC at the National Cancer Center Hospital between May 2007 and April 2014. We examined the clinicopathological features of CRC and predicted overall survival (OS) and relapse-free survival (RFS) according to the 8th TNM and 9th JCCRC systems. The systems were compared using Akaike's information criterion (AIC), Harrell's concordance index (C-index), and time-dependent receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves. RESULTS The 9th JCCRC system was more clinically effective according to AIC (OS, 1199 vs. 1206; RFS, 2047 vs. 2057), showed better discriminatory ability according to the C-index (OS, 0.65 vs. 0.62; RFS, 0.62 vs. 0.58), and its time-dependent ROC curve was superior compared with the 8th TNM system. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the 9th JCCRC system has superior discriminative ability to the 8th TNM system, because the 9th JCCRC accounts for the presence of TD and N3 disease, which were both significant predictors of poor prognosis. Reconsidering the clinical value of these two factors in the TNM system could improve its clinical significance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kei Kitamura
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Dai Shida
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan. .,Division of Frontier Surgery, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan.
| | - Shigeki Sekine
- Molecular Pathology Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Yuka Ahiko
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan.,Division of Frontier Surgery, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yuya Nakamura
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Konosuke Moritani
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Tsukamoto
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Yukihide Kanemitsu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Anania G, Davies RJ, Arezzo A, Bagolini F, D’Andrea V, Graziosi L, Di Saverio S, Popivanov G, Cheruiyot I, Cirocchi R, Donini A. Rise and fall of total mesorectal excision with lateral pelvic lymphadenectomy for rectal cancer: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of 11,366 patients. Int J Colorectal Dis 2021; 36:2321-2333. [PMID: 34125269 PMCID: PMC8505280 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-021-03946-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The role of lateral lymph node dissection (LLND) during total mesorectal excision (TME) for rectal cancer is still controversial. Many reviews were published on prophylactic LLND in rectal cancer surgery, some biased by heterogeneity of overall associated treatments. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to perform a timeline analysis of different treatments associated to prophylactic LLND vs no-LLND during TME for rectal cancer. METHODS A literature search was performed in PubMed, SCOPUS and WOS for publications up to 1 September 2020. We considered RCTs and CCTs comparing oncologic and functional outcomes of TME with or without LLND in patients with rectal cancer. RESULTS Thirty-four included articles and 29 studies enrolled 11,606 patients. No difference in 5-year local recurrence (in every subgroup analysis including preoperative neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy), 5-year distant and overall recurrence, 5-year overall survival and 5-year disease-free survival was found between LLND group and non LLND group. The analysis of post-operative functional outcomes reported hindered quality of life (urinary, evacuatory and sexual dysfunction) in LLND patients when compared to non LLND. CONCLUSION Our publication does not demonstrate that TME with LLND has any oncological advantage when compared to TME alone, showing that with the advent of neoadjuvant therapy, the advantage of LLND is lost. In this review, the most important bias is the heterogeneous characteristics of patients, cancer staging, different neoadjuvant therapy, different radiotherapy techniques and fractionation used in different studies. Higher rate of functional post-operative complications does not support routinely use of LLND.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Anania
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Richard Justin Davies
- Cambridge Colorectal Unit - Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alberto Arezzo
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Torino, Corso Dogliotti 14, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Francesco Bagolini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Vito D’Andrea
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Luigina Graziosi
- Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy
| | - Salomone Di Saverio
- Department of General Surgery (S.D.S., G.I., E.Z., G.C.), University of Insubria, University Hospital of Varese, ASST Sette Laghi, Regione Lombardia, Italy
| | - Georgi Popivanov
- Department of Surgery, Military Medical Academy, ul. “Sv. Georgi Sofiyski” 3, 1606 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Isaac Cheruiyot
- Department of Human Anatomy, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Roberto Cirocchi
- Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy
| | - Annibale Donini
- Department of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Morohashi H, Sakamoto Y, Miura T, Ichinohe D, Umemura K, Akaishi T, Sato K, Kuwata D, Yamazaki K, Wakiya T, Hakamada K. Effective dissection for rectal cancer with lateral lymph node metastasis based on prognostic factors and recurrence type. Int J Colorectal Dis 2021; 36:1251-1261. [PMID: 33527145 PMCID: PMC8119260 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-021-03870-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE There are no reports showing the significance and effective range of dissection for patients with lateral lymph node metastasis (LLNM). This study aimed to investigate the indications for lateral lymph node dissection (LLND) in patients with LLNM based on prognostic factors and recurrence types. METHODS We reviewed 379 patients with advanced rectal cancer who were treated with total mesorectal excision plus LLND. We analyzed background factors and survival times of patients who had LLNM to determine prognostic factors and recurrence types. RESULTS Pathological LLNM occurred in 44 (11.6%). Among patients with LLNM, the predictors of poor prognoses, according to univariate analysis, were > 3 node metastases, the presence of node metastasis on both sides, and spreading beyond the internal iliac lymph nodes. Moreover, LLNM beyond the internal iliac region was found to be an independent prognostic risk factor. Twenty-eight of the 44 patients with lateral lymph node metastasis (64%) relapsed, 22 of whom had distant metastases and 11 of whom experienced local recurrences. Among the latter group, nine (20%) and two (5%) had recurrences in the central and lateral pelvis, respectively. CONCLUSION The therapeutic benefit of resection was high, especially in patients with ≤ 3 positive lateral lymph nodes, one-sided bilateral lymph node areas, and positive nodes localized near the internal iliac artery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Morohashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Zaifu-cho 5, Hirosaki-shi, 036-8562, Japan.
| | - Yoshiyuki Sakamoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Zaifu-cho 5, Hirosaki-shi, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Takuya Miura
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Zaifu-cho 5, Hirosaki-shi, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Daichi Ichinohe
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Zaifu-cho 5, Hirosaki-shi, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Kotaro Umemura
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Zaifu-cho 5, Hirosaki-shi, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Takanobu Akaishi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Zaifu-cho 5, Hirosaki-shi, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Kentaro Sato
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Zaifu-cho 5, Hirosaki-shi, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kuwata
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Zaifu-cho 5, Hirosaki-shi, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Keisuke Yamazaki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Zaifu-cho 5, Hirosaki-shi, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Taiichi Wakiya
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Zaifu-cho 5, Hirosaki-shi, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Kenichi Hakamada
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Zaifu-cho 5, Hirosaki-shi, 036-8562, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
The middle rectal artery detected by contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging predicts lateral lymph node metastasis in lower rectal cancer. Int J Colorectal Dis 2021; 36:1677-1684. [PMID: 33616737 PMCID: PMC8279988 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-021-03887-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Lateral lymph node (LLN) metastasis is one of the leading causes of local recurrence in patients with lower rectal cancer. Unfortunately, no diagnostic biomarkers are currently available that can predict LLN metastasis preoperatively. Accordingly, we investigated the relationship between the middle rectal artery (MRA) identified by contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (ceMRI) and LLN metastases. METHODS Data from 102 patients with lower rectal cancer who underwent surgery, and were evaluated by preoperative ceMRI, between 2008 and 2016 were reviewed retrospectively. Two expert radiologists evaluated the MRA findings. The diagnostic performance of MRA for LLN metastasis was evaluated by a multivariate analysis with conventional clinicopathological factors. RESULTS The MRA was detected in 67 patients (65.7%), including 32 (31.4%) with bilateral MRA and 35 (34.3%) with unilateral MRA. The tumor size, presence of the MRA, and clinical LLN status were significantly correlated with LLN metastasis. A multivariate analysis demonstrated that the presence of MRA (P = 0.045) and clinical LLN status (P = 0.001) were independent predictive factors for LLN metastasis. Furthermore, the sensitivity and negative predictive value of MRA for LLN metastasis were 95% and 97.1%, respectively. CONCLUSION We successfully demonstrated that MRAs could be clearly detected by ceMRI, and the presence of MRA robustly predicted LLN metastasis in patients with lower rectal cancer, highlighting its clinical significance in the selection of more appropriate treatment strategies. TRIAL REGISTRATION Trial registration number: retrospectively registered 2126 Trial registration date of registration: August 23, 2019.
Collapse
|
15
|
Emile SH, Elfeki H, Shalaby M, Sakr A, Kim NK. Outcome of lateral pelvic lymph node dissection with total mesorectal excision in treatment of rectal cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Surgery 2020; 169:1005-1015. [PMID: 33317903 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2020.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Total mesorectal excision is the gold standard treatment of mid- and low-lying rectal cancer. Lateral pelvic lymph node dissection has been suggested as an approach to decrease recurrence and improve survival. Our meta-analysis presented here aimed to review the current outcomes of lateral pelvic lymph node dissection and total mesorectal excision in comparison with total mesorectal excision alone. METHODS A systematic literature search querying electronic databases was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. We reviewed articles that reported the outcomes of lateral pelvic lymph node dissection combined with total mesorectal excision in comparison with total mesorectal excision alone. The main outcome measures were local recurrence, distant metastasis, overall and disease free-survival, and complications. RESULTS This systematic review included 29 studies of 10,646 patients. Of those patients, 39.4% underwent total mesorectal excision with lateral pelvic lymph node dissection. The median operation time for the lateral pelvic lymph node dissection + total mesorectal excision was significantly longer than total mesorectal excision alone (360 minutes versus 294.7 minutes, P = .02). Lateral pelvic lymph node dissection + total mesorectal excision was associated with higher odds of overall complications (odds ratio = 1.48, 95% confidence interval: 1.18-1.87, P < .001) and urinary dysfunction (odds ratio = 2.1, 95% confidence interval: 1.21-3.67, P = .008) than total mesorectal excision alone. Both groups had similar rates of male sexual dysfunction (odds ratio = 1.62, 95% confidence interval: 0.94-2.79, P = .08), anastomotic leakage (odds ratio = 1.15, 95% confidence interval: 0.69-1.93, P = .59), local recurrence (hazard ratio = 0.96, 95% confidence interval: 0.75-1.25, P = .79), distant metastasis (hazard ratio = 0.96, 95% confidence interval: 0.76-1.2, P = .72), overall survival (hazard ratio = 1.056, 95% confidence interval: 0.98-1.13, P = .13), and disease-free survival (hazard ratio = 1.02, 95% confidence interval: 0.97-1.07, P = .37). CONCLUSION Lateral pelvic lymph node dissection was not associated with a significant reduction of recurrence rates or improvement in survival as compared with total mesorectal excision alone; however, LPLND was associated with longer operation time and increased complication rate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sameh Hany Emile
- Department of General surgery, Colorectal Surgery Unit, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt.
| | - Hossam Elfeki
- Department of General surgery, Colorectal Surgery Unit, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt
| | - Mostafa Shalaby
- Department of General surgery, Colorectal Surgery Unit, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt
| | - Ahmad Sakr
- Department of General surgery, Colorectal Surgery Unit, Mansoura Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt
| | - Nam Kyu Kim
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Gao X, Wang C, Yu Y, Singh D, Yang L, Zhou Z. Lateral lymph node dissection reduces local recurrence of locally advanced lower rectal cancer in the absence of preoperative neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Surg Oncol 2020; 18:304. [PMID: 33228677 PMCID: PMC7685653 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-020-02078-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The impact of lateral lymph node dissection (LLND) in locally advanced lower rectal cancer remains controversial. This study is to compare total mesorectal excision (TME) with or without LLND in lower rectal cancer cases of stage II/III. Methods The electronic databases were systematically searched that compared TME with or without LLND among patients with lower rectal cancer in clinical stage II/III. Subgroup analysis was performed considering neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT). The hazard ratios (HR), relative risk (RR), and weighted mean difference (WMD) were pooled. Results Twelve studies of 4458 patients of this meta-analysis demonstrate, LLND alone significantly reduced the local recurrence rate of patients who did not receive nCRT (RR 0.71, P = 0.004), while the difference was not significant when combined with nCRT (RR 0.70, P = 0.36). The analysis shows TME with LLND was associated with significantly longer operation time (WMD 90.73 min, P < 0.001), more intraoperative blood loss (WMD 303.20 mL, P < 0.001), and postoperative complications (RR = 1.35, P =0.02). Whereas urinary dysfunction (RR 1.44, P = 0.38), sexual dysfunction (RR 1.41, P = 0.17), and postoperative mortality (RR = 1.52, P = 0.70), were similar between these two groups. Statistically, no significant differences were observed in OS (HR 0.93, P = 0.62), DFS (HR 0.99, P = 0.96), total recurrence (RR 0.98, P = 0.83), lateral recurrence (RR 0.49, P = 0.14), or distal recurrence (RR 0.95, P = 0.78) between these two groups regardless of whether nCRT was performed or not. Conclusions The study shows LLND alone decreases the local recurrence without using nCRT irrespective of the survival advantage in locally advanced lower rectal cancer. The benefit of controlling local recurrence by LLND alone makes us reconsider the usage of nCRT with LLND. Trial registration The protocol for this meta-analysis was registered prospectively with PROSPERO (CRD42020135575) on 16 May 2019. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12957-020-02078-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Gao
- Institute of Digestive Surgery, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Cun Wang
- Institute of Digestive Surgery, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yongyang Yu
- Institute of Digestive Surgery, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Dujanand Singh
- Institute of Digestive Surgery, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lie Yang
- Institute of Digestive Surgery, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China. .,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Zongguang Zhou
- Institute of Digestive Surgery, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China. .,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hajibandeh S, Hajibandeh S, Matthews J, Palmer L, Maw A. Meta-analysis of survival and functional outcomes after total mesorectal excision with or without lateral pelvic lymph node dissection in rectal cancer surgery. Surgery 2020; 168:486-496. [PMID: 32620303 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2020.04.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To compare outcomes of total mesorectal excision with or without lateral pelvic lymph node dissection for the treatment of rectal cancer. METHODS The electronic data sources were explored to capture all studies comparing total mesorectal excision with and without lateral pelvic lymph node dissection in patients undergoing operation for rectal cancer. Random effects modelling was utilized for the analyses. The uncertainties associated with varying follow-up periods among the included studies were resolved by analysis of time-to-event outcomes. RESULTS Eighteen comparative studies enrolling 6,133 patients were eligible. No difference was found between the 2 groups in terms of overall survival (hazard ratio: 0.92, 95% confidence interval 0.77-1.10, P = .36, I2 = 67%), overall survival at maximum follow-up (odds ratio: 1.02, 95% confidence interval 0.83-1.25, P = .86, I2 = 22%), 5-year overall survival (odds ratio: 1.01, 95% confidence interval 0.78-1.30, P = .94, I2 = 50%), disease-free survival (hazard ratio: 1.25, 95% confidence interval 0.87-1.82, P = .23, I2 = 74%), disease-free survival at maximum follow-up (odds ratio 1.07, 95% confidence interval 0.88-1.31, P = .50, I2 = 0%), 5-year disease-free survival (odds ratio: 1.07, 95% confidence interval 0.86-1.32, P = .54, I2 = 0%), local recurrence (odds ratio: 1.01, 95% confidence interval 0.72-1.42, P = .97, I2 = 34%), distant recurrence (odds ratio: 0.96, 95% confidence interval 0.62-1.46, P = .84, I2 = 18%), and total recurrence (odds ratio: 0.97, 95% confidence interval 0.72-1.29, P = .82, I2 = 0%). Total mesorectal excision with lateral pelvic lymph node dissection resulted in longer operative time (mean difference: 116.02, 95% confidence interval 89.20-142.83, P < .00001, I2 = 68%) and higher risks of postoperative complications (odds ratio: 1.59, 95% confidence interval 1.14-2.24, P = .007, I2 = 0%), urinary dysfunction (odds ratio: 6.66, 95% confidence interval 3.31-13.39, P < .00001, I2 = 23%), and sexual dysfunction (odds ratio: 9.67, 95% confidence interval 2.38-39.26, P = .002; I2 = 51%). The results remained consistent through separate analyses for randomized trials, observational studies, and patients with or without neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. CONCLUSION The available evidence suggests that lateral pelvic lymph node dissection results in greater postoperative morbidity, urinary dysfunction, and sexual dysfunction without improving recurrence and survival. Further evidence is needed from randomized controlled trials to enable experts in the nerve-sparing surgical experiences and neoadjuvant therapy experience to advise on the best treatment strategies for the management of rectal cancer patients including those with possible positive nodes on pretreatment imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shahab Hajibandeh
- Department of General and Colorectal Surgery, Glan Clwyd Hospital, The Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Rhyl, United Kingdom.
| | - Shahin Hajibandeh
- Department of General Surgery, Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Matthews
- Department of General and Colorectal Surgery, Glan Clwyd Hospital, The Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Rhyl, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Palmer
- Department of General and Colorectal Surgery, Glan Clwyd Hospital, The Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Rhyl, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Maw
- Department of General and Colorectal Surgery, Glan Clwyd Hospital, The Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Rhyl, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Understanding the Lymphatics: Review of the N Category in the Updated TNM Staging of Cancers of the Digestive System. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2020; 215:58-68. [PMID: 32432907 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.19.22636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE. The N category has been significantly updated in the 8th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer's TNM classification. To ensure correct tumor staging, prognosis, and management, it is critical to be aware of these changes. This article reviews the updated N category, organ-specific regional lymph nodes, and lymphatic drainage pathways for cancers of the digestive system from the esophagus to the anal canal. CONCLUSION. Detection of lymph node involvement may be challenging, and knowledge of nodal characteristics, lymphatic drainage pathways, and imaging modalities is essential to optimize detection rate to ensure accurate staging, prognosis estimation, and streamlined management.
Collapse
|
19
|
Matsui S, Okabayashi K, Hasegawa H, Tsuruta M, Shigeta K, Ishida T, Yamada T, Kondo T, Yamauchi S, Sugihara K, Kitagawa Y. Effect of high ligation on survival of patients undergoing surgery for primary colorectal cancer and synchronous liver metastases. BJS Open 2020; 4:508-515. [PMID: 32243733 PMCID: PMC7260402 DOI: 10.1002/bjs5.50274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although R0 surgery is recommended for stage IV colorectal cancer, the degree of required lymphadenectomy has not been established. The aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic impact of high ligation (HL) of the feeding artery and the number of retrieved lymph nodes after R0 surgery for colorectal cancer and synchronous colorectal cancer liver metastasis (CRLM). Methods This was a multi‐institutional retrospective analysis of patients with colorectal cancer and synchronous CRLM who had R0 surgery between January 1997 and December 2007. Clinical and pathological features were compared in patients who underwent HL and those who had a low ligation (LL). Kaplan–Meier analysis was performed to estimate the effect of HL on overall survival (OS). The impact of several risk factors on survival was analysed using the Cox proportional hazards model. Results Of 549 patients, 409 (74·5 per cent) had HL. Median follow‐up was 51·4 months. HL significantly improved the 5‐year OS rate (58·2 per cent versus 49·3 per cent for LL; P = 0·017). Multivariable analysis revealed HL to be a significant prognostic factor compared with LL (5‐year mortality: hazard ratio (HR) 0·68, 95 per cent c.i. 0·51 to 0·90; P = 0·007). In subgroup analysis, the positive effect of HL on OS was greatest in patients with lymph node metastasis. Conclusion HL of the feeding artery was associated with improved OS in patients with colorectal cancer and synchronous CRLM after R0 surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Matsui
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Okabayashi
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Hasegawa
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Surgery, Tokyo Dental College Ichikawa General Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - M Tsuruta
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Shigeta
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Ishida
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Yamada
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Kondo
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S Yamauchi
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Sugihara
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Kitagawa
- Department of Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Otero de Pablos J, Mayol J. Controversies in the Management of Lateral Pelvic Lymph Nodes in Patients With Advanced Rectal Cancer: East or West? Front Surg 2020; 6:79. [PMID: 32010707 PMCID: PMC6979275 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2019.00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of lateral pelvic lymph nodes (LPLN) in advanced rectal cancer entails challenges with ongoing debate regarding the role of prophylactic dissection vs. neoadjuvant radiation treatment. This article highlights the most recent data of both approaches: bilateral LPLN dissection in every patient with low rectal cancer (Rb) as per the Japanese guidelines, vs. the developing approach of neoadjuvant radiotherapy as per Eastern countries. In addition, we also accentuate the importance of a combined approach published by Sammour et al. where a simple "one-size-fits-all" strategy should be abandoned. Rectal cancer treatment is well-established in Western countries. Patients with advanced rectal cancer will undergo radiation ± chemo neoadjuvant therapy followed by TME. In the Dutch TME trial, TME plus radiotherapy showed that the presacral area was the most frequent site of recurrence and not the lateral pelvic wall. Supporting this data, the Swedish study also concluded that LPLN metastasis is not an important cause of local recurrence in patients with low rectal cancer. Therefore, Western approach is CRM-orientated and prophylactic LPLN dissection is not performed routinely as the NCCN guideline does not recommend its surgical removal unless metastases are clinically suspicious. The paradigm in Eastern countries differs somewhat. The Korean study demonstrated that adjuvant radiotherapy without lateral lymph node dissection was not enough to control local recurrence and LPLN metastases. The Japanese Trial JCOG 0212 demonstrated the effects of LPLN dissection in reducing local recurrence in the lateral pelvic compartment. We agree with Sammour and Chang on the fact that rather than a mutual exclusivity approach, we should claim for an approach where all available modalities are considered and used to optimize treatment outcomes, classifying patients into 3 categories of LPLN: low risk cT1/T2/earlyT3 (and Ra) with clinically negative LPLN on MRI; Moderate risk (cT3+/T4 with negative LPLN on MRI) and high risk (clinically abnormal LPLN on MRI). Treatment modality should be based on detailed pretreatment workup and an individualized approach that considers all options to optimize the treatment of patients with rectal cancer in the West or the East.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Otero de Pablos
- Department of Surgery, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julio Mayol
- Department of Surgery, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ma P, Yuan Y, Yan P, Chen G, Ma S, Niu X, Xu M, Yang K, Cai H. The efficacy and safety of lateral lymph node dissection for patients with rectal cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Asian J Surg 2020; 43:891-901. [PMID: 31926817 DOI: 10.1016/j.asjsur.2019.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lateral lymph node metastasis in rectal cancer was first reported in the 1950s, since then, there has been an on-going debate about the value of lateral lymph node dissection (LLND) in the management of rectal cancer. We carried out a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the value of LLND for the patients with rectal cancer. To collect clinical studies for the comparison of LLND and non-LLND in patients with rectal cancer, PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases were searched from inception to 2019.A total of 26 studies, including 6865 patients were enrolled. Data processing and statistical analyses were performed using Stata V.15.0 software and Review Manager 5.3 software. Outcome measures included the 5-year survival rate, recurrence rate, perioperative outcomes, urinary function, and male sexual function. Regarding efficacy, our meta-analysis results showed no difference in 5-year disease-free survival rate and local recurrences between the two groups, the Hazard Ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) was1.07 and 0.89 to 1.28 (P = 0.496),and the Odds Ratio(OR) and 95% CI were 0.90 and 0.76 to 1.06 (P = 0.208), respectively. Concerning safety, the incidence of urinary dysfunction and male sexual dysfunction was significantly increased in the LLND group (OR = 2.14, 95%CI = 1.21-3.79, P = 0.009), and (OR = 4.19, 95%CI = 1.55-11.33, P = 0.005), respectively. In conclusion, LLND did not improve the long-term prognosis of patients with rectal cancer, and was associated with increased urinary dysfunction and male sexual dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peilan Ma
- General Surgery Clinical Medical Center, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Peijing Yan
- Institute of Clinical Research and Evidence Based Medicine, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Guohua Chen
- Clinical Medical College, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110000, China
| | - Shixun Ma
- General Surgery Clinical Medical Center, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Xiangdong Niu
- General Surgery Clinical Medical Center, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Meng Xu
- General Surgery Clinical Medical Center, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Kehu Yang
- Institute of Clinical Research and Evidence Based Medicine, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China; Evidence Based Social Science Research Center, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Evidence Based Medicine and Knowledge Translation of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China; Evidence Based Medicine Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China.
| | - Hui Cai
- General Surgery Clinical Medical Center, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
The risk factors for urinary dysfunction after autonomic nerve-preserving rectal cancer surgery: a multicenter retrospective study at Yokohama Clinical Oncology Group (YCOG1307). Int J Colorectal Dis 2019; 34:1697-1703. [PMID: 31471695 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-019-03374-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the frequency and risk factors of urinary dysfunction after autonomic nerve-preserving surgery for rectal cancer. METHODS This was a retrospective multiinstitution study of 1002 rectal cancer patients conducted between January 2008 and December 2012 in Yokohama Clinical Oncology Group. Patients who had preoperative urinary dysfunction or had not undergone autonomic nerve preservation surgery were excluded. Urinary dysfunction was defined as that with a Clavien-Dindo classification grade ≥ 2. Patient-, tumor-, and surgery-related variables were examined by univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS A total of 887 patients were analyzed. Postoperative urinary dysfunction was observed in 77 patients (8.8%). A multivariate logistic analysis showed that a tumor location in lower rectum (odds ratio [OR] 2.16; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.15-3.71; p = 0.02), tumor diameter ≥ 40 mm (OR 2.07; 95% CI 1.19-4.44; p < 0.01), operation time ≥ 240 min (OR 2.07; 95% CI 1.19-4.44; p < 0.01), blood loss ≥ 300 ml (OR 2.35; 95% CI 1.12-3.84; p = 0.02), and diabetes (OR 3.26; 95% CI 1.80-5.89; p < 0.01) were independent risk factors of urinary dysfunction. The incidence of urinary dysfunction exceeded 20% in patients with 3 preoperative predictors (tumor location, tumor diameter, diabetes). CONCLUSIONS This result demonstrated that high-risk patients with more than two risk factors should be informed of the risk of urinary dysfunction. TRIAL REGISTRATION UMIN000033688.
Collapse
|
23
|
Risk factors and prognostic significance of lateral pelvic lymph node metastasis in advanced rectal cancer. Int J Clin Oncol 2019; 25:110-117. [PMID: 31407167 DOI: 10.1007/s10147-019-01523-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to elucidate the risk factors for and prognostic value of lateral pelvic lymph node (LPLN) metastasis in advanced rectal cancer patients, including those with stage IV disease. METHODS The treatment outcomes of 78 patients with advanced rectal cancer, the lower margin of which was located at or below the peritoneal reflection, who underwent curative-intent surgery with bilateral LPLN dissection from 2005 to 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS In total, 78 rectal cancer patients, including 13 patients with stage IV tumors, 9 patients (11.5%) had LPLN metastasis. A multivariate analysis to identify preoperative clinical factors associated with LPLN metastasis showed that tumor location (below the peritoneal reflection: Rb), LPLN metastasis on preoperative imaging and distant metastasis were independent predictors of LPLN metastasis. In addition, metastasis at the regional lymph nodes in the mesorectum was significantly associated with LPLN metastasis. Both the disease-free survival (DFS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) of patients with LPLN metastasis were significantly worse in comparison to patients without LPLN metastasis, and the CSS of stage IV patients with LPLN metastasis was significantly worse in comparison to stage IV patients without LPLN metastasis. CONCLUSIONS Tumor location (Rb), LPLN metastasis on preoperative imaging and distant metastasis were risk factors for LPLN metastasis. The prognosis of rectal cancer patients with LPLN metastasis is poor. There may not be the indication of LPLN dissection in stage IV lower rectal cancer except cases having complaints due to LPLN metastasis.
Collapse
|
24
|
Carchman E, Chu DI, Kennedy GD, Morris M, Dakermandji M, Monson JRT, Fernandez LM, Perez RO, Fichera A, Allaix ME, Liska D. SSAT State-of-the-Art Conference: Advances in the Management of Rectal Cancer. J Gastrointest Surg 2019; 23:433-442. [PMID: 30215203 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-018-3965-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Evie Carchman
- Department of Surgery, Section of Colorectal Surgery, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Daniel I Chu
- Department of Surgery, Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Gregory D Kennedy
- Department of Surgery, Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Melanie Morris
- Department of Surgery, Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Marc Dakermandji
- Center for Colon & Rectal Surgery, Florida Hospital, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - John R T Monson
- Center for Colon & Rectal Surgery, Florida Hospital, Orlando, FL, USA
| | | | - Rodrigo Oliva Perez
- Angelita & Joaquim Gama Institute, São Paulo, Brazil.,Colorectal Surgery Division, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, Brazil.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, São Paulo Branch, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alessandro Fichera
- Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Marco E Allaix
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - David Liska
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Hoshino N, Murakami K, Hida K, Sakamoto T, Sakai Y. Diagnostic accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography for lateral lymph node metastasis in rectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Clin Oncol 2018; 24:46-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s10147-018-1349-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
26
|
Aisu Y, Kato S, Kadokawa Y, Yasukawa D, Kimura Y, Takamatsu Y, Kitano T, Hori T. Feasibility of Extended Dissection of Lateral Pelvic Lymph Nodes During Laparoscopic Total Mesorectal Excision in Patients with Locally Advanced Lower Rectal Cancer: A Single-Center Pilot Study After Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:3966-3977. [PMID: 29890514 PMCID: PMC6026381 DOI: 10.12659/msm.909163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The feasibility of additional dissection of the lateral pelvic lymph nodes (LPLNs) in patients undergoing total mesorectal excision (TME) combined with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) for locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) is controversial. The use of laparoscopic surgery is also debated. In the present study, we evaluated the utility of laparoscopic dissection of LPLNs during TME for patients with LARC and metastatic LPLNs after NAC, based on our experience with 19 cases. MATERIAL AND METHODS Twenty-five patients with LARC with swollen LPLNs who underwent laparoscopic TME and LPLN dissection were enrolled in this pilot study. The patients were divided into 2 groups: those patients with NAC (n=19) and without NAC (n=6). Our NAC regimen involved 4 to 6 courses of FOLFOX plus panitumumab, cetuximab, or bevacizumab. RESULTS The operative duration was significantly longer in the NAC group than in the non-NAC group (648 vs. 558 minutes, respectively; P=0.022). The rate of major complications, defined as grade ≥3 according to the Clavien-Dindo classification, was similar between the 2 groups (15.8% vs. 33.3%, respectively; P=0.4016). No conversion to conventional laparotomy occurred in either group. In the NAC group, a histopathological complete response was obtained in 2 patients (10.5%), and a nearly complete response (Tis N0 M0) was observed in one patient (5.3%). Although the operation time was prolonged in the NAC group, the other perioperative factors showed no differences between the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS Laparoscopic LPLN dissection is feasible in patients with LARC and clinically swollen LPLNs, even after NAC.
Collapse
|
27
|
Nonaka T, Fukuda A, Maekawa K, Nagayoshi S, Tokunaga T, Takatsuki M, Kitajima T, Taniguchi K, Fujioka H. The Feasibility and Efficacy of Laparoscopic Extended Total Mesorectal Excision for Locally Advanced Lower Rectal Cancer. In Vivo 2018; 32:643-648. [PMID: 29695572 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Extended total mesorectal excision (ETME) is defined as en bloc resection of the adjacent organs outside the mesorectal fascia, that is indicated in cases with locally advanced lower rectal cancer (T4 tumor). The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical and oncological outcomes of laparoscopic ETME (L-ETME) for locally advanced lower rectal cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS The present study analyzed clinical outcomes and oncological outcomes of 11 consecutive patients who underwent L-ETME for cT4 lower rectal cancer in Nagasaki Medical Center between 2012 and 2015. RESULTS Of the 11 patients, 7 underwent neoadjuvant therapy, and 7 underwent pelvic node dissection. One case (7.1%) underwent resection of anterior organs (prostate), 6 cases (54.5%) had resection of the lateral organs (neurovascular bundle, hypogastric nerve, pelvic plexus, ovary, and internal iliac blood vessels) and 4 cases (36.4%) had resection of both anterior and lateral organs. In all cases enrolled in this study, R0 resection was achieved. The median operation time and intraoperative blood loss were 416 min and 350 ml, respectively. The postoperative complication rate was 18.2% (2/11). The 3-year overall survival rate was 79.5%, and the 3-year local recurrence-free survival rate was 87.5%. There was no mortality and no re-operation in this series. CONCLUSION The results of the present study suggest that L-ETME is feasible and has efficacy for locally advanced lower rectal cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nonaka
- Department of Surgery, National Hospital Organization Nagasaki Medical Center, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Akiko Fukuda
- Department of Surgery, National Hospital Organization Nagasaki Medical Center, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kyoichiro Maekawa
- Department of Surgery, National Hospital Organization Nagasaki Medical Center, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Shigeki Nagayoshi
- Department of Surgery, National Hospital Organization Nagasaki Medical Center, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Takayuki Tokunaga
- Department of Surgery, National Hospital Organization Nagasaki Medical Center, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Takatsuki
- Department of Surgery, National Hospital Organization Nagasaki Medical Center, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Tomoo Kitajima
- Department of Surgery, National Hospital Organization Nagasaki Medical Center, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Ken Taniguchi
- Department of Surgery, National Hospital Organization Nagasaki Medical Center, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hikaru Fujioka
- Department of Surgery, National Hospital Organization Nagasaki Medical Center, Nagasaki, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Outcomes and prognostic factors of selective lateral pelvic lymph node dissection with preoperative chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced rectal cancer. Int J Colorectal Dis 2018; 33:367-374. [PMID: 29442155 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-018-2974-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The clinical significance of preoperative chemoradiotherapy (CRT) and lateral lymph node dissection (LLND) for locally advanced rectal cancer remains unclear. We have employed total mesorectal excision and selective LLND following preoperative CRT for patients with locally advanced rectal cancer. The validity of our strategy was evaluated. METHODS A total of 45 patients with locally advanced rectal cancer who underwent curative surgery after CRT from November 2005 to September 2016 were retrospectively analyzed. LLND was performed only for the patients with lateral lymph nodes suspected to have metastasis based on the pretreatment images. RESULTS Rates of 5-year overall survival (OS) and 5-year relapse-free survival (RFS) were 85.7 and 61.8%, respectively. Univariate and multivariate analyses detected only histological response (grades 2 and 3 vs. grade 1) as a significant prognostic factor for OS and local recurrence. ypN and ypStage were significant factors for RFS by univariate analysis, while no significant factor was detected by multivariate analysis. There was no significant factor for distant recurrence. In good responders (grades 2 and 3), the local recurrence rate was 0% (P = 0.006, vs. grade 1), while distant recurrence developed in 4 of 20 cases (20%, P = 0.615, vs. grade 1). There was no local recurrence in LLND (-) group regardless the histological response. CONCLUSIONS Although selective LLND with preoperative CRT seems effective and valid for good responders, new treatment strategy is necessary for poor responders. Therefore, development of reliable biomarkers for histological response to CRT is an urgent need.
Collapse
|
29
|
Dev K, Veerenderkumar KV, Krishnamurthy S. Incidence and Predictive Model for Lateral Pelvic Lymph Node Metastasis in Lower Rectal Cancer. Indian J Surg Oncol 2018; 9:150-156. [PMID: 29887692 DOI: 10.1007/s13193-017-0719-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The lateral pelvic lymph node recurrence after curative resection in rectal cancer has been reported in more than 20% of cases and the lateral pelvic lymph node (LPLN) metastasis is an independent risk factor for local recurrence. A prospective cohort study with diagnosis of lower rectal cancer stages II and III performed to identify the factors with significant correlation with LPLN metastasis was categorised based on the number of positive factors and proposed a risk stratification model to uncover a possible benefit of LPLD in specific patient subgroups. Forty-three patients with lower rectal cancer underwent curative surgery, total mesorectal excision with bilateral lateral pelvic lymph node dissection. Pre-operative, female gender, raised serum CEA (> 5 ng/mL), cT4, enlarged mesorectal lymph nodes, borderline enlarged LPLN on MRI, lower location (< 5 cm from anal verge), large size (> 5 cm) and non-circumferential lesion were significant predictors for LPLN metastasis. Histopathological, higher tumour grade, higher pT and pN stage, and the presence of LVI were significant factors. On cox-proportional hazard model analysis, female gender, large tumour, cT4, enlarged mesorectal lymph nodes, borderline enlarged LPLN, pN1 and positive LVI were associated with significant hazard. In conclusion, a specific group of patients with lower rectal cancer of stages II and III might be have treated with LPND in spite of concurrent chemo-radiation to achieve satisfactory oncological outcome. The proposed stratification grouping is strongly guiding the patient for lateral pelvic lymph node dissection. Further study to prove the oncological advantage of LPND is warranted at large scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kapil Dev
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, Bangalore, India
| | - K V Veerenderkumar
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, Bangalore, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Urinary dysfunction after rectal cancer surgery: Results from a randomized trial comparing mesorectal excision with and without lateral lymph node dissection for clinical stage II or III lower rectal cancer (Japan Clinical Oncology Group Study, JCOG0212). Eur J Surg Oncol 2018; 44:463-468. [PMID: 29428473 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2018.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postoperative urinary dysfunction is a major complication of rectal cancer surgery. A randomized controlled trial (JCOG0212) concluded that the noninferiority of mesorectal excision alone to mesorectal excision with lateral lymph node dissection was not confirmed in terms of relapse-free survival. METHODS Eligibility criteria included histologically proven clinical stage II/III rectal cancer, a main lesion located in the rectum with the lower margin below the peritoneal reflection, and the absence of lateral lymph node enlargement. After confirming R0 resection by mesorectal excision, patients were randomized intraoperatively. The residual urine volume was measured three times. Urinary dysfunction was defined as ≥50 mL residual urine occurring at least once or no measurement of residual urinary volume. This trial was registered with the UMIN Clinical Trials Registry, number C000000034. RESULTS In the mesorectal excision alone and the mesorectal excision with lateral lymph node dissection groups, the incidence of early urinary dysfunction were 58% and 59%, respectively. A tumor location in the lower rectum (vs. upper rectum) and a blood loss of ≥500 mL (vs. <500 mL) were associated with an increased risk of early urinary dysfunction. However, only blood loss was independently predictive of early urinary dysfunction (relative risk, 1.25 [95% CI: 1.10-1.55], p = .04). CONCLUSIONS Mesorectal excision with lateral lymph node dissection is not associated with a significant increase in the incidence of urinary dysfunction. Urinary dysfunction is associated with tumor location and blood loss.
Collapse
|
31
|
Preoperative chemoradiotherapy changes the size criterion for predicting lateral lymph node metastasis in lower rectal cancer. Int J Colorectal Dis 2017; 32:1631-1637. [PMID: 28762190 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-017-2873-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to identify the size criteria of lateral lymph node metastasis in lower rectal cancer both in patients who underwent preoperative CRT and those who did not. METHODS This study enrolled 150 patients who underwent resection for primary lower rectal adenocarcinoma with lateral lymph node dissection between 2013 and 2015. Patients were divided into two groups: the CRT group, treated with preoperative chemoradiotherapy before surgery, and the non-CRT group, treated with surgery alone. The short-axis diameter of each dissected lateral lymph node was measured. Receiver-operating characteristic curves were generated to reveal the optimal cutoff values for determining lateral lymph node metastasis in both groups. RESULTS In the non-CRT group (n = 131), the ROC curve demonstrated that the optimal cutoff value for determining metastasis was 6.0 mm, with a sensitivity of 78.5% and specificity of 82.9%, and the AUC was 0.845. In comparison, in the CRT group (n = 19), the optimal cutoff value was 5.0 mm, with a sensitivity of 71.4% and specificity of 85.3% and an AUC of 0.836. CONCLUSION The cutoff size for determining lateral lymph node metastasis was smaller in the CRT group than in the non-CRT group.
Collapse
|
32
|
Ogura A, Akiyoshi T, Nagasaki T, Konishi T, Fujimoto Y, Nagayama S, Fukunaga Y, Ueno M, Kuroyanagi H. Feasibility of Laparoscopic Total Mesorectal Excision with Extended Lateral Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection for Advanced Lower Rectal Cancer after Preoperative Chemoradiotherapy. World J Surg 2017; 41:868-875. [PMID: 27730352 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-016-3762-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The feasibility of additional lateral pelvic lymph node dissection (LPLND) compared with total mesorectal excision (TME) alone in patients treated with preoperative chemoradiotherapy (CRT) is controversial, especially in laparoscopic surgery. This study was performed to evaluate the feasibility of adding laparoscopic LPLND to TME in patients with advanced lower rectal cancer and swollen LPLNs treated with preoperative CRT. METHODS We reviewed 327 patients with lower rectal cancer without distant metastasis who underwent preoperative CRT followed by laparoscopic TME. Laparoscopic LPLND was added in patients with swollen LPLNs before CRT. Outcomes were compared between patients with (n = 107) and without (n = 220) LPLND. RESULTS LPLN metastasis was found in 26 patients (24.3 %) in the LPLND group. The operation time was significantly longer, and total blood loss was significantly greater in the LPLND than TME group (461 vs. 298 min and 115 vs. 30 mL, respectively; P < 0.0001). The major complication rate was similar in the LPLND and TME groups (9.3 vs. 5.5 %, respectively; P = 0.188), and there were no conversions to open surgery. The LPLND and TME groups also showed a similar 3-year relapse-free survival rate (84.7 vs. 82.0 %, respectively; P = 0.536) and local recurrence rate (3.2 vs. 5.2 %, respectively; P = 0.569) despite significantly more patients with pathological lymph node metastasis in the LPLND than TME group (37.4 vs. 22.3 %, respectively; P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Additional laparoscopic LPLND is feasible in patients with advanced lower rectal cancer and clinically swollen LPLNs treated with preoperative CRT, with no significant increase in major complications compared with TME alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Ogura
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, The Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31, Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan
| | - Takashi Akiyoshi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, The Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31, Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan.
| | - Toshiya Nagasaki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, The Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31, Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Konishi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, The Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31, Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Fujimoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, The Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31, Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nagayama
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, The Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31, Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan
| | - Yosuke Fukunaga
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, The Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31, Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan
| | - Masashi Ueno
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, The Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31, Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan
| | - Hiroya Kuroyanagi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Single-incision Plus One Port Laparoscopic Total Mesorectal Excision and Bilateral Pelvic Node Dissection for Advanced Rectal Cancer--A Medial Umbilical Ligament Approach. Int Surg 2016; 100:417-22. [PMID: 25785320 DOI: 10.9738/intsurg-d-14-00091.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We prove the safety and feasibility of single-incision plus 1 port (SILS+1) laparoscopic total mesorectal excision (TME) + lateral pelvic lymph node dissection (LPLD) via a medial umbilical approach for rectal cancer. Only a few reports have been published about single-incision multiport laparoscopic low anterior resection with LPLD. Recently, minimally invasive surgery such as single-incision plus 1 port (SILS + 1) for advanced rectal cancer has been reported as safe and feasible. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of SILS + 1 used for LPLD. A wound protector was inserted through a 30-mm transumbilical incision. Next, a single-port access device was mounted to the wound protector and 3 ports (5 mm each) were placed. A 12-mm port was inserted in the right lower quadrant. Super-low anterior resection of the rectum and bilateral LPLD and temporary ileostomy were performed with SILS + 1, with a blood loss of 50 mL and a total surgical time of 525 minutes. The time for right lateral dissection was 74 minutes; the time for left lateral dissection was 118 minutes. The total number of dissected lymph nodes was 57 and the number of lateral lymph nodes dissected was 21 (8 left pelvic lymph nodes, 13 right pelvic lymph nodes). No postoperative anastomotic insufficiency or voiding dysfunction was observed. We have documented the safety and feasibility of SILS + 1-TME + LPLD via a medial umbilical approach for rectal cancer.
Collapse
|
34
|
Single-incision plus one-port laparoscopic abdominoperineal resection with bilateral pelvic lymph node dissection for advanced rectal cancer: a case report. Int Surg 2016; 100:15-20. [PMID: 25594635 DOI: 10.9738/intsurg-d-14-00232.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
With regard to laparoscopic and robotic abdominoperineal resection (APR) for primary rectal malignancies, limited data have been published in the literature. Single-incision laparoscopic surgery (SLS) has been successfully introduced for treating colorectal cancer. Here we describe our experience of APR with SLS plus one port (SLS + 1) for treating advanced rectal cancer. A 65-year-old man underwent the procedure, which involved a 35-mm incision in the left side of the umbilicus for the insertion of a single multichannel port as well as the insertion of a 5-mm port into the right lower quadrant. The sigmoid colon and rectum were mobilized from the pelvic floor using a medial and lateral approach. After the rectum with the mesorectum was completely mobilized according to the total mesorectal excision, the sigmoid colon was intracorporeally transected. The specimen was removed through the perineal wound. Terminal colostomy was fashioned at the left lower trocar site. Lateral pelvic lymph node dissection was bilaterally performed. There were no perioperative complications. The total operating time was 592 minutes, and the estimated blood loss was 180 mL. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of SLS + 1 APR with lateral pelvic lymph node dissection for treating rectal cancer. We conclude that SLS + 1 APR is a technically promising alternative method for treating selected patients with advanced rectal cancer.
Collapse
|
35
|
Therapeutic Importance of Endoscopic Pathology Versus Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings for T1 Rectal Cancer: A Case Report. Int Surg 2016. [DOI: 10.9738/intsurg-d-15-00099.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Preoperative image-based diagnosis is important for the treatment of rare cases of T1 lower rectal cancers with lateral pelvic lymph node (LLN) metastasis. We report a case of LLN metastasis in T1 lower rectal cancer diagnosed preoperatively via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A 65-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital because of abdominal pain. An endoscopic examination revealed a large laterally spreading tumor in the lower rectum, which was en bloc resected using endoscopic submucosal dissection. Pathologic examination of the resected specimen showed deep invasion of the cancer cells into the submucosal layer and lymphovascular invasion. MRI revealed swollen perirectal lymph nodes (≥5 mm) and a left LLN approximately 8 mm long. Laparoscopic abdominoperineal resection (Lap-APR) with left lateral pelvic lymph node dissection (LLND) was performed. Cancer cells were not seen in the resected material; however, 7 perirectal lymph nodes and 1 LLN of 47 lymph nodes contained metastatic cancer cells. We show that LLN metastasis in T1 lower rectal cancer can be preoperatively detected via MRI and successfully and safely treated via Lap-APR with left LLND.
Collapse
|
36
|
Oncological benefit of lateral pelvic lymph node dissection for rectal cancer treated without preoperative chemoradiotherapy: a multicenter retrospective study using propensity score analysis. Int J Colorectal Dis 2016; 31:1315-21. [PMID: 27240821 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-016-2607-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to clarify the prognostic impact of lateral pelvic lymph node (LPN) dissection (LPND) for rectal cancer through a multicenter retrospective study using propensity score analysis. METHODS A total of 1238 patients with pathological T2-4, M0 rectal cancer who had undergone curative operation between 2007 and 2008 were examined. Majority of the patients (96 %) were treated without preoperative chemoradiotherapy (CRT). Clinical background data of the patients treated with LPND and those treated without LPND were matched using propensity scores, and hazard ratios (HRs) for cancer-specific mortality were compared. RESULTS LPND was performed more frequently for lower rectal cancers and in patients with more advanced disease, and 29 % of the patients were treated with LPND. After matching background features by propensity scores, LPND did not correlate with improved cancer-specific survival (CSS) among the entire study population [HR, 0.73; 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.41-1.31; P = 0.28]; however, LPND was correlated with significantly improved CSS in female patients (HR, 0.23; 95 % CI, 0.06-0.89; P = 0.04) but not in male patients (HR, 0.95; 95 % CI, 0.48-1.89; P = 0.89). The results were similar when patients treated with LPND finally diagnosed as pathologically negative for LPN metastasis were compared with those curatively treated without LPND. CONCLUSIONS It is suggested that the prognostic impact of LPND for rectal cancer treated without CRT might be different between sexes, and LPND should be considered for female rectal cancer patients although they are diagnosed as clinically negative for LPN metastasis.
Collapse
|
37
|
Park JS, Sakai Y, Simon NSM, Law WL, Kim HR, Oh JH, Shan HCY, Kwak SG, Choi GS. Long-Term Survival and Local Relapse Following Surgery Without Radiotherapy for Locally Advanced Upper Rectal Cancer: An International Multi-Institutional Study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e2990. [PMID: 27258487 PMCID: PMC4900695 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000002990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Controversy remains regarding whether preoperative chemoradiation protocol should be applied uniformly to all rectal cancer patients regardless of tumor height. This pooled analysis was designed to evaluate whether preoperative chemoradiation can be safely omitted in higher rectal cancer.An international consortium of 7 institutions was established. A review of the database that was collected from January 2004 to May 2008 identified a series of 2102 patients with stage II/III rectal or sigmoid cancer (control arm) without concurrent chemoradiation. Data regarding patient demographics, recurrence pattern, and oncological outcomes were analyzed. The primary end point was the 5-year local recurrence rate.The local relapse rate of the sigmoid colon cancer (SC) and upper rectal cancer (UR) cohorts was significantly lower than that of the mid/low rectal cancer group (M-LR), with 5-year estimates of 2.5% for the SC group, 3.5% for the UR group, and 11.1% for the M-LR group, respectively. A multivariate analysis showed that tumor depth, nodal metastasis, venous invasion, and lower tumor level were strongly associated with local recurrence. The cumulative incidence rate of local failure was 90.6%, 92.5%, and 94.4% for tumors located within 5, 7, and 9 cm from the anal verge, respectively.Routine use of preoperative chemoradiation for stage II/III rectal tumors located more than 8 to 9 cm above the anal verge would be excessive. The integration of a more individualized approach focused on systemic control is warranted to improve survival in patients with upper rectal cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Seok Park
- From the Colorectal Cancer Center (JSP, G-SC), Kyungpook National University Medical Center, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea; Department of Surgery (YS), Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Surgery (NGSMS), The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong; Division of Colorectal Surgery (WLL), The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong; Department of Surgery (HRK), Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital and Medical School, Gwangju, Korea; Center for Colorectal Cancer (JHO), National Cancer Center Hospital, Goyang city, Korea; Department of surgery (HCYS), Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital, Chai Wan, Hong Kong; and Department of Medical Statistics (SGK), School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Park S, Kim NK. The Role of Robotic Surgery for Rectal Cancer: Overcoming Technical Challenges in Laparoscopic Surgery by Advanced Techniques. J Korean Med Sci 2015; 30:837-46. [PMID: 26130943 PMCID: PMC4479934 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2015.30.7.837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The conventional laparoscopic approach to rectal surgery has several limitations, and therefore many colorectal surgeons have great expectations for the robotic surgical system as an alternative modality in overcoming challenges of laparoscopic surgery and thus enhancing oncologic and functional outcomes. This review explores the possibility of robotic surgery as an alternative approach in laparoscopic surgery for rectal cancer. The da Vinci® Surgical System was developed specifically to compensate for the technical limitations of laparoscopic instruments in rectal surgery. The robotic rectal surgery is associated with comparable or better oncologic and pathologic outcomes, as well as low morbidity and mortality. The robotic surgery is generally easier to learn than laparoscopic surgery, improving the probability of autonomic nerve preservation and genitourinary function recovery. Furthermore, in very complex procedures such as intersphincteric dissections and transabdominal transections of the levator muscle, the robotic approach is associated with increased performance and safety compared to laparoscopic surgery. The robotic surgery for rectal cancer is an advanced technique that may resolve the issues associated with laparoscopic surgery. However, high cost of robotic surgery must be addressed before it can become the new standard treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seungwan Park
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nam Kyu Kim
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Sinukumar S, Engineer R, Saklani A. Preliminary experience with lateral pelvic lymph node dissection in locally advanced rectal cancer. Indian J Gastroenterol 2015; 34:320-4. [PMID: 26334237 DOI: 10.1007/s12664-015-0589-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 15 % to 25 % of patients, the lateral pelvic lymph nodes (LPN) are known to be involved especially with rectal tumors lying below the peritoneal reflection. While total mesorectal excision (TME) ensures removal of locoregional lymph nodes, it does not address the LPN. Lateral pelvic lymph node dissection (LPND) is being performed in selected scenarios for persistent LPN after administration of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (NACTRT). Through our study, we share our initial experience with LPND in patients with persistent pelvic nodes after NACTRT in advanced rectal cancers. METHODS From October 2013 to November 2014, eight patients underwent TME with LPND after NACTRT. LPND was performed when pelvic node metastasis was suspected on preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and persisted following preoperative NACTRT. Clinicopathological and perioperative details were recorded for these eight patients. RESULTS Out of the 144 patients operated with curative intent for rectal LARC, eight (5 %) patients had persistent lateral pelvic nodes following NACTRT. These patients underwent a TME with LPND. The median operative time was 240 min, and the median blood loss was 800 mL. Two out of eight patients showed residual disease in the lateral pelvic nodes (i.e. 25 %). Of these two patients, one also had residual disease in the mesorectal nodes, post NACTRT. The median length of hospital stay was 6 days. No genitourinary complications were reported. The median follow up for these eight patients was 13 months (6-16 months). The 1 year disease free survival was 100 % with all patients surviving till date. CONCLUSION LPND can be performed with acceptable perioperative outcomes in carefully selected patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Snita Sinukumar
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Robotic and Colorectal Surgery, Tata Memorial Hospital, Dr. Ernest Borges Road, Parel, Mumbai, 400 012, India
| | - Reena Engineer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Dr. Ernest Borges Road, Parel, Mumbai, 400 012, India
| | - Avanish Saklani
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Robotic and Colorectal Surgery, Tata Memorial Hospital, Dr. Ernest Borges Road, Parel, Mumbai, 400 012, India.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Oki E, Ando K, Kasagi Y, Zaitsu Y, Sugiyama M, Nakashima Y, Sonoda H, Ohgaki K, Saeki H, Maehara Y. Recent advances in multidisciplinary approach for rectal cancer. Int J Clin Oncol 2015; 20:641-9. [PMID: 26100273 DOI: 10.1007/s10147-015-0858-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Surgery is a major treatment option for rectal cancer, and total mesorectal excision has been demonstrated to be advantageous in terms of oncological outcome and thus has been the standard surgical approach. Radiotherapy before or after radical surgery is the optimal treatment to control local recurrence of advanced rectal cancer. To date, in many countries, the combination of neoadjuvant concurrent chemotherapy and radiotherapy is considered the standard therapy. A more recent interest in neoadjuvant therapy has been the use of oxaliplatin or targeted agents for neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. However, despite many trials of oxaliplatin and targeted agents, 5-FU-based concurrent chemoradiotherapy has remained the only standard treatment option. Postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy or induction chemotherapy with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy may further improve patient survival, as some clinical studies recently indicated. In Japan, neoadjuvant therapy is not the standard treatment method, because surgery with lateral lymph node dissection is usually performed and this type of surgery may reduce recurrence rate as does radiation therapy. The phase III study to evaluate the oncological effect of the Japanese standard operation (mesorectal excision, ME) with lateral lymph node dissection in comparison with ME alone for clinical stage II and III lower rectal cancer is currently ongoing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Oki
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Bhatti ABH, Waheed A, Hafeez A, Akbar A, Syed AA, Khattak S, Kazmi AS. Can Induction Chemotherapy before Concurrent Chemoradiation Impact Circumferential Resection Margin Positivity and Survival in Low Rectal Cancers? Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 16:2993-8. [PMID: 25854395 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.7.2993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Abu Bakar Hafeez Bhatti
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, Lahore, Pakistan E-mail :
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
|
43
|
Yokoyama S, Takifuji K, Hotta T, Matsuda K, Watanabe T, Mitani Y, Ieda J, Yamaue H. Survival benefit of lateral lymph node dissection according to the region of involvement and the number of lateral lymph nodes involved. Surg Today 2013; 44:1097-103. [PMID: 24370948 DOI: 10.1007/s00595-013-0815-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The effectiveness of lateral lymph node dissection for extending the survival of patients with advanced lower rectal cancer remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to clarify the survival benefit of lateral lymph node dissection according to the region of involvement and the number of lateral lymph nodes involved. METHODS We reviewed 131 consecutive patients with advanced lower rectal cancer, who had undergone curative resection with total mesorectal excision plus extended lateral lymph node dissection at Wakayama Medical University Hospital. Twenty-six (19.1 %) of these patients had lateral lymph involvement. We performed univariate and multivariate analyses for the 3-year disease-free and overall survival of these patients. RESULTS Multivariate analysis revealed that the number (>1) and the region (common iliac artery region or external iliac artery region) of lateral lymph node metastasis are independent predictive factors for recurrence and survival. The Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated that patients with one lymph node metastasis in the internal iliac artery or obturator region had better survival. CONCLUSIONS Lateral lymph node dissection resulted in survival benefit for patients with single lateral lymph node involvement in the internal iliac artery region or the obturator region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shozo Yokoyama
- Second Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama, 641-8510, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Glynne-Jones R, Harrison M, Hughes R. Challenges in the neoadjuvant treatment of rectal cancer: balancing the risk of recurrence and quality of life. Cancer Radiother 2013; 17:675-85. [PMID: 24183502 DOI: 10.1016/j.canrad.2013.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The management of patients with rectal cancer has improved substantially-assisted by refinements in surgical technique, the increasing accuracy of preoperative imaging, more precise delivery of radiotherapy¸and more informative feedback from the histopathologist. Multidisciplinary teams have been the key to this success. Future challenges facing multidisciplinary teams include individually tailoring therapy - in particular in deciding who does and does not need radiotherapy, utilising new radiotherapy techniques such as intensity-modulated radiotherapy and image-guided radiotherapy and new systemic therapies, and electing patients for whom chemoradiotherapy might be potentially curative without surgical resection after complete clinical response. Hence, there is an increasing focus on developing predictive and prognostic molecular biomarkers. This paper explores the background to common variations in practice, and the current and future challenges in the neoadjuvant treatment of rectal cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Glynne-Jones
- Radiotherapy Department, Mount-Vernon Cancer Centre, Mount-Vernon Hospital, Northwood, Middlesex HA6 2RN, United Kingdom.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
|
46
|
|
47
|
Park JA, Choi GS, Park JS, Park SY. Initial clinical experience with robotic lateral pelvic lymph node dissection for advanced rectal cancer. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF COLOPROCTOLOGY 2012. [PMID: 23185707 PMCID: PMC3499428 DOI: 10.3393/jksc.2012.28.5.265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Purpose This study was conducted to evaluate the technical feasibility and safety of robotic extended lateral pelvic lymph node dissection (LPLD) in patients with advanced low rectal cancer. Methods A review of a prospectively-collected database at Kyungpook National University Medical Center from January 2011 to November revealed a series of 8 consecutive robotic LPLD cases with a preoperative diagnosis of lateral node metastasis. Data regarding patient demographics, operating time, perioperative blood loss, surgical morbidity, lateral lymph node status, and functional outcome were analyzed. Results In all eight patients, the procedures were completed without conversion to open surgery. The mean operative time of extended pelvic node dissection was 38 minutes (range, 20 to 51 minutes), the mean number of lateral lymph nodes harvested was 4.1 (range, 1 to 13), and 3 patients (38%) were found to have lymph node metastases. Postoperative mortality and morbidity were 0% and 25%, respectively, but, there was no LPLD-related morbidity. The mean hospital stay was 7.5 days (range, 5 to 12 days). Conclusion Robotic LPLD is safe and feasible, with the advantage of being a minimally invasive approach. Further large-scale studies comparing robotic and conventional surgery with long-term follow-up evaluation are needed to confirm these findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ju-A Park
- Colorectal Cancer Center, Kyungpook National University Medical Center, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Case of isolated lateral lymph node recurrence occurring after TME for T1 lower rectal cancer treated with lateral lymph node dissection: report of a case. Surg Today 2012; 43:809-13. [PMID: 22832928 DOI: 10.1007/s00595-012-0266-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We experienced a rare case of isolated lateral lymph node (LLN) recurrence after laparoscopic intersphincteric resection with total mesorectal excision for T1 lower rectal cancer that was successfully treated using LLN dissection with en bloc resection of the left superior vesical artery, the left ovary and the left obturator nerve, artery and vein. There are no guidelines for treating patients with isolated LLN recurrence because isolated LLN recurrence is rare, especially in patients with T1 rectal cancer. However, in patients with pT1N0 lower rectal cancer, follow-up examinations of the pelvis should be performed periodically. Patients with isolated LLN recurrence treated with surgery might have good long-term prognoses. Therefore, for such patients, surgical resection should be considered as a curative treatment only.
Collapse
|
49
|
Fujita S, Akasu T, Mizusawa J, Saito N, Kinugasa Y, Kanemitsu Y, Ohue M, Fujii S, Shiozawa M, Yamaguchi T, Moriya Y. Postoperative morbidity and mortality after mesorectal excision with and without lateral lymph node dissection for clinical stage II or stage III lower rectal cancer (JCOG0212): results from a multicentre, randomised controlled, non-inferiority trial. Lancet Oncol 2012; 13:616-21. [PMID: 22591948 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(12)70158-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesorectal excision is the international standard surgical procedure for lower rectal cancer. However, lateral pelvic lymph node metastasis occasionally occurs in patients with clinical stage II or stage III rectal cancer, and therefore mesorectal excision with lateral lymph node dissection is the standard procedure in Japan. We did a randomised controlled trial to confirm that the results of mesorectal excision alone are not inferior to those of mesorectal excision with lateral lymph node dissection. METHODS This study was undertaken at 33 major hospitals in Japan. Eligibility criteria included histologically proven rectal cancer of clinical stage II or stage III, with the main lesion located in the rectum with the lower margin below the peritoneal reflection, and no lateral pelvic lymph node enlargement. After surgeons had confirmed macroscopic R0 resection by mesorectal excision, patients were intraoperatively randomised to mesorectal excision alone or with lateral lymph node dissection. The groups were balanced by a minimisation method according to clinical N staging (N0 or N1, 2), sex, and institution. Allocated procedure was not masked to investigators or patients. This study is now in the follow-up stage. The primary endpoint is relapse-free survival and will be reported after the primary analysis planned for 2015. Here, we compare operation time, blood loss, postoperative morbidity (grade 3 or 4), and hospital mortality between the two groups. Analysis was by intention-to-treat. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00190541. FINDINGS 351 patients were randomly assigned to mesoretcal excision with lateral lymph node dissection and 350 to mesorectal excision alone, between June 11, 2003, and Aug 6, 2010. One patient in the mesorectal excision alone group underwent lateral lymph node dissection, but was analysed in their assigned group. Operation time was significantly longer in the mesorectal excision with lateral lymph node dissection group (median 360 min, IQR 296-429) than in the mesorectal excision alone group (254 min, 210-307, p<0·0001). Blood loss was significantly higher in the mesorectal excision with lateral lymph node dissection group (576 mL, IQR 352-900) than in the mesorectal excision alone group (337 mL, 170-566; p<0·0001). 26 (7%) patients in the mesorectal excision with lateral lymph node dissection group had lateral pelvic lymph node metastasis. Grade 3-4 postoperative complications occurred in 76 (22%) patients in the mesorectal excision with lateral lymph node dissection group and 56 (16%) patients in the mesorectal excision alone group. The most common grade 3 or 4 postoperative complication was anastomotic leakage (18 [6%] patients in the mesorectal excision with lateral lymph node dissection group vs 13 [5%] in the mesorectal excision alone group; p=0·46). One patient in the mesorectal excision with lateral lymph node dissection group died of anastomotic leakage followed by sepsis. INTERPRETATION Mesorectal excision with lateral lymph node dissection required a significantly longer operation time and resulted in significantly greater blood loss than mesorectal excision alone. The primary analysis will help to show whether or not mesorectal excision alone is non-inferior to mesorectal excision with lateral lymph node dissection. FUNDING National Cancer Center, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shin Fujita
- Colorectal Surgery Division, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
The role of lateral lymph node dissection in the management of lower rectal cancer. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2011; 397:353-61. [PMID: 22105772 DOI: 10.1007/s00423-011-0864-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lateral lymph node involvement is a problem encountered in patients with low rectal cancers. This has been documented in both anatomical and pathological studies. Currently, the vast majority of centers have concentrated on the use of chemoradiation to obtain better local control and manage these nodes indirectly. In Japan, extended nodal dissection for the control of pelvic nodal disease has seen further advancement. This paper discusses the key issues involved in the management of pelvic lateral nodes in low rectal cancers. METHODS A review of available literature and critical appraisal of the entity of lateral nodes in low rectal cancers, the treatment options, and oncological and functional results were performed. RESULTS There are good data showing that the entity of pelvic lateral nodes in low rectal cancers should not be ignored. Recent data have emerged showing that radiotherapy is associated with significant long-term functional side effects. Refinement of the technique, lateral node dissection, has led to good local control as well as good functional outcomes. CONCLUSION In this context, there needs to be a reevaluation of the role of chemoradiation as the sole treatment for lateral nodal disease in centers outside of Japan. Individualization of the treatment of rectal cancer may require all centers to be able to offer both modalities.
Collapse
|