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He J, Gao Y, Yang C, Guo Y, Liu L, Lu S, He H. Navigating the landscape: Prospects and hurdles in targeting vascular smooth muscle cells for atherosclerosis diagnosis and therapy. J Control Release 2024; 366:261-281. [PMID: 38161032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) have emerged as pivotal contributors throughout all phases of atherosclerotic plaque development, effectively dispelling prior underestimations of their prevalence and significance. Recent lineage tracing studies have unveiled the clonal nature and remarkable adaptability inherent to VSMCs, thereby illuminating their intricate and multifaceted roles in the context of atherosclerosis. This comprehensive review provides an in-depth exploration of the intricate mechanisms and distinctive characteristics that define VSMCs across various physiological processes, firmly underscoring their paramount importance in shaping the course of atherosclerosis. Furthermore, this review offers a thorough examination of the significant strides made over the past two decades in advancing imaging techniques and therapeutic strategies with a precise focus on targeting VSMCs within atherosclerotic plaques, notably spotlighting meticulously engineered nanoparticles as a promising avenue. We envision the potential of VSMC-targeted nanoparticles, thoughtfully loaded with medications or combination therapies, to effectively mitigate pro-atherogenic VSMC processes. These advancements are poised to contribute significantly to the pivotal objective of modulating VSMC phenotypes and enhancing plaque stability. Moreover, our paper also delves into recent breakthroughs in VSMC-targeted imaging technologies, showcasing their remarkable precision in locating microcalcifications, dynamically monitoring plaque fibrous cap integrity, and assessing the therapeutic efficacy of medical interventions. Lastly, we conscientiously explore the opportunities and challenges inherent in this innovative approach, providing a holistic perspective on the potential of VSMC-targeted strategies in the evolving landscape of atherosclerosis research and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua He
- School of Pharmacy, Research Center for Pharmaceutical Preparations, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yu Gao
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Can Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Research Center for Pharmaceutical Preparations, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujie Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Research Center for Pharmaceutical Preparations, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, People's Republic of China
| | - Lisha Liu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shan Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Research Center for Pharmaceutical Preparations, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hongliang He
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, School of Biological Sciences & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China.
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Nowak-Perlak M, Ziółkowski P, Woźniak M. A promising natural anthraquinones mediated by photodynamic therapy for anti-cancer therapy. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 119:155035. [PMID: 37603973 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experimental studies emphasize the therapeutic potential of plant-derived photosensitizers used in photodynamic therapy. Moreover, several in vitro and in vivo research present the promising roles of less-known anthraquinones that can selectively target cancer cells and eliminate them after light irradiation. This literature review summarizes the current knowledge of chosen plant-based-photosensitizers in PDT to show the results of emodin, aloe-emodin, parietin, rubiadin, hypericin, and soranjidiol in photodynamic therapy of cancer treatment and describe the comprehensive perspective of their role as natural photosensitizers. METHODS Literature searches of chosen anthraquinones were conducted on PubMed.gov with keywords: "emodin", "aloe-emodin", "hypericin", "parietin", "rubiadin", "soranjidiol" with "cancer" and "photodynamic therapy". RESULTS According to literature data, this review concentrated on all existing in vitro and in vivo studies of emodin, aloe-emodin, parietin, rubiadin, soranjidiol used as natural photosensitizers emphasizing their effectiveness and detailed mechanism of action in anticancer therapy. Moreover, comprehensive preclinical and clinical studies on hypericin reveal that the above-described substances may be included in the phototoxic treatment of different cancers. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this review presented less-known anthraquinones with their promising molecular mechanisms of action. It is expected that in the future they may be used as natural PSs in cancer treatment as well as hypericin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyna Nowak-Perlak
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Division of General and Experimental Pathology, Wroclaw Medical University, Karola Marcinkowskiego 1 Street, 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Piotr Ziółkowski
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Division of General and Experimental Pathology, Wroclaw Medical University, Karola Marcinkowskiego 1 Street, 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marta Woźniak
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Division of General and Experimental Pathology, Wroclaw Medical University, Karola Marcinkowskiego 1 Street, 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland
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Customized multi-stimuli nanovehicles with dissociable 'bomblets' for photothermal-enhanced synergetic tumor therapy. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2023; 222:113083. [PMID: 36542948 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.113083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the therapeutic effect of chemotherapy has been obviously impaired due to premature drug release, low tumor penetration, and multidrug resistance of nanoplatforms. In this paper, a novel multiple-sensitive drug delivery system (MC-ss-CDs) was developed by gating long-wavelength emitting carbon dots (CDs) on the openings of mesoporous carbon nanoparticles (MC) through disulfide bonds. The MC with excellent photothermal transition efficiency and high drug storage capacity for doxorubicin (DOX) was used as the delivery carrier. The CDs had multiple functions, including intelligent switching to hinder unwanted release, photothermal therapy (PTT) agents to improve the heat generation effect of MCs and bioimaging trackers to monitor drug delivery. The disulfide bonds, as the linkers between MC carriers and CDs, are stable under normal physical conditions and relatively labile under high GSH concentrations in the cytoplasm of tumor cells. After arriving at the tumor microenvironment, DOX/MC-ss-CDs can rapidly break into DOX/MC and CDs under high GSH concentrations. DOX/MC could realize efficient integration of PTT and chemotherapy on the surface of the tumor by stimuli-responsive DOX release and synergetic heating of MC and CDs. The small-sized CDs with excellent penetrating ability could effectively enter the deep tumor and realize NIR-triggered photothermal ablation. The DOX/MC-ss-CDs showed a chemophotothermal effect with a combination index of 0.38 in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, the DOX/MC-ss-CDs could be employed as a trackable nanovehicle for synergistic chemotherapy and PTT at different depths.
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Mercatali L, Vanni S, Miserocchi G, Liverani C, Spadazzi C, Cocchi C, Calabrese C, Gurrieri L, Fausti V, Riva N, Genovese D, Lucarelli E, Focarete ML, Ibrahim T, Calabrò L, De Vita A. The emerging role of cancer nanotechnology in the panorama of sarcoma. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:953555. [PMID: 36324885 PMCID: PMC9618700 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.953555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the field of nanomedicine a multitude of nanovectors have been developed for cancer application. In this regard, a less exploited target is represented by connective tissue. Sarcoma lesions encompass a wide range of rare entities of mesenchymal origin affecting connective tissues. The extraordinary diversity and rarity of these mesenchymal tumors is reflected in their classification, grading and management which are still challenging. Although they include more than 70 histologic subtypes, the first line-treatment for advanced and metastatic sarcoma has remained unchanged in the last fifty years, excluding specific histotypes in which targeted therapy has emerged. The role of chemotherapy has not been completely elucidated and the outcomes are still very limited. At the beginning of the century, nano-sized particles clinically approved for other solid lesions were tested in these neoplasms but the results were anecdotal and the clinical benefit was not substantial. Recently, a new nanosystem formulation NBTXR3 for the treatment of sarcoma has landed in a phase 2-3 trial. The preliminary results are encouraging and could open new avenues for research in nanotechnology. This review provides an update on the recent advancements in the field of nanomedicine for sarcoma. In this regard, preclinical evidence especially focusing on the development of smart materials and drug delivery systems will be summarized. Moreover, the sarcoma patient management exploiting nanotechnology products will be summed up. Finally, an overlook on future perspectives will be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mercatali
- Osteoncology Unit, Bioscience Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, Meldola, Italy
| | - Silvia Vanni
- Osteoncology Unit, Bioscience Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, Meldola, Italy
| | - Giacomo Miserocchi
- Osteoncology Unit, Bioscience Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, Meldola, Italy
| | - Chiara Liverani
- Osteoncology Unit, Bioscience Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, Meldola, Italy
| | - Chiara Spadazzi
- Osteoncology Unit, Bioscience Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, Meldola, Italy
| | - Claudia Cocchi
- Osteoncology Unit, Bioscience Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, Meldola, Italy
| | - Chiara Calabrese
- Osteoncology Unit, Bioscience Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, Meldola, Italy
| | - Lorena Gurrieri
- Clinical and Experimental Oncology, Immunotherapy, Rare Cancers and Biological Resource Center, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, Meldola, Italy
| | - Valentina Fausti
- Clinical and Experimental Oncology, Immunotherapy, Rare Cancers and Biological Resource Center, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, Meldola, Italy
| | - Nada Riva
- Clinical and Experimental Oncology, Immunotherapy, Rare Cancers and Biological Resource Center, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, Meldola, Italy
| | - Damiano Genovese
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Enrico Lucarelli
- Osteoncologia, Sarcomi dell’osso e dei tessuti molli, e Terapie Innovative, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Toni Ibrahim
- Osteoncologia, Sarcomi dell’osso e dei tessuti molli, e Terapie Innovative, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luana Calabrò
- Clinical and Experimental Oncology, Immunotherapy, Rare Cancers and Biological Resource Center, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, Meldola, Italy
| | - Alessandro De Vita
- Osteoncology Unit, Bioscience Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, Meldola, Italy
- *Correspondence: Alessandro De Vita,
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Zhu L, Yang Y, Li X, Zheng Y, Li Z, Chen H, Gao Y. Facile preparation of indocyanine green and tiny gold nanoclusters co-loaded nanocapsules for targeted synergistic sono-/photo-therapy. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 627:596-609. [PMID: 35872417 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.07.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Photothermal therapy (PTT) and sono-photodynamic therapy (SPDT) are fast growing local treatment modalities with minimal invasiveness and high safety. Gold nanoparticles and indocyanine green (ICG) have been used as sensitizers for PTT and SPDT. However, long resident time of gold nanoparticles in tissues and fast elimination of ICG hampered their further clinical applications. Herein, we developed nanocapsules formed by hyaluronic acid and chitosan loading with ICG and tiny gold nanoclusters (TAuNCs) to overcome the shortcomings of gold nanoparticles and ICG for combined PTT and SPDT. The nanocapsules exhibited good biological stability, favorable photothermal effects, and ultrasound/near-infrared light (NIR)-responsive release behaviors. The hyaluronic acid could mediate the specific delivery of cargos to CD44 protein over-expressing cancer cells. The in vitro and in vivo results showed that TAuNCs and ICG could act synergistically to obtain satisfactory anticancer effects under NIR laser and/or ultrasound exposure induced by thermal ablation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Biodistribution and excretion studies showed that the nanocapsules had longer ICG retention time in tumor and most of the TAuNCs could be effectively excreted from the body within one month. This study thus provides a facile strategy for the development of a safe and high-performance nanoplatform for synergistic PTT/SPDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisheng Zhu
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, China
| | - Ya Yang
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, China
| | - Xudong Li
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, China
| | - Yilin Zheng
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, China
| | - Ziying Li
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, China
| | - Haijun Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, China
| | - Yu Gao
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, China.
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周 兆, 张 思, 张 凌. [Self-Aggregating Porphyrin-Based Photosensitizer Nano Micelles for Photodynamic Therapy]. SICHUAN DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF SICHUAN UNIVERSITY. MEDICAL SCIENCE EDITION 2022; 53:716-725. [PMID: 35871747 PMCID: PMC10409449 DOI: 10.12182/20220760207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Objective To prepare supramolecular photosensitizer that can be retained at the site of tumors and that has high light conversion efficiency so as to improve the efficacy of tumor photodynamic therapy (PDT). Methods A covalent organic framework material based on amino tetraphenyl porphyrin (Tapp), henceforth referred to as Tapp-COF, was synthesized. The spectral characteristics, energy gap characteristics and singlet oxygen generation ability of the material were characterized. Then, Tapp-COF was processed by thin film hydration method to derive T-C@PP, a nano micelle unstable in physiological environment. The same method was used to process Tapp in order to make T@PP micelles, which were used as the controls. The particle size, potential, surface morphology and stability were examined. B16F10 mouse melanoma cells were injected subcutaneously into C57 mice and T-C@PP or T@PP were injected intratumorally, followed by light exposure or no light exposure. We assessed the in vitro photodynamic killing efficiency of the nano micelles and the status of tumor cells co-cultured with the photosensitizer micelles and validated the tumor retention ability and killing efficiency of the micelles . Results Compared with Tapp, Tapp-COF displayed higher photodynamic conversion efficiency, and could produce more ROS. The T-C@PP micelles were unstable in physiological environment, and adsorptive aggregation would occur after co-culturing with tumor cells for a period of time. T-C@PP showed low cytotoxicity when there was no light exposure, but could kill tumor cells at relatively low concentration under 660 nm laser irradiation. T-C@PP could be retained in tumor tissue, and had better in vivo killing efficiency that that of T@PP. Conclusion In this study, highly efficient TPP-COF based T-C@PP micelles were prepared. Under physiological conditions, these micelles could achieve tumor retention through self-aggregation. Possessing sound safety, the nano micelles showed promise for potential application in tumor PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- 兆杰 周
- 四川大学高分子科学与工程学院(成都 610065)College of polymer science and engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - 思祺 张
- 四川大学高分子科学与工程学院(成都 610065)College of polymer science and engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - 凌 张
- 四川大学高分子科学与工程学院(成都 610065)College of polymer science and engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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Lu J, Mao Y, Feng S, Li X, Gao Y, Zhao Q, Wang S. Biomimetic smart mesoporous carbon nanozyme as a dual-GSH depletion agent and O 2 generator for enhanced photodynamic therapy. Acta Biomater 2022; 148:310-322. [PMID: 35675892 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been thriving in the theranostics of cancer in recent years. However, due to a series of problems such as high concentration of GSH and insufficient O2 partial pressure in the tumor micro-environment, it is difficult to achieve the desired therapeutic effects with single PDT. Mesoporous carbon (MC-COOH) has been widely used in photothermal therapy (PTT) due to its high photothermal conversion efficiency and drug loading. In addition, we have discovered that MC-COOH owned high-efficiency glutathione oxidase-like activity for intracellular lasting GSH consumption. Hence, a smart mesoporous carbon nanozyme (CCM) was designed as a dual-GSH depletion agent and O2 generator combined with PTT to overcome the dilemma of PDT. MnO2-doped carbon nanozyme (MC-Mn) was developed as the photothermal vehicles for the efficient loading of photosensitizer (Ce6). Subsequently, 4T1 membrane-coated nanozyme (Ce6/CCM) was constructed to achieve homologous targeting capability. The carbon nanozyme owned the sustained dual-GSH depletion function through MC-COOH and MnO2, which greatly destroyed the antioxidant system of the tumor. Meanwhile, MnO2 could produce affluent O2 in the presence of H2O2, thereby alleviating the hypoxic state of tumor tissues and further promoting the generation of ROS. In addition, the novel carbon nanozyme was designed as photoacoustic imaging (PAI) agent and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast for real-time imaging during tumor therapy. In summary, this work showed that the biomimetic carbon nanozyme could be used as dual-GSH depletion agent and O2 generator for dual-mode imaging-guided PTT-PDT. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: - MC-COOH with highly efficient GSH-OXD activity was first discovered and applied in PDT. - MnO2 acted as an O2 generator and GSH depletion agent to enhance PDT. - The tumor-targeting ability of the nanozyme was improved by cell membrane camouflage. - CCM nanozyme possesses both PAI and MRI dual-mode imaging modalities to guide PDT/PTT.
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Lin G, Hu M, Zhang R, Zhu Y, Gu K, Bai J, Li J, Dong X, Zhao W. Discovery of Meso-( meta-Pyridinium) BODIPY Photosensitizers: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluations for Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy. J Med Chem 2021; 64:18143-18157. [PMID: 34881897 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has emerged as a novel and promising approach for the treatment of pathogenic microorganism infections. The efficacy of aPDT depends greatly on the behavior of the photosensitizer. Herein, we report the design, preparation, antimicrobial photodynamic activities, as well as structure-activity relationships of a series of photosensitizers modified at the meso position of a 1,3,5,7-tetramethyl BODIPY scaffold with various pyridinyl and pyridinium moieties. The photodynamic antimicrobial activities of all photosensitizers have been tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, and Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). The methyl meso-(meta-pyridinium) BODIPY photosensitizer (3c) possessed the highest phototoxicity against these pathogens at minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) ranging from 0.63 to 1.25 μM with a light dose of 81 J/cm2. Furthermore, 3c exhibited an impressive antimicrobial efficacy in S. aureus-infected mice wounds. Taken together, these findings suggest that 3c is a promising candidate as the antimicrobial photosensitizer for combating pathogenic microorganism infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyu Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Mei Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Rong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Yuanxing Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Kedan Gu
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Junping Bai
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Jiyang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Xiaochun Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China
| | - Weili Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials of the Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
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Yu H, Zhang Y, Zuo Q, Zhong S, Chen Y, Zhang M, Zhan F, Ou Y. Targeting X box-binding protein-1 (XBP1) enhances the sensitivity of HOS osteosarcoma cells to pyropheophorbide- α methyl ester-mediated photodynamic therapy. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 37:102646. [PMID: 34818599 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT), utilizes a photochemical reaction between photosensitizer and light to cause cancer death by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS). X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1), a downstream product of the IRE1α-XBP1 pathway, regulates diverse target genes, including various proto-oncogenes and its overexpression was closely related to the occurrence and progression of malignant tumors. The present study was performed to explore the role of XBP1 in human osteosarcoma HOS cells treated with pyropheophorbide-α methyl ester (MPPα)-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) (MPPα-PDT) and its potential mechanisms. The protein IRE1α and XBP1 increased with a time-dependent manner after MPPα-PDT treated, which indicated that MPPα-PDT induced the activation of the IRE1α-XBP1 pathway in HOS cells. Besides, MPPα-PDT treated alone or combined with XBP1 knockdown could both restrain the cell viability, but the latter one has more notable effect, which indicated that XBP1 knockdown may enhance the cell inhibitory effect by MPPα-PDT. Simultaneously, the apoptotic rate measured by flow cytometry (FCM) was increased surprisedly and the expression of apoptosis proteins was increased when knockdown XBP1 under the MPPα-PDT. In addition, antioxidant-related proteins such as the Catalase and SOD1 protein levels decreased, while the intracellular ROS content increased in HOS cells when knockdown XBP1 under the MPPα-PDT. These results suggested that the mechanism of XBP1 mediating resistance in HOS cells might be related to the expression of antioxidant molecules. In summary, this study found that the IRE1α-XBP1 pathway was activated in HOS cells after MPPα-PDT treated, and furthermore, XBP1 knockdown could decrease HOS cell viability through apoptosis and enhance the anti-tumor effect of MPPα-PDT remarkably in the meantime, which related to the regulation of oxidation-antioxidant system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyang Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Ye Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Qiang Zuo
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Shenxi Zhong
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Yanyang Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Muzi Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Fangbiao Zhan
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Yunsheng Ou
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Orthopedic Laboratory of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
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Inhibition of autophagy enhances apoptosis induced by Ce6-photodynamic therapy in human colon cancer cells. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 36:102605. [PMID: 34715368 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the therapeutic effect of Chlorin e6 photodynamic therapy (Ce6-PDT) in human colorectal cancer cells and investigate the role of autophagy in Ce6-PDT. METHODS SW480 cells underwent Ce6-PDT with and without pretreatment with the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3MA). Cell viability was assessed using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Apoptosis was evaluated using an Annexin V assay, using a rhodamine 123 (RH123) assay to evaluate mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and by measuring Caspase-3 and Bcl-2 protein expression using western blotting. Autophagy was evaluated by directly visualizing acridine orange-stained acidic vesicular organelles (AVOs) using fluorescent microscopy and by measuring LC3Ⅰ/Ⅱand Atg5 expression using western blotting. RESULTS Ce6-PDT decreased SW480 viability in a dose-dependent manner. Ce6-PDT induced apoptosis in SW480 cells via the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway as indicated by decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, increased Annexin V staining, and increased Caspase-3 expression. Ce6-PDT was also shown to induce autophagy as demonstrated by increased acridine-orange stained AVOs as well as increased expression of the autophagy-associated proteins Atg5. Inhibition of autophagy with 3MA potentiated SW480 cell response to Ce6-PDT and increased the rate of apoptosis in the treated cells. CONCLUSIONS Ce6-PDT induces autophagy and apoptosis of SW480 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Inhibition of autophagy increases the apoptosis induced by Ce6-PDT. Modulation of autophagy may be a potential therapeutic target for colon cancer cells treated with Ce6-PDT.
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Zuo Q, Ou Y, Zhong S, Yu H, Zhan F, Zhang M. Targeting GRP78 enhances the sensitivity of HOS osteosarcoma cells to pyropheophorbide-α methyl ester-mediated photodynamic therapy via the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2021; 53:1387-1397. [PMID: 34494093 PMCID: PMC8507956 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmab115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT), which is a new method for treating tumors, has been used in the treatment of cancer. In-depth research has shown that PDT cannot completely kill tumor cells, indicating that tumor cells are resistant to PDT. Glucose regulatory protein 78 (GRP78), which is a key regulator of endoplasmic reticulum stress, has been confirmed to be related to tumor resistance and recurrence, but there are relatively few studies on the further mechanism of GRP78 in PDT. Our experiment aimed to observe the role of GRP78 in HOS human osteosarcoma cells treated with pyropheophorbide-α methyl ester-mediated photodynamic therapy (MPPα-PDT) and to explore the possible mechanism by which the silencing of GRP78 expression enhances the sensitivity of HOS osteosarcoma cells to MPPα-PDT. HOS osteosarcoma cells were transfected with siRNA-GRP78. Apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were detected by Hoechst staining and flow cytometry, cell viability was detected by Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, GRP78 protein fluorescence intensity was detected by immunofluorescence, and apoptosis-related proteins, cell proliferation-related proteins, and Wnt pathway-related proteins were detected by western blot. The results showed that MPPα-PDT can induce HOS cell apoptosis and increase GRP78 expression. After successful siRNA-GRP78 transfection, HOS cell proliferation was decreased, and apoptosis-related proteins expressions was increased, Wnt/β-catenin-related proteins expressions was decreased, and ROS levels was increased. In summary, siRNA-GRP78 enhances the sensitivity of HOS cells to MPPα-PDT, the mechanism may be related to inhibiting Wnt pathway activation and increasing ROS levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zuo
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yunsheng Ou
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Shenxi Zhong
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Haoyang Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Fangbiao Zhan
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Muzi Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
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Fakhri S, Tomas M, Capanoglu E, Hussain Y, Abbaszadeh F, Lu B, Hu X, Wu J, Zou L, Smeriglio A, Simal-Gandara J, Cao H, Xiao J, Khan H. Antioxidant and anticancer potentials of edible flowers: where do we stand? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:8589-8645. [PMID: 34096420 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1931022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Edible flowers are attracting special therapeutic attention and their administration is on the rise. Edible flowers play pivotal modulatory roles on oxidative stress and related interconnected apoptotic/inflammatory pathways toward the treatment of cancer. In this review, we highlighted the phytochemical content and therapeutic applications of edible flowers, as well as their modulatory potential on the oxidative stress pathways and apoptotic/inflammatory mediators, resulting in anticancer effects. Edible flowers are promising sources of phytochemicals (e.g., phenolic compounds, carotenoids, terpenoids) with several therapeutic effects. They possess anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-microbial, anti-depressant, anxiolytic, anti-obesity, cardioprotective, and neuroprotective effects. Edible flowers potentially modulate oxidative stress by targeting erythroid nuclear transcription factor-2/extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase (Nrf2/ERK/MAPK), reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), malondialdehyde (MDA) and antioxidant response elements (AREs). As the interconnected pathways to oxidative stress, inflammatory mediators, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), interleukins (ILs) as well as apoptotic pathways such as Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), Bcl-2, caspase and cytochrome C are critical targets of edible flowers in combating cancer. In this regard, edible flowers could play promising anticancer effects by targeting oxidative stress and downstream dysregulated pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Fakhri
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Merve Tomas
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Esra Capanoglu
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yaseen Hussain
- Control release drug delivery system, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Fatemeh Abbaszadeh
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Neurobiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Baiyi Lu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Nutritional Evaluation of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Health Food Manufacturing and Quality Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolan Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Research of Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao, China
| | - Jianlin Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Research of Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao, China
| | - Liang Zou
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Antonella Smeriglio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Jesus Simal-Gandara
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo -Ourense Campus, Ourense, Spain
| | - Hui Cao
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo -Ourense Campus, Ourense, Spain
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo -Ourense Campus, Ourense, Spain.,Institute of Food Safety & Nutrition, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
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Curcumin-mediated photodynamic therapy inhibits the phenotypic transformation, migration, and foaming of oxidized low-density lipoprotein-treated vascular smooth muscle cells by promoting autophagy. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2021; 78:308-318. [PMID: 34091481 PMCID: PMC8340951 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000001069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is Available in the Text. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are becoming a hot spot and target of atherosclerosis research. This study aimed to observe the specific effects of curcumin (CUR)-mediated photodynamic therapy (CUR-PDT) on oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-treated VSMCs and confirm whether these effects are mediated by autophagy. In this study, the mouse aortic smooth muscle cell line and A7r5 cell lines were used for parallel experiments. VSMC viability was evaluated by Cell Counting Kit-8 assay. VSMCs were treated with ox-LDL to establish a model of atherosclerosis in vitro. The autophagy level and the expression of proteins related to phenotypic transformation were detected by western blotting. The migration ability of the cells was detected by using transwell assay. The presence of intracellular lipid droplets was detected by Oil Red O staining. The results showed that VSMCs transformed from the contraction phenotype to the synthetic phenotype when stimulated by ox-LDL, during which autophagy was inhibited. However, CUR-PDT treatment significantly promoted the level of autophagy and inhibited the process of phenotypic transformation induced by ox-LDL. In addition, ox-LDL significantly promoted VSMC migration and increased the number of lipid droplets, whereas CUR-PDT treatment significantly reduced the ox-LDL-induced increase in the migration ability of, and lipid droplet numbers in, VSMCs. When the VSMCs were pretreated with the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine for 24 hours, the effects of CUR-PDT were reversed. Therefore, our study indicated that CUR-PDT can inhibit the phenotypic transformation, migration, and foaming of ox-LDL–treated VSMCs by inducing autophagy.
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Senapathy GJ, George BP, Abrahamse H. Exploring the Role of Phytochemicals as Potent Natural Photosensitizers in Photodynamic Therapy. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 20:1831-1844. [PMID: 32619181 DOI: 10.2174/1871520620666200703192127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer is still considered a deadly disease worldwide due to difficulties in diagnosis, painful treatment procedures, costly therapies, side effects, and cancer relapse. Cancer treatments using conventional methods like chemotherapy and radiotherapy were not convincing due to its post-treatment toxicity in the host. In Photodynamic Therapy (PDT), three individual non-toxic components including a photosensitizer, light source and oxygen cause damage to the cells and tissues when they are combined. OBJECTIVE In recent years, phytochemicals are being increasingly recognized as potent complementary drugs for cancer because of its natural availability, less toxicity and therapeutic efficiency in par with commercial drugs. Hence, the idea of using phytochemicals as natural photosensitizers in PDT resulted in a multiple pool of research studies with promising results in preclinical and clinical investigations. METHODS In this review, the potential of phytochemicals to act as natural photosensitizers for PDT, their mode of action, drawbacks, challenges and possible solutions are discussed in detail. RESULTS In PDT, natural photosensitizers, when used alone or in combination with other photosensitizers, induced cell death by apoptosis and necrosis, increased oxidative stress, altered cancer cell death signaling pathways, increased cytotoxicity and DNA damage in cancer cells. The pro-oxidant nature of certain antioxidant polyphenols, hormesis phenomenon, Warburg effect and DNA damaging potential plays a significant role in the photosensitizing mechanism of phytochemicals in PDT. CONCLUSION This review explores the role of phytochemicals that can act as photosensitizers alone or in combination with PDT and its mechanism of action on different cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giftson J Senapathy
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, South Africa
| | - Blassan P George
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, South Africa
| | - Heidi Abrahamse
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, South Africa
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15
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Chang E, Bu J, Ding L, Lou JWH, Valic MS, Cheng MHY, Rosilio V, Chen J, Zheng G. Porphyrin-lipid stabilized paclitaxel nanoemulsion for combined photodynamic therapy and chemotherapy. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:154. [PMID: 34034749 PMCID: PMC8147067 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-00898-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Porphyrin-lipids are versatile building blocks that enable cancer theranostics and have been applied to create several multimodal nanoparticle platforms, including liposome-like porphysome (aqueous-core), porphyrin nanodroplet (liquefied gas-core), and ultrasmall porphyrin lipoproteins. Here, we used porphyrin-lipid to stabilize the water/oil interface to create porphyrin-lipid nanoemulsions with paclitaxel loaded in the oil core (PLNE-PTX), facilitating combination photodynamic therapy (PDT) and chemotherapy in one platform. Results PTX (3.1 wt%) and porphyrin (18.3 wt%) were loaded efficiently into PLNE-PTX, forming spherical core–shell nanoemulsions with a diameter of 120 nm. PLNE-PTX demonstrated stability in systemic delivery, resulting in high tumor accumulation (~ 5.4 ID %/g) in KB-tumor bearing mice. PLNE-PTX combination therapy inhibited tumor growth (78%) in an additive manner, compared with monotherapy PDT (44%) or chemotherapy (46%) 16 days post-treatment. Furthermore, a fourfold reduced PTX dose (1.8 mg PTX/kg) in PLNE-PTX combination therapy platform demonstrated superior therapeutic efficacy to Taxol at a dose of 7.2 mg PTX/kg, which can reduce side effects. Moreover, the intrinsic fluorescence of PLNE-PTX enabled real-time tracking of nanoparticles to the tumor, which can help inform treatment planning. Conclusion PLNE-PTX combining PDT and chemotherapy in a single platform enables superior anti-tumor effects and holds potential to reduce side effects associated with monotherapy chemotherapy. The inherent imaging modality of PLNE-PTX enables real-time tracking and permits spatial and temporal regulation to improve cancer treatment. Graphic Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12951-021-00898-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enling Chang
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, PMCRT 5-353, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, PMCRT 5-354, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Jiachuan Bu
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, PMCRT 5-353, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Lili Ding
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, PMCRT 5-353, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Jenny W H Lou
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, PMCRT 5-353, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael S Valic
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, PMCRT 5-353, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, PMCRT 5-354, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Miffy H Y Cheng
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, PMCRT 5-353, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Véronique Rosilio
- Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Juan Chen
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, PMCRT 5-353, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada.
| | - Gang Zheng
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, PMCRT 5-353, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada. .,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, PMCRT 5-354, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada. .,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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16
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Deng X, Yang W, Shao Z, Zhao Y. Genetically modified bacteria for targeted phototherapy of tumor. Biomaterials 2021; 272:120809. [PMID: 33839624 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Live attenuated bacteria have been used as target vehicles for genetic therapy of malignant carcinoma because they can be reprogrammed by following simple genetic rules and have the ability to target tumor hypoxic region. In this research, noninvasive Escherichia coli (E. Coli) is genetically modified through the plasmid transfection to afford E. Coli(p) with overexpressed human catalase for catalyzing H2O2 into O2 in the tumor site. The produced O2 is consequently converted to cytotoxic 1O2 under near-infrared (NIR) light irradiation for photodynamic therapy. Chlorin e6 (Ce6) is chosen as the photosensitizer for its excellent photodynamic ability, and polydopamine (pDA) is employed to encapsulate Ce6 for its good biosafety, photothermal ability, and adhesion capacity with bacteria. Dopamine polymerizes in the presence of Ce6 to form pDA/Ce6, and then E. Coli(p) is coated with pDA/Ce6 to afford the final E. Coli(p)/pDA/Ce6. The obtained system is intravenously administrated for selective accumulation and replication in the hypoxic tumor. NIR light irradiation is introduced to enable photothermal and O2-enhanced photodynamic therapy. On account of complementary combination, the system exhibits efficient antitumor effect in vitro and in vivo. Thus, the integration of genetically modified bacteria with pDA/Ce6 presents a promising application potential for precise tumor inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Deng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China; Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Wenbo Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Zengwu Shao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Yanli Zhao
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore.
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Sun L, Wang J, Yang B, Wang X, Yang G, Wang X, Jiang Y, Wang T, Jiang J. Assembled small organic molecules for photodynamic therapy and photothermal therapy. RSC Adv 2021; 11:10061-10074. [PMID: 35423511 PMCID: PMC8695661 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra00579k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
As a worldwide major public health problem, cancer is one of the leading causes of death. Effective treatment of cancer is an important challenge. Therefore, photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT) have been widely applied as anti-tumour strategies due to their high-performance and limited side effects. Inspired by natural supramolecular architectures, such as cytochromes and photosystems, the hierarchical supramolecular assembly of small organic molecules has been developed for their use as photosensitizers or photothermal agents for PDT and PTT, respectively. In this manuscript, we will summarize the recent progress of PDT and PTT based on the assembly of small organic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 China
| | - Jian Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 China
| | - Baochan Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 China
| | - Xinxin Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 China
| | - Gengxiang Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 China
| | - Xiqian Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 China
| | - Yuying Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 China
| | - Tianyu Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 China
| | - Jianzhuang Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 China
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D'Alessandro S, Priefer R. Non-porphyrin dyes used as photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Lu C, Xu W, Shah H, Liu B, Xu W, Sun L, Qian SY, Sun W. In Vitro Photodynamic Therapy of Mononuclear and Dinuclear Iridium(III) Bis(terpyridine) Complexes. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:6865-6875. [PMID: 35019348 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Three mononuclear or dinuclear bis(terpyridine) (tpy) iridium(III) complexes bearing pyren-1-yl (pyr) group(s) were synthesized. Their photophysical properties in water and in vitro photodynamic therapy (PDT) effects toward the human lung epithelial cancer cell line A549 and the human epidermal skin cancer cell line A431 were investigated to evaluate the effects of dinuclear versus mononuclear complexes and the impact of the oligoether substituent at the ligand. All complexes possessed pyr-tpy ligand-associated charge transfer (1CT)/1π,π* absorption bands at 350-550 nm, with the dinuclear complex Ir3 showing the much enhanced absorptivity of this band. These complexes exhibited dual emission upon excitation at >430 nm in most cases, with the emitting states being ascribed to 1ILCT (intraligand charge transfer) and 3π,π*/3CT states, respectively. All complexes exhibited relatively weak to moderate cytotoxicity in the dark but high photocytotoxicity upon broadband visible light irradiation. Among them, the dinuclear complex Ir3 showed the highest intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and PDT efficiency compared to its mononuclear counterpart Ir1. Introducing an oligoether substituent on one of the tpy ligands in Ir2 also improved its intracellular ROS generation and PDT efficacy compared to those induced by Ir1. Ir3 induced both mitochondrial dysfunction and lysosomal damage upon light activation toward both cell lines, whereas Ir1 and Ir2 caused both mitochondrial dysfunction and lysosomal damage in A431 cells but only lysosomal damage in A549 cells. The dominant cell death pathway induced by Ir1-Ir3 PDT is apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuifen Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States.,Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organochemical Materials and Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China
| | - Wan Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Harshit Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Bingqing Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Liya Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Steven Y Qian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
| | - Wenfang Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108-6050, United States
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Zhang ZJ, Wang KP, Mo JG, Xiong L, Wen Y. Photodynamic therapy regulates fate of cancer stem cells through reactive oxygen species. World J Stem Cells 2020; 12:562-584. [PMID: 32843914 PMCID: PMC7415247 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i7.562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an effective and promising cancer treatment. PDT directly generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) through photochemical reactions. This oxygen-dependent exogenous ROS has anti-cancer stem cell (CSC) effect. In addition, PDT may also increase ROS production by altering metabolism, endoplasmic reticulum stress, or potential of mitochondrial membrane. It is known that the half-life of ROS in PDT is short, with high reactivity and limited diffusion distance. Therefore, the main targeting position of PDT is often the subcellular localization of photosensitizers, which is helpful for us to explain how PDT affects CSC characteristics, including differentiation, self-renewal, apoptosis, autophagy, and immunogenicity. Broadly speaking, excess ROS will damage the redox system and cause oxidative damage to molecules such as DNA, change mitochondrial permeability, activate unfolded protein response, autophagy, and CSC resting state. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanism by which ROS affect CSCs is beneficial to improve the efficiency of PDT and prevent tumor recurrence and metastasis. In this article, we review the effects of two types of photochemical reactions on PDT, the metabolic processes, and the biological effects of ROS in different subcellular locations on CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Jian Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
| | - Kun-Peng Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou 318000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jing-Gang Mo
- Department of General Surgery, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou 318000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Li Xiong
- Department of General Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yu Wen
- Department of General Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China.
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Sánchez M, González-Burgos E, Iglesias I, Gómez-Serranillos MP. Pharmacological Update Properties of Aloe Vera and its Major Active Constituents. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25061324. [PMID: 32183224 PMCID: PMC7144722 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25061324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Aloe vera has been traditionally used to treat skin injuries (burns, cuts, insect bites, and eczemas) and digestive problems because its anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and wound healing properties. Research on this medicinal plant has been aimed at validating traditional uses and deepening the mechanism of action, identifying the compounds responsible for these activities. The most investigated active compounds are aloe-emodin, aloin, aloesin, emodin, and acemannan. Likewise, new actions have been investigated for Aloe vera and its active compounds. This review provides an overview of current pharmacological studies (in vitro, in vivo, and clinical trials), written in English during the last six years (2014–2019). In particular, new pharmacological data research has shown that most studies refer to anti-cancer action, skin and digestive protective activity, and antimicrobial properties. Most recent works are in vitro and in vivo. Clinical trials have been conducted just with Aloe vera, but not with isolated compounds; therefore, it would be interesting to study the clinical effect of relevant metabolites in different human conditions and pathologies. The promising results of these studies in basic research encourage a greater number of clinical trials to test the clinical application of Aloe vera and its main compounds, particularly on bone protection, cancer, and diabetes.
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Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy against multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates mediated by aloe-emodin: An in vitro study. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 29:101632. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.101632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Kong F, Zou H, Liu X, He J, Zheng Y, Xiong L, Miao X. miR-7112-3p targets PERK to regulate the endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway and apoptosis induced by photodynamic therapy in colorectal cancer CX-1 cells. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 29:101663. [PMID: 31945549 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.101663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common malignant tumor worldwide. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an emerging modality for the treatment of solid tumors. Sinoporphyrin sodium (DVDMS) is a new photosensitizer with good therapeutic killing effects on cancer cells. Recent findings have shown that microRNAs play important roles in many biological processes. However, the functions of microRNAs in DVDMS-induced PDT remain largely unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS Proteins involved in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and apoptosis of CX-1 cells treated with DVDMS-PDT were examined by Western blotting and cell viability assays. 15 candidate miRNAs targeting RNA-dependent protein kinase-like ER kinase (PERK) were screened and verified using the TargetScan, miRWalk and miRDB databases. The downstream pathways of candidate miRNAs with high scores were studied by cell transfection, qRT-PCR, Western blotting and dual-luciferase reporter assays. The subcellular location of DVDMS was confirmed by laser confocal microscopy. RESULTS DVDMS-PDT induced apoptosis via elevated ER stress and activation of the PERK/ATF4/CHOP/caspase cascade pathway in CX-1 cells. The endoplasmic reticulum was involved in the subcellular accumulation of DVDMS in CX-1 cells. Dual-luciferase reporting experiment confirmed that a direct crosslinking between miR-7112-3p and PERK. In addition, miR-7112-3p was highly expressed in CRC tissues compared with peripheral tissues. CONCLUSION Our work showed that miR-7112-3p directly targeted PERK and further regulated PERK/ATF4/CHOP/caspase cascade pathway, resulting in enhanced apoptosis in CX-1 cells treated with DVDMS-PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanhua Kong
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Heng Zou
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xi Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jun He
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yanwen Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Li Xiong
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Xiongying Miao
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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A light-triggered self-reinforced nanoagent for targeted chemo-photodynamic therapy of breast cancer bone metastases via ER stress and mitochondria mediated apoptotic pathways. J Control Release 2019; 319:119-134. [PMID: 31883459 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Current therapeutic strategies for the treatment of bone metastases are often limited by the lack of selectivity, severe systemic toxicity and suboptimal efficacy. Nanomedicine meditated chemo-photodynamic therapy provides a promising therapeutic opportunity for enhanced cancer therapy. Herein, we constructed an alendronate (ALN)-functionalized bone-seeking nanoagent (BTZ@ZnPc-ALN) to co-deliver the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib (BTZ) and the photosensitizer Zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) for synergistic chemo-photodynamic therapy of bone metastases. Results showed that BTZ@ZnPc-ALN possessed favorable bone affinity both in vitro and in vivo and could release drug in a pH-responsive manner. Under irradiation, BTZ@ZnPc-ALN could generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) to cause mitochondrial damage, and increase the cytosolic Ca2+ levels and the expression of GRP78 protein to induce excessive endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, thereby synergistically inhibiting cell proliferation. More importantly, BTZ@ZnPc-ALN could prolong blood circulation time and preferentially navigate to the bone affected site. As a result, tumor growth was significantly inhibited by bone targeted chemo-photodynamic therapy, with tumor volume cut down by 85% compared with PBS group and bone remained undamaged. Besides, the systemic toxicity of BTZ was significantly reduced. Therefore, the versatile nanoagent is expected to be a promising nanoplatform to concern multiple intracellular stress for remarkable synergistic chemo-photodynamic therapy of bone metastases.
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Li X, Feng X, Sun C, Liu Y, Zhao Q, Wang S. Mesoporous carbon‑manganese nanocomposite for multiple imaging guided oxygen-elevated synergetic therapy. J Control Release 2019; 319:104-118. [PMID: 31881317 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite of the extensive application of photodynamic therapy (PDT)nowadays, several restrictions have emerged such as hydrophobility, undesired phototoxicity and low selectivity of photosensitizer as well as the hypoxic tumor microenvironment. To address these challenges, a multifunctional mesoporous carbon‑manganese nanocomposite (MC-MnO2) is developed to load Chlorin e6 (Ce6) with a high loading capacity. The MC-MnO2 can prevent Ce6 from being activated by the sunlight to reduce unintentional phototoxicity significantly and realize the hypoxia relief via reacting with the H2O2 overexpressed in tumor tissue, meanwhile, the reduced product Mn2+ ion could act as a T1/T2-weighted MRI contrast. Based on the broad absorption of MC-MnO2 within the range of NIR, the nanoparticle has the potential for serving as a photothermal agent and photoacoustic imaging (PAI) agent. The PEG and iRGD are further decorated on MC-MnO2 (iPMC-MnO2) to improve the biocompatibility, targeting and penetration of the nanoparticle. Taking full advantage of the good photothermal effect of iPMC-MnO2, the photothermal therapy (PTT) and enhanced PDT are subtly integrated into one system, developing an intelligent multimodal diagnostic and therapeutic nanoplatform and realizing our "one nanoparticle fits all" dream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Li
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110016, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Feng
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110016, China
| | - Changshan Sun
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110016, China
| | - Yixuan Liu
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110016, China
| | - Qinfu Zhao
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110016, China.
| | - Siling Wang
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110016, China.
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Gao YH, Zhu XX, Zhu W, Wu D, Chen DY, Yan YJ, Wu XF, O'Shea DF, Chen ZL. Synthesis and evaluation of novel chlorophyll a derivatives as potent photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 187:111959. [PMID: 31846830 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chlorophyll a exhibits excellent photosensitive activity in photosynthesis. The unstability limited its application as photoensitizer drug in photodynamic therapy. Here a series of novel chlorophyll a degradation products pyropheophorbide-a derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for lung cancer in PDT. These compounds have strong absorption in 660-670 nm with high molar extinction coefficient, and fluorescence emission in 660-675 nm upon excitation with 410-415 nm light. They all have much higher ROS yields than pyropheophorbide-a, and compound 10 was even higher than [3-(1-hexyloxyethyl)]-pyrophoeophorbide a (HPPH). Distinctive phototoxicity was observed in vitro and the inhibition effect was in light dose-dependent and drug dose-dependent style. They can effectively inhibit the growth of lung tumor in vivo. Among them, compound 8 and 11 have outstanding photodynamic anti-tumor effects without obvious skin photo-toxicity, so they can act as new drug candidates for photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Hua Gao
- Department of pharmaceutical Science & Technology, College of Chemistry and Biology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Xue-Xue Zhu
- Department of pharmaceutical Science & Technology, College of Chemistry and Biology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of pharmaceutical Science & Technology, College of Chemistry and Biology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Dan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Dan-Ye Chen
- Department of pharmaceutical Science & Technology, College of Chemistry and Biology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Yi-Jia Yan
- Shanghai Xianhui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Wu
- Shanghai Xianhui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Donal F O'Shea
- Department of Chemistry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Zhi-Long Chen
- Department of pharmaceutical Science & Technology, College of Chemistry and Biology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China.
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Gao YH, Lovreković V, Kussayeva A, Chen DY, Margetić D, Chen ZL. The photodynamic activities of dimethyl 13 1-[2-(guanidinyl)ethylamino] chlorin e 6 photosensitizers in A549 tumor. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 177:144-152. [PMID: 31132530 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Effective photosensitizers are particularly important factor in clinical photodynamic therapy (PDT). However, there is a scarcity of photosensitizers for simultaneous cancer photo-diagnosis and targeted PDT. Herein, two novel dimethyl 2-(guanidinyl)ethylamino chlorin e6 photosensitizers were synthesized and their efficacy in PDT in A549 tumor was investigated. It was shown that compounds 3 and 4 have a long absorption wavelength in the near infrared region and strong fluorescence emission with slow photo-bleaching rate and markedly strong ability of 1O2 generation. They exhibited lower cytotoxicity and higher photo-cytotoxicity in vitro compared to the known anticancer drug m-THPC in MTT assay in A549 lung cancer cell lines. Compound 4 exhibit better inhibition effect than compound 3 and the IC50 value of compound 4 was 0.197 μM/L under 2 J/cm2 laser irradiation, while compound 3 showed better anti-tumor effects compared to compound 4 in vivo. Intracellular ROS generation was found to be responsible for apoptotic cell death in DCFDA assay. Subcellular localization confirmed the damage site of compounds 3 and 4 in PDT. These findings suggest that the two novel photosensitizers might serve as potential photosensitizers for improved therapeutic efficiency of PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Hua Gao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, College of Chemistry and Biology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Vanda Lovreković
- Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, 10000, Croatia
| | - Akmaral Kussayeva
- Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, 10000, Croatia
| | - Dan-Ye Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, College of Chemistry and Biology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Davor Margetić
- Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, 10000, Croatia.
| | - Zhi-Long Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, College of Chemistry and Biology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China.
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Carina V, Costa V, Sartori M, Bellavia D, De Luca A, Raimondi L, Fini M, Giavaresi G. Adjuvant Biophysical Therapies in Osteosarcoma. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11030348. [PMID: 30871044 PMCID: PMC6468347 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11030348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a primary bone sarcoma, manifesting as osteogenesis by malignant cells. Nowadays, patients’ quality of life has been improved, however continuing high rates of limb amputation, pulmonary metastasis and drug toxicity, remain unresolved issues. Thus, effective osteosarcoma therapies are still required. Recently, the potentialities of biophysical treatments in osteosarcoma have been evaluated and seem to offer a promising future, thanks in this field as they are less invasive. Several approaches have been investigated such as hyperthermia (HT), high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU), low intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) and sono- and photodynamic therapies (SDT, PDT). This review aims to summarize in vitro and in vivo studies and clinical trials employing biophysical stimuli in osteosarcoma treatment. The findings underscore how the technological development of biophysical therapies might represent an adjuvant role and, in some cases, alternative role to the surgery, radio and chemotherapy treatment of OS. Among them, the most promising are HIFU and HT, which are already employed in OS patient treatment, while LIPUS/SDT and PDT seem to be particularly interesting for their low toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Carina
- IRCCS-Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, via Di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Viviana Costa
- IRCCS-Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, via Di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Maria Sartori
- IRCCS-Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, via Di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Daniele Bellavia
- IRCCS-Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, via Di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Angela De Luca
- IRCCS-Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, via Di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Lavinia Raimondi
- IRCCS-Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, via Di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Milena Fini
- IRCCS-Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, via Di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Gianluca Giavaresi
- IRCCS-Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, via Di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
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Huang L, Chen Q, Yu L, Bai D. Pyropheophorbide-α methyl ester-mediated photodynamic therapy induces apoptosis and inhibits LPS-induced inflammation in RAW264.7 macrophages. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2018; 25:148-156. [PMID: 30562579 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to determine the effect of pyropheophorbide-α methyl ester (MPPa)-mediated photodynamic therapy (MPPa-PDT) on the apoptosis and inflammation of murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells. METHODS Uptake and subcellular localization of MPPa was detected by flow cytometry and confocal fluorescence microscope. Cell viability was assessed by CCK-8; ROS levels were assessed by DCFH-DA. Cell apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry and Hoechst 33342 staining, whereas mitochondrial membrane potential was detected by JC-1 staining. Secretion of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) was determined using ELISA kits. Caspase-3, cleaved caspase-3, procaspase-9, cleaved caspase-9, PARP, cleaved PARP, Bcl-2, Bax, NF-κB p-p65, p-IKKα/β, and p-IκBα were measured by western blotting. Nuclear factor κB (NF-κB)-p65 nuclear translocation was observed by immunofluorescence. RESULTS MPPa -PDT influenced cell viability in a light dose-dependent manner. It induced ROS formation and RAW264.7 cell apoptosis. It also increased the expression of cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-9, cleaved PARP and Bax, decreased the expression of Bcl-2. While TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 increased in LPS group (model of inflammation), it deceased in LPS-MPPa-PDT group. NF-κB p-p65, p-IKKα/β, and p-IκBα had higher expression in LPS group while that reduced in LPS-MPPa-PDT group. Simultaneously, MPPa-PDT inhibited nuclear translocation of NF-κB-p65 caused by LPS. CONCLUSIONS MPPa-PDT can induce apoptosis and attenuate inflammation in mouse RAW264.7 macrophages, thereby suggesting a promising therapy for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyi Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Qing Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Lehua Yu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, PR China
| | - Dingqun Bai
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China.
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Shen YJ, Cao J, Sun F, Cai XL, Li MM, Zheng NN, Qu CY, Zhang Y, Shen F, Zhou M, Chen YW, Xu LM. Effect of photodynamic therapy with (17R,18R)-2-(1-hexyloxyethyl)-2-devinyl chlorine E6 trisodium salt on pancreatic cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:5246-5258. [PMID: 30581273 PMCID: PMC6295833 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i46.5246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the antitumor effects and underlying mechanisms of (17R,18R)-2-(1-hexyloxyethyl)-2-devinyl chlorine E6 trisodium salt (YLG-1)-induced photodynamic therapy (PDT) on pancreatic cancer in vitro and in vivo.
METHODS YLG-1 is a novel photosensitizer extracted from spirulina. Its phototoxicity, cellular uptake and localization, as well as its effect on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, apoptosis, and expression of apoptosis-associated proteins were detected in vitro. An in vivo imaging system (IVIS), the Lumina K imaging system, and mouse models of subcutaneous Panc-1-bearing tumors were exploited to evaluate the drug delivery pathway and pancreatic cancer growth in vivo.
RESULTS YLG-1 was localized to the mitochondria, and the appropriate incubation time was 6 h. Under 650 nm light irradiation, YLG-1-PDT exerted a potent cytotoxic effect on pancreatic cancer cells in vitro, which could be abolished by the ROS scavenger N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC). The death mode caused by YLG-1-PDT was apoptosis, accompanied by upregulated Bax and cleaved Caspase-3 and decreased Bcl-2 expression. The results from the IVIS images suggested that the optimal administration route was intratumoral (IT) injection and that the best time to conduct YLG-1-PDT was 2 h post-IT injection. Consistent with the results in vitro, YLG-1-PDT showed great growth inhibition effects on pancreatic cancer cells in a mouse model.
CONCLUSION YLG-1 is a potential photosensitizer for pancreatic cancer PDT via IT injection, the mechanisms of which are associated with inducing ROS and promoting apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jie Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jia Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Fang Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiao-Lei Cai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ming-Ming Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Nan-Nan Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Chun-Ying Qu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Feng Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Min Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ying-Wei Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Lei-Ming Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
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Martella E, Ferroni C, Guerrini A, Ballestri M, Columbaro M, Santi S, Sotgiu G, Serra M, Donati DM, Lucarelli E, Varchi G, Duchi S. Functionalized Keratin as Nanotechnology-Based Drug Delivery System for the Pharmacological Treatment of Osteosarcoma. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113670. [PMID: 30463350 PMCID: PMC6274803 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma therapy might be moving toward nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems to reduce the cytotoxicity of antineoplastic drugs and improve their pharmacokinetics. In this paper, we present, for the first time, an extensive chemical and in vitro characterization of dual-loaded photo- and chemo-active keratin nanoparticles as a novel drug delivery system to treat osteosarcoma. The nanoparticles are prepared from high molecular weight and hydrosoluble keratin, suitably functionalized with the photosensitizer Chlorin-e6 (Ce6) and then loaded with the chemotherapeutic drug Paclitaxel (PTX). This multi-modal PTX-Ce6@Ker nanoformulation is prepared by both drug-induced aggregation and desolvation methods, and a comprehensive physicochemical characterization is performed. PTX-Ce6@Ker efficacy is tested on osteosarcoma tumor cell lines, including chemo-resistant cells, using 2D and 3D model systems. The single and combined contributions of PTX and Ce6 is evaluated, and results show that PTX retains its activity while being vehiculated through keratin. Moreover, PTX and Ce6 act in an additive manner, demonstrating that the combination of the cytostatic blockage of PTX and the oxidative damage of ROS upon light irradiation have a far superior effect compared to singularly administered PTX or Ce6. Our findings provide the proof of principle for the development of a novel, nanotechnology-based drug delivery system for the treatment of osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Martella
- Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), National Research Council (CNR), Via Gobetti, 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Claudia Ferroni
- Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), National Research Council (CNR), Via Gobetti, 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Andrea Guerrini
- Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), National Research Council (CNR), Via Gobetti, 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Marco Ballestri
- Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), National Research Council (CNR), Via Gobetti, 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Marta Columbaro
- Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Cell Biology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Spartaco Santi
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council of Italy, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Giovanna Sotgiu
- Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), National Research Council (CNR), Via Gobetti, 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Massimo Serra
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Davide Maria Donati
- 3rd Orthopaedic and Traumatologic Clinic prevalently Oncologic, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via Ugo Foscolo 9, 40123 Bologna, Italy.
- Unit of Orthopaedic Pathology and Osteoarticular Tissue Regeneration, 3rd Orthopaedic and Traumatologic Clinic prevalently Oncologic, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Enrico Lucarelli
- Unit of Orthopaedic Pathology and Osteoarticular Tissue Regeneration, 3rd Orthopaedic and Traumatologic Clinic prevalently Oncologic, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Greta Varchi
- Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), National Research Council (CNR), Via Gobetti, 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Serena Duchi
- Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), National Research Council (CNR), Via Gobetti, 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy.
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Llancalahuen FM, Fuentes JA, Carreño A, Zúñiga C, Páez-Hernández D, Gacitúa M, Polanco R, Preite MD, Arratia-Pérez R, Otero C. New Properties of a Bioinspired Pyridine Benzimidazole Compound as a Novel Differential Staining Agent for Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi Apparatus in Fluorescence Live Cell Imaging. Front Chem 2018; 6:345. [PMID: 30211148 PMCID: PMC6123694 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we explored new properties of the bioinspired pyridine benzimidazole compound B2 (2,4-di-tert-butyl-6-(3H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine-2-yl)phenol) regarding its potential use as a differential biomarker. For that, we performed 1D 1HNMR (TOCSY), UV-Vis absorption spectra in different organic solvents, voltammetry profile (including a scan-rate study), and TD-DFT calculations that including NBO analyses, to provide valuable information about B2 structure and luminescence. In our study, we found that the B2 structure is highly stable, where the presence of an intramolecular hydrogen bond (IHB) seems to have a crucial role in the stability of luminescence, and its emission can be assigned as fluorescence. In fact, we found that the relatively large Stokes Shift observed for B2 (around 175 nm) may be attributed to the stability of the B2 geometry and the strength of its IHB. On the other hand, we determined that B2 is biocompatible by cytotoxicity experiments in HeLa cells, an epithelial cell line. Furthermore, in cellular assays we found that B2 could be internalized by passive diffusion in absence of artificial permeabilization at short incubation times (15 min to 30 min). Fluorescence microscopy studies confirmed that B2 accumulates in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi apparatus, two organelles involved in the secretory pathway. Finally, we determined that B2 exhibited no noticeable blinking or bleaching after 1 h of continuous exposure. Thus, B2 provides a biocompatible, rapid, simple, and efficient way to fluorescently label particular organelles, producing similar results to that obtained with other well-established but more complex methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe M Llancalahuen
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan A Fuentes
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis y Genética Bacteriana, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexander Carreño
- Center of Applied Nanosciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Fondo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (FONDECYT), Santiago, Chile
| | - César Zúñiga
- Center of Applied Nanosciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | - Rubén Polanco
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegeta, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcelo D Preite
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Carolina Otero
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
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Chen J, Huang JH, Wang Z, Song X, Chen Z, Zeng Q, Zhou X, Zuo Z, Zhao S, Chen X, Kang J. Endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated autophagy contributes to 5-ethylamino-9-diethylaminobenzo[a]phenoselenazinium-mediated photodynamic therapy via the PERK-eIF2α pathway. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:4315-4325. [PMID: 30100737 PMCID: PMC6065466 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s163366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction 5-ethylamino-9-diethylaminobenzo[a]phenoselenazinium (EtNBSe) is a novel synthetic bipolar photosensitizer with many promising applications. This study investigated the impact of EtNBSe-mediated photodynamic therapy (EtNBSe-PDT) on the autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress of squamous carcinoma cells (A-431 cells), as well as the related molecular mechanisms. Methods The potency of EtNBSe-PDT against squamous cell carcinoma was evaluated in BALB/c nude mice. Cell viability was evaluated using MTT. Western blotting and immunofluorescence were used to determine the expression levels of ER stress- and autophagy-related proteins. Results Both morphological and microscopic findings showed that the tumor on the xenograft mice exhibited an apparent reduction in volume and was replaced with fibrosis 20 days after EtNBSe-PDT. Additionally, in an in vitro study using A-431 cells, EtNBSe-PDT was found to inhibit A-431 cell survival in an EtNBSe concentration- and light dose- dependent manner, and to induce ER stress via the PERK-eIF2α signaling pathway. Additionally, EtNBSe-PDT could also induce autophagy of A-431 cells. Furthermore, the ER stress inhibitor 4-PBA and the eIF2α inhibitor salubrinal were found to inhibit the autophagy induced by EtNBSe-PDT. Conclusion This study demonstrated that the PERK-eIF2α signaling pathway was involved in the ER stress induced by EtNBSe-PDT. Meanwhile, the ER stress via the PERK-eIF2α pathway promoted the occurrence of autophagy in A-431 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China,
| | - Jin-Hua Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China,
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China,
| | - Xiangzhi Song
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zeyi Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China,
| | - Qinghai Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China,
| | - Xiping Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China,
| | - Zhihong Zuo
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China,
| | - Shuang Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China,
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China,
| | - Jian Kang
- Department of Dermatology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China,
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Yu W, Zhu J, Wang Y, Wang J, Fang W, Xia K, Shao J, Wu M, Liu B, Liang C, Ye C, Tao H. A review and outlook in the treatment of osteosarcoma and other deep tumors with photodynamic therapy: from basic to deep. Oncotarget 2018; 8:39833-39848. [PMID: 28418855 PMCID: PMC5503657 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy, one of the most promising minimally invasive treatments, has received increasing focus in tumor therapy research, which has been widely applied in treating superficial tumors. Three basic factors - photosensitizer, the light source, and oxidative stress - are responsible for tumor cell cytotoxicity. However, due to insufficient luminous flux and peripheral tissue damage, the utilization of photodynamic therapy is facing a huge limitation in deep tumor therapy. Osteosarcoma is the typical deep tumor, which is the most commonly occurring malignancy in children and adolescents. Despite developments in surgery, high risks of the amputation still threatens the health of osteosarcoma patients. In this review, we summarize recent developments in the field of photodynamic therapy and specifically PDT research in OS treatment modalities. In addition, we also provide some novel suggestions, which could potentially be a breakthrough in PDT-induced OS therapies. PDT has the potential to become an effective therapy while the its limitations still present when applied on the treatment of OS or other types of deep tumors. Thus, more researches and studies in the field are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Jian Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Yitian Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Junjie Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Weijing Fang
- Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Kaishun Xia
- Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Jianlin Shao
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Minzu Wu
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Bing Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Chengzhen Liang
- Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Chengyi Ye
- Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Huimin Tao
- Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China.,Orthopedics Research Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
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Liu YQ, Meng PS, Zhang HC, Liu X, Wang MX, Cao WW, Hu Z, Zhang ZG. Inhibitory effect of aloe emodin mediated photodynamic therapy on human oral mucosa carcinoma in vitro and in vivo. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 97:697-707. [PMID: 29102913 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.10.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a study on inhibition of human oral squamous cell carcinoma in vitro and in vivo, using novel photosensitizer (PS) aloe emodin (AE) mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT). Distinct morphology changes of oral mucosa carcinoma KB cells were observed under an optical microscope and cell migrations were inhibited owing to AE-PDT. The cell proliferation was blocked in G1 phase and the apoptosis increase were both caused by massive reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated from photoactivated AE. The upregulation of Caspase-3 and Bax protein levels and downregulation of Bcl-2 protein levels were observed after AE-PDT. The survival time of tumor mouse was prolonged without side effects ascribed to AE-PDT and its inhibitory effect on mice transplantation tumors was significant. It is indicated that AE mediated PDT is an innovative way to oral cancer treatment with the dominances of effectivity, minimal invasion, tissue integrity retention and none side effects on main organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Qing Liu
- Department of Stomatology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, PR China
| | - Pei-Song Meng
- Department of Stomatology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, PR China.
| | - Hong-Chao Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, PR China
| | - Xu Liu
- Department of Stomatology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, PR China
| | - Meng-Xi Wang
- Department of Stomatology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, PR China
| | - Wen-Wu Cao
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, PR China.
| | - Zheng Hu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, PR China
| | - Zhi-Guo Zhang
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, PR China.
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Li KT, Chen Q, Wang DW, Duan QQ, Tian S, He JW, Ou YS, Bai DQ. Mitochondrial pathway and endoplasmic reticulum stress participate in the photosensitizing effectiveness of AE-PDT in MG63 cells. Cancer Med 2016; 5:3186-3193. [PMID: 27700017 PMCID: PMC5119974 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising treatment in cancer therapy, with a photosensitizer activated by visible light. Aloe‐emodin (AE) is a promising photosensitive agent. In this study, the photosensitizing effects and possible mechanisms of AE‐PDT in MG63 cells were evaluated. The efficiency of AE‐PDT was analyzed by MTT assay. The mode of cell death was investigated by Hoechst 33,342 staining and flow cytometer. The intracellular distribution of AE was detected with confocal microscopy. The formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was detected by DCFH‐DA. The mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was measured by Rhodamine 123. The expression of proteins including cytochrome c, caspase‐3, ‐9, and ‐12, CHOP and GRP78 was detected by western blot. Apoptosis is the primary mode of cell death in our study, which occurs in a manner of depending on AE concentration and irradiation dose. Confocal microscopy showed that AE was primarily localized on the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of MG63 cells. AE‐PDT resulted in rapid increases of intracellular ROS production, which reached a peak at 2 h, followed by declining of mitochondrial membrane potential, releasing of cytochrome c from mitochondria into the cytoplasm, and up‐regulation of caspase‐3, ‐9, and ‐12, CHOP and GRP78. These results suggest that death of MG63 cells induced by AE‐PDT is triggered by ROS. Meanwhile, Mitochondria and ER serve as the subcellular targets, which are responsible for AE‐PDT‐induced death of MG63 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Ting Li
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qing Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Da-Wu Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qin-Qin Duan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chinese Medicine Hospital of Longquan, Chengdu, China
| | - Si Tian
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Juan-Wen He
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yun-Sheng Ou
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ding-Qun Bai
- Department of Rehabilitation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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