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AlSawy NS, ElKady EF, Mostafa EA. In Vivo Evaluation of the Pharmacokinetic Interaction between Levothyroxine and Amiodarone in Rat Plasma: Evaluation of Importance of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring during Co-Therapy. J Chromatogr Sci 2024; 62:287-294. [PMID: 37158185 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmad034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis (AIT) is a common condition in patients who are receiving amiodarone for cardiac arrhythmia. This risk is elevated in iodine-deficient regions. Levothyroxine is the standard treatment for patients with hypothyroidism. This investigation is concerned with the evaluation of the possible pharmacokinetic interaction between amiodarone and levothyroxine upon co-therapy in rats and to investigate the cause of thyrotoxicosis. A selective, sensitive and precise RP-HPLC method was developed for the simultaneous determination of levothyroxine and amiodarone in rat plasma. A stationary phase of C18 Xterra RP column and a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile: acidified water with 0.1% trifluoracetic acid (pH = 4.8) with gradient elution were used. The experiment was conducted at ambient temperature with flow rate of 1.5 mL/min for the chromatographic separation and quantitation of the investigated drugs. Protein precipitation with methanol was applied for the analysis of the two drugs in rat plasma. The method was linear over concentration range of 5-200 μg/mL for both levothyroxine and amiodarone. The European Medicines Agency guideline was applied for the validation of the developed bioanalytical method. The method was successfully applied to in vivo pharmacokinetic study in which levothyroxine and amiodarone were quantified in plasma of rats after receiving an oral dose of levothyroxine and amiodarone. After the calculation of the pharmacokinetic parameters, a statistical analysis was performed to elucidate the existence of significant difference between test and control groups in rats. The combination of levothyroxine and amiodarone significantly decreased levothyroxine bioavailability in rats, making the therapeutic drug monitoring mandatory in patients receiving levothyroxine and amiodarone. In addition, the increased clearance of levothyroxine upon the co-administration with amiodarone may explain the reported hypothyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norhan S AlSawy
- Pharmacist at Kasr El-Aini Hospital, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Ehab F ElKady
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Eman A Mostafa
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo 11562, Egypt
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Shah RP, Bharate SS. Analytical Methods for Furanochromone Natural Product, Khellin and Its Inspired Drug Candidates, Amiodarone and Sodium Cromoglycate. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022; 54:691-706. [PMID: 35776740 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2094198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Khellin is the key furanocoumarin of Ammi visnaga L. (Lam.) that exhibits various biological properties. This unique natural product has inspired the discovery of two first-in-class drugs, amiodarone and sodium cromoglycate. A wide range of analytical methods were generated while translating khellin scaffold into clinically used drugs; however, they have never been reviewed and critically assessed. The present review aims to review and evaluate the analytical techniques for the natural products, khellin, visnagin, and their inspired drugs, amiodarone and sodium cromoglycate. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is the extensively used technique in most analytical methods reported for these compounds; however, other techniques including the fluorimetry, luminescence spectrophotometry, potentiometry, voltammetry, FT-Raman spectroscopy, and ELISA were also employed. The review will be helpful for further basic and translational research on furanochromone and related scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj P Shah
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai 400056, India
| | - Sonali S Bharate
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai 400056, India
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Simultaneous determination of amiodarone, dronedarone, and their principal metabolites in SD rat plasma by UPLC-MS/MS and its application in pharmacokinetics. ARAB J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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Abdussalam A, Al-Agili M, Al Nebaihi HM, Mayo PR, Gabr RQ, Brocks DR. Dietary-Induced Obesity and Changes in the Biodistribution and Metabolism of Amiodarone in the Rat. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:2938-2945. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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LC-MS Method for Determining Amiodarone and Desethylaminodarone in Rat Plasma Used in Endogenous Overdosing Conditions Following Lipolysis. ACTA MEDICA MARISIENSIS 2018. [DOI: 10.2478/amma-2018-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objective: The purpose of this study was to develop a LC-MS method to determine amiodarone (AMI) and its major metabolite desethylamiodarone (DEA) from rat plasma released from the adipose tissue of AMI treated rats subjected to a weight gain/weight loss cycle. Methods: Separation of the compounds was performed on a Kinetex 2.6 μm C18 100 x 4.6 mm column under isocratic conditions using a mixture of acetonitrile: 0.1% formic acid 65:35 at a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min. Detection of the analyte was performed by electrospray positive ionization, the monitored ions being 135 m/z from 646 for AMI and 135 m/z of 618 for DEA. Analytes were extracted after plasma protein precipitation with methanol. Results: The developed method presented specificity and linearity on the concentration range of 25-2500 ng/ml plasma for AMI and 2.5-1250 ng/ml plasma for DEA and the precision and accuracy of the method at all of quality control concentration levels including LLOQ were according to official guidelines for validating analytical methods. Conclusions: A sensitive and accurate LC-MS method has been developed with a much lower LLOQ than literature data to detect the plasma concentration differences of the studied analytes that result from forced lipolysis and mobilization from the adipose tissue.
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Takai S, Oda S, Tsuneyama K, Fukami T, Nakajima M, Yokoi T. Establishment of a mouse model for amiodarone-induced liver injury and analyses of its hepatotoxic mechanism. J Appl Toxicol 2016; 36:35-47. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Takai
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Kanazawa University; Kakuma-machi Kanazawa 920-1192 Japan
| | - Shingo Oda
- Department of Drug Safety Sciences; Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine; 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8550 Japan
| | - Koichi Tsuneyama
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science for Research; University of Toyama; Sugitani Toyama 930-0194 Japan
| | - Tatsuki Fukami
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Kanazawa University; Kakuma-machi Kanazawa 920-1192 Japan
| | - Miki Nakajima
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Kanazawa University; Kakuma-machi Kanazawa 920-1192 Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Yokoi
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Kanazawa University; Kakuma-machi Kanazawa 920-1192 Japan
- Department of Drug Safety Sciences; Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine; 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku Nagoya 466-8550 Japan
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Brocks DR, Hamdy DA, Ben-Eltriki M, Patel JP, El-Kadi AO. Effect of rat serum lipoproteins on mRNA levels and amiodarone metabolism by cultured primary rat hepatocytes. J Pharm Sci 2012; 102:262-70. [PMID: 23132435 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Revised: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia can significantly increase amiodarone (AM) in vivo liver uptake and decrease its velocity of microsomal metabolism. Here, hepatocytes isolated from normolipidemic (NL) and hyperlipidemic rats were incubated with AM in the presence or absence of diluted NL or hyperlipidemic serum. The serum was added either as preincubation before drug, or concurrently with drug; incubations without rat serum were used as controls. The hepatocyte levels of mRNA for several proteins and enzymes were also measured. Disappearance of AM was seen up to 72 h. There was little difference between hepatocytes from NL or hyperlipidemic animals in intrinsic clearance (CL(int) ) of AM. The effect of hyperlipidemic rat serum, either before or with AM, was profound, causing a significant reduction in the CL(int) . Reductions were seen in mRNA for cytochrome P450 1A1, 3A2, and 2D1, some transporters, and low-density lipoprotein receptors after exposure of hepatocytes to lipoprotein-rich sera. In conclusion, exposure of isolated hepatocytes to hyperlipidemic serum caused decreases in AM CL(int) and lower mRNA levels for some proteins involved in the uptake and metabolism of AM. When coincubated with serum, an additional effect of increased binding to lipoproteins seemed to further contribute to a reduced CL of AM.
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Rodrigues M, Alves G, Ferreira A, Queiroz J, Falcao A. A Rapid HPLC Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Amiodarone and its Major Metabolite in Rat Plasma and Tissues: A Useful Tool for Pharmacokinetic Studies. J Chromatogr Sci 2012; 51:361-70. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bms149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Gabr RQ, Elsherbiny ME, Somayaji V, Pollak PT, Brocks DR. A liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method for nicotine and cotinine; utility in screening tobacco exposure in patients taking amiodarone. Biomed Chromatogr 2011; 25:1124-31. [PMID: 21308701 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Revised: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A liquid chromatographic mass spectrometric (LC-MS) assay for the quantification of nicotine and cotinine in human specimens was developed. Human serum and urine (100 μL) were subjected to liquid-liquid extraction. For glucuronidated cotinine, serum was alkalinized and hydrolyzed before extraction. The dried samples were reconstituted and run using gradient flow reverse-phase liquid chromatography with MS detection. The ions utilized for quantification of nicotine, cotinine and milrinone (internal standard) were 162.8, 176.9 and 211.9 m/z, respectively. The mean recoveries were over 80% for cotinine and nicotine with excellent linearity between nominal concentrations and peak area ratios, over a wide concentration range. The percentage coefficient of variation and mean error of the inter- and intra-day validations were <15% for nicotine and cotinine. Analysis of serum from cardiac patients receiving amiodarone suggested that a number of patients were either active smokers or exposed to second-hand smoke. Significant concentrations of nicotine and cotinine were measured in the urine of a known smoking volunteer. The method was highly specific, sensitive and applicable as a tool in detecting and monitoring the passive exposure to tobacco smoke using small specimen volumes (0.1 mL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Raniah Q Gabr
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Shayeganpour A, Hamdy DA, Brocks DR. Effects of intestinal constituents and lipids on intestinal formation and pharmacokinetics of desethylamiodarone formed from amiodarone. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.60.12.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
To model the impact of intestinal components associated with a high fat meal on metabolism of amiodarone, rat everted intestinal sacs were evaluated for their ability to metabolize the drug to its active metabolite (desethylamiodarone) under a variety of conditions. The preparations were obtained from fasted rats or rats pretreated with 1% cholesterol in peanut oil. After isolation of the tissues, the intestinal segments were immersed in oxygenated Krebs Henseleit buffer containing varying concentrations of bile salts, cholesterol, lecithin and lipase with or without soybean oil emulsion as a source of triglycerides. Amiodarone uptake was similar between the five 10-cm segments isolated distally from the stomach. Desethylamiodarone was measurable in all segments. Based on the metabolite-to-drug concentration ratio within the tissues, there was little difference in metabolic efficiency between segments for any of the treatments. Between treatments, however, it appeared that the lowest level of metabolism was noted in rats pretreated with 1% cholesterol in peanut oil. This reduction in metabolic efficiency was not observed in gut sacs from the fasted rats to which soybean oil emulsion was directly added to the incubation media. Despite the apparent reduction in intestinal metabolism, there was no apparent change in the ratio of metabolite-to-drug area under the plasma concentration versus time ratios of fasted rats and those given 1% cholesterol in peanut oil, suggesting that the intestinal presystemic formation of desethylamiodarone is not substantial.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dalia A Hamdy
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dion R Brocks
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
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Simultaneous measurement of amiodarone and desethylamiodarone in human plasma and serum by stable isotope dilution liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry assay. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 51:210-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2009] [Revised: 07/29/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Elsherbiny ME, Brocks DR. The effect of CYP1A induction on amiodarone disposition in the rat. J Pharm Sci 2010; 99:539-48. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.21841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Experimental Hyperlipidemia Causes an Increase in the Electrocardiographic Changes Associated With Amiodarone. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2009; 53:1-8. [DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e31819359d1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Shayeganpour A, Korashy H, Patel JP, El-Kadi AO, Brocks DR. The impact of experimental hyperlipidemia on the distribution and metabolism of amiodarone in rat. Int J Pharm 2008; 361:78-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2008] [Revised: 05/15/2008] [Accepted: 05/19/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Mol R, de Jong GJ, Somsen GW. Cyclodextrin-based nonaqueous electrokinetic chromatography with UV and mass spectrometric detection: Application to the impurity profiling of amiodarone. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:3575-81. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Shayeganpour A, Hamdy DA, Brocks DR. Pharmacokinetics of desethylamiodarone in the rat after its administration as the preformed metabolite, and after administration of amiodarone. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2008; 29:159-66. [PMID: 18161885 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of desethylamiodarone (DEA), the active metabolite of amiodarone (AM), were studied in the rat after administration of AM or preformed metabolite. Rats received 10 mg/kg of either intravenous or oral AM HCl or DEA base. Blood samples were obtained via a surgically implanted jugular vein cannula. Plasma concentrations were measured by a validated LC/MS method. In all AM treated rats, AM plasma concentrations greatly exceeded those of the formed DEA. The fraction of AM converted to DEA after i.v. administration was 14%. Amiodarone had a significantly lower (approximately 50%) clearance than DEA, although the volume of distribution and terminal phase half-life did not differ significantly. The hepatic extraction ratio of DEA was 0.48, similar to that of AM (0.51). Oral AM demonstrated higher plasma AUC (5.6 fold) and higher C(max) (6.1 fold) than oral DEA and oral bioavailability of AM (46%) was greater than DEA (17%). The estimated fraction of the oral dose of AM converted to DEA was 4.5 fold higher than after i.v. administration, suggesting first-pass formation of DEA from AM. Amiodarone and DEA differed in their pharmacokinetic characteristics mostly due to a higher CL of DEA. With oral dosing, AM appeared to undergo significant presystemic first-pass metabolism within the intestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anooshirvan Shayeganpour
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Shayeganpour A, Lee SD, Wasan KM, Brocks DR. The Influence of Hyperlipoproteinemia on in Vitro Distribution of Amiodarone and Desethylamiodarone in Human and Rat Plasma. Pharm Res 2007; 24:672-8. [PMID: 17372694 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-006-9186-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2006] [Accepted: 10/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the effect of hyperlipoproteinemia on in vitro distribution of amiodarone (AM) and its prevalent metabolite desethylamiodarone (DEA) in human and rat plasma. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human and rat normolipidemic (NL) and hyperlipidemic (HL) plasma were spiked with AM and DEA. The fractions (high and low density lipoproteins, triglyceride rich lipoproteins and lipoprotein deficient plasma) were separated using ultracentrifugation. RESULTS Human and rat displayed similar patterns in terms of association of AM and DEA in NL plasma, in which the highest and lowest associations were observed in lipoprotein deficient (LPDP) and triglyceride (TRL) rich plasma fractions, respectively. In HL a substantial shift was observed in partitioning of AM and DEA mostly to TRL. The shift of AM and DEA into TRL fraction of HL plasma was more drastic for rat than human. In HL, association of AM with rat LPDP and HDL fractions were 10 and 26-fold lower than in the corresponding human fractions, respectively. The DEA:AM ratio in rat, but not human, was significantly affected by HL. CONCLUSION HL caused a major shift of AM and DEA to TRL fraction in both species. The findings were consistent with the higher AM concentrations previously noted in HL rats given the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anooshirvan Shayeganpour
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3118 Dentistry/Pharmacy Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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