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Heras-Sádaba A, Pérez-Ruiz A, Martins P, Ederra C, de Solórzano CO, Abizanda G, Pons-Villanueva J, Calvo B, Grasa J. Exploring the muscle architecture effect on the mechanical behaviour of mouse rotator cuff muscles. Comput Biol Med 2024; 174:108401. [PMID: 38603897 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.108401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Incorporating detailed muscle architecture aspects into computational models can enable researchers to gain deeper insights into the complexity of muscle function, movement, and performance. In this study, we employed histological, multiphoton image processing, and finite element method techniques to characterise the mechanical dependency on the architectural behaviour of supraspinatus and infraspinatus mouse muscles. While mechanical tests revealed a stiffer passive behaviour in the supraspinatus muscle, the collagen content was found to be two times higher in the infraspinatus. This effect was unveiled by analysing the alignment of fibres during muscle stretch with the 3D models and the parameters obtained in the fitting. Therefore, a strong dependence of muscle behaviour, both active and passive, was found on fibre orientation rather than collagen content.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Heras-Sádaba
- Aragón Institute of Engineering Research (i3A), Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain
| | - A Pérez-Ruiz
- Technological Innovation Division, Foundation for Applied Medical Research (FIMA), University of Navarra (UNAV), Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - P Martins
- Aragón Institute of Engineering Research (i3A), Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain
| | - C Ederra
- Technological Innovation Division, Foundation for Applied Medical Research (FIMA), University of Navarra (UNAV), Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - C Ortiz de Solórzano
- Technological Innovation Division, Foundation for Applied Medical Research (FIMA), University of Navarra (UNAV), Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - G Abizanda
- Technological Innovation Division, Foundation for Applied Medical Research (FIMA), University of Navarra (UNAV), Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - J Pons-Villanueva
- Technological Innovation Division, Foundation for Applied Medical Research (FIMA), University of Navarra (UNAV), Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain; Orthopedic Department, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - B Calvo
- Aragón Institute of Engineering Research (i3A), Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Spain
| | - J Grasa
- Aragón Institute of Engineering Research (i3A), Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Spain.
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Takahashi K, Shiotani H, Evangelidis PE, Sado N, Kawakami Y. Coronal As Well As Sagittal Fascicle Dynamics Can Bring About a Gearing Effect in Muscle Elongation by Passive Lengthening. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2023; 55:2035-2044. [PMID: 37418239 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The amount of muscle belly elongation induced by passive lengthening is often assumed to be equal to that of fascicles. But these are different if fascicles shorter than the muscle belly rotate around their attachment sites. Such discrepancy between fascicles and muscle belly length changes can be considered as gearing. As the muscle fascicle arrangement is 3D, the fascicle rotation by passive lengthening may occur in the coronal as well as the sagittal planes. Here we examined the fascicle 3D dynamics and resultant gearing during passive elongation of human medial gastrocnemius in vivo . METHODS For 16 healthy adults, we reconstructed fascicles three-dimensionally using diffusion tensor imaging and evaluated the change in fascicle length and angles in the sagittal and coronal planes during passive ankle dorsiflexion (from 20° plantar flexion to 20° dorsiflexion). RESULTS Whole muscle belly elongation during passive ankle dorsiflexion was 38% greater than the fascicle elongation. Upon passive lengthening, the fascicle angle in the sagittal plane in all regions (-5.9°) and that in the coronal plane in the middle-medial (-2.7°) and distal-medial (-4.3°) regions decreased significantly. Combining the fascicle coronal and sagittal rotation significantly increased the gearing effects in the middle-medial (+10%) and distal-medial (+23%) regions. The gearing effect by fascicle sagittal and coronal rotations corresponded to 26% of fascicle elongation, accounting for 19% of whole muscle belly elongation. CONCLUSIONS Fascicle rotation in the coronal and sagittal planes is responsible for passive gearing, contributing to the whole muscle belly elongation. Passive gearing can be favorable for reducing fascicle elongation for a given muscle belly elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Natsuki Sado
- Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, JAPAN
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3
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Leckie I, Thomas L, Weiler R. Rehabilitation of a lateral ankle reconstruction in a male professional football player - A narrative case report. Phys Ther Sport 2023; 62:32-38. [PMID: 37300971 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2023.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Lateral ankle sprains involving the ATFL and CFL are common injuries in football with a high recurrence rate. There is a lack of research to guide post-operative rehabilitation of football players following lateral ligament ankle reconstructive surgery. This narrative case report discusses the management of a lateral ligament reconstruction in a male professional football player. METHODS A 25-year-old professional footballer underwent a lateral ankle reconstruction following recurrent lateral ankle sprains leading to an unstable ankle. RESULTS Following 11-weeks of rehabilitation the player was cleared to return to full-contact training. The player competed in his first competitive match 13-weeks post-injury and completed a 6-month full-training block, without episodes of pain or instability. CONCLUSION This case report illustrates the rehabilitation process of a football player following a lateral ankle ligament reconstruction within a timeframe expected in elite sport.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Richard Weiler
- University Medical Centres, Netherlands; University College London, Instistute Sport, Exercise and Health, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, United Kingdom; Fortius Clinic London, United Kingdom
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Chow BVY, Morgan C, Rae C, Novak I, Davies S, Herbert RD, Bolsterlee B. Three-dimensional skeletal muscle architecture in the lower legs of living human infants. J Biomech 2023; 155:111661. [PMID: 37290180 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2023.111661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the skeletal muscle architecture of living humans at birth. In this study, we used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to measure the volumes of ten muscle groups in the lower legs of eight human infants aged less than three months. We then combined MRI and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to provide detailed, high-resolution reconstructions and measurements of moment arms, fascicle lengths, physiological cross-sectional areas (PCSAs), pennation angles and diffusion parameters of the medial (MG) and lateral gastrocnemius (LG) muscles. On average, the total lower leg muscle volume was 29.2 cm3. The largest muscle was the soleus muscle with a mean volume of 6.5 cm3. Compared to the LG muscles, the MG muscles had, on average, greater volumes (by ∼35%) and greater PCSAs (by ∼63%) but similar ankle-to-knee moment arm ratios (∼0.1 difference), fascicle lengths (∼5.7 mm difference) and pennation angles (∼2.7° difference). The MG data were compared with data previously collected from adults. The MG muscles of adults had, on average, a 63-fold greater volume, a 36-fold greater PCSA, and 1.7-fold greater fascicle length. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using MRI and DTI to reconstruct the three-dimensional architecture of skeletal muscles in living human infants. It is shown that, between infancy and adulthood, MG muscle fascicles grow primarily in cross-section rather than in length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian V Y Chow
- Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Catherine Morgan
- Cerebral Palsy Alliance Research Institute, Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Caroline Rae
- Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Iona Novak
- Cerebral Palsy Alliance Research Institute, Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Suzanne Davies
- Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Robert D Herbert
- Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Bart Bolsterlee
- Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Sydney, NSW, Australia; Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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5
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Diniz P, Quental C, Violindo P, Veiga Gomes J, Pereira H, Kerkhoffs GMMJ, Ferreira FC, Folgado J. Design and validation of a finite element model of the aponeurotic and free Achilles tendon. J Orthop Res 2023; 41:534-545. [PMID: 35780388 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The Achilles tendon (AT) is a common injury site. Ruptures are usually located in the free tendon but may cross the myotendinous junction into the aponeurotic region. Considering the possibility of aponeurotic region involvement in AT ruptures, a novel three dimensional (3D) finite element (FE) model that includes both the aponeurotic and free AT regions and features subtendon twisting and sliding was developed. It was hypothesized that the model would be able to predict in vivo data collected from the literature, thus being considered valid, and that model outputs would be most sensitive to subtendon twist configurations. The 3D model was constructed using magnetic resonance images. The model was divided into soleus and gastrocnemius subtendons. In addition to a frictionless contact condition, the interaction between subtendons was modeled using two contact formulations: sliding with anisotropic friction and no sliding. Loads were applied on the tendon's most proximal cross-section and anterior surface, with magnitudes estimated from in vivo studies. Model outputs were compared with experimental data regarding 3D deformation, transverse plane rotation, and nodal displacements in the free tendon. The FE model adequately simulated the free tendon behavior regarding longitudinal strain, cross-section area variation, transverse plane rotation, and sagittal nodal displacements, provided that subtendon sliding was allowed. The frictionless model exhibited noticeable medial transverse sliding of the soleus subtendon, which was present to a much lesser degree in the anisotropic friction model. Model outputs were most sensitive to variations in subtendon twist and dispersion of the collagen fiber orientations. Clinical Significance: This Achilles tendon finite element model, validated using in vivo experimental data, may be used to study its mechanical behavior, injury mechanisms, and rupture risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Diniz
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital de Sant'Ana, Parede, Portugal.,Department of Bioengineering and iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Fisiogaspar, Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carlos Quental
- IDMEC, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro Violindo
- Department of Radiology, Hospital de Sant'Ana, Parede, Portugal
| | | | - Hélder Pereira
- Orthopaedic Department, Centro Hospitalar Póvoa de Varzim, Vila do Conde, Portugal.,Ripoll y De Prado Sports Clinic: FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Murcia, Spain.,University of Minho ICVS/3 B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Gino M M J Kerkhoffs
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Academic Center for Evidence Based Sports Medicine (ACES), Amsterdam Collaboration for Health and Safety in Sports (ACHSS), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frederico Castelo Ferreira
- Department of Bioengineering and iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Folgado
- IDMEC, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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6
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Aeles J, Sarcher A, Hug F. Common synaptic input between motor units from the lateral and medial posterior soleus compartments does not differ from that within each compartment. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 134:105-115. [PMID: 36454677 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00587.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The human soleus muscle is anatomically divided into four separate anatomical compartments. The functional role of this compartmentalization remains unclear. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the common synaptic input to motor units between the medial and lateral posterior compartments is less than within each compartment. Fourteen male participants performed three different heel-raise tasks that were considered to place a different mechanical demand on the medial and lateral soleus compartments. High-density electromyography (EMG) signals from the medial and lateral soleus compartments and the medial gastrocnemius of the right leg were decomposed into individual motor unit spike trains. The coherence between cumulative spike trains of the motor units was estimated. The coherence analysis was also repeated for motor units that were matched across all three tasks. Furthermore, we calculated the ratio of significant correlations between the spike trains of pairs of motor units. We observed that the coherence between motor units of the two soleus compartments was similar as the coherence between motor units within each compartment, regardless of the task. The correlation analysis performed on pairs of motor units confirmed these results. We conclude that the level of common synaptic input between the motor units innervating the medial and lateral posterior soleus compartment is not different than the common synaptic input between motor units innervating each of these compartments, which contrasts with findings from previous studies on finger muscles. This suggests that there is no independent neural control for the individual posterior soleus compartments.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The human soleus muscle is anatomically subdivided into four compartments. The functional role for this compartmentalization remains unknown. Here, we showed that, contrary to previous findings in finger muscles, the common synaptic input between motor units innervating the medial and lateral posterior soleus compartment was similar as that between motor units within the individual compartments. We suggest that the contradictory findings with other compartmentalized muscles may be explained by differences in muscle-tendon anatomy and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Aeles
- Movement-Interactions-Performance, MIP, Nantes Université, Nantes, France.,Laboratory of Functional Morphology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Aurélie Sarcher
- Movement-Interactions-Performance, MIP, Nantes Université, Nantes, France
| | - François Hug
- LAMHESS, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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7
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Klich S, Kawczyński A, Sommer K, Danek N, Fernández-de-las-Peñas C, Michener LA, Madeleine P. Stiffness and thickness of the upper trapezius muscle increase after repeated climbing bouts in male climbers. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14409. [PMID: 36523451 PMCID: PMC9745787 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Indoor climbing involves overloading the shoulder girdle, including the rotator cuff and upper trapezius muscles. This on the field study aimed to investigate the effects of repeated climbing bouts on morphological and mechanical measures of the upper trapezius muscle. Materials and Methods Fifteen experienced male climbers participated in the study. Rate of perceived exertion (RPE), blood lactate concentration ([La-]b), and stiffness and thickness over four points of the upper trapezius were assessed before and after a repeated climbing exercise. The procedure for the climbing exercise consisted of five climbs for a total time of 5-minutes per climb, followed by a 5-minute rest. Results The analysis showed an increase from baseline to after the 3rd climb (p ≤ 0.01) for RPE and after the 5th climb for [La-]b (p ≤ 0.001). Muscle stiffness and thickness increased at all points (1-2-3-4) after the 5th climb (p ≤ 0.01). We found spatial heterogeneity in muscle stiffness and thickness; muscle stiffness was the highest at Point 4 (p ≤ 0.01), while muscle thickness reached the highest values at points 1-2 (both p ≤ 0.01). Moreover, the analysis between the dominant and non-dominant shoulder showed greater stiffness after the 1st climb at Point 1 (p = 0.004) and after the 5th climb at Point 4 (p ≤ 0.001). Conclusions For muscle thickness, the analysis showed significant changes in time and location between the dominant and the non-dominant shoulder. Bilateral increases in upper trapezius muscle stiffness and thickness, with simultaneous increases in RPE and blood lactate in response to consecutive climbs eliciting fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Klich
- Department of Paralympic Sport, Wrocław University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Adam Kawczyński
- Department of Paralympic Sport, Wrocław University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Klaudia Sommer
- Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Natalia Danek
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Wrocław University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - César Fernández-de-las-Peñas
- Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain,Cátedra Institucional en Docencia, Clínica e Investigación en Fisioterapia: Terapia Manual, Punción Seca y Ejercicio Terapéutico, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lori A. Michener
- Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States of America
| | - Pascal Madeleine
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Sport Sciences—Performance and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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8
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Williams SA, Bell M, Kim HK, Salim Al Masruri G, Stott N, Fernandez J, Mirjalili SA. The reliability and validity of triceps surae muscle volume assessment using freehand three-dimensional ultrasound in typically developing infants. J Anat 2022; 240:567-578. [PMID: 34693531 PMCID: PMC8819047 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study assessed the intra-acquirer, intra- and inter-processor reliability, and validity of the in vivo assessment of the medial gastrocnemius (MG), lateral gastrocnemius (LG) and soleus (SOL) muscle volumes using freehand 3D ultrasound (3DUS) in typically developing infants. Reliability assessments of freehand 3DUS were undertaken in infants across three ages groups: three, six and twelve months of age, with validity testing completed against magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in infants at 3 months of age. Freehand 3DUS scanning was carried out by a single acquirer, with two independent processors manually segmenting images to render volumes. MRI images were segmented independently by a separate processor, with the volumes compared to those obtained via freehand 3DUS. Reliability was assessed using intraclass correlation (ICC), coefficient of variance (CV) and minimal detectable change (MDC) across each assessment time point. Validity was assessed using the limits of agreement. ICCs for intra-acquirer reliability of the acquisition process for freehand 3DUS ranged from 0.91 to 0.99 across all muscles. ICCs for intra-processor and inter-processor reliability for the segmentation process of freehand 3DUS ranged from 0.80 to 0.98 across all muscles. Acceptable levels of agreement between muscle volume obtained by freehand 3DUS and MRI were found for all muscles; however, freehand 3DUS overestimated muscle volume of MG and LG and underestimate the SOL compared with MRI, with average absolute differences of MG = 0.3 ml, LG = 0.3 ml and Sol = 1.2 ml. Freehand 3DUS is a reliable method for measuring in vivo triceps surae muscle volume in typically developing infants. We conclude that freehand 3DUS is a useful tool to assess changes in muscle volume in response to growth and interventions in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sîan A. Williams
- Curtin School of Allied HealthFaculty of Health SciencesCurtin UniversityPerthAustralia
- Liggins InstituteUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Matthew Bell
- Department of Anatomy and Medical ImagingFaculty of Medical and Health SciencesUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Hyun K. Kim
- Kinesiology DepartmentIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
| | - Ghaliya Salim Al Masruri
- Department of Anatomy and Medical ImagingFaculty of Medical and Health SciencesUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - N. Susan Stott
- Department of SurgeryFaculty of Medical and Health SciencesUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Justin Fernandez
- Auckland Bioengineering InstituteUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
- Department of Engineering ScienceUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - S. Ali Mirjalili
- Department of Anatomy and Medical ImagingFaculty of Medical and Health SciencesUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
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Bolsterlee B. A new framework for analysis of three-dimensional shape and architecture of human skeletal muscles from in vivo imaging data. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 132:712-725. [PMID: 35050794 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00638.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A new framework is presented for comprehensive analysis of the three-dimensional shape and architecture of human skeletal muscles from magnetic resonance and diffusion tensor imaging data. The framework comprises three key features: (1) identification of points on the surface of and inside a muscle that have a correspondence to points on and inside another muscle, (2) reconstruction of average muscle shape and average muscle fibre orientations, and (3) utilization of data on between-muscle variation to visualize and make statistical inferences about changes or differences in muscle shape and architecture. The general use of the framework is demonstrated by its application to three case studies. Analysis of data obtained before and after eight weeks of strength training revealed there was little regional variation in hypertrophy of the vastus medialis and vastus lateralis, and no systematic change in pennation angle. Analysis of passive muscle lengthening revealed heterogeneous changes in shape of the medial gastrocnemius, and confirmed the ability of the methods to detect subtle changes in muscle fibre orientation. Analysis of the medial gastrocnemius of children with unilateral cerebral palsy showed that muscles in the more-affected limb were shorter, thinner and less wide than muscles in the less-affected limb, and had slightly more pennate muscle fibres in the central and proximal part of the muscle. Amongst other applications, the framework can be used to explore the mechanics of muscle contraction, investigate adaptations of muscle architecture, build anatomically realistic computational models of skeletal muscles, and compare muscle shape and architecture between species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Bolsterlee
- Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Randwick, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,University of New South Wales, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia.,Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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10
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Knaus KR, Handsfield GG, Blemker SS. A 3D model of the soleus reveals effects of aponeuroses morphology and material properties on complex muscle fascicle behavior. J Biomech 2022; 130:110877. [PMID: 34896789 PMCID: PMC8841064 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The soleus is an important plantarflexor muscle with complex fascicle and connective tissue arrangement. In this study we created an image-based finite element model representing the 3D structure of the soleus muscle and its aponeurosis connective tissue, including distinct fascicle architecture of the posterior and anterior compartments. The model was used to simulate passive and active soleus lengthening during ankle motion to predict tissue displacements and fascicle architecture changes. Both the model's initial architecture and changes incurred during passive lengthening were consistent with prior in vivo data from diffusion tensor imaging. Model predictions of active lengthening were consistent with axial plane muscle displacements that we measured in eight subjects' lower legs using cine DENSE (Displacement Encoding with Stimulated Echoes) MRI during eccentric dorsiflexion. Regional strains were variable and nonuniform in the model, but average fascicle strains were similar between the compartments for both passive (anterior: 0.18 ± 0.06, posterior: 0.19 ± 0.05) and active (anterior: 0.12 ± 0.05, posterior: 0.13 ± 0.06) lengthening and were two- to three-times greater than muscle belly strain (0.06). We used additional model simulations to investigate the effects of aponeurosis material properties on muscle deformation, by independently varying the longitudinal or transverse stiffness of the posterior or anterior aponeurosis. Results of model variations elucidate how properties of soleus aponeuroses contribute to fascicle architecture changes. Greater longitudinal stiffness of posterior compared to anterior aponeurosis promoted more uniform spatial distribution of muscle tissue deformation. Reduced transverse stiffness in both aponeuroses resulted in larger differences between passive and active soleus lengthening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Knaus
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | - Silvia S Blemker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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11
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Soleus Muscle Reduction with Botulinum Toxin Type A Injection for Ankle Contouring. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2021; 9:e3565. [PMID: 34881142 PMCID: PMC8647864 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000003565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Bell M, Al Masruri G, Fernandez J, Williams SA, Agur AM, Stott NS, Hajarizadeh B, Mirjalili A. Typical m. triceps surae morphology and architecture measurement from 0 to 18 years: A narrative review. J Anat 2021; 240:746-760. [PMID: 34750816 PMCID: PMC8930835 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this review was to report on the imaging modalities used to assess morphological and architectural properties of the m. triceps surae muscle in typically developing children, and the available reliability analyses. Scopus and MEDLINE (Pubmed) were searched systematically for all original articles published up to September 2020 measuring morphological and architectural properties of the m. triceps surae in typically developing children (18 years or under). Thirty eligible studies were included in this analysis, measuring fibre bundle length (FBL) (n = 11), pennation angle (PA) (n = 10), muscle volume (MV) (n = 16) and physiological cross‐sectional area (PCSA) (n = 4). Three primary imaging modalities were utilised to assess these architectural parameters in vivo: two‐dimensional ultrasound (2DUS; n = 12), three‐dimensional ultrasound (3DUS; n = 9) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI; n = 6). The mean age of participants ranged from 1.4 years to 18 years old. There was an apparent increase in m. gastrocnemius medialis MV and pCSA with age; however, no trend was evident with FBL or PA. Analysis of correlations of muscle variables with age was limited by a lack of longitudinal data and methodological variations between studies affecting outcomes. Only five studies evaluated the reliability of the methods. Imaging methodologies such as MRI and US may provide valuable insight into the development of skeletal muscle from childhood to adulthood; however, variations in methodological approaches can significantly influence outcomes. Researchers wishing to develop a model of typical muscle development should carry out longitudinal architectural assessment of all muscles comprising the m. triceps surae utilising a consistent approach that minimises confounding errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Bell
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ghaliya Al Masruri
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Justin Fernandez
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Engineering Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sîan A Williams
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.,Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anne M Agur
- Division of Anatomy, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ngaire S Stott
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Ali Mirjalili
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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13
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Three-dimensional modelling of human quadriceps femoris forces. J Biomech 2021; 120:110347. [PMID: 33711598 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Quadriceps intramuscular anatomy is typically described in two dimensions. However, anatomical descriptions indicate fascicles in the quadriceps may have a three-dimensional orientation. The purpose of this investigation was to quantify the maximum force generating capacity of the individual quadriceps' muscles in three dimensions. Muscle architectural parameters were obtained from three cadaver specimens (two female) and input into a geometry-based multiple fascicle muscle force model. Vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and rectus femoris had partitions which could be defined based on differences in the sense and direction of fascicles between partitions. Vastus lateralis and rectus femoris were bipennate due to partitions sharing an aponeurosis. Vastus lateralis deep and superficial partitions exerted posterior- (maximum: -29 ± 5 N) and anterior-directed (maximum: 58 ± 15 N) forces on their shared distal aponeurosis. Rectus femoris medial and lateral partitions exerted medial- (maximum: -38 ± 17 N) and lateral-directed (maximum: 19 ± 12 N) forces on their shared proximal aponeurosis. All vastus medialis fascicles ran along the proximal-distal axis. However, fascicles arising near the lesser trochanter also ran along the superficial-deep axis, while fascicles arising from the linea aspera ran along the medial-lateral axis. Thus, vastus medialis could be divided into longus and oblique partitions. Due to the large pennation angle, vastus medialis oblique could exert maximum medial-directed (-219 ± 93 N) and proximal-directed (279 ± 168 N) forces at approximately -40° and -70° knee flexion, respectively, indicating dual roles for vastus medialis oblique dependent on knee flexion angle.
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14
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Wagner AL, Danko V, Federle A, Klett D, Simon D, Heiss R, Jüngert J, Uder M, Schett G, Neurath MF, Woelfle J, Waldner MJ, Trollmann R, Regensburger AP, Knieling F. Precision of handheld multispectral optoacoustic tomography for muscle imaging. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2021; 21:100220. [PMID: 33318928 PMCID: PMC7723806 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2020.100220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Photo-or optoacoustic imaging (OAI) allows quantitative imaging of target tissues. Using multi-wavelength illumination with subsequent ultrasound detection, it may visualize a variety of different chromophores at centimeter depth. Despite its non-invasive, label-free advantages, the precision of repeated measurements for clinical applications is still elusive. We present a multilayer analysis of n = 1920 imaging datasets obtained from a prospective clinical trial (NCT03979157) in n = 10 healthy adult volunteers. All datasets were analyzed for 13 single wavelengths (SWL) between 660 nm-1210 nm and five MSOT-parameters (deoxygenated/oxygenated/total hemoglobin, collagen and lipid) by a semi-automated batch mode software. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were good to excellent for intrarater (SWL: 0.82-0.92; MSOT-parameter: 0.72-0.92) and interrater reproducibility (SWL: 0.79-0.87; MSOT-parameter: 0.78-0.86), with the exception for MSOT-parameter lipid (interrater ICC: 0.56). Results were stable over time, but exercise-related effects as well as inter-and intramuscular variability were observed. The findings of this study provide a framework for further clinical OAI implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra L. Wagner
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Vera Danko
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anna Federle
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Daniel Klett
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - David Simon
- Department of Medicine 3, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rafael Heiss
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jörg Jüngert
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Uder
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Georg Schett
- Department of Medicine 3, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus F. Neurath
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Joachim Woelfle
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maximilian J. Waldner
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Regina Trollmann
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Adrian P. Regensburger
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ferdinand Knieling
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Corresponding author at: Pediatric Experimental and Translational Imaging Laboratory (PETI-Lab), Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Loschgestraße 15, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
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15
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Routzong MR, Cook MS, Barone W, Abramowitch SD, Alperin M. Novel Application of Photogrammetry to Quantify Fascicle Orientations of Female Cadaveric Pelvic Floor Muscles. Ann Biomed Eng 2021; 49:1888-1899. [PMID: 33638030 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-021-02747-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although critical for understanding and simulating pelvic floor muscle function and pathophysiology, the fascicle arrangements of the coccygeus and levator ani remain mostly undetermined. We performed close-range photogrammetry on cadaveric pelvic floor muscles to robustly quantify surface fascicle orientations. The pelvic floor muscles of 5 female cadavers were exposed through anatomic dissections, removed en bloc, and photographed from every required angle. Overlapping images were mapped onto in silico geometries and muscle fascicles were traced manually. Tangent vectors were calculated along each trace; interpolated to define continuous, 3D vector fields; and projected onto axial and sagittal planes to calculate angles with respect to the pubococcygeal line. Contralateral and ipsilateral pelvic floor muscles were compared within each donor (Kuiper's tests) and using mean values from all donors (William-Watsons tests). Contralateral muscles and all but one ipsilateral muscle pair differed significantly within each donor (p < 0.001). When mean values were considered collectively, no contralateral or ipsilateral statistical differences were found but all muscles compared differed by more than 10° on average. Close-range photogrammetry and subsequent analyses robustly quantified surface fascicle orientations of the pelvic floor muscles. The continuous, 3D vector fields provide data necessary for improving simulations of the female pelvic floor muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan R Routzong
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mark S Cook
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - William Barone
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Marianna Alperin
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Division of Female Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0863, USA.
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16
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Knaus KR, Ebrahimi A, Martin JA, Loegering IF, Thelen DG, Blemker SS. Achilles Tendon Morphology Is Related to Triceps Surae Muscle Size and Peak Plantarflexion Torques During Walking in Young but Not Older Adults. Front Sports Act Living 2020; 2:88. [PMID: 33345079 PMCID: PMC7739823 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2020.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction of the triceps surae muscles and the Achilles tendon is critical in producing the ankle plantarflexion torque required for human walking. Deficits in plantarflexor output are a hallmark of reduced mobility in older adults and are likely associated with changes in the triceps surae muscles that occur with age. Structural differences between young and older adults have been observed in the Achilles tendon and in the triceps surae muscles. However, less is known about how age-related differences in muscle and tendon morphology correspond with each other and, furthermore, how those morphology differences correlate with age-related deficits in function. The goal of this work was to investigate whether there is a correlation between age-related differences in triceps surae muscle size and Achilles tendon cross-sectional area (CSA) and whether either is predictive of ankle plantarflexion torque during walking. We used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to measure triceps surae muscle volumes and tendon CSAs in young (n = 14, age: 26 ± 4 years) and older (n = 7, age: 66 ± 5 years) adults, and we determined peak plantarflexion torques during treadmill walking. We found that individual muscle volumes as a percentage of the total triceps surae volume did not differ between young and older adults, though muscle volumes per body size (normalized by the product of height and mass) were smaller in older adults. Achilles tendon CSA was correlated with body size and muscle volumes in young adults but not in older adults. The ratio of tendon CSA to total triceps surae muscle volume was significantly greater in older adults. Peak ankle plantarflexion torque during walking correlated with body size and triceps surae volume in young and older adults but was correlated with tendon CSA only in the young adults. Structure–function relationships that seem to exist between the Achilles tendon and the triceps surae muscles in young adults are no longer evident in all older adults. Understanding mechanisms that determine altered Achilles tendon CSA in older adults may provide insight into age-related changes in function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Knaus
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Anahid Ebrahimi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Jack A Martin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.,Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Isaac F Loegering
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Darryl G Thelen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.,Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Silvia S Blemker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States.,Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
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17
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The twisted structure of the fetal calcaneal tendon is already visible in the second trimester. Surg Radiol Anat 2020; 43:1075-1082. [PMID: 33237333 PMCID: PMC8273059 DOI: 10.1007/s00276-020-02618-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The progress in morphological science results from the greater possibilities of intra-pubic diagnosis and treatment of congenital disabilities, including the motor system. However, the structure and macroscopic development of the calcaneal tendon have not been investigated in detail. Studies on the adult calcaneal tendon showed that the calcaneal tendon is composed of twisted subtendons. This study aimed to investigate the internal structure of the fetal calcaneal tendon in the second trimester. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-six fetuses fixed in 10% formaldehyde were dissected using the layer-by-layer method and a surgical microscope. RESULTS The twisted structure of the calcaneal tendon was revealed in all specimens. The posterior layer of the calcaneal tendon is formed by the subtendon from the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle. In contrast, the anterior layer is formed by the subtendon from the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle. The subtendon from the soleus muscle constitutes the anteromedial outline of the calcaneal tendon. The lateral outline of the calcaneal tendon is formed by the subtendon originating from the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle. In contrast, the medial outline is formed by the subtendon from the soleus muscle. In most of the examined limbs, the plantaris tendon attached to the tuber calcanei was not directly connected to the calcaneal tendon. CONCLUSIONS The twisted structure of the subtendons of the fetal calcaneal tendon is already visible in the second trimester and is similar to that seen in adults.
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18
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Papenkort S, Böl M, Siebert T. Three-dimensional architecture of rabbit M. soleus during growth. J Biomech 2020; 112:110054. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.110054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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19
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Kimura N, Kato K, Anetai H, Kawasaki Y, Miyaki T, Kudoh H, Sakai T, Ichimura K. Anatomical study of the soleus: Application to improved imaging diagnoses. Clin Anat 2020; 34:991-1001. [PMID: 32783229 DOI: 10.1002/ca.23667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Strains of the soleus are widely found both in amateur and professional athletes. For their accurate regional diagnoses, understanding the anatomy of the spatial relationship between muscular fibers and tendinous structures is important because their interfaces are susceptible sites to muscle strains. Therefore, this study evaluated the precise architecture of the soleus. MATERIALS AND METHODS We evaluated the precise anatomical architecture of the soleus in 87 formaldehyde-fixed soleus muscles. To calculate mean relative physiological cross-sectional area of each muscular fiber compartment, we measured the fiber length, volume, and pennation angle in isolated compartments. RESULTS The posterior soleus surface was covered by a broad aponeurotic posterior insertion tendon (PIT), which continued inferiorly to the insertion tendon. The anterior surface had three aponeurotic origin tendons, lateral origin tendon (LOT), medial origin tendon (MOT), and tendinous arch, which were arranged along the soleus margins. The anterior bipennate muscle portion (ABP), surrounded by the three origin structures, terminated as the sagittal insertion tendon (SIT), which continued inferiorly to PIT. The posterior main muscle portion behind LOT and MOT was separated into lateral and medial portions by the SIT. The soleus thus possessed a broad musculotendinous junction. Furthermore, ABP exhibited wide structural diversity in shape and size: in extreme cases, it was duplicated or absent. CONCLUSION Systematic anatomical descriptions of the soleus will be useful for accurate regional diagnosis of its strains with magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasonography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoaki Kimura
- Department of Anatomy and Life Structure, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kota Kato
- Department of Anatomy and Life Structure, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidaka Anetai
- Department of Anatomy and Life Structure, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuto Kawasaki
- Department of Anatomy and Life Structure, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Miyaki
- Department of Anatomy and Life Structure, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kudoh
- Department of Anatomy and Life Structure, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Sakai
- Department of Anatomy and Life Structure, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Science, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichiro Ichimura
- Department of Anatomy and Life Structure, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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20
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A multiple fascicle muscle force model of the human triceps surae. J Theor Biol 2020; 495:110251. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2020.110251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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21
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Abstract
This review, the first in a series of minireviews on the passive mechanical properties of skeletal muscles, seeks to summarize what is known about the muscle deformations that allow relaxed muscles to lengthen and shorten. Most obviously, when a muscle lengthens, muscle fascicles elongate, but this is not the only mechanism by which muscles change their length. In pennate muscles, elongation of muscle fascicles is accompanied by changes in pennation and changes in fascicle curvature, both of which may contribute to changes in muscle length. The contributions of these mechanisms to change in muscle length are usually small under passive conditions. In very pennate muscles with long aponeuroses, fascicle shear could contribute substantially to changes in muscle length. Tendons experience moderate axial strains even under passive loads, and, because tendons are often much longer than muscle fibers, even moderate tendon strains may contribute substantially to changes in muscle length. Data obtained with new imaging techniques suggest that muscle fascicle and aponeurosis strains are highly nonuniform, but this is yet to be confirmed. The development, validation, and interpretation of continuum muscle models informed by rigorous measurements of muscle architecture and material properties should provide further insights into the mechanisms that allow relaxed muscles to lengthen and shorten.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. D. Herbert
- Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Sydney, Australia
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - B. Bolsterlee
- Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Sydney, Australia
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - S. C. Gandevia
- Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Sydney, Australia
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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22
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Bolsterlee B, D'Souza A, Herbert RD. Reliability and robustness of muscle architecture measurements obtained using diffusion tensor imaging with anatomically constrained tractography. J Biomech 2019; 86:71-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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23
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Sahrmann AS, Stott NS, Besier TF, Fernandez JW, Handsfield GG. Soleus muscle weakness in cerebral palsy: Muscle architecture revealed with Diffusion Tensor Imaging. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0205944. [PMID: 30802250 PMCID: PMC6388915 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral palsy (CP) is associated with movement disorders and reduced muscle size. This latter phenomenon has been observed by computing muscle volumes from conventional MRI, with most studies reporting significantly reduced volumes in leg muscles. This indicates impaired muscle growth, but without knowing muscle fiber orientation, it is not clear whether muscle growth in CP is impaired in the along-fiber direction (indicating shortened muscles and limited range of motion) or the cross-fiber direction (indicating weak muscles and impaired strength). Using Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) we can determine muscle fiber orientation and construct 3D muscle architectures which can be used to examine both along-fiber length and cross-sectional area. Such an approach has not been undertaken in CP. Here, we use advanced DTI sequences with fast imaging times to capture fiber orientations in the soleus muscle of children with CP and age-matched, able-bodied controls. Cross sectional areas perpendicular to the muscle fiber direction were reduced (37 ± 11%) in children with CP compared to controls, indicating impaired muscle strength. Along-fiber muscle lengths were not different between groups. This study is the first to demonstrate along-fiber and cross-fiber muscle architecture in CP using DTI and implicates impaired cross-sectional muscle growth in children with cerebral palsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika S. Sahrmann
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ngaire Susan Stott
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Thor F. Besier
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Engineering Science, Faculty of Engineering, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Justin W. Fernandez
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Engineering Science, Faculty of Engineering, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Geoffrey G. Handsfield
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- * E-mail:
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24
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Dos Anjos FV, Gazzoni M, Vieira TM. Does the activity of ankle plantar flexors differ between limbs while healthy, young subjects stand at ease? J Biomech 2018; 81:140-144. [PMID: 30301550 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Inferences on the active contribution of plantar flexors to the stabilisation of human standing posture have been drawn from surface electromyograms (EMGs). Surface EMGs were however often detected unilaterally, presuming the myoelectric activity from muscles in a single leg reflects the pattern of muscle activation in both legs. In this study we question whether surface EMGs detected from plantar flexor muscles in both legs provide equal estimates of the duration of activity. Arrays of surface electrodes were used to collect EMGs from gastrocnemius and soleus muscles while twelve, young male participants stood at ease for 60 s. Muscles in each leg were deemed active whenever the Root Mean Square amplitude of EMGs (40 ms epochs) detected by any channel in the arrays exceeded the noise level, defined from EMGs detected during rest. The Chi-Square statistics revealed significant differences in the relative number of active periods for both muscles in 10 out of 12 participants tested, ranging from 2% to 65% (χ2 > 17.90; P < 0.01). Pearson correlation analysis indicated side differences in the duration of gastrocnemius though not soleus activity were associated with the centre of pressure mean, lateral position (R = 0.60; P = 0.035). These results suggest therefore that surface EMGs may provide different estimates of the timing of plantar flexors' activity if collected unilaterally during standing and that asymmetric activation may be not necessarily associated with weight distribution between limbs. Depending on the body side from which EMGs are collected, the active contribution of plantar flexors to standing stabilization may be either under- or over-valued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio V Dos Anjos
- PoliToBIOMed Lab, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy; Laboratory for Engineering of the Neuromuscular System (LISiN), Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy.
| | - Marco Gazzoni
- PoliToBIOMed Lab, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy; Laboratory for Engineering of the Neuromuscular System (LISiN), Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Taian M Vieira
- PoliToBIOMed Lab, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy; Laboratory for Engineering of the Neuromuscular System (LISiN), Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
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25
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Fernandez J, Mithraratne K, Alipour M, Handsfield G, Besier T, Zhang J. Towards rapid prediction of personalised muscle mechanics: integration with diffusion tensor imaging. COMPUTER METHODS IN BIOMECHANICS AND BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING: IMAGING & VISUALIZATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/21681163.2018.1519850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin Fernandez
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland , Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Engineering Science, The University of Auckland , Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kumar Mithraratne
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland , Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Massoud Alipour
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland , Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Geoffrey Handsfield
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland , Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Thor Besier
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland , Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Engineering Science, The University of Auckland , Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ju Zhang
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland , Auckland, New Zealand
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26
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Bolsterlee B, Finni T, D'Souza A, Eguchi J, Clarke EC, Herbert RD. Three-dimensional architecture of the whole human soleus muscle in vivo. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4610. [PMID: 29682414 PMCID: PMC5910694 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Most data on the architecture of the human soleus muscle have been obtained from cadaveric dissection or two-dimensional ultrasound imaging. We present the first comprehensive, quantitative study on the three-dimensional anatomy of the human soleus muscle in vivo using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) techniques. Methods We report three-dimensional fascicle lengths, pennation angles, fascicle curvatures, physiological cross-sectional areas and volumes in four compartments of the soleus at ankle joint angles of 69 ± 12° (plantarflexion, short muscle length; average ± SD across subjects) and 108 ± 7° (dorsiflexion, long muscle length) of six healthy young adults. Microdissection and three-dimensional digitisation on two cadaveric muscles corroborated the compartmentalised structure of the soleus, and confirmed the validity of DTI-based muscle fascicle reconstructions. Results The posterior compartments of the soleus comprised 80 ± 5% of the total muscle volume (356 ± 58 cm3). At the short muscle length, the average fascicle length, pennation angle and curvature was 37 ± 8 mm, 31 ± 3° and 17 ± 4 /m, respectively. We did not find differences in fascicle lengths between compartments. However, pennation angles were on average 12° larger (p < 0.01) in the posterior compartments than in the anterior compartments. For every centimetre that the muscle-tendon unit lengthened, fascicle lengths increased by 3.7 ± 0.8 mm, pennation angles decreased by −3.2 ± 0.9° and curvatures decreased by −2.7 ± 0.8 /m. Fascicles in the posterior compartments rotated almost twice as much as in the anterior compartments during passive lengthening. Discussion The homogeneity in fascicle lengths and inhomogeneity in pennation angles of the soleus may indicate a functionally different role for the anterior and posterior compartments. The data and techniques presented here demonstrate how DTI can be used to obtain detailed, quantitative measurements of the anatomy of complex skeletal muscles in living humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Bolsterlee
- Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Taija Finni
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Arkiev D'Souza
- Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Junya Eguchi
- Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Elizabeth C Clarke
- Murray Maxwell Biomechanics Laboratory, Institute for Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Robert D Herbert
- Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Fouré A, Ogier AC, Le Troter A, Vilmen C, Feiweier T, Guye M, Gondin J, Besson P, Bendahan D. Diffusion Properties and 3D Architecture of Human Lower Leg Muscles Assessed with Ultra-High-Field-Strength Diffusion-Tensor MR Imaging and Tractography: Reproducibility and Sensitivity to Sex Difference and Intramuscular Variability. Radiology 2018; 287:592-607. [PMID: 29381871 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2017171330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Purpose To demonstrate the reproducibility of the diffusion properties and three-dimensional structural organization measurements of the lower leg muscles by using diffusion-tensor imaging (DTI) assessed with ultra-high-field-strength (7.0-T) magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and tractography of skeletal muscle fibers. On the basis of robust statistical mapping analyses, this study also aimed at determining the sensitivity of the measurements to sex difference and intramuscular variability. Materials and Methods All examinations were performed with ethical review board approval; written informed consent was obtained from all volunteers. Reproducibility of diffusion tensor indexes assessment including eigenvalues, mean diffusivity, and fractional anisotropy (FA) as well as muscle volume and architecture (ie, fiber length and pennation angle) were characterized in lower leg muscles (n = 8). Intramuscular variability and sex differences were characterized in young healthy men and women (n = 10 in each group). Student t test, statistical parametric mapping, correlation coefficients (Spearman rho and Pearson product-moment) and coefficient of variation (CV) were used for statistical data analysis. Results High reproducibility of measurements (mean CV ± standard deviation, 4.6% ± 3.8) was determined in diffusion properties and architectural parameters. Significant sex differences were detected in FA (4.2% in women for the entire lower leg; P = .001) and muscle volume (21.7% in men for the entire lower leg; P = .008), whereas architecture parameters were almost identical across sex. Additional differences were found independently of sex in diffusion properties and architecture along several muscles of the lower leg. Conclusion The high-spatial-resolution DTI assessed with 7.0-T MR imaging allows a reproducible assessment of structural organization of superficial and deep muscles, giving indirect information on muscle function. ©RSNA, 2018 Online supplemental material is available for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Fouré
- From the Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Centre de Résonance Magnétique Biologique et Médicale (CRMBM), UMR 7339, Faculté de Médecine la Timone, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France (A.F., A.C.O., A.L.T., C.V., M.G., J.G., P.B., D.B.); APHM, Hôpital Universitaire Timone, CEMEREM, Pôle Imagerie Médicale, Marseille, France (M.G.); Institut NeuroMyoGène, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1217, CNRS 5310, Villeurbanne, France (J.G.); and Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany (T.F.)
| | - Augustin C Ogier
- From the Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Centre de Résonance Magnétique Biologique et Médicale (CRMBM), UMR 7339, Faculté de Médecine la Timone, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France (A.F., A.C.O., A.L.T., C.V., M.G., J.G., P.B., D.B.); APHM, Hôpital Universitaire Timone, CEMEREM, Pôle Imagerie Médicale, Marseille, France (M.G.); Institut NeuroMyoGène, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1217, CNRS 5310, Villeurbanne, France (J.G.); and Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany (T.F.)
| | - Arnaud Le Troter
- From the Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Centre de Résonance Magnétique Biologique et Médicale (CRMBM), UMR 7339, Faculté de Médecine la Timone, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France (A.F., A.C.O., A.L.T., C.V., M.G., J.G., P.B., D.B.); APHM, Hôpital Universitaire Timone, CEMEREM, Pôle Imagerie Médicale, Marseille, France (M.G.); Institut NeuroMyoGène, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1217, CNRS 5310, Villeurbanne, France (J.G.); and Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany (T.F.)
| | - Christophe Vilmen
- From the Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Centre de Résonance Magnétique Biologique et Médicale (CRMBM), UMR 7339, Faculté de Médecine la Timone, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France (A.F., A.C.O., A.L.T., C.V., M.G., J.G., P.B., D.B.); APHM, Hôpital Universitaire Timone, CEMEREM, Pôle Imagerie Médicale, Marseille, France (M.G.); Institut NeuroMyoGène, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1217, CNRS 5310, Villeurbanne, France (J.G.); and Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany (T.F.)
| | - Thorsten Feiweier
- From the Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Centre de Résonance Magnétique Biologique et Médicale (CRMBM), UMR 7339, Faculté de Médecine la Timone, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France (A.F., A.C.O., A.L.T., C.V., M.G., J.G., P.B., D.B.); APHM, Hôpital Universitaire Timone, CEMEREM, Pôle Imagerie Médicale, Marseille, France (M.G.); Institut NeuroMyoGène, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1217, CNRS 5310, Villeurbanne, France (J.G.); and Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany (T.F.)
| | - Maxime Guye
- From the Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Centre de Résonance Magnétique Biologique et Médicale (CRMBM), UMR 7339, Faculté de Médecine la Timone, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France (A.F., A.C.O., A.L.T., C.V., M.G., J.G., P.B., D.B.); APHM, Hôpital Universitaire Timone, CEMEREM, Pôle Imagerie Médicale, Marseille, France (M.G.); Institut NeuroMyoGène, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1217, CNRS 5310, Villeurbanne, France (J.G.); and Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany (T.F.)
| | - Julien Gondin
- From the Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Centre de Résonance Magnétique Biologique et Médicale (CRMBM), UMR 7339, Faculté de Médecine la Timone, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France (A.F., A.C.O., A.L.T., C.V., M.G., J.G., P.B., D.B.); APHM, Hôpital Universitaire Timone, CEMEREM, Pôle Imagerie Médicale, Marseille, France (M.G.); Institut NeuroMyoGène, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1217, CNRS 5310, Villeurbanne, France (J.G.); and Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany (T.F.)
| | - Pierre Besson
- From the Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Centre de Résonance Magnétique Biologique et Médicale (CRMBM), UMR 7339, Faculté de Médecine la Timone, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France (A.F., A.C.O., A.L.T., C.V., M.G., J.G., P.B., D.B.); APHM, Hôpital Universitaire Timone, CEMEREM, Pôle Imagerie Médicale, Marseille, France (M.G.); Institut NeuroMyoGène, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1217, CNRS 5310, Villeurbanne, France (J.G.); and Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany (T.F.)
| | - David Bendahan
- From the Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Centre de Résonance Magnétique Biologique et Médicale (CRMBM), UMR 7339, Faculté de Médecine la Timone, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France (A.F., A.C.O., A.L.T., C.V., M.G., J.G., P.B., D.B.); APHM, Hôpital Universitaire Timone, CEMEREM, Pôle Imagerie Médicale, Marseille, France (M.G.); Institut NeuroMyoGène, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1217, CNRS 5310, Villeurbanne, France (J.G.); and Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany (T.F.)
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Shaw SM, Martino R, Mahdi A, Sawyer FK, Mathur S, Hope A, Agur AM. Architecture of the Suprahyoid Muscles: A Volumetric Musculoaponeurotic Analysis. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2017; 60:2808-2818. [PMID: 28973130 DOI: 10.1044/2017_jslhr-s-16-0277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Suprahyoid muscles play a critical role in swallowing. The arrangement of the fiber bundles and aponeuroses has not been investigated volumetrically, even though muscle architecture is an important determinant of function. Thus, the purpose was to digitize, model in three dimensions, and quantify the architectural parameters of the suprahyoid muscles to determine and compare their relative functional capabilities. METHOD Fiber bundles and aponeuroses from 11 formalin-embalmed specimens were serially dissected and digitized in situ. Data were reconstructed in three dimensions using Autodesk Maya. Architectural parameters were quantified, and data were compared using independent samples t-tests and analyses of variance. RESULTS Based on architecture and attachment sites, suprahyoid muscles were divided into 3 groups: anteromedial, superolateral, and superoposterior. Architectural parameters differed significantly (p < .05) across muscles and across the 3 groups, suggesting differential roles in hyoid movement during swallowing. When activated simultaneously, anteromedial and superoposterior muscle groups could work together to elevate the hyoid. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the suprahyoid muscles can have individualized roles in hyoid excursion during swallowing. Muscle balance may be important for identifying and treating hyolaryngeal dysfunction in patients with dysphagia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Shaw
- Department of Speech-Language Pathology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rosemary Martino
- Department of Speech-Language Pathology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Health Care and Outcomes Research, Toronto Western Research Institute, University Health Network, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ali Mahdi
- Department of Surgery, Division of Anatomy, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Forrest Kip Sawyer
- Department of Surgery, Division of Anatomy, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sunita Mathur
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew Hope
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anne M Agur
- Department of Surgery, Division of Anatomy, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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29
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Handsfield GG, Bolsterlee B, Inouye JM, Herbert RD, Besier TF, Fernandez JW. Determining skeletal muscle architecture with Laplacian simulations: a comparison with diffusion tensor imaging. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2017; 16:1845-1855. [DOI: 10.1007/s10237-017-0923-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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30
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Botter A, Vieira TM. Optimization of surface electrodes location for H-reflex recordings in soleus muscle. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2017; 34:14-23. [PMID: 28342367 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hoffmann reflex (H reflex) is extensively used to investigate the spinal motor neuron excitability in healthy and pathological subjects. Obtaining a representative and robust amplitude estimation of the H reflex is of marked relevance in clinical as well as in research applications. As for the motor responses, this issue is strictly related to the electrode positioning, especially for large, pinnate muscles such as the triceps surae. In this study we investigated the effect of electrode position on soleus H-reflex amplitude. A grid of 96 electrodes was used to identify maximal H reflexes (Hmax) across the whole soleus region available for surface recording. The spatial distribution of Hmax amplitude detected in monopolar and single-differential derivations was used to determine where greatest reflex responses were detected from soleus. For both derivations and for all participants, largest Hmax were detected consistently over the central soleus region, in correspondence of the muscle superficial aponeurosis. Indeed, the amplitude of Hmax provided by conventional electrodes (1cm2 area, 2cm apart) located centrally was significantly greater (median: 35% for monopolar and 79% for single-differential derivations) than that obtained medially, where surface electromyograms are typically recorded from soleus. Computer simulations, used to assist in the interpretation of results, suggest the soleus pinnate architecture was the key determinant of the medio-lateral variability observed for the experimental Hmax. The presented results provide a clear indication for electrode positioning, of crucial relevance in applied studies aimed at eliciting H reflexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Botter
- Laboratory for Engineering of the Neuromuscular System (LISiN), Dipartimento di Elettronica e Telecomunicazioni, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy.
| | - Taian M Vieira
- Laboratory for Engineering of the Neuromuscular System (LISiN), Dipartimento di Elettronica e Telecomunicazioni, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy
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31
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Le Sant G, Nordez A, Andrade R, Hug F, Freitas S, Gross R. Stiffness mapping of lower leg muscles during passive dorsiflexion. J Anat 2017; 230:639-650. [PMID: 28251615 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It is challenging to differentiate the mechanical properties of synergist muscles in vivo. Shear wave elastography can be used to quantify the shear modulus (i.e. an index of stiffness) of a specific muscle. This study assessed the passive behavior of lower leg muscles during passive dorsiflexion performed with the knee fully extended (experiment 1, n = 22) or with the knee flexed at 90° (experiment 2, n = 20). The shear modulus measurements were repeated twice during experiment 1 to assess the inter-day reliability. During both experiments, the shear modulus of the following plantar flexors was randomly measured: gastrocnemii medialis (GM) and lateralis (GL), soleus (SOL), peroneus longus (PL), and the deep muscles flexor digitorum longus (FDL), flexor hallucis longus (FHL), tibialis posterior (TP). Two antagonist muscles tibialis anterior (TA), and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) were also recorded. Measurements were performed in different proximo-distal regions for GM, GL and SOL. Inter-day reliability was adequate for all muscles (coefficient of variation < 15%), except for TP. In experiment 1, GM exhibited the highest shear modulus at 80% of the maximal range of motion (128.5 ± 27.3 kPa) and was followed by GL (67.1 ± 24.1 kPa). In experiment 2, SOL exhibited the highest shear modulus (55.1 ± 18.0 kPa). The highest values of shear modulus were found for the distal locations of both the GM (80% of participants in experiment 1) and the SOL (100% of participants in experiment 2). For both experiments, deep muscles and PL exhibited low levels of stiffness during the stretch in young asymptomatic adults, which was unknown until now. These results provide a deeper understanding of passive mechanical properties and the distribution of stiffness between and within the plantar flexor muscles during stretching between them and thus could be relevant to study the effects of aging, disease progression, and rehabilitation on stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Le Sant
- University of Nantes, Laboratory 'Movement, Interactions, Performance' (EA 4334), Faculty of Sport Sciences, Nantes, France.,School of Physiotherapy, IFM3R, Nantes, France
| | - Antoine Nordez
- University of Nantes, Laboratory 'Movement, Interactions, Performance' (EA 4334), Faculty of Sport Sciences, Nantes, France
| | - Ricardo Andrade
- University of Nantes, Laboratory 'Movement, Interactions, Performance' (EA 4334), Faculty of Sport Sciences, Nantes, France.,Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, CIPER, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - François Hug
- University of Nantes, Laboratory 'Movement, Interactions, Performance' (EA 4334), Faculty of Sport Sciences, Nantes, France.,School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Centre for Clinical Research Excellence in Spinal Pain, Injury and Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sandro Freitas
- Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, CIPER, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Benfica Lab, Sport Lisboa e Benfica, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Raphaël Gross
- University of Nantes, Laboratory 'Movement, Interactions, Performance' (EA 4334), Faculty of Sport Sciences, Nantes, France.,Gait Analysis Laboratory, Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine Department, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France
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A Novel Approach for Ultrasound-Guided Botulinum Toxin Injections: Botulis-MUS Projects. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2017; 96:e31. [PMID: 28099280 DOI: 10.1097/phm.0000000000000574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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33
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Pubovisceralis Muscle Fiber Architecture Determination: Comparison Between Biomechanical Modeling and Diffusion Tensor Imaging. Ann Biomed Eng 2017; 45:1255-1265. [DOI: 10.1007/s10439-016-1788-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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34
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Filli L, Kenkel D, Wurnig MC, Boss A. Diffusional kurtosis MRI of the lower leg: changes caused by passive muscle elongation and shortening. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2016; 29:767-775. [PMID: 27061811 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Diffusional kurtosis MRI (DKI) quantifies the deviation of water diffusion from a Gaussian distribution. We investigated the influence of passive elongation and shortening of the lower leg muscles on the DKI parameters D (diffusion coefficient) and K (kurtosis). After approval by the local ethics committee, eight healthy volunteers (age, 29.1 ± 2.9 years) underwent MRI of the lower leg at 3 T. Diffusion-weighted images were acquired with 10 different b values at three ankle positions (passive dorsiflexion 10°, neutral position 0°, passive plantar flexion 40°). Parametrical maps of D and K were obtained by voxel-wise fitting of the signal intensities using a non-linear Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. D and K were measured in the tibialis anterior, medial and lateral gastrocnemius, and soleus muscles. In the neutral position, D and K values were in the range between 1.66-1.79 × 10(-3) mm(2) /s and 0.21-0.39, respectively. D and K increased with passive shortening, and decreased with passive elongation, which could also be illustrated on the parametrical maps. In dorsiflexion, D (p < 0.01) and K (p = 0.036) were higher in the tibialis anterior than in the medial gastrocnemius. In plantar flexion, the opposite was found for K (p = 0.035). DKI parameters in the lower leg muscles are significantly influenced by the ankle joint position, indicating that the diffusion of water molecules in skeletal muscle deviates from a Gaussian distribution depending on muscle tonus. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Filli
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Kenkel
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Moritz C Wurnig
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Boss
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Yang HM, Cha JY, Hong KS, Park JT. Three-dimensional finite element analysis of unilateral mastication in malocclusion cases using cone-beam computed tomography and a motion capture system. J Periodontal Implant Sci 2016; 46:96-106. [PMID: 27127690 PMCID: PMC4848384 DOI: 10.5051/jpis.2016.46.2.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Stress distribution and mandible distortion during lateral movements are known to be closely linked to bruxism, dental implant placement, and temporomandibular joint disorder. The present study was performed to determine stress distribution and distortion patterns of the mandible during lateral movements in Class I, II, and III relationships. Methods Five Korean volunteers (one normal, two Class II, and two Class III occlusion cases) were selected. Finite element (FE) modeling was performed using information from cone-beam computed tomographic (CBCT) scans of the subjects’ skulls, scanned images of dental casts, and incisor movement captured by an optical motion-capture system. Results In the Class I and II cases, maximum stress load occurred at the condyle of the balancing side, but, in the Class III cases, the maximum stress was loaded on the condyle of the working side. Maximum distortion was observed on the menton at the midline in every case, regardless of loading force. The distortion was greatest in Class III cases and smallest in Class II cases. Conclusions The stress distribution along and accompanying distortion of a mandible seems to be affected by the anteroposterior position of the mandible. Additionally, 3-D modeling of the craniofacial skeleton using CBCT and an optical laser scanner and reproduction of mandibular movement by way of the optical motion-capture technique used in this study are reliable techniques for investigating the masticatory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hun-Mu Yang
- Department of Anatomy, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Jung-Yul Cha
- Department of Orthodontics, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki-Seok Hong
- Perio-Implant Research Center, Dankook University College of Dentistry, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Jong-Tae Park
- Department of Oral Anatomy, Dankook University College of Dentistry, Cheonan, Korea
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Muscle-specific acute changes in passive stiffness of human triceps surae after stretching. Eur J Appl Physiol 2016; 116:911-8. [PMID: 26945574 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-016-3349-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE It remains unclear whether the acute effect of stretching on passive muscle stiffness differs among the synergists. We examined the muscle stiffness responses of the medial (MG) and lateral gastrocnemii (LG), and soleus (Sol) during passive dorsiflexion before and after a static stretching by using ultrasound shear wave elastography. METHODS Before and after a 5-min static stretching by passive dorsiflexion, shear modulus of the triceps surae and the Achilles tendon (AT) during passive dorsiflexion in the knee extended position were measured in 12 healthy subjects. RESULTS Before the static stretching, shear modulus was the greatest in MG and smallest in Sol. The stretching induced significant reductions in shear modulus of MG, but not in shear modulus of LG and Sol. The slack angle was observed at more plantar flexed position in the following order: AT, MG, LG, and Sol. After the stretching, the slack angles of each muscle and AT were significantly shifted to more dorsiflexed positions with a similar extent. When considering the shift in slack angle, the change in MG shear modulus became smaller. CONCLUSION The present study indicates that passive muscle stiffness differs among the triceps surae, and that the acute effect of a static stretching is observed only in the stiff muscle. However, a large part of the reduction of passive muscle stiffness at a given joint angle could be due to an increase in the slack length.
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Change in the Pathologic Supraspinatus: A Three-Dimensional Model of Fiber Bundle Architecture within Anterior and Posterior Regions. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:564825. [PMID: 26413533 PMCID: PMC4564630 DOI: 10.1155/2015/564825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Supraspinatus tendon tears are common and lead to changes in the muscle architecture. To date, these changes have not been investigated for the distinct regions and parts of the pathologic supraspinatus. The purpose of this study was to create a novel three-dimensional (3D) model of the muscle architecture throughout the supraspinatus and to compare the architecture between muscle regions and parts in relation to tear severity. Twelve cadaveric specimens with varying degrees of tendon tears were used. Three-dimensional coordinates of fiber bundles were collected in situ using serial dissection and digitization. Data were reconstructed and modeled in 3D using Maya. Fiber bundle length (FBL) and pennation angle (PA) were computed and analyzed. FBL was significantly shorter in specimens with large retracted tears compared to smaller tears, with the deeper fibers being significantly shorter than other parts in the anterior region. PA was significantly greater in specimens with large retracted tears, with the superficial fibers often demonstrating the largest PA. The posterior region was absent in two specimens with extensive tears. Architectural changes associated with tendon tears affect the regions and varying depths of supraspinatus differently. The results provide important insights on residual function of the pathologic muscle, and the 3D model includes detailed data that can be used in future modeling studies.
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Reffad A, Mebarkia K, Vieira TMM, Disselhorst-Klug C. Effect of contraction force and knee joint angle on the spatial representation of soleus activity using high-density surface EMG. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 59:399-411. [PMID: 24762636 DOI: 10.1515/bmt-2013-0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The meaningful use of surface electromyographic signals (sEMG) is to find an electrode position and orientation in which the sEMG signals can be detected reliably. This becomes more challenging when muscles with pinnate fiber architecture are investigated. In this study, the effects of contraction force and knee inclination on the spatial representation of the soleus muscle activity on the skin surface have been investigated by using two-dimensional electrode grids. Four differently oriented bipolar leads have been calculated to identify not only a proper electrode location but also an adequate orientation of the bipolar lead. Relative measures have been introduced to compare changes in the spatial RMS distribution. It has been shown that in the case of the soleus muscle, bipolar electrodes should be placed on the lateral side. Additionally, the location of the electrodes should be rather proximal than distal, and the orientation of the bipolar lead should be 45° to the lateral side with respect to a line connecting the insertion of the Achilles tendon and the junction between both gastrocnemius heads. Our results have been used to identify adequate electrode locations and orientations in a muscle with such a complex architecture like the soleus muscle. Additionally, new parameters have been introduced, helping to analyze the resulting information about the spatial activation pattern in the soleus muscle.
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Yang PF, Kriechbaumer A, Albracht K, Sanno M, Ganse B, Koy T, Shang P, Brüggemann GP, Müller LP, Rittweger J. On the relationship between tibia torsional deformation and regional muscle contractions in habitual human exercises in vivo. J Biomech 2015; 48:456-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2014.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Dalmau-Pastor M, Fargues-Polo B, Casanova-Martínez D, Vega J, Golanó P. Anatomy of the triceps surae: a pictorial essay. Foot Ankle Clin 2014; 19:603-35. [PMID: 25456712 DOI: 10.1016/j.fcl.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Gastrocnemius contracture has recently gained relevance owing to its suggested relationship with foot disorders such as metatarsalgia, plantar fasciopathy, hallux valgus, and others. Consequently this has induced a renewed interest in surgical lengthening techniques, including proximal gastrocnemius release, to resolve gastrocnemius contracture in patients with foot disorders. This article describes and discusses the general anatomy of the triceps surae and the surgical anatomy of the gastrocnemius.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miquel Dalmau-Pastor
- Laboratory of Arthroscopic and Surgical Anatomy, Human Anatomy Unit, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, C/Feixa Llarga, s/n, 08907, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Betlem Fargues-Polo
- Laboratory of Arthroscopic and Surgical Anatomy, Human Anatomy Unit, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, C/Feixa Llarga, s/n, 08907, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Casanova-Martínez
- Anatomy Unit, Biomedical Department, University of Antofagasta, Av. Universidad de Antofagasta s/n (Campus Coloso), Antofagasta 1240000, Chile
| | - Jordi Vega
- Unit of Foot and Ankle Surgery, Hospital Quirón, Plaça d'Alfonso Comín 5, Barcelona 08023, Spain.
| | - Pau Golanó
- Laboratory of Arthroscopic and Surgical Anatomy, Human Anatomy Unit, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, C/Feixa Llarga, s/n, 08907, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 4200 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Abstract
Muscle fascicles curve along their length, with the curvatures occurring around regions of high intramuscular pressure, and are necessary for mechanical stability. Fascicles are typically considered to lie in fascicle planes that are the planes visualized during dissection or two-dimensional (2D) ultrasound scans. However, it has previously been predicted that fascicles must curve in three-dimensional (3D) and thus the fascicle planes may actually exist as 3D sheets. 3D fascicle curvatures have not been explored in human musculature. Furthermore, if the fascicles do not lie in 2D planes, then this has implications for architectural measures that are derived from 2D ultrasound scans. The purpose of this study was to quantify the 3D curvatures of the muscle fascicles and fascicle sheets within the triceps surae muscles and to test whether these curvatures varied among different contraction levels, muscle length, and regions within the muscle. Six male subjects were tested for three torque levels (0, 30, and 60% maximal voluntary contraction) and four ankle angles (-15, 0, 15, and 30° plantar flexion), and fascicles were imaged using 3D ultrasound techniques. The fascicle curvatures significantly increased at higher ankle torques and shorter muscle lengths. The fascicle sheet curvatures were of similar magnitude to the fascicle curvatures but did not vary between contractions. Fascicle curvatures were regionalized within each muscle with the curvature facing the deeper aponeuroses, and this indicates a greater intramuscular pressure in the deeper layers of muscles. Muscle architectural measures may be in error when using 2D images for complex geometries such as the soleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manku Rana
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; and
| | - Ghassan Hamarneh
- School of Computing Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
| | - James M Wakeling
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada; and
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Realization of masticatory movement by 3-dimensional simulation of the temporomandibular joint and the masticatory muscles. J Craniofac Surg 2014; 24:e347-51. [PMID: 23851865 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0b013e31828f2d73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Masticatory muscles are closely involved in mastication, pronunciation, and swallowing, and it is therefore important to study the specific functions and dynamics of the mandibular and masticatory muscles. However, the shortness of muscle fibers and the diversity of movement directions make it difficult to study and simplify the dynamics of mastication. The purpose of this study was to use 3-dimensional (3D) simulation to observe the functions and movements of each of the masticatory muscles and the mandible while chewing. To simulate the masticatory movement, computed tomographic images were taken from a single Korean volunteer (30-year-old man), and skull image data were reconstructed in 3D (Mimics; Materialise, Leuven, Belgium). The 3D-reconstructed masticatory muscles were then attached to the 3D skull model. The masticatory movements were animated using Maya (Autodesk, San Rafael, CA) based on the mandibular motion path. During unilateral chewing, the mandible was found to move laterally toward the functional side by contracting the contralateral lateral pterygoid and ipsilateral temporalis muscles. During the initial mouth opening, only hinge movement was observed at the temporomandibular joint. During this period, the entire mandible rotated approximately 13 degrees toward the bicondylar horizontal plane. Continued movement of the mandible to full mouth opening occurred simultaneously with sliding and hinge movements, and the mandible rotated approximately 17 degrees toward the center of the mandibular ramus. The described approach can yield data for use in face animation and other simulation systems and for elucidating the functional components related to contraction and relaxation of muscles during mastication.
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Warden JM, Roberts SL, Chang Y, Baker R, Boulias C, Ismail F, Agur AM. Neuromuscular Partitioning of Subscapularis Based on Intramuscular Nerve Distribution Patterns: Implications for Botulinum Toxin Injections. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2014; 95:1408-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2014.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Lee D, Li Z, Sohail QZ, Jackson K, Fiume E, Agur A. A three-dimensional approach to pennation angle estimation for human skeletal muscle. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2014; 18:1474-84. [DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2014.917294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Edama M, Onishi H, Kumaki K, Kageyama I, Watanabe H, Nashimoto S. Effective and selective stretching of the medial head of the gastrocnemius. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2014; 25:242-50. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.12203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Edama
- Department of Physical Therapy; Niigata University of Health and Welfare; Niigata Japan
- Department of Anatomy; School of Life Dentistry at Niigata; Nippon Dental University; Niigata Japan
| | - H. Onishi
- Department of Physical Therapy; Niigata University of Health and Welfare; Niigata Japan
| | - K. Kumaki
- Department of Physical Therapy; Niigata University of Rehabilitation; Niigata Japan
| | - I. Kageyama
- Department of Anatomy; School of Life Dentistry at Niigata; Nippon Dental University; Niigata Japan
| | - H. Watanabe
- Department of Rehabilitation; Niigata Medical Center; Niigata Japan
| | - S. Nashimoto
- Department of Rehabilitation; Niigata Medical Center; Niigata Japan
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Green MA, Geng G, Qin E, Sinkus R, Gandevia SC, Bilston LE. Measuring anisotropic muscle stiffness properties using elastography. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2013; 26:1387-1394. [PMID: 23640745 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.2964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Physiological and pathological changes to the anisotropic mechanical properties of skeletal muscle are still largely unknown, with only a few studies quantifying changes in vivo. This study used the noninvasive MR elastography (MRE) technique, in combination with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), to measure shear modulus anisotropy in the human skeletal muscle in the lower leg. Shear modulus measurements parallel and perpendicular to the fibre direction were made in 10 healthy subjects in the medial gastrocnemius, soleus and tibialis anterior muscles. The results showed significant differences in the medial gastrocnemius (μ‖ = 0.86 ± 0.15 kPa; μ⊥ = 0.66 ± 0.19 kPa, P < 0.001), soleus (μ‖ = 0.83 ± 0.22 kPa; μ⊥ = 0.65 ± 0.13 kPa, P < 0.001) and the tibialis anterior (μ‖ = 0.78 ± 0.24 kPa; μ⊥ = 0.66 ± 0.16 kPa, P = 0.03) muscles, where the shear modulus measured in the direction parallel is greater than that measured in the direction perpendicular to the muscle fibres. No significant differences were measured across muscle groups. This study provides the first direct estimates of the anisotropic shear modulus in the triceps surae muscle group, and shows that the technique may be useful for the probing of mechanical anisotropy changes caused by disease, aging and injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Green
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Choi HF, Blemker SS. Skeletal muscle fascicle arrangements can be reconstructed using a Laplacian vector field simulation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77576. [PMID: 24204878 PMCID: PMC3808403 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscles are characterized by a large diversity in anatomical architecture and function. Muscle force and contraction are generated by contractile fiber cells grouped in fascicle bundles, which transmit the mechanical action between origin and insertion attachments of the muscle. Therefore, an adequate representation of fascicle arrangements in computational models of skeletal muscles is important, especially when investigating three-dimensional muscle deformations in finite element models. However, obtaining high resolution in vivo measurements of fascicle arrangements in skeletal muscles is currently still challenging. This motivated the development of methods in previous studies to generate numerical representations of fascicle trajectories using interpolation templates. Here, we present an alternative approach based on the hypothesis of a rotation and divergence free (Laplacian) vector field behavior which reflects observed physical characteristics of fascicle trajectories. To obtain this representation, the Laplace equation was solved in anatomical reconstructions of skeletal muscle shapes based on medical images using a uniform flux boundary condition on the attachment areas. Fascicle tracts were generated through a robust flux based tracing algorithm. The concept of this approach was demonstrated in two-dimensional synthetic examples of typical skeletal muscle architectures. A detailed evaluation was performed in an example of the anatomical human tibialis anterior muscle which showed an overall agreement with measurements from the literature. The utility and capability of the proposed method was further demonstrated in other anatomical examples of human skeletal muscles with a wide range of muscle shapes and attachment morphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hon Fai Choi
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Silvia S. Blemker
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the three-dimensional (3D) muscle fascicle architecture in human triceps surae muscles at different contraction levels and muscle lengths. Six male subjects were tested for three contraction levels (0, 30, and 60% of maximal voluntary contraction) and four ankle angles (−15, 0, 15, and 30° of plantar flexion), and the muscles were imaged with B-mode ultrasound coupled to 3D position sensors. 3D fascicle orientations were represented in terms of pennation angle relative to the major axis of the muscle and azimuthal angle (a new architectural parameter introduced in this study representing the radial angle around the major axis). 3D orientations of the fascicles, and the sheets along which they lie, were regionalized in all the three muscles (medial and lateral gastrocnemius and the soleus) and changed significantly with contraction level and ankle angle. Changes in the azimuthal angle were of similar magnitude to the changes in pennation angle. The 3D information was used for an error analysis to determine the errors in predictions of pennation that would occur in purely two-dimensional studies. A comparison was made for assessing pennation in the same plane for different contraction levels, or for adjusting the scanning plane orientation for different contractions: there was no significant difference between the two simulated scanning conditions for the gastrocnemii; however, a significant difference of 4.5° was obtained for the soleus. Correct probe orientation is thus more critical during estimations of pennation for the soleus than the gastrocnemii due to its more complex fascicle arrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manku Rana
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada; and
| | - Ghassan Hamarneh
- School of Computing Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - James M. Wakeling
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada; and
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Schenk P, Siebert T, Hiepe P, Güllmar D, Reichenbach JR, Wick C, Blickhan R, Böl M. Determination of three-dimensional muscle architectures: validation of the DTI-based fiber tractography method by manual digitization. J Anat 2013; 223:61-8. [PMID: 23678961 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) has been used increasingly to investigate three-dimensional (3D) muscle architectures. So far there is no study that has proved the validity of this method to determine fascicle lengths and pennation angles within a whole muscle. To verify the DTI method, fascicle lengths of m. soleus as well as their pennation angles have been measured using two different methods. First, the 3D muscle architecture was analyzed in vivo applying the DTI method with subsequent deterministic fiber tractography. In a second step, the muscle architecture of the same muscle was analyzed using a standard manual digitization system (MicroScribe MLX). Comparing both methods, we found differences for the median pennation angles (P < 0.001) but not for the median fascicle lengths (P = 0.216). Despite the statistical results, we conclude that the DTI method is appropriate to determine the global fiber orientation. The difference in median pennation angles determined with both methods is only about 1.2° (median pennation angle of MicroScribe: 9.7°; DTI: 8.5°) and probably has no practical relevance for muscle simulation studies. Determining fascicle lengths requires additional restriction and further development of the DTI method.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Schenk
- Institute of Motion Science, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.
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Hermenegildo J, Roberts S, Kim S. Innervation pattern of the suprascapular nerve within supraspinatus: A three-dimensional computer modeling study. Clin Anat 2013; 27:622-30. [DOI: 10.1002/ca.22250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J.A. Hermenegildo
- Division of Anatomy; Department of Surgery; University of Toronto; Canada
| | - S.L. Roberts
- Division of Anatomy; Department of Surgery; University of Toronto; Canada
| | - S.Y. Kim
- School of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine; University of Saskatchewan; Canada
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