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Zhu W, Wang K, Li C, Tian X, Wu X, Matkurban K, Xia LX. Neural correlates of individual differences in moral identity and its positive moral function. J Neuropsychol 2024. [PMID: 38738605 DOI: 10.1111/jnp.12371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Moral identity is an important moral variable which has positive moral functions, such as contributing to prosocial behaviours, reducing antisocial behaviours, and resisting the risk factors of antisocial behaviours. However, little is known about the neural correlates of moral identity and the neural basis of the effect of moral identity on the risk factors of antisocial behaviours, including moral disengagement. In this study, we explored these issues in 142 college students by estimating the regional homogeneity (ReHo) through resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The whole-brain correlation analyses found that higher internalized moral identity was correlated with higher ReHo in the precuneus. Furthermore, the ReHo in the precuneus was negatively correlated with moral disengagement, suggesting positive moral functions of the neural mechanisms of moral identity. These findings deepen our understanding of individual differences in moral identity and provide inspiration for the education of moral identity and the intervention for moral disengagement from the perspective of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Zhu
- Key Research Base of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Ministry of Education, Academy of Psychology and Behavior, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
- Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Social Science Laboratory of Students' Mental Development and Learning, Tianjin, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Key Research Base of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Ministry of Education, Academy of Psychology and Behavior, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
- Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Social Science Laboratory of Students' Mental Development and Learning, Tianjin, China
| | - Chenxing Li
- Key Research Base of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Ministry of Education, Academy of Psychology and Behavior, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
- Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Social Science Laboratory of Students' Mental Development and Learning, Tianjin, China
| | - Xue Tian
- Key Research Base of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Ministry of Education, Academy of Psychology and Behavior, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
- Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Social Science Laboratory of Students' Mental Development and Learning, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinyan Wu
- Key Research Base of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Ministry of Education, Academy of Psychology and Behavior, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
- Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Social Science Laboratory of Students' Mental Development and Learning, Tianjin, China
| | - Kalbinur Matkurban
- Key Research Base of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Ministry of Education, Academy of Psychology and Behavior, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
- Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Social Science Laboratory of Students' Mental Development and Learning, Tianjin, China
| | - Ling-Xiang Xia
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
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2
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Dadario NB, Sughrue ME. The functional role of the precuneus. Brain 2023; 146:3598-3607. [PMID: 37254740 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advancements in computational approaches and neuroimaging techniques have refined our understanding of the precuneus. While previously believed to be largely a visual processing region, the importance of the precuneus in complex cognitive functions has been previously less familiar due to a lack of focal lesions in this deeply seated region, but also a poor understanding of its true underlying anatomy. Fortunately, recent studies have revealed significant information on the structural and functional connectivity of this region, and this data has provided a more detailed mechanistic understanding of the importance of the precuneus in healthy and pathologic states. Through improved resting-state functional MRI analyses, it has become clear that the function of the precuneus can be better understood based on its functional association with large scale brain networks. Dual default mode network systems have been well explained in recent years in supporting episodic memory and theory of mind; however, a novel 'para-cingulate' network, which is a subnetwork of the larger central executive network, with likely significant roles in self-referential processes and related psychiatric symptoms is introduced here and requires further clarification. Importantly, detailed anatomic studies on the precuneus structural connectivity inside and beyond the cingulate cortex has demonstrated the presence of large structural white matter connections, which provide an additional layer of meaning to the structural-functional significance of this region and its association with large scale brain networks. Together, the structural-functional connectivity of the precuneus has provided central elements which can model various neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas B Dadario
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 07102, USA
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3
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Butterfield RD, Silk JS. The Role of Neural Self-Referential Processes Underlying Self-Concept in Adolescent Depression: A Comprehensive Review and Proposed Neurobehavioral Model. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 149:105183. [PMID: 37076056 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
There is growing knowledge about how self-concept develops in adolescence and contributes to the onset of depression, but researchers have only recently begun investigating the neural mechanisms that underlie self-referential cognition in adolescents with and without depression. This paper reviews task-related functional neuroimaging (fMRI) research on self-referential neural processing in both healthy and depressed adolescents (Mage range = 12-18 years), with a focus on elucidating brain activation that may subserve adolescent self-perception and related associations with depression. Drawing on conclusions from the affective neuroscience literature and developmental theory, we propose a neurobehavioral model and future research recommendations to address how social factors might shape self-referential neural processes and self-concept in ways that confer risk for depression. We review the operationalization of self-concept, developmental theory (i.e., symbolic interactionism) on self-concept development, and the role of self-concept in adolescent depression. We then review empirical studies assessing neural activation during healthy and depressed adolescents' processing of self-relevant information, and the limited studies assessing links between social factors and neural self-referential processing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer S Silk
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Psychology and Psychiatry
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4
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Butera C, Kaplan J, Kilroy E, Harrison L, Jayashankar A, Loureiro F, Aziz-Zadeh L. The relationship between alexithymia, interoception, and neural functional connectivity during facial expression processing in autism spectrum disorder. Neuropsychologia 2023; 180:108469. [PMID: 36610493 PMCID: PMC9898240 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Neural processing differences of emotional facial expressions, while common in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), may be related to co-occurring alexithymia and interoceptive processing differences rather than autism per se. Here, we investigate relationships between alexithymia, interoceptive awareness of emotions, and functional connectivity during observation of facial expressions in youth (aged 8-17) with ASD (n = 28) compared to typically developing peers (TD; n = 37). Behaviorally, we found no significant differences between ASD and TD groups in interoceptive awareness of emotions, though alexithymia severity was significantly higher in the ASD group. In the ASD group, increased alexithymia was significantly correlated with lower interoceptive sensation felt during emotion. Using psycho-physiological interaction (PPI) analysis, the ASD group showed higher functional connectivity between the left ventral anterior insula and the left lateral prefrontal cortex than the TD group when viewing facial expressions. Further, alexithymia was associated with reduced left anterior insula-right precuneus connectivity and reduced right dorsal anterior insula-left ventral anterior insula connectivity when viewing facial expressions. In the ASD group, the degree of interoceptive sensation felt during emotion was positively correlated with left ventral anterior insula-right IFG connectivity when viewing facial expressions. However, across all participants, neither alexithymia nor interoceptive awareness of emotions predicted connectivity between emotion-related brain regions when viewing emotional facial expressions. To summarize, we found that in ASD compared to TD: 1) there is stronger connectivity between the insula and lateral prefrontal cortex; and 2) differences in interhemispheric and within left hemisphere connectivity between the insula and other emotion-related brain regions are related to individual differences in interoceptive processing and alexithymia. These results highlight complex relationships between alexithymia, interoception, and brain processing in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiana Butera
- Brain & Creativity Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA; Division of Occupational Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Jonas Kaplan
- Brain & Creativity Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Emily Kilroy
- Brain & Creativity Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA; Division of Occupational Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Laura Harrison
- Brain & Creativity Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA; Division of Occupational Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Aditya Jayashankar
- Brain & Creativity Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA; Division of Occupational Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Fernanda Loureiro
- Brain & Creativity Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Lisa Aziz-Zadeh
- Brain & Creativity Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA; Division of Occupational Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
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Mosurinjohn S, Roseman L, Girn M. Psychedelic-induced mystical experiences: An interdisciplinary discussion and critique. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1077311. [PMID: 37181886 PMCID: PMC10171200 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1077311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Contemporary research on serotonergic psychedelic compounds has been rife with references to so-called 'mystical' subjective effects. Several psychometric assessments have been used to assess such effects, and clinical studies have found quantitative associations between 'mystical experiences' and positive mental health outcomes. The nascent study of psychedelic-induced mystical experiences, however, has only minimally intersected with relevant contemporary scholarship from disciplines within the social sciences and humanities, such as religious studies and anthropology. Viewed from the perspective of these disciplines-which feature rich historical and cultural literatures on mysticism, religion, and related topics-'mysticism' as used in psychedelic research is fraught with limitations and intrinsic biases that are seldom acknowledged. Most notably, existing operationalizations of mystical experiences in psychedelic science fail to historicize the concept and therefore fail to acknowledge its perennialist and specifically Christian bias. Here, we trace the historical genesis of the mystical in psychedelic research in order to illuminate such biases, and also offer suggestions toward more nuanced and culturally-sensitive operationalizations of this phenomenon. In addition, we argue for the value of, and outline, complementary 'non-mystical' approaches to understanding putative mystical-type phenomena that may help facilitate empirical investigation and create linkages to existing neuro-psychological constructs. It is our hope that the present paper helps build interdisciplinary bridges that motivate fruitful paths toward stronger theoretical and empirical approaches in the study of psychedelic-induced mystical experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharday Mosurinjohn
- School of Religion, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Sharday Mosurinjohn,
| | - Leor Roseman
- Department of Brain Sciences, Centre for Psychedelic Research, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Manesh Girn
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Manesh Girn,
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Bao Z, Frewen P. Sense of self in mind and body: an eLORETA-EEG study. Neurosci Conscious 2022; 2022:niac017. [PMID: 36530551 PMCID: PMC9748806 DOI: 10.1093/nc/niac017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The human brain engages the sense of self through both semantic and somatic self-referential processing (SRP). Alpha and theta oscillations have been found to underlie SRP but have not been compared with respect to semantic and somatic SRP. We recorded electroencephalography (EEG) from 50 participants during focused internal attention on life roles (e.g. "friend") and outer body (e.g. "arms") compared to resting state and an external attention memory task and localized the sources of on-scalp alpha (8-12 Hz) and theta (4-8 Hz) EEG signals with exact low-resolution tomography. Logarithm of F-ratios was calculated to compare differences in alpha and theta power between SRP conditions, resting state, and external attention. Results indicated that compared to resting state, semantic SRP induced lower theta in the frontal cortex and higher theta in the parietal cortex, whereas somatic SRP induced lower alpha in the frontal and insula cortex and higher alpha in the parietal cortex. Furthermore, results indicated that compared to external attention, both semantic and somatic SRP induced higher alpha in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex with lateralized patterns based on task condition. Finally, an analysis directly comparing semantic and somatic SRP indicated frontal-parietal and left-right lateralization of SRP in the brain. Our results suggest the alpha and theta oscillations in the frontal, parietal, and the insula cortex may play crucial roles in semantic and somatic SRP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Frewen
- *Correspondence address. Department of Psychiatry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, 339 Windermere Rd., London, ON N6A 5A5, Canada. Tel: +519 685 8500 E-mail:
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Self-Referential Processing and Resting-State Functional MRI Connectivity of Cortical Midline Structures in Glioma Patients. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12111463. [DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12111463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metacognition has only scarcely been investigated in brain tumor patients. It is unclear if and how the tumor-lesioned brain might be able to maintain an adequate sense-of-self. As cortical midline structures (CMS) are regarded as essential for self-referential mental activity, we investigated resting-state fMRI connectivity (FC) of CMS to the default-mode network (DMN) and to the whole brain, comparing glioma patients and matched controls. Subjects furthermore performed a trait judgement (TJ), a trait recall task (TR), and neuropsychological testing. In the TJ, adjectives had to be ascribed as self- or non-self-describing, assessing the self-serving effect (SSE), a normally observed bias for positive traits. In the TR, the mnemic neglect effect (MNE), a memory advantage for positive traits, was tested. The groups were compared and partial correlations between FC and test metrics were analyzed. Although patients were significantly impaired in terms of verbal memory, groups did not differ in the SSE or the MNE results, showing preserved metacognitive abilities in patients. FC of CMS to the DMN was maintained, but was significantly decreased to whole brain in the patients. FC of the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC) to whole brain was correlated with the MNE in patients. Preserving the DMPFC in therapeutic interventions might be relevant for maintaining self-related verbal information processing in the memory domain in glioma patients.
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8
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Asakage S, Nakano T. The salience network is activated during self-recognition from both first-person and third-person perspectives. Hum Brain Mapp 2022; 44:559-570. [PMID: 36129447 PMCID: PMC9842878 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
We usually observe ourselves from two perspectives. One is the first-person perspective, which we perceive directly with our own eyes, and the other is the third-person perspective, which we observe ourselves in a mirror or a picture. However, whether the self-recognition associated with these two perspectives has a common or separate neural basis remains unclear. To address this, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine brain activity while participants viewed pretaped video clips of themselves and others engaged in meal preparation taken from first-person and third-person perspectives. We found that the first-person behavioral videos of the participants and others induced greater activation in the premotor-intraparietal region. In contrast, the third-person behavioral videos induced greater activation in the default mode network compared with the first-person videos. Regardless of the perspective, the videos of the participants induced greater activation in the salience network than the videos of others. On the other hand, the videos of others induced greater activation in the precuneus and lingual gyrus than the videos of the participants. These results suggest that the salience network is commonly involved in self-recognition from both perspectives, even though the brain regions involved in action observation for the two perspectives are distinct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Asakage
- Graduate School of Frontiers BioscienceOsaka UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Tamami Nakano
- Graduate School of Frontiers BioscienceOsaka UniversityOsakaJapan,Graduate School of MedicineOsaka UniversityOsakaJapan,Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet)OsakaJapan
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9
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Laricchiuta D, Termine A, Fabrizio C, Passarello N, Greco F, Piras F, Picerni E, Cutuli D, Marini A, Mandolesi L, Spalletta G, Petrosini L. Only Words Count; the Rest Is Mere Chattering: A Cross-Disciplinary Approach to the Verbal Expression of Emotional Experience. Behav Sci (Basel) 2022; 12:bs12080292. [PMID: 36004863 PMCID: PMC9404916 DOI: 10.3390/bs12080292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The analysis of sequences of words and prosody, meter, and rhythm provided in an interview addressing the capacity to identify and describe emotions represents a powerful tool to reveal emotional processing. The ability to express and identify emotions was analyzed by means of the Toronto Structured Interview for Alexithymia (TSIA), and TSIA transcripts were analyzed by Natural Language Processing to shed light on verbal features. The brain correlates of the capacity to translate emotional experience into words were determined through cortical thickness measures. A machine learning methodology proved that individuals with deficits in identifying and describing emotions (n = 7) produced language distortions, frequently used the present tense of auxiliary verbs, and few possessive determiners, as well as scarcely connected the speech, in comparison to individuals without deficits (n = 7). Interestingly, they showed high cortical thickness at left temporal pole and low at isthmus of the right cingulate cortex. Overall, we identified the neuro-linguistic pattern of the expression of emotional experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Laricchiuta
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-065-0170-3077
| | | | | | - Noemi Passarello
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Rome, Italy
- Department of Humanities, Federico II University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Greco
- Department of Communication and Social Research, Sapienza University of Rome, 00198 Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Debora Cutuli
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Rome, Italy
- Department of Psychology, University “Sapienza” of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Marini
- Department of Languages, Literatures, Communication, Education and Society, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Laura Mandolesi
- Department of Humanities, Federico II University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy
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10
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Harrison BJ, Davey CG, Savage HS, Jamieson AJ, Leonards CA, Moffat BA, Glarin RK, Steward T. Dynamic Subcortical Modulators of Human Default Mode Network Function. Cereb Cortex 2021; 32:4345-4355. [PMID: 34974620 PMCID: PMC9528899 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain’s “default mode network” (DMN) enables flexible switching between internally and externally focused cognition. Precisely how this modulation occurs is not well understood, although it may involve key subcortical mechanisms, including hypothesized influences from the basal forebrain (BF) and mediodorsal thalamus (MD). Here, we used ultra-high field (7 T) functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine the involvement of the BF and MD across states of task-induced DMN activity modulation. Specifically, we mapped DMN activity suppression (“deactivation”) when participants transitioned between rest and externally focused task performance, as well as DMN activity engagement (“activation”) when task performance was internally (i.e., self) focused. Consistent with recent rodent studies, the BF showed overall activity suppression with DMN cortical regions when comparing the rest to external task conditions. Further analyses, including dynamic causal modeling, confirmed that the BF drove changes in DMN cortical activity during these rest-to-task transitions. The MD, by comparison, was specifically engaged during internally focused cognition and demonstrated a broad excitatory influence on DMN cortical activation. These results provide the first direct evidence in humans of distinct BF and thalamic circuit influences on the control of DMN function and suggest novel mechanistic avenues for ongoing translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben J Harrison
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Christopher G Davey
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Hannah S Savage
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Alec J Jamieson
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Christine A Leonards
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Bradford A Moffat
- Melbourne Brain Centre Imaging Unit, Department of Radiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Rebecca K Glarin
- Melbourne Brain Centre Imaging Unit, Department of Radiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Trevor Steward
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.,Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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11
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Baiano C, Job X, Santangelo G, Auvray M, Kirsch LP. Interactions between interoception and perspective-taking: Current state of research and future directions. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 130:252-262. [PMID: 34400177 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Interoception, the sense of the physiological state of the body, and perspective-taking, the ability to take another's point of view, are two fundamental components contributing to our perception and interaction with the external world. However, whether the perception of our inner body influences how we perceive the external world and other people remains poorly understood. Here, we review recent behavioural and neuroimaging evidence investigating the links between dimensions of interoception (i.e., accuracy, sensibility and awareness) and perspective-taking (i.e., affective, cognitive and visual). So far, only a limited subset of these dimensions has been investigated together and the results suggest that interoceptive abilities may only interact with perspective-taking when embodied mental transformations are required. Furthermore, mainly the emotional aspects of perspective-taking are related to interoception, influencing the ability to empathise with others. Future research should systematically investigate the links between all dimensions of interoception and perspective-taking to provide full understanding of the specific role interoception has on how we perceive the world and take another's point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Baiano
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy.
| | - Xavier Job
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Institut des Systèmes Intelligents et de Robotique, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Gabriella Santangelo
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
| | - Malika Auvray
- Institut des Systèmes Intelligents et de Robotique, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.
| | - Louise P Kirsch
- Institut des Systèmes Intelligents et de Robotique, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.
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12
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Licea-Haquet GL, Reyes-Aguilar A, Alcauter S, Giordano M. The Neural Substrate of Speech Act Recognition. Neuroscience 2021; 471:102-114. [PMID: 34332015 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pragmatic competence demands linguistic, but also communicative, social and cognitive competence. Successful use of language in social interaction requires mutual understanding of the speaker's intentions; without it, a conversation cannot proceed. The term speech act refers to what a speaker intends to accomplish when saying something. The purpose of this study was to contribute to the identification of the neural substrate of speech act recognition and to the characterization of the cognitive processes that may be involved. The recognition of speech acts resulted in greater activation of frontal regions, precuneus and posterior cingulate gyrus. From all cognitive and behavioral measures obtained, only the scores in mental flexibility predicted the change in blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal in the precuneus. These results, support the idea that speech act recognition requires the inference of intention, executive functions, including memory and entails the activation of areas of social cognition that participate in several brain networks i.e., the Intention Processing, the Default Mode and Theory of Mind networks, and areas involved in planning and guiding behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Licea-Haquet
- Departamento de Neurobiología Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiología UNAM Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - A Reyes-Aguilar
- Laboratorio de Neurocognición, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, Mexico
| | - S Alcauter
- Departamento de Neurobiología Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiología UNAM Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - M Giordano
- Departamento de Neurobiología Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiología UNAM Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico.
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13
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Yoon L, Kim K, Jung D, Kim H. Roles of the MPFC and insula in impression management under social observation. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2021; 16:474-483. [PMID: 33449108 PMCID: PMC8095000 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsab008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
People often engage in impression management by presenting themselves and others as socially desirable. However, specific behavioral manifestations and underlying neural mechanisms of impression management remain unknown. In this study, we investigated the neural mechanism of impression management during self- and friend-evaluation. Only participants assigned to the observation (OBS) group, not the control (CON) group, were informed that their responses would be monitored. They answered how well positive and negative trait adjectives described themselves or their friends. The behavioral results showed that the OBS group was more likely to reject negative traits for self-evaluation and to accept positive traits for friend-evaluation. An independent study revealed that demoting negative traits for oneself and promoting positive traits for a friend helps manage one’s impression. In parallel with the behavioral results, in the OBS vs the CON group, the rostromedial prefrontal cortex (rmPFC) and anterior insula (AI) activity showed a greater increase as the negativity of negatively valenced adjectives increased during self-evaluation and also showed a greater increase as the positivity of positively valenced adjectives increased during friend-evaluation. The present study suggests that rmPFC and AI are critically involved in impression management, promoting socially desirable target evaluations under social observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leehyun Yoon
- Department of Human Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.,Laboratory of Social and Decision Neuroscience, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.,Department of Psychology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangwook Kim
- Laboratory of Social and Decision Neuroscience, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.,Department of Psychology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Daehyun Jung
- Laboratory of Social and Decision Neuroscience, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.,Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hackjin Kim
- Laboratory of Social and Decision Neuroscience, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.,Department of Psychology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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14
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Vaccaro AG, Scott B, Gimbel SI, Kaplan JT. Functional Brain Connectivity During Narrative Processing Relates to Transportation and Story Influence. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:665319. [PMID: 34290594 PMCID: PMC8287321 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.665319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Engaging with narratives involves a complex array of cognitive and affective processes. These processes make stories persuasive in ways that standard arguments are not, though the underlying reasons for this remain unclear. Transportation theory proposes a potential explanation for this: narratives are processed in a way which makes individuals feel immersed in the world of a story, which in turn leads people to resonate emotionally with the events of the story. Recent fMRI studies have shown that the posterior medial cortex (PMC) and anterior insula (AI) play important roles in understanding the meaning of stories and experiencing the feelings they produce. In this study, we aimed to explore the AI’s and PMC’s role in narrative processing by measuring their functional connectivity with the rest of the brain during story listening, and how connectivity changes as a function of narrative transportation and the persuasiveness of the story. We analyzed data from 36 right-handed subjects who listened to two stories, obtained from podcasts, inside the fMRI scanner. After the scan, subjects were asked a series of questions, including a measure of how transported into the story they felt, how likely they would be to donate to causes related to the messages of the stories. We used searchlight multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) to classify functional connectivity maps using seeds in both the AI and PMC and to compare these maps between participants who differed in transportation and prosocial intention. We found that connectivity to various regions successfully distinguished between high and low ratings on each of these behavioral measures with accuracies over 75%. However, only one pattern of connectivity was consistent across both stories: PMC-inferior frontal gyrus connectivity successfully distinguished high and low ratings of narrative transportation in both stories. All other findings were not consistent across stories. Instead, we found that patterns of connectivity may relate more to the specific content of the story rather than to a universal way in which narratives are processed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony G Vaccaro
- Department of Psychology, Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Brandon Scott
- Department of Psychology, Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Sarah I Gimbel
- Department of Psychology, Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jonas T Kaplan
- Department of Psychology, Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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15
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Bao Z, Howidi B, Burhan AM, Frewen P. Self-Referential Processing Effects of Non-invasive Brain Stimulation: A Systematic Review. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:671020. [PMID: 34177450 PMCID: PMC8223877 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.671020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Systematic reviews of neuroimaging studies confirm stimulus-induced activity in response to verbal and non-verbal self-referential processing (SRP) in cortical midline structures, temporoparietal cortex and insula. Whether SRP can be causally modulated by way of non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) has also been investigated in several studies. Here we summarize the NIBS literature including 27 studies of task-based SRP comparing response between verbal and non-verbal SRP tasks. The studies differed in design, experimental tasks and stimulation parameters. Results support the role of left inferior parietal lobule (left IPL) in verbal SRP and for the medial prefrontal cortex when valenced stimuli were used. Further, results support roles for the bilateral parietal lobe (IPL, posterior cingulate cortex), the sensorimotor areas (the primary sensory and motor cortex, the premotor cortex, and the extrastriate body area) and the insula in non-verbal SRP (bodily self-consciousness). We conclude that NIBS may differentially modulate verbal and non-verbal SRP by targeting the corresponding brain areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjie Bao
- Department of Psychiatry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, ON, Canada.,Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Belal Howidi
- Department of Psychiatry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, ON, Canada.,Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Amer M Burhan
- Department of Psychiatry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, ON, Canada.,Ontario Shores Centre for Mental Health Sciences, Whitby, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Temerty School of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Paul Frewen
- Department of Psychiatry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, ON, Canada.,Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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16
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Shimon-Raz O, Salomon R, Bloch M, Aisenberg Romano G, Yeshurun Y, Ulmer Yaniv A, Zagoory-Sharon O, Feldman R. Mother brain is wired for social moments. eLife 2021; 10:e59436. [PMID: 33764299 PMCID: PMC8026217 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Reorganization of the maternal brain upon childbirth triggers the species-typical maternal social behavior. These brief social moments carry profound effects on the infant's brain and likely have a distinct signature in the maternal brain. Utilizing a double-blind, within-subject oxytocin/placebo administration crossover design, mothers' brain was imaged twice using fMRI while observing three naturalistic maternal-infant contexts in the home ecology; 'unavailable', 'unresponsive', and 'social', when mothers engaged in synchronous peek-a-boo play. The social condition elicited greater neural response across the human caregiving network, including amygdala, VTA, hippocampus, insula, ACC, and temporal cortex. Oxytocin impacted neural response primarily to the social condition and attenuated differences between social and non-social stimuli. Greater temporal consistency emerged in the 'social' condition across the two imaging sessions, particularly in insula, amygdala, and TP. Findings describe how mother's brain varies by caregiving experiences and gives salience to moments of social synchrony that support infant development and brain maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ortal Shimon-Raz
- IDC Herzliya, Bar Ilan UniversityRamat GanIsrael
- Department of Psychology, Bar Ilan UniversityRamat GanIsrael
| | - Roy Salomon
- Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan UniversityRamat GanIsrael
| | - Miki Bloch
- Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical CenterTel AvivIsrael
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | - Gabi Aisenberg Romano
- Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical CenterTel AvivIsrael
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | - Yaara Yeshurun
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | - Adi Ulmer Yaniv
- IDC Herzliya, Bar Ilan UniversityRamat GanIsrael
- Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan UniversityRamat GanIsrael
| | | | - Ruth Feldman
- IDC Herzliya, Bar Ilan UniversityRamat GanIsrael
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17
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Haruki Y, Ogawa K. Role of anatomical insular subdivisions in interoception: Interoceptive attention and accuracy have dissociable substrates. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 53:2669-2680. [PMID: 33621360 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Prior neuroimaging studies have supported the idea that the human insular cortex plays an important role in processing and representing internal bodily states, also termed "interoception." According to recent theoretical studies, interoception includes several aspects such as attention and accuracy. However, there is no consensus on the laterality and location of the insula to support each aspect of interoception. Thus, we aimed to identify the anatomical insular subdivisions involved in interoceptive attention and accuracy; we examined 28 healthy volunteers who completed the behavioral heartbeat counting task and interoceptive attention paradigm using functional magnetic resonance imaging. First, interoceptive attention induced significant activation in the bilateral frontal operculum, precentral gyrus, middle insula, middle cingulate cortex, and supplementary motor area. Then, we compared the activation in anatomically predefined insular subdivisions during interoceptive attention. The highest activation of the middle short gyrus was noted within the insular cortex, followed by the anterior short gyrus and posterior short gyrus, while no significant hemispheric differences were observed. Finally, the interoceptive accuracy index, measured using the heartbeat counting task, strongly correlated with the activity of the right dorsal anterior insula/frontal operculum. These findings suggest that interoceptive attention is associated with the bilateral dorsal mid-anterior insula, which supports the processing and representation of bodily signals. In contrast, the more dorsal anterior portion of the right insula plays a key role in obtaining accurate interoception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Haruki
- Department of Psychology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kenji Ogawa
- Department of Psychology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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18
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The self’s choice: Priming attentional focus on bodily self promotes loss frequency bias. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-01400-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
AbstractWhen attention is focused on self representation(s), the ability to evaluate one’s internal sensations is enhanced, according to previous research by Ainley and colleagues (Consciousness and Cognition, 22(4), 1231–1238, 2013). Self-representations are usually distinguished between bodily and narrative. Both bodily and narrative representations improve decision-making processes, in that the consideration of alternatives is informed by sensations experienced deep inside the body (e.g., anxiety) as suggest by the literature (Noël, Brevers & Bechara in Frontiers in Psychiatry, 4, 179, 2013). The objective of the present study is to analyze the decision-making process in multiple conditions of stimulated self-representations. Participants played the Iowa Gambling Task three times (a baseline without stimuli and two randomly ordered stimulations to prime bodily and narrative self-representations). While no significant differences emerged regarding advantageous choices, participants showed loss frequency bias in the condition with bodily-self representation priming. Two interpretations are proposed: bodily-self focus acted as a distractor diminishing participants’ commitment to long term outcomes or enhanced interoception promoted aversion to losses. Directions are given for future research and clinical implications.
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19
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Soler J, Montero-Marin J, Domínguez-Clavé E, González S, Pascual JC, Cebolla A, Demarzo M, Analayo B, García-Campayo J. Decentering, Acceptance, and Non-Attachment: Challenging the Question "Is It Me?". Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:659835. [PMID: 34867498 PMCID: PMC8637104 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.659835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Among mindfulness measures the three constructs acceptance, decentering, and non-attachment are psychometrically closely related, despite their apparent semantic differences. These three facets present robust psychometric features and can be considered core themes in most "third wave" clinical models. The aim of the present study was to explore the apparently different content domains (acceptance, decentering, and non-attachment) by administering various psychometric scales in a large sample of 608 volunteers. Resilience and depression were also assessed. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses performed in two randomly selected subsamples showed a bifactor approximation. The explained common variance suggested a unidimensional nature for the general factor, with good psychometric properties, which we named "Delusion of Me" (DoM). This construct is also strongly correlated with resilience and depression, and appears to be a solid latent general construct closely related to the concept of "ego." DoM emerges as a potentially transdiagnostic construct with influence on well-being and clinical indexes such as resilience and depression. Further studies should analyze the potential utility of this new construct at a therapeutic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquim Soler
- Servei de Psiquiatria, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesus Montero-Marin
- Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Elisabet Domínguez-Clavé
- Servei de Psiquiatria, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara González
- Servei de Psiquiatria, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Pascual
- Servei de Psiquiatria, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ausiàs Cebolla
- Departamento de Personalidad, Evaluación y Tratamientos Psicológicos, University of Valencia UV, València, Spain.,CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcelo Demarzo
- Mente Aberta - Brazilian Center for Mindfulness and Health Promotion, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bhikkhu Analayo
- Barre Center of Buddhist Studies (BCBS), Barre, MA, United States.,Numata Center for Buddhist Studies, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Javier García-Campayo
- Red de Investigación de Actividades Preventivas y Promoción de la Salud (RedIAPP), Zaragoza, Spain.,Miguel Servet Hospital, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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20
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Fingelkurts AA, Fingelkurts AA, Kallio-Tamminen T. Selfhood triumvirate: From phenomenology to brain activity and back again. Conscious Cogn 2020; 86:103031. [DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2020.103031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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21
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Arroyo-Anlló EM, Sánchez JC, Gil R. Could Self-Consciousness Be Enhanced in Alzheimer’s Disease? An Approach from Emotional Sensorial Stimulation. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 77:505-521. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-200408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) provides a valuable field of research into impairment of self-consciousness (SC), because AD patients have a reduced capacity to understand their mental world, to experience and relive previous personal events, as well as to interpret thoughts, feelings, and beliefs about themselves. Several studies observed that AD patients had an altered SC, but not a complete abolition of it. Emotions are an integral part of the construction of personal identity, therefore of Self. In general, most studies on emotion in AD patients have observed that emotion is not completely abolished and it lets them better remember autobiographical events with greater emotional charge. The positive effect of autobiographical memories rich in emotional content, evoked directly/automatically by sensorial stimuli such as familiar odors or music, could be used to reestablish/reinforce the permanence and coherence of the Self in AD. We studied the research of empirical evidence supporting the power of the sensorial cues associated with emotion, which could be capable of enhancing the SC in AD. We presented the studies about “Emotional stimulations” using odor, music, or taste cues in AD. All studies have shown to have a positive impact on SC in AD patients such as odor-evoked autobiographical memories, taste/odor-evoked autobiographical memories, emotional sensorial stimulation using musical cues, and multi-sensorial stimulations using healing gardens. We found research supporting the notion that emotional sensorial stimulations can even temporarily exalt memory, affective state, and personal identity, that is, the SC in AD. The emotional sensory stimulations could be used as a tool to activate the SC in AD and hence improve the quality of life of patients and caregivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M. Arroyo-Anlló
- Department of Psychobiology, University of Salamanca, Neuroscience Institute of Castilla-León, Spain
| | | | - Roger Gil
- Emeriti Professor of Neurology, University Hospital, Poitiers, France
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22
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Frewen P, Schroeter ML, Riva G, Cipresso P, Fairfield B, Padulo C, Kemp AH, Palaniyappan L, Owolabi M, Kusi-Mensah K, Polyakova M, Fehertoi N, D’Andrea W, Lowe L, Northoff G. Neuroimaging the consciousness of self: Review, and conceptual-methodological framework. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 112:164-212. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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23
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Li X, Xu S, Fang Z, Smith A. Individual intelligence and brain neural correlates associated with outcome expectancies for risk behaviors in adults. Neurosci Lett 2020; 725:134720. [PMID: 32097705 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Although adults have matured developments of general intelligence, brain structure and brain function, many people continue to be risk takers, despite the harm that can result. The neural basis underlying risk-taking behaviors has been studied extensively in adolescents, but less so in adults. Outcome expectancies are important factors influencing individuals' risk behaviors, which comprise the expected risks (ER) and expected benefits (EB) associated with risk behaviors. In the current study, we systematically investigated inter-individual differences in adults' outcome expectancies for risk behaviors, considering the general intelligence, brain function, and brain structure. At the intelligence level, individuals with higher intelligence scores showed lower ER but higher EB associated with risk behaviors. At the brain function level, resting-state functional connectivity (FC) between regions within the default mode network is negatively correlated with ER but positively correlated with EB associated with risk behaviors, while FC between the insula and motor cortex is negatively correlated with EB associated with the risk behaviors. At the brain structure level, gray matter volume in posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and bilateral parahippocampus were negatively correlated with the ER associated with risk behaviors. Furthermore, the relationship between the outcome expectancy associated with risk behaviors and the FC between anterior cingulate cortex and PCC is partially mediated by the general intelligence. The current study provides new insight that furthers our understanding of how individual differences in adults' risk attitudes and behaviors are modulated by general intelligence and reflected in resting-state FC and brain structures related to self-reference and inhibitory control processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Li
- School of Economics and Management, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 10 Xitucheng Rd, Beijing, 100876, China.
| | - Sihua Xu
- Laboratory of Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, School of Business and Management, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuo Fang
- University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Andra Smith
- University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
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24
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Salvato G, Richter F, Sedeño L, Bottini G, Paulesu E. Building the bodily self-awareness: Evidence for the convergence between interoceptive and exteroceptive information in a multilevel kernel density analysis study. Hum Brain Mapp 2020; 41:401-418. [PMID: 31609042 PMCID: PMC7268061 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Exteroceptive and interoceptive signals shape and sustain the bodily self-awareness. The existence of a set of brain areas, supporting the integration of information coming from the inside and the outside of the body in building the sense of bodily self-awareness has been postulated, yet the evidence remains limited, a matter of discussion never assessed quantitatively. With the aim of unrevealing where in the brain interoceptive and exteroceptive signals may converge, we performed a meta-analysis on imaging studies of the sense of body ownership, modulated by external visuotactile stimulation, and studies on interoception, which involves the self-awareness for internal bodily sensations. Using a multilevel kernel density analysis, we found that processing of stimuli of the two domains converges primarily in the supramarginal gyrus bilaterally. Furthermore, we found a right-lateralized set of areas, including the precentral and postcentral, and superior temporal gyri. We discuss these results and propose this set of areas as ideal candidates to match multiple body-related signals contributing to the creation of a multidimensional representation of the bodily self.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Salvato
- Department of Brain and Behavioural SciencesUniversity of PaviaPaviaItaly
- Centre of Cognitive NeuropsychologyASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano, Niguarda HospitalMilanItaly
- NeuroMI, Milan Center for NeuroscienceMilanItaly
| | - Fabian Richter
- Department of PsychologyUniversität zu KölnCologneGermany
| | - Lucas Sedeño
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience (LPEN)Institute of Translational and Cognitive Neuroscience (INCyT), INECO Foundation, Favaloro UniversityBuenos AiresArgentina
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET)Buenos AiresArgentina
| | - Gabriella Bottini
- Department of Brain and Behavioural SciencesUniversity of PaviaPaviaItaly
- Centre of Cognitive NeuropsychologyASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano, Niguarda HospitalMilanItaly
- NeuroMI, Milan Center for NeuroscienceMilanItaly
| | - Eraldo Paulesu
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Milano‐BicoccaMilanItaly
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico GaleazziMilanItaly
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25
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Ho JT, Preller KH, Lenggenhager B. Neuropharmacological modulation of the aberrant bodily self through psychedelics. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 108:526-541. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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26
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Yousuf M, Heldmann M, Göttlich M, Münte TF, Doñamayor N. Neural processing of food and monetary rewards is modulated by metabolic state. Brain Imaging Behav 2019; 12:1379-1392. [PMID: 29243121 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-017-9811-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In humans, food is considered a powerful primary reinforcer, whereas money is a secondary reinforcer, as it gains a value through learning experience. Here, we aimed to identify the neural regions supporting the processing of food-related reinforcers, relate it to the neural underpinnings of monetary reinforcers, and explore their modulation by metabolic state (hunger vs satiety). Twenty healthy male participants were tested in two experimental sessions, once hungry and once satiated, using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Participants performed an associative learning task, receiving food or monetary rewards (in the form of images) on separate blocks. Irrespective of incentive type, both food and monetary rewards engaged ventral striatum, medial orbitofrontal cortex and amygdala, regions that have been previously associated with reward processing. Food incentives additionally engaged the opercular part of the inferior frontal gyrus and the insula, collectively known as a primary gustatory cortex. Moreover, in response to negative feedback (here, reward omission), robust activation was observed in anterior insula, supplementary motor area and lateral parts of the prefrontal cortex, including middle and inferior frontal gyrus. Furthermore, the interaction between metabolic state and incentive type resulted in supramarginal gyrus (SMG) activity, among other motor and sensory-related regions. Finally, functional connectivity analysis showed correlation in the hungry state between the SMG and mesolimbic regions, including the hippocampus, midbrain and cingulate areas. Also, the interaction between metabolic state and incentive type revealed coupling between SMG and ventral striatum. Whereas general purpose reward-related regions process incentives of different kinds, the current results suggest that the SMG might play a key role in integrating the information related to current metabolic state and available incentive type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mushfa Yousuf
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Marcus Heldmann
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Martin Göttlich
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Thomas F Münte
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany.
- Institute of Psychology II, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Nuria Doñamayor
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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27
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Bozzatello P, Morese R, Valentini MC, Rocca P, Bosco F, Bellino S. Autobiographical memories, identity disturbance and brain functioning in patients with borderline personality disorder: An fMRI study. Heliyon 2019; 5:e01323. [PMID: 30949597 PMCID: PMC6430005 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Identity disturbance is a core feature of borderline personality disorder (BPD). Autobiographical memory is a process of reflective thinking through which we form links between elements of life and self. It can be considered as an indirect index of identity integration. The present study was aimed to investigate the differences in brain activity patterns between BPD patients with identity diffusion and healthy controls using fMRI. We enrolled 24 BPD patients and 24 healthy controls. Identity integration in patients and controls was assessed with the Identity Disturbance Questionnaire (IDQ) score and was significantly different (p = 0.001). We analysed hemodynamic response in the regions of interest during presentation of resolved and unresolved life events. With reference to the condition "resolved", increased cerebral activity in right anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), right medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC), right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), and bilateral insula was registered in BPD patients compared with controls. In the condition "unresolved", increased brain activity was observed in patients in bilateral ACC, bilateral DLPFC, and right temporo-parietal junction. Hyperactivity in ACC and DLPFC in BPD patients with both conditions (resolved and unresolved contexts) may be due to an inefficient attempt to reconstruct a coherent narrative of life events (resolved or not).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Bozzatello
- Centre for Personality Disorders, Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Rosalba Morese
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Italy.,Faculty of Communication Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | | | - Paola Rocca
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Neuroscience Institute of Turin, Italy
| | - Francesca Bosco
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Italy.,Neuroscience Institute of Turin, Italy
| | - Silvio Bellino
- Centre for Personality Disorders, Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Neuroscience Institute of Turin, Italy
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28
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Bréchet L, Mange R, Herbelin B, Theillaud Q, Gauthier B, Serino A, Blanke O. First-person view of one's body in immersive virtual reality: Influence on episodic memory. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0197763. [PMID: 30845269 PMCID: PMC6405051 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Episodic memories (EMs) are recollections of contextually rich and personally relevant past events. EM has been linked to the sense of self, allowing one to mentally travel back in subjective time and re-experience past events. However, the sense of self has recently been linked to online multisensory processing and bodily self-consciousness (BSC). It is currently unknown whether EM depends on BSC mechanisms. Here, we used a new immersive virtual reality (VR) system that maintained the perceptual richness of life episodes and fully controlled the experimental stimuli during encoding and retrieval, including the participant’s body. Our data reveal a classical EM finding, which shows that memory for complex real-life like scenes decays over time. However, here we also report a novel finding that delayed retrieval performance can be enhanced when participants view their body as part of the virtual scene during encoding. This body effect was not observed when no virtual body or a moving control object was shown, thereby linking the sense of self, and BSC in particular, to EMs. The present VR methodology and the present behavioral findings will enable to study key aspects of EM in healthy participants and may be especially beneficial for the restoration of self-relevant memories in future experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Bréchet
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Campus Biotech, Geneva, Switzerland
- Center for Neuroprosthetics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Campus Biotech, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Robin Mange
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Campus Biotech, Geneva, Switzerland
- Center for Neuroprosthetics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Campus Biotech, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Herbelin
- Center for Neuroprosthetics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Campus Biotech, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Quentin Theillaud
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Campus Biotech, Geneva, Switzerland
- Center for Neuroprosthetics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Campus Biotech, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Baptiste Gauthier
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Campus Biotech, Geneva, Switzerland
- Center for Neuroprosthetics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Campus Biotech, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Serino
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Campus Biotech, Geneva, Switzerland
- Center for Neuroprosthetics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Campus Biotech, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Olaf Blanke
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Campus Biotech, Geneva, Switzerland
- Center for Neuroprosthetics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Campus Biotech, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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29
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Heleven E, Van Overwalle F. The neural representation of the self in relation to close others using fMRI repetition suppression. Soc Neurosci 2019; 14:717-728. [DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2019.1581657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elien Heleven
- Department of Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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30
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Apazoglou K, Küng AL, Cordera P, Aubry JM, Dayer A, Vuilleumier P, Piguet C. Rumination related activity in brain networks mediating attentional switching in euthymic bipolar patients. Int J Bipolar Disord 2019; 7:3. [PMID: 30637531 PMCID: PMC6330377 DOI: 10.1186/s40345-018-0137-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mood disorder patients have a tendency to be more internally oriented, with difficulties in switching attentional focus, which might result in the generation of negative thoughts, such as rumination. The present study explored self-referential neural activity correlating with rumination tendency and attentional switching capacity in bipolar disorder. Methods Twenty euthymic bipolar patients and twenty matched healthy controls underwent a novel introspection task of switching between internally and externally focused attention during a word processing task, while their brain activity was assessed using functional MRI. Results During internal focus, higher activity in self-related regions (mPFC, PCC) was found in euthymic bipolar patients as compared to controls, verifying the hypothesis of exaggerated recruitment of self-referential processes in bipolar subjects. Switching from internal to external focus revealed higher parahippocampal activity in patients as compared to controls, additionally more pronounced when switching away from negative as compared to positive self-referential information. Furthermore, rumination traits correlated with activity in PCC, subgenual and pregenual ACC, and bilateral anterior insula during repetition of internal focus, specifically when evaluating negative words. Finally, we used ACC subregions that correlated with tendency to ruminate as seeds for a whole brain connectivity analysis. Patients showed stronger connectivity between sgACC (seed), pgACC, dPFC, and anterior insula during internal focus, whereas pgACC (seed) was more strongly connected to parahippocampal gyrus when switching from internal to external focus. Conclusions These findings reveal an overactive rumination-related network whose activity is enhanced by negative information in euthymic bipolar patients, which could possibly contribute to impaired switching of thoughts away from internal attention. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40345-018-0137-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kallia Apazoglou
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Anne-Lise Küng
- Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Cordera
- Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Michel Aubry
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Dayer
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Patrik Vuilleumier
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Camille Piguet
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Mental Health and Psychiatry, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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31
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Stephane M. The Self, Agency and Spatial Externalizations of Inner Verbal Thoughts, and Auditory Verbal Hallucinations. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:668. [PMID: 31607965 PMCID: PMC6768100 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Auditory Verbal Hallucinations (AVH) are experienced as the "voices" of others (O-AVH) or self (S-AVH) in internal space/inside the head (IS-AVH) or external space (ES-AVH), and are considered to result from agency and spatial externalizations of inner speech. Both types of externalizations are conflated, and the relationship between these externalizations and AVH experiences is unclear. In this paper, I investigate the relationship between cognitive agency and spatial externalizations and between these externalizations and the types of AVH experience. Method: Twenty-five patients with history of AVH and 24 matched healthy controls performed agency and spatial distinction tasks: distinction between self-generated (read) (S) sentences and other-generated (O) sentences, and between sentences read silently (experienced in internal space, IS) and sentences read aloud (experienced in external space, ES). Regression analyses between misattribution biases (S-O vs. IS-ES, and O-S vs. ES-IS) were obtained. t tests were used to compare misattribution biases between AVH subtypes (S-AVH vs. O-AVH, and IS-AVH vs. ES-AVH). Results: Regressions suggest that agency distinction is independent from spatial distinction in both groups. O-AVH and S-AVH subgroups differed only with respect to S-O bias, and IS-AVH and ES-AVH subgroups differed only with respect to IS-ES bias. Conclusion: These results suggest that agency and spatial externalizations of inner speech are independent at phenomenological and cognitive and levels; and that these externalizations are co-related across levels. I discuss the implications of these findings in the wider context of research on AVH and on the experience of self.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massoud Stephane
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, IU Health Neuroscience Center, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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32
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Hiromitsu K, Asai T, Saito S, Shigemune Y, Hamamoto K, Shinoura N, Yamada R, Midorikawa A. Measuring the sense of self in brain-damaged patients: A STROBE-compliant article. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e12156. [PMID: 30200113 PMCID: PMC6133420 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000012156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, researchers have focused on the embodied sense of self (ESS), which consists of the minimal and narrative selves. Although a study demonstrated that the ESS is related to brain dysfunction empirically, the subjective aspects of the ESS, and a systematic approach to it, have not yet been examined in brain-damaged patients. To examine this, we measured the ESS of patients with brain tumors before and after awake craniotomy.A self-reported questionnaire called the Embodied Sense of Self Scale (ESSS) was used to measure the ESS in patients with brain tumors before and after surgery. For comparison, age-matched controls also completed the ESSS.The ESSS scores of the patients with brain tumors before surgery were higher than those of the controls and improved after surgery. Before surgery, patients with left hemispheric lesions had a poorer ESSS than those with right hemispheric lesions. Episodic memory disturbance was highly correlated with malfunction of narrative self and ownership.Brain lesions were associated with anomalous ESSS, associated with hemispheric laterality and cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Hiromitsu
- Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Letters, Chuo University, Tokyo
| | - Tomohisa Asai
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International (ATR), Kyoto
| | - Shoko Saito
- Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Letters, Chuo University, Tokyo
| | - Yayoi Shigemune
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Letters, Chuo University, Tokyo
| | - Kanako Hamamoto
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Letters, Chuo University, Tokyo
| | - Nobusada Shinoura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryoji Yamada
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Midorikawa
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Letters, Chuo University, Tokyo
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33
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Lumma AL, Valk SL, Böckler A, Vrtička P, Singer T. Change in emotional self-concept following socio-cognitive training relates to structural plasticity of the prefrontal cortex. Brain Behav 2018; 8:e00940. [PMID: 29670822 PMCID: PMC5893336 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Self-referential processing is a key component of the emotional self-concept. Previous studies have shown that emotional self-referential processing is related to structure and function of cortical midline areas such as medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and that it can be altered on a behavioral level by specific mental training practices. However, it remains unknown how behavioral training-related change in emotional self-concept content relates to structural plasticity. METHODS To address this issue, we examined the relationship between training-induced change in participant's emotional self-concept measured through emotional word use in the Twenty Statement Test and change in cortical thickness in the context of a large-scale longitudinal mental training study called the ReSource Project. RESULTS Based on prior behavioral findings showing increased emotional word use particularly after socio-cognitive training targeting perspective-taking capacities, this study extended these results by revealing that individual differences in the degree to which participants changed their emotional self-concept after training was positively related to cortical thickness change in right mPFC extending to dorsolateral PFC (dlPFC). Furthermore, increased self-related negative emotional word use after training was positively associated with cortical thickness change in left pars orbitalis and bilateral dlPFC. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal training-related structural brain change in regions known to be involved in self-referential processing and cognitive control, and could indicate a relationship between restructuring of the emotional self-concept content as well as reappraisal of negative aspects and cortical thickness change. As such, our findings can guide the development of psychological interventions targeted to alter specific facets of the self-concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Lena Lumma
- Department of Social Neuroscience Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig Germany.,Department of Psychology and Psychotherapy University of Witten/Herdecke Witten Germany
| | - Sofie L Valk
- Department of Social Neuroscience Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig Germany
| | - Anne Böckler
- Department of Social Neuroscience Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig Germany.,Department of Psychology III University of Würzburg Würzburg Germany
| | - Pascal Vrtička
- Department of Social Neuroscience Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig Germany
| | - Tania Singer
- Department of Social Neuroscience Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig Germany
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Abstract
Currently, panic disorder (PD) is considered a mental disorder based on the assumptions that panic attacks (PAs) are “false alarms” that arise from abnormally sensitive defense systems in the central nervous system and that PD is treated with therapies specifically acting on anxiety or fear mechanisms. This article aims to propose an alternative perspective based on the results of some experimental studies. Our heuristic proposal suggests not only that PD may be a mental disorder but also that patients with PD have real abnormal body functioning, mainly involving cardiorespiratory and balance systems, leading to a decline in global physical fitness. PAs, as well as physical symptoms or discomfort in some environmental situations, may be “real alarms” signaling that the adaptability resources of an organism are insufficient to respond appropriately to some internal or external changes, thus representing the transient conscious awareness of an imbalance in body functioning. The antipanic properties of several modern treatments for PD may include their beneficial effects on body functions. Although anxiety or fear mechanisms are evidently involved in PD, we hypothesize that a reduction of physical fitness is the “primum movens” of PD, while anxiety or fear is induced and sustained by repeated signals of impaired body functioning. We propose considering panic in a broader perspective that offers a central role to the body and to contemplate the possible role of somatic treatments in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giampaolo Perna
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hermanas Hospitalarias, Villa San Benedetto Menni Hospital, FoRiPsi, Albese con Cassano, Como, Italy.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, Miami University, Miami, USA
| | - Daniela Caldirola
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hermanas Hospitalarias, Villa San Benedetto Menni Hospital, FoRiPsi, Albese con Cassano, Como, Italy
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35
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Northoff G. Personal Identity and Cortical Midline Structure (CMS): Do Temporal Features of CMS Neural Activity Transform Into “Self-Continuity”? PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/1047840x.2017.1337396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Georg Northoff
- Mental Health Centre, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Centre for Brain and Consciousness, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- College for Humanities and Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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36
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Kanayama N, Asai T, Nakao T, Makita K, Kozuma R, Uyama T, Yamane T, Kadota H, Yamawaki S. Subjectivity of the Anomalous Sense of Self Is Represented in Gray Matter Volume in the Brain. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:232. [PMID: 28536515 PMCID: PMC5422542 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The self includes complicated and heterogeneous functions. Researchers have divided the self into three distinct functions called “agency,” “ownership,” and “narrative self”. These correspond to psychiatric symptoms, behavioral characteristics and neural responses, but their relationship with brain structure is unclear. This study examined the relationship between the subjectivity of self-related malfunctions and brain structure in terms of gray matter (GM) volume in 96 healthy people. They completed a recently developed self-reported questionnaire called the Embodied Sense of Self Scale (ESSS) that measures self-related malfunctions. The ESSS has three subscales reflecting the three distinct functions of the self. We also determined the participants’ brain structures using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and voxel-based morphometry (VBM). Multiple regression analysis revealed a significant negative correlation between ownership malfunction and the insular cortex GM volume. A relationship with brain structure could thus only be confirmed for the ESSS “ownership” subscale. This finding suggests that distinct brain structures feel ownership and that the ESSS could partly screen for distinct brain structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriaki Kanayama
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima UniversityHiroshima, Japan.,Center of KANSEI Innovation, Hiroshima UniversityHiroshima, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Asai
- Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Communication Science Laboratories, Human Information Science LaboratoryKanagawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakao
- Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Education, Hiroshima UniversityHiroshima, Japan
| | - Kai Makita
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima UniversityHiroshima, Japan.,Center of KANSEI Innovation, Hiroshima UniversityHiroshima, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Kozuma
- Faculty of Medicine, Hiroshima UniversityHiroshima, Japan
| | - Takuto Uyama
- Faculty of Medicine, Hiroshima UniversityHiroshima, Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Kadota
- Research Institute, Kochi University of TechnologyKochi, Japan
| | - Shigeto Yamawaki
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima UniversityHiroshima, Japan.,Center of KANSEI Innovation, Hiroshima UniversityHiroshima, Japan
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Interactions between the default network and dorsal attention network vary across default subsystems, time, and cognitive states. Neuroimage 2016; 147:632-649. [PMID: 28040543 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.12.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Anticorrelation between the default network (DN) and dorsal attention network (DAN) is thought to be an intrinsic aspect of functional brain organization reflecting competing functions. However, the effect size of functional connectivity (FC) between the DN and DAN has yet to be established. Furthermore, the stability of anticorrelations across distinct DN subsystems, different contexts, and time, remains unexplored. In study 1 we summarize effect sizes of DN-DAN FC from 20 studies, and in study 2 we probe the variability of DN-DAN interactions across six different cognitive states in a new data set. We show that: (i) the DN and DAN have an independent rather than anticorrelated relationship when global signal regression is not used (median effect size across studies: r=-.06; 95% CI: -.15 to .08); (ii) the DAN exhibits weak negative FC with the DN Core subsystem but is uncorrelated with the dorsomedial prefrontal and medial temporal lobe subsystems; (iii) DN-DAN interactions vary significantly across different cognitive states; (iv) DN-DAN FC fluctuates across time between periods of anticorrelation and periods of positive correlation; and (v) changes across time in the strength of DN-DAN coupling are coordinated with interactions involving the frontoparietal control network (FPCN). Overall, the observed weak effect sizes related to DN-DAN anticorrelation suggest the need to re-conceptualize the nature of interactions between these networks. Furthermore, our findings demonstrate that DN-DAN interactions are not stable, but rather, exhibit substantial variability across time and context, and are coordinated with broader network dynamics involving the FPCN.
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38
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Grossi D, Longarzo M, Quarantelli M, Salvatore E, Cavaliere C, De Luca P, Trojano L, Aiello M. Altered functional connectivity of interoception in illness anxiety disorder. Cortex 2016; 86:22-32. [PMID: 27871020 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2016.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Interoception collects all information coming from the body and is sustained by several brain areas such as insula and cingulate cortex. Here, we used resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate functional connectivity (FC) of networks implied in interoception in patients with Illness anxiety disorders (IADs). We observed significantly reduced FC between the left extrastriate body area (EBA) and the paracentral lobule compared to healthy controls. Moreover, the correlation analysis between behavioural questionnaires and ROI to ROI FC showed that higher levels of illness anxiety were related to hyper-connectivity between EBA and amygdala and hippocampus. Scores on a questionnaire for interoceptive awareness were significantly correlated with higher FC between right hippocampus and nucleus accumbens bilaterally, and with higher connectivity between left anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and left orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). Last, patients showed increased interoceptive awareness, measured by Self-Awareness Questionnaire (SAQ), and reduced capability in recognizing emotions, indicating inverse correlation between interoception and emotional awareness. Taken together our results suggested that, in absence of structural and micro-structural changes, patients with IADs show functional alteration in the neural network involved in the self-body representation; such functional alteration might be the target of possible treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Grossi
- Department of Psychology, Second University of Naples, Italy
| | | | - Mario Quarantelli
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Elena Salvatore
- Department of Neuroscience Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Luigi Trojano
- Department of Psychology, Second University of Naples, Italy
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Dor-Ziderman Y, Ataria Y, Fulder S, Goldstein A, Berkovich-Ohana A. Self-specific processing in the meditating brain: a MEG neurophenomenology study. Neurosci Conscious 2016; 2016:niw019. [PMID: 30397512 PMCID: PMC6210398 DOI: 10.1093/nc/niw019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Self-specific processes (SSPs) specify the self as an embodied subject and agent, implementing a functional self/nonself distinction in perception, cognition, and action. Despite recent interest, it is still undetermined whether SSPs are all-or-nothing or graded phenomena; whether they can be identified in neuroimaging data; and whether they can be altered through attentional training. These issues are approached through a neurophenomenological exploration of the sense-of-boundaries (SB), the fundamental experience of being an 'I' (self) separated from the 'world' (nonself). The SB experience was explored in collaboration with a uniquely qualified meditation practitioner, who volitionally produced, while being scanned by magnetoencephalogram (MEG), three mental states characterized by a graded SB experience. The results were then partly validated in an independent group of 10 long-term meditators. Implicated neural mechanisms include right-lateralized beta oscillations in the temporo-parietal junction, a region known to mediate the experiential unity of self and body; and in the medial parietal cortex, a central node of the self's representational system. The graded nature as well as the trainable flexibility and neural plasticity of SSPs may hold clinical implications for populations with a disturbed SB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yochai Ataria
- Neurobiology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.,Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Tel-Hai Academic College, Upper Galilee, Israel
| | - Stephen Fulder
- Founder, Senior Teacher, Israel Insight Society (Tovana), Israel
| | - Abraham Goldstein
- Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel.,Psychology Department, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Aviva Berkovich-Ohana
- Faculty of Education, The Safra Brain Research Center for the Study of Learning Disabilities, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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40
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Lee JS, Kim ES, Kim EJ, Kim J, Kim E, Lee SK, Kim JJ. The relationship between self-referential processing-related brain activity and anhedonia in patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2016; 254:112-118. [PMID: 27399308 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Despite the possible relationship between impaired self-referential processing and anhedonia, it has not yet been investigated. This study investigated an abnormality in brain activation associated with self-referential processing and its relationship with anhedonia in schizophrenia, specifically in self-related brain regions of interest. Twenty patients with schizophrenia and 25 controls underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while rating the degree of relevance between faces (self, familiar other, or unfamiliar other) and words (positive, negative, or neutral). Brain activation in self-related regions, including the ventral and dorsal medial prefrontal cortices, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), posterior cingulate cortex, precuneus, and insula, were compared between groups and their correlations with anhedonia level were calculated. Compared to controls, patients were less likely to rate negative words as irrelevant for the self face. Patients showed significantly increased activation in the ACC and precuneus compared to controls, irrespective of conditions. ACC activity in the self-neutral word condition was positively correlated with anhedonia score in patients. These results suggest that patients with schizophrenia may have an abnormality in the self-related cortical midline structures and particularly, abnormal ACC activation may be involved in anhedonia. Disrupted self-referential processing may be a possible cause of anhedonia in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Suk Lee
- Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 134 Shinchon-dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea; Department of Psychiatry, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Ilsan-ro 100, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Seong Kim
- Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 134 Shinchon-dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea; Department of Occupational therapy, Chunnam Techno University, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Joo Kim
- Graduate School of Education, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joohan Kim
- Department of Communication, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eosu Kim
- Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 134 Shinchon-dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea; Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Koo Lee
- Department of Radiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Jin Kim
- Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 134 Shinchon-dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, Republic of Korea; Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Radiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Araujo HF, Kaplan J, Damasio H, Damasio A. Neural correlates of different self domains. Brain Behav 2015; 5:e00409. [PMID: 26807336 PMCID: PMC4714646 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The neural substrates of states devoted to processing self-related information ("self-related states") remain not fully elucidated. Besides the complexity of the problem, there is evidence suggesting that self-related states vary according to the information domain being considered. Here, we investigated brain correlates for self-related states concerning historical aspects of one's life (autobiographical self), and one's ongoing body status (core self). We focused on memory-related regions, body-related regions, CMSs (cortical midline structures), and ICs (insular cortices). METHODS This was a block-design fMRI study contrasting brain activity for core self (interoception and exteroception) and autobiographical self (personality traits and biographic facts) information domains. It involved 19 participants, who answered questions about each domain (four conditions). RESULTS All conditions appeared to engage the regions of interest. Nonetheless, autobiographical self compared with core self showed greater activity in memory-related regions (e.g., hippocampus), MPFC (medial prefrontal cortex), superior PMC (posteromedial cortex), and anterior ICs. Core self compared with autobiographical self was associated with greater activity in body-related regions (e.g., somatosensory cortices, and EBA [extrastriate body area]), superior PMC, and posterior ICs. In addition, (1) facts compared with traits showed greater activity in body-related regions, memory-related regions, MPFC, and PMC; (2) traits compared with facts were associated with greater activity in the posterior part of the anterior cingulate cortex; (3) interoception compared with exteroception was associated with greater activity in body-related regions (e.g. postcentral gyrus), memory-related regions, MPFC, inferior PMC and ICs; (4) exteroception compared with interoception showed greater activity in some body-related regions (e.g., premotor cortices and EBA) and superior PMC. CONCLUSIONS The results support the notion that the neural correlates of self-related states depend on the information domain. Those states seem distinguishable in terms of activity in memory-related and body-related regions, and activity in regions that have been associated with self processes (CMSs and the ICs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Helder F Araujo
- Brain and Creativity Institute University of Southern California Los Angeles California; Neuroscience Graduate Program University of Southern California Los Angeles California; Graduate Program in Areas of Basic and Applied Biology University of Oporto Oporto Portugal
| | - Jonas Kaplan
- Brain and Creativity Institute University of Southern California Los Angeles California
| | - Hanna Damasio
- Brain and Creativity Institute University of Southern California Los Angeles California
| | - Antonio Damasio
- Brain and Creativity Institute University of Southern California Los Angeles California
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