Protective effect of epigallocatechin-3-gallate against neuroinflammation and anxiety-like behavior in a rat model of myocardial infarction

Exploring the molecular mechanisms of comorbidity of myocardial infarction and anxiety disorders by combining multiple data sets with in vivo experimental validation

BACKGROUND

The incidence of comorbidity between myocardial infarction (MI) and anxiety disorders is increasing. However, the biological association between them has not been fully understood.

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to investigate the molecular mechanisms of comorbidity between MI and anxiety disorders and to predict their key genes and potential therapeutic drugs.

METHODS

We searched Gene Expression Omnibus databases and performed differential analyses using the limma package to identify the functional enrichment of differential genes. Next, we constructed regulatory networks to investigate the relationship between hub genes and autophagy, ferroptosis, and immunity. Furthermore, we predicted transcription factors by R package, constructed a miRNA network, performed the single-cell analysis of key gene expression, and predicted drug targeting of differential genes using the Connectivity Map database.

RESULTS

The datasets for MI and anxiety disorders were analyzed for up and down-regulated differential genes, resulting in 35 intersecting differential genes. The top 10 feature genes from each dataset were intersected using Random Forest, resulting in the identification of three intersecting genes: STK17B, AKIRIN2, and WDR77. Validation of the above key genes was carried out by in vitro experiments. We examined the gene expression of STK17B, WDR77 and AKIRIN2 in the hippocampus and myocardial infarction border zone respectively by qPCR and WB, and the results confirmed that the above are the key genes for myocardial infarction and anxiety. There is a significant correlation between the comorbidity mechanism of myocardial infarction and anxiety disorders with ferroptosis and immunity. The construction of the miRNA network revealed that miR-205 and let-7 had higher average connectivity among the three hub genes. The single-cell analysis revealed significant expression of key genes in Endothelial cells, Cardiomyocytes, Macrophages, and Fibroblasts datasets. Cd274 showed a higher correlation with key genes in myocardial infarction and anxiety disorders.

CONCLUSION

Validation by multiple datasets and in vitro experiments showed that STK17B, AKIRIN2, and WDR77 are the key genes in the comorbidity of myocardial infarction and anxiety disorders, and ferroptosis and immunity are the key links in the comorbidity mechanism of myocardial infarction and anxiety disorders.

Relationship Between Depression and Epigallocatechin Gallate from the Perspective of Gut Microbiota: A Systematic Review

Depression, a serious mental illness, is characterized by high risk, high incidence, persistence, and tendency to relapse, posing a significant burden on global health. The connection between depression and gut microbiota is an emerging field of study in psychiatry and neuroscience. Understanding the gut-brain axis is pivotal for understanding the pathogenesis and treatment of depression. Gut microbes influence depression-like behaviors by impacting the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA), monoamine neurotransmitters, immune responses, cell signaling, and metabolic pathways. Tea, widely used in clinical practice to improve neuropsychiatric disorders, contains Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a major ingredient of green tea, which effectively regulates intestinal flora. This review examined the risks and causes of depression, the complications associated with intestinal flora, their role in the development and treatment of depression, and how EGCG may alleviate depression through interactions with gut microbiota and other mechanisms.

Uncovering the effects and mechanisms of tea and its components on depression, anxiety, and sleep disorders: A comprehensive review

Depression, anxiety and sleep disorders are prevalent psychiatric conditions worldwide, significantly impacting the physical and mental well-being of individuals. The treatment of these conditions poses various challenges, including limited efficacy and potential side effects. Tea, a globally recognized healthful beverage, contains a variety of active compounds. Studies have shown that consuming tea or ingesting its certain active ingredients have a beneficial impact on the mental health issues mentioned above. While the effects of tea on physical health are well-documented, there remains a gap in our systematic understanding of its impact on mental health. This article offers a thorough overview of animal, clinical, and epidemiological studies examining tea and its components in the treatment of depression, anxiety, and sleep disorders, and summarizes the associated molecular mechanisms. The active ingredients in tea, including L-theanine, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), arginine, catechins, theaflavins, caffeine, theacrine, and several volatile compounds, may help improve depression, anxiety, and sleep disorders. The underlying molecular mechanisms involve the regulation of neurotransmitters, including monoamines, GABA, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), as well as the suppression of oxidative stress and inflammation. Additionally, these ingredients may influence the microbiota-gut-brain (MGB) axis and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. This review provides valuable insights into the effects and mechanisms by which tea and its components regulate depression, anxiety, and sleep disorders, laying the groundwork for further research into relevant mechanisms and the development of tea-based mental health products.

Green Tea Polyphenol Nanoparticles Reduce Anxiety Caused by Tobacco Smoking Withdrawal in Rats by Suppressing Neuroinflammation

Repeated exposure to tobacco smoke causes neuroinflammation and neuroplasticity, which correlates with smoking withdrawal-induced anxiety. The purpose of this study was to investigate the anticipated involvement of antioxidant-rich nanoparticles (NPs) prepared by oxidation-triggered polymerization of green tea catechins in impacting these effects in a rat model of tobacco smoke exposure. Exposure to tobacco smoke was carried out for 2 h a day, 5 days a week, for a total of 36 days. Weekly behavioral tests were conducted prior to recommencing the exposure. Following a 20-day exposure period, rats were administered either distilled water or green tea (GT) NPs (20 mg/kg, orally) for an additional 16 days. Our findings revealed that tobacco smoke exposure induced anxiety-like behavior indicative of withdrawal, and this effect was alleviated by GT NPs. Tobacco smoke exposure caused a marked increase in the relative mRNA and protein expression of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and reduced the relative mRNA and protein expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus (HIP) and hypothalamus (HYP) brain subregions. The intervention of GT NPs effectively inhibited these effects. Our findings demonstrate the potent protective role of GT NPs in reducing withdrawal-induced anxiety-like behavior, neuroinflammation, and neuroplasticity triggered by tobacco smoke exposure.

Neuroprotective effect of Withania somnifera leaves extract nanoemulsion against penconazole-induced neurotoxicity in albino rats via modulating TGF-β1/Smad2 signaling pathway

Penconazole (PEN) is a systemic triazole fungicide used to control various fungal diseases on grapes, stone fruits, cucurbits, and strawberries. Still, it leaves residues on treated crops after collection with many hazardous effects on population including neurotoxicity. Withania somnifera leaves extract (WSLE) is known for its memory and brain function enhancing ability. To evoke such action efficiently, WSLE bioactive metabolites are needed to cross the blood-brain barrier, that could limit the availability of such compounds to be localized within the brain. Therefore, in the present study, the association between PEN exposure and neurotoxicity was evaluated, and formulated WSLE nanoemulsion was investigated for improving the permeability of the plant extract across the blood-brain barrier. The rats were divided into five groups (n = 6). The control group was administered distilled water, group II was treated with W. somnifera leaves extract nanoemulsion (WSLE NE), group III received PEN, group IV received PEN and WSLE, and group V received PEN and WSLE NE. All rats were gavaged daily for 6 weeks. Characterization of compounds in WSLE using LC-MS/MS analysis was estimated. Neurobehavioral disorders were evaluated in all groups. Oxidative stress biomarkers, antioxidant enzyme activities, and inflammatory cytokines were measured in brain tissue. Furthermore, the gene expression patterns of GFAP, APP, vimentin, TGF-β1, Smad2 and Bax were measured. Histopathological changes and immunohistochemical expression in the peripheral sciatic nerve and cerebral cortex were evaluated. A total of 91 compounds of different chemo-types were detected and identified in WSLE in both ionization modes. Our data showed behavioral impairment in the PEN-treated group, with significant elevation of oxidative stress biomarkers, proinflammatory cytokines, neuronal damage, and apoptosis. In contrast, the PEN-treated group with WSLE NE showed marked improvement in behavioral performance and histopathological alteration with a significant increase in antioxidant enzyme activity and anti-inflammatory cytokines compared to the group administered WSLE alone. The PEN-treated group with WSLE NE in turn significantly downregulated the expression levels of GFAP, APP, vimentin, TGF-β1, Smad2 and Bax in brain tissue. In conclusion, WSLE NE markedly enhanced the permeability of plant extract constituents through the blood brain barrier to boost its neuroprotective effect against PEN-induced neurotoxicity.

Antidiabetic Potential of Tea and Its Active Compounds: From Molecular Mechanism to Clinical Evidence

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic endocrine disorder that poses a long-term risk to human health accompanied by serious complications. Common antidiabetic drugs are usually accompanied by side effects such as hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. There is an urgent need for natural dietary alternatives for diabetic treatment. Tea (Camellia sinensis) consumption has been widely investigated to lower the risk of diabetes and its complications through restoring glucose metabolism homeostasis, safeguarding pancreatic β-cells, ameliorating insulin resistance, ameliorating oxidative stresses, inhibiting inflammatory response, and regulating intestinal microbiota. It is indispensable to develop effective strategies to improve the absorption of tea active compounds and exert combinational effects with other natural compounds to broaden its hypoglycemic potential. The advances in clinical trials and population-based investigations are also discussed. This review primarily delves into the antidiabetic potential and underlying mechanisms of tea active compounds, providing a theoretical basis for the practical application of tea and its active compounds against diabetes.

Sestrin2 levels in patients with anxiety and depression myocardial infarction was up-regulated and suppressed inflammation and ferroptosis by LKB1-mediated AMPK activation

Although great progress has been made in the diagnosis and treatment of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in recent years, its morbidity and mortality are still relatively high. In this study, we explain that the function of Sestrin2 gene in Anxiety and Depression Myocardial infarction and its possible mechanism. 26 patients with Anxiety and Depression Myocardial infarction (ADMI) and 26 normal volunteers were collected from our hospital. All mice anaesthetized using 50 mg/kg of pentobarbital sodium and the left anterior descending arteries (LAD) were ligated to induce myocardial infarction. H9c2 cells were stimulated with 5% oxygen (O2) and 5% carbon dioxide (CO2) and 90% N2 for 24 h. The serum expression of Sestrin2 in patients with ADMI was up-regulated. Sestrin2 gene up-regulation reduced collagen I/II and KEAP1 mRNA expressions, and increased GPX4 and Nrf2 mRNA expressions in vitro model of AMI. Down-regulation of Sestrin2 increased collagen I/II and KEAP1 mRNA expressions, and decreased GPX4 and Nrf2 mRNA expressions in vitro model of AMI. These data confirmed that Sestrin2 reduced inflammation and ferroptosis in model of ADMI by LKB1-mediated AMPK activation. This infers that Sestrin2 is potential target to be used in the treatment of premature AMI.

Epigallocatechin gallate prevents cardiomyocytes from pyroptosis through lncRNA MEG3/TAF15/AIM2 axis in myocardial infarction

BACKGROUND

( -)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a bioactive polyphenol isolated from green tea, has recently garnered attention for its potential protective role against acute myocardial infarction (MI) via inhibiting inflammation. Herein, we tested whether EGCG participates in modulating cardiac ischemia reperfusion-induced injury and elucidate its potential mechanisms.

METHODS

To induce MI in mice, we employed coronary artery ligation, while cell models utilized oxygen glucose deprivation/re-oxygenation (OGD/R)-treated HL-1 cells. TTC, HE and Massion staining evaluated the pathological changes of heart tissues. Besides, RNA-pull down and RIP assays analyzed the interactions of MEG3/TAF15 and AIM2 mRNA/TAF15. FISH associated with immunofiuorescence (IF) double staining was conducted to measure the co-localization of MEG3 and TAF15.

RESULTS

In vitro and in vivo evidence supported that EGCG treatment improved cardiomyocytes viability while inhibiting the expressions of AIM2, C-caspase-1, ASC, GSDMD-N, IL-18 and IL-1β. Knockdown of MEG3 intensified EGCG's therapeutic effects both in vitro and in vivo. LncRNA MEG3 and AIM2 mRNA interacted with TAF15, and MEG3, in turn, promoted the stability of AIM2 mRNA through regulating TAF15. Overexpression of TAF15 reversed the promoting effect of EGCG and MEG3 knockdown on cell viability, and the inhibiting effect on cell pyroptosis.

CONCLUSION

EGCG protected cardiomyocytes from pyroptosis by the MEG3/TAF15/AIM2 axis, indicating EGCG as a potential novel therapeutic strategy for managing MI.

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) and its phytochemicals as anxiolytic; an underreported effect with therapeutic potential: A systematic review

Anxiety is a mental disorder characterized by excessive concern about possible future threats that, if prolonged, becomes a pathology that must be controlled through psychotherapy and medication. Currently, the pharmacological treatment for anxiety involves the use of antidepressants and benzodiazepines; however, these treatments often come with adverse effects. Thus, there is a need to seek natural compounds that can help alleviate anxiety and reduce these side effects. On the other hand, pomegranate (PG) fruit is known to have important health benefits, which have been compiled in several reviews. However, its anxiolytic effect has not been thoroughly studied, and clinical research on this topic is lacking. The aim of this work was to conduct a systematic review of studies exploring the anxiolytic-like effect of PG and its phytochemicals. Databases such as Pubmed, ScienceDirect, Springer link, Google scholar, Worldwide science, and Web of science were searched for articles using predetermined terms. Inclusion criteria were established, and original articles that met these criteria were selected. The data collected included information on PG part and variety, species, sample size, anxiety model, dose, route and time of administration, reference drug, main results, and the mechanisms of action. Fifty-nine studies were found that reported the anxiolytic-like effect of PG and its phytochemicals such as anthocyanins, flavonoids, tannins, organic acids, and xanthonoids. The literature suggests that the mechanisms of action behind this effect involved the inhibition of the GABAergic receptor, NMDA, CaMKII/CREB pathway; the reduction of oxidative stress, inhibiting TLR4 and nNOS; modulation of cytokines and the expression of NFkB, GAD67, and iNOS, as well as the activation of Nrf2 and AMPK. PG and some of its phytochemicals could be considered as a novel alternative for the treatment of pathological anxiety. This review is the first to document the anxiolytic-like effect of PG.

Long-Term Consumption of Green Tea Can Reduce the Degree of Depression in Postmenopausal Women by Increasing Estradiol

Postmenopausal women face a higher risk of depression due to a combination of social and physiological factors. As a beverage rich in a variety of bioactive substances, green tea has significant effects on metabolism, inflammation and endocrine, and may reduce the risk of depression, but few studies have looked at the effects of green tea on postmenopausal women. Therefore, we designed this study to investigate the effects of long-term green tea consumption on inflammation, endocrine and depression levels in postmenopausal women. We investigated a tea-producing village and eventually included 386 postmenopausal women, both in the tea drinking and control groups. The results showed that there were significant differences in the degree of insomnia, degree of depression, BMI, SII and estradiol between the two groups. And, green tea consumption may reduce the risk of depression through the mediating pathway of sleep, SII and estradiol. In summary, long-term green tea consumption can reduce the risk of depression in postmenopausal women by reducing inflammation and increasing estradiol. This kind of living habit deserves further promotion.

Efficacy and safety of non-pharmacological therapy under the guidance of TCM theory in the treatment of anxiety in patients with myocardial infarction: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

With the increasing pressures of modern life and work, combined with a growing older population, the incidence of comorbid anxiety and myocardial infarction (MI) is increasing. Anxiety increases the risk of adverse cardiovascular events in patients with MI and significantly affects their quality of life. However, there is an ongoing controversy regarding the pharmacological treatment of anxiety in patients with MI. The concomitant use of commonly prescribed selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and antiplatelet medications such as aspirin and clopidogrel may increase the risk of bleeding. Conventional exercise-based rehabilitation therapies have shown limited success in alleviating anxiety symptoms. Fortunately, non-pharmacological therapies based on traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) theory, such as acupuncture, massage, and qigong, have demonstrated promising efficacy in treating MI and comorbid anxiety. These therapies have been widely used in community and tertiary hospital settings in China to provide new treatment options for patients with anxiety and MI. However, current studies on non-pharmacological TCM-based therapies have predominantly featured small sample sizes. This study aims to comprehensively analyze and explore the effectiveness and safety of these therapies in treating anxiety in patients with MI.

METHOD

We will systematically search six English and four Chinese databases by employing a pre-defined search strategy and adhering to the unique rules and regulations of each database to identify studies that fulfilled our inclusion criteria, to qualify for inclusion, patients must be diagnosed with both MI and anxiety, and they must have undergone non-pharmacological TCM therapies, such as acupuncture, massage, or qigong, whereas the control group received standard treatments. The primary outcome measure will be alterations in anxiety scores, as assessed using anxiety scales, with secondary outcomes encompassing the evaluations of cardiopulmonary function and quality of life. We will utilize RevMan 5.3 to conduct a meta-analysis of the collected data, and subgroup analyses will be executed based on distinct types of non-pharmacological TCM therapies and outcome measures.

RESULTS

A narrative summary and quantitative analysis of the existing evidence on the treatment of anxiety patients with MI using non-pharmacological therapies guided by Traditional Chinese Medicine theory.

CONCLUSION

This systematic review will investigate whether non-pharmacological interventions guided by TCM theory are effective and safe for anxiety in patients with MI, and provide evidence-based support for their clinical application.

SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION

PROSPERO CRD42022378391.

Effects of green tea extract epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on orthodontic tooth movement and root resorption in rats

OBJECTIVE

To study the effect of EGCG on tooth movement and root resorption during orthodontic treatment in rats.

METHODS

A total of thirty six male Wistar rats were randomly and equally divided into three groups: control, 50 mg/kg EGCG, and 100 mg/kg EGCG. During the experiment, the subjects were submitted to an orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) model, rats in the experimental groups were given the corresponding dose of EGCG, while rats in the control group were administrated with an equal volume of normal saline solution by gavage. After 14 days of OTM, the rats were sacrificed by transcardial perfusion. Micro-CT of rat maxillaes was taken to analyze OTM distance and root resorption. The maxillary samples were prepared as histological sections for H&E staining, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining to be observed and analyzed.

RESULTS

The OTM distance and root resorption of rats in the dosed group decreased, and the number of TRAP positive cells in their periodontium decreased significantly. The expression level of RANKL was decreased in the EGCG group compared to the control group, while that of OPG, OCN and Runx2 was increased. Effects were more pronounced in 100 mg/kg group than in 50 mg/kg group.

CONCLUSION

EGCG reduces OTM and orthodontic induced root resorption (OIRR) in rats, and is able to attenuate osteoclastogenesis on the pressure side and promote osteogenesis on the tension side.

Considerations for Optimizing Warfighter Psychological Health with a Research-Based Flavonoid Approach: A Review

Optimal nutrition is imperative for psychological health. Oxidative stress and inflammation are underlying etiologies for alterations in psychological health. Warfighters are at risk of health concerns such as depression due to increased stress in austere environments and family separation while deployed. Over the last decade, research has demonstrated the health benefits of flavonoids found in fruits and berries. Berry flavonoids have potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammation. In this review, the promising effects of various berries rich in bioactive flavonoids are examined. By inhibiting oxidative stress, berry flavonoids have the potential to modulate brain, cardiovascular, and intestinal health. There is a critical need for targeted interventions to address psychological health concerns within the warfighter population, and a berry flavonoid-rich diet and/or berry flavonoid dietary supplement intervention may prove beneficial as an adjunctive therapy. Structured searches of the literature were performed in the PubMed, CINAHL, and EMBASE databases using predetermined keywords. This review focuses on berry flavonoids' critical and fundamental bioactive properties and their potential effects on psychological health in investigations utilizing cell, animal, and human model systems.

CB2R activation ameliorates late adolescent chronic alcohol exposure-induced anxiety-like behaviors during withdrawal by preventing morphological changes and suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome activation in prefrontal cortex microglia in mice

BACKGROUND

Chronic alcohol exposure (CAE) during late adolescence increases the risk of anxiety development. Alcohol-induced prefrontal cortex (PFC) microglial activation, characterized by morphological changes and increased associations with neurons, plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of anxiety. Alcohol exposure increases NLRP3 inflammasome expression, increasing cytokine secretion by activated microglia. Cannabinoid type 2 receptor (CB2R), an essential receptor of the endocannabinoid system, regulates microglial activation and neuroinflammatory reactions. We aimed to investigate the role of CB2R activation in ameliorating late adolescent CAE-induced anxiety-like behaviors and microglial activation in C57BL/6J mice.

METHODS

Six-week-old C57BL/6J mice were acclimated for 7 days and then were administered alcohol by gavage (4 g/kg, 25 % w/v) for 28 days. The mice were intraperitoneally injected with the specific CB2R agonist AM1241 1 h before alcohol treatment. Anxiety-like behaviors during withdrawal were assessed by open field test and elevated plus maze test 24 h after the last alcohol administration. Microglial activation, microglia-neuron interactions, and CB2R and NLRP3 inflammasome-related molecule expression in the PFC were measured using immunofluorescence, immunohistochemical, qPCR, and Western blotting assays. Microglial morphology was evaluated by Sholl analysis and the cell body-to-total cell size index. Additionally, N9 microglia were activated by LPS in vitro, and the effects of AM1241 on NLRP3 and N9 microglial activation were investigated.

RESULTS

After CAE, mice exhibited severe anxiety-like behaviors during withdrawal. CAE induced obvious microglia-neuron associations, and increased expression of microglial activation markers, CB2R, and NLRP3 inflammasome-related molecules in the PFC. Microglia also showed marked filament retraction and reduction and cell body enlargement after CAE. AM1241 treatment ameliorated anxiety-like behaviors in CAE model mice, and it prevented microglial morphological changes, reduced microglial activation marker expression, and suppressed the microglial NLRP3 inflammasome activation and proinflammatory cytokine secretion induced by CAE. AM1241 suppressed the LPS-induced increase in NLRP3 inflammasome-related molecules, IL-1β release, and M1 phenotype markers (iNOS and CD86) in N9 cell, which was reversed by CB2R antagonist treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

CAE caused anxiety-like behaviors in late adolescent mice at least partly by inducing microglial activation and increasing microglia-neuron associations in the PFC. CB2R activation ameliorated these effects by preventing morphological changes and suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome activation in PFC microglia.

Long-Term Supplementation of Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels Concentrate Alleviates Age-Related Cognitive Deficit and Oxidative Damage: A Comparative Study of Young vs. Old Mice

The Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels is reported to have medicinal properties, but its benefits on age-related neurological changes have not been previously explored. In the current study, after phytochemical analysis of the pulp of Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels fruit (Sy. cmi), young BALB/c mice have been supplemented with its 5, 15, and 30% dilution for 16 months, followed by behavioral experimentation and biochemical evaluation of isolated brains. The Sy. cmi has been found enriched with phenols/flavonoids while the occurrence of nine phytocompounds has been identified through GC-MS analysis. Further, Sy. cmi supplementation has caused significant (p < 0.05) protection from anxiety-like behavior in aged mice, and they have explored open, illuminated, and exposed areas of open field, light/dark, and an elevated plus maze, respectively. Furthermore, these animals have shown improved cognitive abilities as their percent (%) spontaneous alteration and novelty preference are significantly greater in T-maze and Y-maze and familiarity/novelty recognition tests. Further, Sy. cmi-supplemented mice remember the aversive stimuli zone and escape box location in passive avoidance and Barnes maze tests, and their brains have low levels of malondialdehyde and acetylcholinesterase with elevated antioxidant enzymes. The outcomes have provided scientific insight into the beneficial effects of Sy. cmi on age-associated amnesia that might be attributed to antioxidant and anticholinergic effects exerted by phytocompounds (caryophyllene, humulene, β-Farnesene, and phytol) owned by Syzygium cumini.

Epigallocatechin-3-gallate alleviates gestational stress-induced postpartum anxiety and depression-like behaviors in mice by downregulating semaphorin3A and promoting GSK3β phosphorylation in the hippocampus

Introduction

Postpartum depression (PPD) is a common neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by depression and comorbid anxiety during the postpartum period. PPD is difficult to treat because of its elusive mechanisms. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a component of tea polyphenols, is reported to exert neuroprotective effects in emotional disorders by reducing inflammation and apoptosis. However, the effect of EGCG on PPD and the underlying mechanism are unknown.

Methods

We used a mouse model of PPD established by exposing pregnant mice to gestational stress. Open field, forced swimming and tail suspension tests were performed to investigate the anxiety and depression-like behaviors. Immunohistochemical staining was used to measure the c-fos positive cells. The transcriptional levels of hippocampal semaphorin3A(sema3A), (glycogen synthase kinase 3-beta)GSK3β and collapsin response mediator protein 2(CRMP2) were assessed by RT-PCR. Alterations in protein expression of Sema3A, GSK3β, p-GSK3β, CRMP2 and p-CRMP2 were quantified by western blotting. EGCG was administrated to analyze its effect on PPD mice.

Results

Gestational stress induced anxiety and depression-like behaviors during the postpartum period, increasing Sema3A expression while decreasing that of phosphorylated GSK3β as well as c-Fos in the hippocampus. These effects were reversed by systemic administration of EGCG.

Conclusions

Thus, EGCG may alleviate anxiety and depression-like behaviors in mice by downregulating Sema3A and increasing GSK3β phosphorylation in the hippocampus, and has potential application in the treatment of PPD.

Vitiligo and Mental Health: Natural Compounds' Usefulness

Vitiligo is an autoimmune dermatosis frequently associated with other comorbidities, such as mental health disorders. It is unclear if vitiligo triggers mental disorders or if mental disorders trigger vitiligo, but each one affects and worsen the other, if present at the same time. Both mental health disorders and vitiligo present a multifactorial pathogenesis and often require prolonged periods of therapy, sometimes with poor results. Given the possible link of common pathogenetic factors and the need of integrated therapies, the aim of this review is to look at natural compounds as possible supplements for both conditions. The results yielded show a possible role of these supplements in ameliorating both conditions, thus helping these patients to achieve a better quality of life and reduce the need for prolonged therapies. The limitations regarding the relative lack of in vivo studies, and the increasing need to lighten the burden of these chronic diseases, suggests that it is mandatory to proceed with further trials.

Therapeutic Effects of Green Tea Polyphenol (‒)-Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate (EGCG) in Relation to Molecular Pathways Controlling Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Apoptosis

(‒)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is the most abundant polyphenol in green tea. Thanks to multiple interactions with cell surface receptors, intracellular signaling pathways, and nuclear transcription factors, EGCG possesses a wide variety of anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antifibrotic, anti-remodelation, and tissue-protective properties which may be useful in the treatment of various diseases, particularly in cancer, and neurological, cardiovascular, respiratory, and metabolic disorders. This article reviews current information on the biological effects of EGCG in the above-mentioned disorders in relation to molecular pathways controlling inflammation, oxidative stress, and cell apoptosis.

Sevoflurane induces microRNA-18a to delay rat neurodevelopment via suppression of the RUNX1/Wnt/β-catenin axis

Sevoflurane anesthesia is reported to repress neurogenesis of neural stem cells (NSCs), thereby affecting the brain development, but the underlying mechanism of sevoflurane on the proliferation of NSCs remains unclear. Thus, this study aims to discern the relationship between sevoflurane and NSC proliferation. Bioinformatics tools were employed to predict the expression of microRNA-18a (miR-18a) in 9-day-old neonatal rat hippocampal tissues after sevoflurane treatment and the downstream genes of miR-18a, followed by a series of assays to explore the relationship among miR-18a, runt related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1), and β-catenin in the hippocampal tissues. NSCs were isolated from the hippocampal tissues and subjected to gain-/loss-of-function assays to investigate the interactions among miR-18a, RUNX1, and β-catenin in NSCs and their roles in NSC development. Bioinformatics analysis and experimental results confirmed high expression of miR-18a in rat hippocampal tissues and NSCs after sevoflurane treatment. Next, we found that miR-18a downregulated RUNX1 expression, while RUNX1 promoted NSC proliferation by activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. The behavioral experiments also showed that sevoflurane caused nerve injury in rats, whilst RUNX1 overexpression protected rat neurodevelopment. Our findings uncovered that sevoflurane attenuated NSC proliferation via the miR-18a-meidated RUNX1/Wnt/β-catenin pathway, thereby impairing rat neurodevelopment.

Chaihujialonggumulitang shows psycho-cardiology therapeutic effect on acute myocardial infarction with comorbid anxiety by the activation of Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and suppression of oxidative stress and apoptosis

BACKGROUND

Anxiety is a common comorbidity of cardiovascular diseases, which deteriorated cardiac function. Chaihujialonggumulitang (BFG) was reported to have antioxidant properties, alleviate myocardial ischemia injury and improve anxiety-like behavior. The Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) /heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) pathway is the main mechanism to defend against oxidative stress, and improve cardiac function. This study was to investigate the possible mechanism of BFG in the treatment of psycho-cardiology.

METHODS

AMI with comorbid anxiety rat model was established by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery combined with uncertain empty bottle stimulation, followed by the administration of BFG (1 mL/100 g/d by gavage) or Dimethyl fumarate (DMF, 10 mg/kg/d by intraperitoneal injection) for 6 days. Echocardiography, myocardial injury markers, H&E, and Masson staining were employed to evaluate cardiac function. Behavioral tests and hippocampus neurotransmitters were applied to record anxiety-like behavior. We employed immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR, western blotting, and biochemical analysis to detect the protein and gene expression of Nrf2/HO-1 pathway-related factors, and oxidative stress and apoptosis parameters.

RESULTS

Rats in the AMI and complex groups showed cardiac function deterioration, as well as anxiety-like behavior. BFG improved echocardiography indicators, reduced myocardial injury markers, and attenuated myocardial pathological changes. BFG also ameliorated anxiety-like behaviors and elevated neurotransmitters levels. BFG promoted the activation of Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, increased antioxidant enzyme activities, reduced lipid peroxidation levels, and alleviated oxidative damage and apoptosis. DMF showed therapeutic effects and molecular mechanisms similar to BFG.

CONCLUSION

BFG may possess a psycho-cardiology therapeutic effect on AMI with comorbid anxiety by the activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and suppression of oxidative stress and apoptosis.

Effect of Epigallocatechin-3-gallate on Stress-Induced Depression in a Mouse Model: Role of Interleukin-1β and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor

Epigallocatechin 3-gallate (EGCG) is a natural polyphenolic antioxidant in green tea leaves with well-known health-promoting properties. However, the influence of EGCG on a chronic animal model of depression remains to be fully investigated, and the details of the molecular and cellular changes are still unclear. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the antidepressant effect of EGCG in mice subjected to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS). After eight consecutive weeks of CUMS, the mice were treated with EGCG (200 mg/kg b.w.) by oral gavage for two weeks. A forced swimming test (FST) was used to assess depressive symptoms. EGCG administration significantly alleviated CUMS-induced depression-like behavior in mice. EGCG also effectively decreased serum interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and increased the mRNA expression levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampal CA3 region of CUMS mice. Furthermore, electron microscopic examination of CA3 neurons in CUMS mice showed morphological features of apoptosis, loss or disruption of the myelin sheath, and degenerating synapses. These neuronal injuries were diminished with the administration of EGCG. The treatment effect of EGCG in CUMS-induced behavioral alterations was comparable with that of clomipramine hydrochloride (Anafranil), a tricyclic antidepressant drug. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that the antidepressive action of EGCG involves downregulation of serum IL-1β, upregulation of BDNF mRNA in the hippocampus, and reduction of CA3 neuronal lesions.

Cerebral derailment after myocardial infarct: mechanisms and effects of the signaling from the ischemic heart to brain

Myocardial infarction (MI) is the leading cause of death among ischemic heart diseases and is associated with several long-term cardiovascular complications, such as angina, re-infarction, arrhythmias, and heart failure. However, MI is frequently accompanied by non-cardiovascular multiple comorbidities, including brain disorders such as stroke, anxiety, depression, and cognitive impairment. Accumulating experimental and clinical evidence suggests a causal relationship between MI and stroke, but the precise underlying mechanisms have not yet been elucidated. Indeed, the risk of stroke remains a current challenge in patients with MI, in spite of the improvement of medical treatment among this patient population has reduced the risk of stroke. In this review, the effects of the signaling from the ischemic heart to the brain, such as neuroinflammation, neuronal apoptosis, and neurogenesis, and the possible actors mediating these effects, such as systemic inflammation, immunoresponse, extracellular vesicles, and microRNAs, are discussed.

Understanding the Complex Interactions between Coffee, Tea Intake and Neurologically Relevant Tissues Proteins in the Development of Anxiety and Depression

OBJECTIVES

Coffee and tea intake might be associated with psychiatry diseases. However, it is unclear whether the effect of coffee/tea on anxiety and depression depending on the different types of proteins.

DESIGN

This was a cross-sectional study.

SETTING

Our datasets were downloaded from online.

PARTICIPANTS

Phenotypic and genotypic data for coffee intake(N=376,196) and tea intake (N=376,078) were derived from UK Biobank. GWAS data of proteins (N=1,537) from neurologically relevant tissues (brain, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma) were obtained from a recently published study.

MEASUREMENTS

Multivariate linear analysis was then used to evaluate the potential interaction effect between coffee/tea intake and proteins polygenetic risk score (PRS) on the risks of anxiety and depression controlling for age, sex, Townsend deprivation index (TDI), smoke, drinking and education level.

RESULTS

34 coffee intake-proteins interactions and 15 tea intake-proteins interactions were observed in anxiety individuals, such as coffee intake-c-Jun interaction (β=0.0169, P=4.131×10-3), coffee intake-Fas interaction (β=-0.0190, P=8.132×10-4), tea intake-sL-Selectin interaction (β=0.0112, P=5.412×10-3) and tea intake-IL-1F6 (β=0.0083, P=4.471×10-2). 25 coffee intake-proteins and 14 tea intake-proteins interactions were observed in depression individuals, including coffee intake- IL-1 sRI (β=0.0171, P=4.888×10-3) and coffee intake-NXPH1 interaction (β=0.0156, P=9.819×10-3), tea intake-COLEC12 interaction (β=0.0127, P=3.280×10-3), and tea intake-Layilin interaction (β=0.0117, P=7.926×10-3).

CONCLUSIONS

Our results suggested the important role of multiple proteins in neurologically relevant tissues in the associations between coffee/tea intake and psychiatry diseases, providing entry points to explore the mechanisms underlying anxiety and depression.

Protective effect of green tea and epigallocatechin-3-gallate in a LPS-induced systemic inflammation model

Inflammation causes severe dysregulation of organ functions, via the development of oxidative stress and inflammation damage. Polyphenol compounds found in green tea (GTE), including the most important component epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), have a great therapeutic potential. Here, protective properties of GTE and EGCG against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation are explored. To this end, the effects of GTE and EGCG were studied on LPS challenged macrophages. Mice received GTE (250 mg/kg/d/p.o) or EGCG (25 mg/kg/d/i.p.) for 7 d, before the inflammation shock was provoked with a single intraperitoneal injection of LPS. The frequencies of lymphocytes CD4⁺, CD8⁺, NK1-1⁺ and CD4⁺CD25^highFOXP3⁺ (Treg), macrophages CD11b⁺F480⁺, monocytes CD11b⁺Ly6C^low/high, neutrophils CD11b⁺Ly6G⁺, MDSCs CD11b⁺Gr-1^high, M2/N2-like phenotype CD206⁺ and M1-like phenotype CD86⁺ in spleen, bone marrow and peripheral blood were determined. In vitro studies revealed that GTE and EGCG significantly attenuated LPS-induced CD80 expression and increased the CD163 expression, showing a potential to reduce the macrophage inflammatory phenotype. In vivo, GTE and EGCG inhibited the inflammation, mainly by reducing M1-macrophages and increasing Treg cells in the bone marrow. In addition, GTE and EGCG increase M2-macrophages, N2-neutrophils and Tregs in the spleen and blood and block the migration of monocytes from the bone marrow to the peripheral blood. These findings indicate that EGCG and GTE prevent LPS-induced inflammatory damage contributing to restoring the immune system homeostasis.

Jeopardy of COVID-19: Rechecking the Perks of Phytotherapeutic Interventions

The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), the reason for worldwide pandemic, has already masked around 220 countries globally. This disease is induced by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Arising environmental stress, increase in the oxidative stress level, weak immunity and lack of nutrition deteriorates the clinical status of the infected patients. Though several researches are at its peak for understanding and bringing forward effective therapeutics, yet there is no promising solution treating this disease directly. Medicinal plants and their active metabolites have always been promising in treating many clinical complications since time immemorial. Mother nature provides vivid chemical structures, which act multi-dimensionally all alone or synergistically in mitigating several diseases. Their unique antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity with least side effects have made them more effective candidate for pharmacological studies. These medicinal plants inhibit attachment, encapsulation and replication of COVID-19 viruses by targeting various signaling molecules such as angiotensin converting enzyme-2, transmembrane serine protease 2, spike glycoprotein, main protease etc. This property is re-examined and its potency is now used to improve the existing global health crisis. This review is an attempt to focus various antiviral activities of various noteworthy medicinal plants. Moreover, its implications as prophylactic or preventive in various secondary complications including neurological, cardiovascular, acute kidney disease, liver disease are also pinpointed in the present review. This knowledge will help emphasis on the therapeutic developments for this novel coronavirus where it can be used as alone or in combination with the repositioned drugs to combat COVID-19.

Electroacupuncture Pretreatment Prevents Cognitive Impairment Induced by Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion via Adenosine A1 Receptors in Rats

A previous study has demonstrated that pretreatment with electroacupuncture (EA) induces rapid tolerance to focal cerebral ischemia. In the present study, we investigated whether adenosine receptor 1 (A1 R) is involved in EA pretreatment-induced cognitive impairment after focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Two hours after EA pretreatment, focal cerebral ischemia was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion for 120 min in male Sprague-Dawley rats. The neurobehavioral score, cognitive function [as determined by the Morris water maze (MWM) test], neuronal number, and the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio was evaluated at 24 h after reperfusion in the presence or absence of CCPA (a selective A1 receptor agonist), DPCPX (a selective A1 receptor antagonist) into left lateral ventricle, or A1 short interfering RNA into the hippocampus area. The expression of the A1 receptor in the hippocampus was also investigated. The result showed that EA pretreatment upregulated the neuronal expression of the A1 receptor in the rat hippocampus at 90 min. And EA pretreatment reversed cognitive impairment, improved neurological outcome, and inhibited apoptosis at 24 h after reperfusion. Pretreatment with CCPA could imitate the beneficial effects of EA pretreatment. But the EA pretreatment effects were abolished by DPCPX. Furthermore, A1 receptor protein was reduced by A1 short interfering RNA which attenuated EA pretreatment-induced cognitive impairment.

Astragaloside IV prevents acute myocardial infarction by inhibiting the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway

Although astragaloside IV protects from acute myocardial infarction (AMI)-induced chronic heart failure (CHF), the underlying mechanism of action is unclear. We determined the potential therapeutic effect of astragaloside IV using molecular docking approaches and validated the findings by the ligation of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery-induced AMI rat model. The interaction between astragaloside IV and myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) was evaluated by SwissDock. To explore the mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of astragaloside IV in the LAD coronary artery ligation-induced AMI model, we administered the rats with astragaloside IV for 4 weeks. Hemodynamic indexes were used to evaluate the degree of myocardial injury in model rats. The histopathological changes in myocardium were detected by hematoxylin & eosin (H&E) staining and Masson's staining. Myocardium homogenate contents of collagen I and collagen III were evaluated by ELISA. The level of myocardial hydroxyproline (HYP) was determined by alkaline hydrolysis. Immunohistochemistry was used to examine collagen I. Western blotting was used to examine relevant proteins. As per the molecular docking study results, astragaloside IV may act on MyD88. Furthermore, astragaloside IV improved hemodynamic disorders, alleviated pathological changes, and reduced abnormal collagen deposition and myocardial HYP in vivo. Astragaloside IV significantly reduced the overexpression of TLR4, MyD88, NF-Κb, and TGF-β, which further validated the molecular docking findings. Hence, astragaloside IV ameliorates AMI by reducing inflammation and blocking TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling. These results indicate that astragaloside IV may alleviate AMI. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Astragaloside IV, a small active substance extracted from Astragalus membranaceus, has demonstrated potent protective effects against cardiovascular ischemia/reperfusion, diabetic nephropathy, and other diseases. Molecular docking experiments showed that astragaloside IV might act on the myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88). Astragaloside IV can effectively reduce the overexpression of TLR4, MyD88, and NF-κB p65, indicating that astragaloside IV inhibits inflammation via TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway. These results indicate that astragaloside IV may alleviate acute myocardial infarction.

The Role of Potassium Channels in Chronic Stress-Induced Brain Injury

Chronic stress-induced brain injury (CSBI) is the organic damage of brain tissue caused by long-term psychological and environmental stress. However, there is no effective drug for the treatment of CSBI. The present study aimed to investigate possible mechanisms of CSBI and to explore related therapeutic targets. A rat model of CSBI was established by combining chronic restraint and cold water immersion. Our CSBI model was validated via Nissl staining, Western blotting, and behavioral tests. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) within brain tissue during CSBI. Both Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Gene Ontology (GO) analyses were performed to determine signaling pathways associated with CSBI-induced DEGs. Agonists/antagonists were used to validate the pharmacodynamics of potential therapeutic targets. A combination of chronic restraint and cold water immersion successfully induced a rat model of CSBI, as indicated by various markers of brain injury and cell apoptosis that were verified via Nissl staining, Western blotting, and behavioral tests. RNA-seq analysis identified 1131 DEGs in CSBI rats. Of these DEGs, 553 genes were up-regulated and 778 genes were down-regulated. GO and KEGG pathway analyses revealed that significant DEGs were predominantly related to membrane-bound ion channels, among which the potassium channel function was found to be significantly affected. Pharmacological experiments revealed that retigabine, a voltage-gated potassium channel opener, demonstrated a protective effect in CSBI rats. Taken together, our findings suggest that potassium channel function is disrupted in CSBI, and that potassium channel regulators may function as anti-CSBI drugs.

Grewia asiatica Berry Juice Diminishes Anxiety, Depression, and Scopolamine-Induced Learning and Memory Impairment in Behavioral Experimental Animal Models

Grewia asiatica L. fruit natively called phalsa is a popular berry of Pakistan and widely consumed in the form of fresh juices and carbonated drinks in the summer season. The berry is enriched with antioxidants such as phenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and vitamin C. Scientifically, it is the least explored berry in terms of neuromodulatory activities, and therefore, in the designed study, chronically fed rats with the different dilutions (5%-30%) of fruit juice were subjected to behavioral assessment for anxiety, depression, and cognition (spatial memory) followed by biochemical analysis of isolated brains. Results revealed a prominent impact of 20 and 30% dilutions of fruit exudate as treated animals showed anxiolytic behavior to central zone (P < 0.05) of open field test (OFT) and open arms of elevated plus maze (EPM) (P < 0.05) in anxiety models. Overall, immobility of rats treated with a higher concentration of exudate in forced swim test (FST) was reduced (P < 0.05) presenting antidepressant-like activity. Moreover, in learning and memory experimental models, the treated animals reversed scopolamine-induced amnesic effects as evident from improved step-through latencies (P < 0.05 vs. scopolamine; passive avoidance test), spontaneous alternation behavior (P < 0.05 vs. scopolamine; Y-maze test), discrimination index (P < 0.05 vs. scopolamine; novel object recognition test), and escape latencies (P < 0.05 vs. scopolamine; Morris water maze). Biochemical studies of isolated brains from treated rats demonstrated significantly elevated levels of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase (P < 0.05), whereas levels of acetylcholinesterase and malondialdehyde level (P < 0.05) were reduced, indicating its potential to reduce oxidative damage in the brain and modulation with the cholinergic system. The outcomes of studies support the benefits of phytoconstituents possessed by G. asiatica fruit in the amelioration of neurological disorders that could be due to their antioxidative capacity or due to interaction with GABAergic, serotonergic, and cholinergic systems in the brain.

Dietary Flavonoids in p53-Mediated Immune Dysfunctions Linking to Cancer Prevention

The p53 protein plays a central role in mediating immune functioning and determines the fate of the cells. Its role as a tumor suppressor, and in transcriptional regulation and cytokine activity under stress conditions, is well defined. The wild type (WT) p53 functions as a guardian for the genome, while the mutant p53 has oncogenic roles. One of the ways that p53 combats carcinogenesis is by reducing inflammation. WT p53 functions as an anti-inflammatory molecule via cross-talk activity with multiple immunological pathways, such as the major histocompatibility complex I (MHCI) associated pathway, toll-like receptors (TLRs), and immune checkpoints. Due to the multifarious roles of p53 in cancer, it is a potent target for cancer immunotherapy. Plant flavonoids have been gaining recognition over the last two decades to use as a potential therapeutic regimen in ameliorating diseases. Recent studies have shown the ability of flavonoids to suppress chronic inflammation, specifically by modulating p53 responses. Further, the anti-oxidant Keap1/Nrf2/ARE pathway could play a crucial role in mitigating oxidative stress, leading to a reduction of chronic inflammation linked to the prevention of cancer. This review aims to discuss the pharmacological properties of plant flavonoids in response to various oxidative stresses and immune dysfunctions and analyzes the cross-talk between flavonoid-rich dietary intake for potential disease prevention.

Protective effect of epigallocatechin-3-gallate against neuroinflammation and anxiety-like behavior in a rat model of myocardial infarction

OBJECTIVE

Individuals who experience myocardial infarction (MI) often experience anxiety. Green tea has potent antioxidative properties and, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), which is a primary component of tea polyphenols, has advantageous effects on anxiety and depression. However, its mechanism of action regarding the inhibition of anxiety-like symptoms after MI remains unclear. This study examined whether EGCG alleviated anxiety-like behavior in MI rats and its possible mechanism.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Rats were administered a daily gavage of EGCG (50 mg/kg) 7 days before and 14 consecutive days after the MI procedure. The open-field test and light/dark shuttle box were performed to evaluate anxiety-like behavior. Serum and hippocampus interleukin (IL)-6 levels were tested using ELISA. Caspase 3, caspase 8, caspase 9 and bcl-2 messenger RNA levels in the hippocampus were determined using quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and STAT3 protein was detected by Western blot.

RESULTS

Results of the open field test and light/dark shuttle box task demonstrated that the MI procedure induced anxiety-like behavior in the animals, and this impairment was improved by EGCG. Daily EGCG administration significantly decreased the level of IL-6 both in serum and hippocampus after MI. The administration of EGCG also significantly moderated the expression of caspases 3, 8, and 9 mRNA, which was related to apoptosis in the hippocampus. Furthermore, EGCG also downregulated the expression of STAT3, which was related to the activity of IL-6. These results suggest that EGCG alleviated anxiety-like behavior by inhibiting increases in neuroinflammation and apoptosis in the rat hippocampus. In addition, EGCG reversed alterations of IL-6 and STAT3 in the brain to alleviate apoptosis in the hippocampus.

CONCLUSIONS

Thus, EGCG reversed anxiety-like behavior through an anti-inflammation effect to alleviate apoptosis in neurons and may be a useful therapeutic material for anxiety-like behavior after MI.