MicroRNA-345-5p regulates depression by targeting suppressor of cytokine signaling 1

miRNAs in treatment-resistant depression: a systematic review

BACKGROUND

Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) is a condition in a subset of depressed patients characterized by resistance to antidepressant medications. The global prevalence of TRD has been steadily increasing, yet significant advancements in its diagnosis and treatment remain elusive despite extensive research efforts. The precise underlying pathogenic mechanisms are still not fully understood. Epigenetic mechanisms play a vital role in a wide range of diseases. In recent years, investigators have increasingly focused on the regulatory roles of miRNAs in the onset and progression of TRD. miRNAs are a class of noncoding RNA molecules that regulate the translation and degradation of their target mRNAs via interaction, making the exploration of their functions in TRD essential for elucidating their pathogenic mechanisms.

METHODS AND RESULTS

A systematic search was conducted in four databases, namely PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Embase, focusing on studies related to treatment-resistant depression and miRNAs. The search was performed using terms individually or in combination, such as "treatment-resistant depression," "medication-resistant depression," and "miRNAs." The selected articles were reviewed and collated, covering the time period from the inception of each database to the end of February 2024. We found that miRNAs play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of TRD through three main aspects: 1) involvement in miRNA-mediated inflammatory responses (including miR-155, miR-345-5p, miR-146a, and miR-146a-5p); 2) influence on 5-HT transport processes (including miR-674,miR-708, and miR-133a); and 3) regulation of synaptic plasticity (including has-miR-335-5p,has-miR- 1292-3p, let-7b, and let-7c). Investigating the differential expression and interactions of these miRNAs could contribute to a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying TRD.

CONCLUSIONS

miRNAs might play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of TRD. Gaining a deeper understanding of the roles and interrelations of miRNAs in TRD will contribute to elucidating disease pathogenesis and potentially provide avenues for the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

FUS Alters circRNA Metabolism in Human Motor Neurons Carrying the ALS-Linked P525L Mutation

Deregulation of RNA metabolism has emerged as one of the key events leading to the degeneration of motor neurons (MNs) in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) disease. Indeed, mutations on RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) or on proteins involved in aspects of RNA metabolism account for the majority of familiar forms of ALS. In particular, the impact of the ALS-linked mutations of the RBP FUS on many aspects of RNA-related processes has been vastly investigated. FUS plays a pivotal role in splicing regulation and its mutations severely alter the exon composition of transcripts coding for proteins involved in neurogenesis, axon guidance, and synaptic activity. In this study, by using in vitro-derived human MNs, we investigate the effect of the P525L FUS mutation on non-canonical splicing events that leads to the formation of circular RNAs (circRNAs). We observed altered levels of circRNAs in FUS^P525L MNs and a preferential binding of the mutant protein to introns flanking downregulated circRNAs and containing inverted Alu repeats. For a subset of circRNAs, FUS^P525L also impacts their nuclear/cytoplasmic partitioning, confirming its involvement in different processes of RNA metabolism. Finally, we assess the potential of cytoplasmic circRNAs to act as miRNA sponges, with possible implications in ALS pathogenesis.

LMCD1 antisense RNA 1 is a newly identified long noncoding RNA

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are one of the interesting fields in cancer researches. LncRNAs are generally dysregulated in many diseases. LMCD1 antisense RNA 1 (LMCD1-AS1) is a newly identified lncRNA with protumorigenic functions on tumor cells. LMCD1-AS1 expression is increased in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). LMCD1-AS1 is a sponge of miR-106b-5p activity. LMCD1-AS1 modulates the survival of osteosarcoma via targeting miR-106b-5p. LMCD1-AS1 and Sp1 are highly expressed in osteosarcoma. SP1 can bind to the promoter region of LMCD1-AS1, resulting in its overexpression in osteosarcoma. GLI2 is shown to bind to the LMCD1-AS1 promoter and is transcriptionally activated by LMCD1-AS1. LMCD1 acts as a miR-1287-5p sponge to increase GLI2 expression. LMCD1 is abundantly expressed in kidney tissue. Moreover, it is functionally involved in protein-protein interactions with transcriptional co-repressor activity, including regulation of the calcineurin-NFAT signaling cascade known to play a critical role in recovery from acute kidney injury (AKI). The E2F1/LMCD1-AS1/miR-345-5p/COL6A3 axis is a newly identified regulatory mechanism, which has a function in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) tumorigenesis and progression and provides potential therapeutic targets for CCA. Also, LMCD1-AS1 functions in thyroid cancer (THCA) development. LMCD1-AS1 is overexpressed in THCA cells, and LMCD1-AS1 knockdown suppresses the malignant phenotypes of THCA cells. In THCA development, LMCD1-AS1 exerts protumorigenic function through sponging miR-1287-5p to increase GLI2 expression, constituting a feedback loop of LMCD1-AS1/miR-1287-5p/GLI2. In this review, the author focuses on the molecular mechanisms of newly identified long noncoding RNA LMCD1 antisense RNA 1 (LMCD1-AS1).

MiR-191-5p alleviates microglial cell injury by targeting Map3k12 (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 12) to inhibit the MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) signaling pathway in Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease. Multiple reports have elucidated that microRNAs are promising biomarkers for AD diagnosis and treatment. Herein, the effect of miR-191-5p on microglial cell injury and the underlying mechanism were explored. APP/PS1 transgenic mice were utilized to establish mouse model of AD. Amyloid-β protein 1-42 (Aβ1-42)-treated microglia were applied to establish in vitro cell model of AD. MiR-191-5p expression in hippocampus and microglia was measured by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The viability and apoptosis of microglia were evaluated by Cell Counting Kit-8 assays and flow cytometry analyses, respectively. The binding relationship between miR-191-5p and its downstream target mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 12 (Map3k12) was determined by luciferase reporter assays. Pathological degeneration of hippocampus was tested using hematoxylin-eosin staining and Nissl staining. Aβ expression in hippocampus was examined via immunohistochemistry. In this study, miR-191-5p was downregulated in Aβ1-42-stimulated microglia and hippocampal tissues of APP/PS1 mice. MiR-191-5p overexpression facilitated cell viability and inhibited apoptosis rate of Aβ1-42-treated microglia. Mechanically, miR-191-5p targeted Map3k12 3'-untranslated region to downregulate Map3k12 expression. MiR-191-5p inhibited Aβ1-42-induced microglial cell injury and inactivated the MAPK signaling by downregulating Map3k12. Overall, miR-191-5p alleviated Aβ1-42-induced microglia cell injury by targeting Map3k12 to inhibit the MAPK signaling pathway in microglia.

MicroRNA-345-5p regulates depression by targeting suppressor of cytokine signaling 1

BACKGROUND/AIMS

MicroRNA(miR)-345-5p plays a key role in various cellular functions. However, the function of miR-345-5p in resistant depression (TRD) is unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role and mechanism of miR-345-5p in the treatment of resistance depression (TRD).

METHODS

RT-qPCR was used to detect the expression of miR-345-5p in BV-2 microglia. CCK-8 method and flow cytometry were used for cell viability and apoptosis of microglia. Target gene prediction and screening, and luciferase reporter assays were used to verify the downstream target gene of miR-345-5p. Western blot was used to analyze the protein expression of related proteins.

RESULTS

miR-345-5p increased the cell viability of BV-2 microglia and the expression level of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In addition, the conditioned medium of microglia treated with miR-345-5p reduced the cell viability of HT22 hippocampal cells and caused S-phase arrest. The miR-345-5p-treated microglia induced apoptosis by regulating the expression levels of Bax, Bcl-2, pro-caspase-3, and cleaved caspase-3. Furthermore, SOCS1 was a direct target of miR-345-5p, and overexpression of SOCS1 was able to reverse the proapoptotic effect of miR-345-5p on activation of microglia on hippocampal neurons.

CONCLUSION

miR-345-5p induced inflammatory damage in hippocampal neurons by activating microglia. MiR-345-5p may be an effective target for TRD therapy.