Validation of a chiral LC-MS/MS-ESI method for the simultaneous quantification of darolutamide diastereomers in mouse plasma and its application to a stereoselective pharmacokinetic study in mice

Utility of green chemistry for sustainable fluorescence derivatization approach for spectrofluorimetric quantification of Darolutamide as antineoplastic drug in pharmaceutical formulation and spiked human plasma

Darolutamide is an oral nonsteroidal androgen receptor antagonist used to delay the process of prostate cancer to metastatic disease and to increase the quality of life for people with advanced prostate cancer. Here, a second spectrofluorimetric method was advanced for quantifying Darolutamide in pharmaceutical formulation and spiked human plasma. This method depends on the fluorescence derivatization of Darolutamide with 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBD-Cl) at 75°C in a (pH 9) of borate buffer to produce a fluorescent derivative that can be detected at 520 nm after excitation at 460 nm. The method has been validated using ICH criteria, and it demonstrated linearity in the range 5-200 ng ml-1 . The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) were 1.15 and 3.84 nm, respectively. The proposed method was applied precisely and accurately for quantifying Darolutamide within the pharmaceutical formulation and spiking human plasma without any interferences. Moreover, the method's sustainability was evaluated and compared with the published method using two greenness assessment tools termed analytical eco-scale and Analytical GREEnness (AGREE). These findings suggest that the method is more sustainable than the published method.

Selective Sensing of Darolutamide and Thalidomide in Pharmaceutical Preparations and in Spiked Biofluids

Selective spectrofluorometric sensing is introduced for the analysis of non-steroidal anti-androgens, darolutamide, and thalidomide in pharmaceutical preparations and biofluids. An organic fluorophore, 2,4,8,10-tetramethylpyrido[2',3':3,4]pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine 2 was synthesized in our laboratories by new simple methods to act as a fluorescent reagent for the analysis of the studied drugs. Elemental and spectral analyses were performed to approve the fluorophore structure. The fluorophore possesses a fluorescence at λ_em 422 nm when excited at 328 nm. The interaction between the studied drugs and the fluorophore was found to be quenching. The quenching mechanisms were studied and interpreted through the Stern-Volmer relationship. Moreover, the Stern-Volmer constants were calculated for the quenching interactions of both drugs. The introduced method was validated for the estimation of darolutamide and thalidomide in dosage forms, plasma, and urine, offering good percentage recoveries.

Approved spectrofluorimetric strategies for assurance of three modern antineoplastic drugs; Tepotinib, Sotorasib and Darolutamide in their dose forms and biological liquids utilizing mercurochrome

Approved, straightforward, fast and delicate spectrofluorimetric strategy has been developed for the estimation of tepotinib (TEPO), sotorasib (SOTO) and darolutamide (DARO) as a new antineoplastic drugs. Spectrofluorimetric strategy was based on quantitative fluorescence quenching of MER at 538 nm after being excited at 350 nm by the addition of cited drugs in presence of acetate buffer (pH 3.5). The degree of fluorescence quenching is directly proportional to the concentrations of the cited drugs within the concentration range of 0.5-10.0, 0.2-10 and 0.4-10.0 μg mL^-1 for TEPO, SOTO and DARO, respectively. Mean ± S.D. were calculated for the studied drugs as follows; 99.9±0.87, 99.72±1.08 and 100.21±1.44, for TEPO, SOTO and DARO, respectively. LOD values were 0.16, 0.05 and 0.11 μg mL^-1 while LOQ values were 0.5, 0.15 and 0.36 μg mL^-1 for TEPO, SOTO and DARO, respectively. Statistical comparison of comes about with those gotten by detailed strategies given great understanding and uncovered that there were no noteworthy contrasts in exactness and exactness between strategies. The proposed strategy was connected effectively to analyze measurement shapes containing the examined drugs. Moreover, the recommended fluorimetric strategy was connected for examination of TEPO, SOTO and DARO in human plasma and urine test.

Utility of green chemistry for native spectrofluorimetric quantification of darolutamide as a modern anti-neoplastic drug in its market form and biological fluids

A simple, new, green, and sensitive approach was established and validated for assay of the recently approved antineoplastic medication; darolutamide (DAR) in its authentic form, pharmaceutical formulation, and biological fluids fluorimetrically. This experiment relied on the native fluorescence of the cited drug and detects the ideal solvent utilized throughout the approach. The proposed approach was validated regarding linearity, accuracy, and precision. The calibration graph showed linearity over the range of 0.1–2.0 μg mL⁻¹. The limit of detection and quantitation (LOD and LOQ) were 0.032 μg mL⁻¹ and 0.09 μg mL⁻¹, respectively. Because of the approach's high sensitivity, it was decided to spike the mentioned drug in plasma and urine samples. At last, checking for content uniformity was performed regarding the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) by adjusting the proposed approach.

A simple, new, green, and sensitive approach was established and validated for assay of the recently approved antineoplastic medication; darolutamide (DAR) in its authentic form, pharmaceutical formulation, and biological fluids fluorimetrically.

Pharmacokinetics of Darolutamide in Mouse - Assessment of the Disposition of the Diastereomers, Key Active Metabolite and Interconversion Phenomenon: Implications to Cancer Patients

BACKGROUND

Darolutamide is recently approved for the treatment of non-metastatic castrate resistance prostate cancer. Hitherto, no stereoselective pharmacokinetic data have been published pertaining to darolutamide and its diastereomers in animals or humans. The key aims of the experiment were to examine darolutamide, S,S-darolutamide and S,R-darolutamide with respect to (a) assessment of in vitro metabolic stability and protein binding and (b) characterization of in vivo oral and intravenous pharmacokinetics in mice.

METHODS

In vitro (liver microsomes stability and protein binding) and in vivo experiments (oral/intravenous dosing to mice) were carried out using darolutamide, S,S-darolutamide and S,Rdarolutamide. Besides, tissue levels of darolutamide, S,S-darolutamide and S,R-darolutamide were measured following oral and intravenous dosing. Appropriate plasma/tissue samples served to determine the pharmacokinetics of various analytes in mice. Liquid chromatography in tandem with mass spectrometry procedures enabled the delineation of the plasma pharmacokinetics, in vitro and tissue uptake data of the various analytes.

RESULTS

Chiral inversion was absent in the metabolic stability study. However, darolutamide showed profound stereoselectivity (S,S-darolutamide greater than S,R-darolutamide) after either intravenous or oral dosing. S,R-darolutamide but not S,S-darolutamide showed conversion to its antipode post oral and intravenous dosing to mice. Regardless of oral or intravenous dosing, active keto darolutamide formation was evident after administration of darolutamide, S,S-darolutamide or S,R- darolutamide. Tissue data supported the observations in plasma; however, tissue exposure of darolutamide, S,Sdarolutamide and S,R-darolutamide was much lower as compared to plasma.

CONCLUSION

In lieu of the human pharmacokinetic data, although the administration of diastereomeric darolutamide was justified, it is proposed to delineate the clinical pharmacokinetics of S,Rdarolutamide and S,S-darolutamide relative to darolutamide in future clinical pharmacology studies.